INSTITUTO TECNOLÓGICO DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES DE MONTERREY

CAMPUS PUEBLA

BUILD A GENERATOR

Electricity and Magnetism:

M.C. Professor: Eric Dean Aspnes

Math III Professor:

Dr. Abel Flores

Members of the team:

Carlos Alberto Alarcón A01412510

Andrea Santiago Pineda A00819827
Boris Igor Hernández Almendra A01329862
Francisco Cancino Sastré A01730698

November 22, 2017.

 INDEX

INTRODUCTION 3
DESCRIPTION OF THE PURPOSE OF THE PRODUCT 4
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 5

SAFETY CONCERNS 6

ELECTROMAGNETIC DESCRIPTION 7

APPLICATON OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC LAWS 9

PRODUCT PERFORMANCE 12

THE PRODUCT IMPROVEMENT 13

APPENDIX 15
BIBLIOGRAPHY 17
 INTRODUCTION

In order to maintain our current life style, we depend on one of our most important invents,
the electricity. Since the Industrial Revolution, the society has experimented huge changes,
in the way that we act day by day and how we affront the challenges that the evolution
represents.

In the past few years, the technological development has been unprecedented. We
took our resources and we shaped to our own convenience. Is in this point where we could
distinguish the important role of the electrical energy. The power that allows our machines
work up and that we can continue our excessive progress.

In the other hand, we have that the electrical industry is responsible for millions of
tons of waste. In this category we can emphasize the battery problem. Batteries are found in
a big variety of electronic devices, in our house, home and public places. “Batteries currently
contain one or more of the following eight metals: mercury, cadmium, lead, zinc, manganese,
nickel, silver and lithium” (New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services, 2017).

Is because of this problematic that turns out to be dead serious the use of alternate
energies. In order to this, the electromagnetic inductions become to be a suitable option.
Michael Faraday was the first to prove that a magnet can create current. This is induced due
to the change in the magnetic field near the conductor (Encyclopædia Britannica, inc., 2013).
This is the principle under which our project works.

Coupling magnets to a bicycle wheel, we could produce alternative current with a

coil. In the following pages we are going to find the description of the final product. A bicycle
that can turn on a LED’s series, this could help cyclists in the day to day, to travel in a safe
way, avoiding incidents.
 DESCRIPTION OF THE PURPOSE OF THE PRODUCT

The main purpose of our product (in addition to passing) is to create a generator that can
create enough energy to make the trip in a bicycle more secure, in addition to more
comfortable.

Being able to generate electric energy during a bicycle trip in addition to helping you
to always have energy for your lights, and avoid accidents, can also help you to load other
types of electronic devices that have become essential in recent years such as cell phones,
tablets, among others, but this is only the first step.

If the product is improved to give more energy with less effort, in addition to a better
battery, transporting yourself with a bike could become popular and this could help mean
more improvements, for example, it could help against obesity, since in 2015, across the
OECD, 30% of the adult population was obese in Mexico (OECD, 2017). If it becomes more
common to ride a bicycle, the percentage of obesity in Mexico could go down, and this would
improve the quality of life of Mexicans.

It could also help reduce CO2 emissions since agreement Dr. Margarito Quintero
Nuñez Head of the Air Quality Laboratory of the UABC states that 88% of carbon monoxide
pollution are caused by cars, trucks and pick-ups (Martinez, 2017), so if bicycle transport
becomes popular, thanks to new functions, it will be possible to reduce pollution and give us
a better quality of air, reducing the possibility of acquiring a respiratory disease.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Electro-magnetic induction, that is, the production of an electric current by magnetism, was
discovered by the American Joseph Henry. At that time Henry taught mathematics and
natural philosophy at the Albany Academy (what we would now call a high school), in the
state of New York. The professors of an academy were supposed to be devoted exclusively
to teaching and related activities. There was no time for investigation. That's why Henry had
little time to continue working with the discovery he had made in his vacation month. He was
not able to publish his work until a year later. In that lapse of time, Faraday had made a
similar discovery and published his results. For Henry's posthumous consolation, the electric
induction unit bears his name.

Faraday is considered the discoverer of electromagnetic induction, not only because

he was the first to publish his theory, but also to carry out experiments on this phenomenon
and find the basic principles of electromagnetic induction.

But it took a great physicist and mathematician like James Clerk Maxwell, to be able
to integrate the laws and phenomena of electricity, magnetism and light, giving births to
Maxwell's equation. Maxwell’s Equations provide a complete description of electromagnetic
phenomena and underpin all modern information and communication technologies.

The theory of electromagnetism was built on the discoveries and advances of many
scientists and engineers, but the pivotal contribution was that of Maxwell (Cátedra de
Cultura Científica de la Universidad del País Vasco, 2016). Today, Maxwell’s Equations are
the essential tool of electrical engineers, used to design all electrical and electronic
equipment from cell phones to satellites, televisions to computers and power stations to
washing machines. The theory of electromagnetism was built on the discoveries and
advances of many scientists and engineers, but the pivotal contribution was that of Maxwell,
who during the second half of the 19th century made the huge conceptual leaps that would
enable the great advances in electrical technology throughout the 20th century (Rautio,
2014).
 SAFETY CONCERNS

 When manipulating magnets with a high magnetic field, measures were taken in
order to keep them away from any electronic device.

 The magnets where separated between each other with plastic pieces to avoid
accidents, since they’re fragile.

 The location of the working stations where selected specifically to be away from any
flammable objects.

 All of the electronic connections were soldered. This was done using the
corresponding protection equipment (safety gloves, coat and protective eyewear)

 Wherever a cable was exposed, it was isolated with tape.

 Safety gloves were used when manipulating sharp objects.

 Whenever ferric chloride was used to remove cupper from the phenolic plate, safety
materials where used.

 A First Aid Kit was always available when working.

 ELECTROMAGNETIC DESCRIPTION

The principle under our bicycle works, is the Faraday’s Law. Faraday discovered the relation
of the rate of change of magnetic flux through a loop to the magnitude of the electro-motive
force ℇ induced in the loop (KhanAcademy , 2017).

In symbols, Faraday’s Induction law is:

𝑑Φ𝐵
ℇ=− 1
𝑑𝑡
Electromagnetic induction tells us that a time
varying magnetic field can act as a source of electric
field. In order to this, we should remember that the
emf produced is proportional to the magnetic flux FIGURE 1: ILUSTRATION OF HOW IT WORKS
through the coil of wire. For an infinitesimal area IN THE PRACTICE THE FARADAY'S LAW.
element dA ⃗ in a magnetic field B
⃗ , the magnetic flux
𝑑Φ𝐵 through the area is (Young & Freedman, 2012):

⃗ = 𝐵 𝑑𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙
𝑑Φ𝐵 = ⃗B ∙ dA
We also have that the magnetic flux through a circuit is defined by (Universidad
Nacional de la Plata Argentina, 2011):

Φ𝐵 = ∬ 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑𝑠

Where integration surface is the perimeter of the close circuit. And if the flux change
in the time, the Faraday’s law is (Universidad Nacional de la Plata Argentina, 2011):

𝑑Φ𝐵
𝐼𝑅 − ℰ = −
𝑑𝑡
James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) recognized that the Faraday’s Induction law has a
more general meaning. If the electro-motion force around any close circuit, is defined like
the line integral of the electric field above that circuit, in symbols:

𝐽
∮(𝐸 + 𝐸 ′ ) ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = ∮ ∙ 𝑑𝑙 2
𝜎

1 (Young & Freedman, 2012)

2 Ohm’s Law
 𝐽 𝐽 dΦ𝐵
∮ 𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = ∮ ∙ 𝑑𝑙 − ∮ 𝐸 ′ ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = ∮ ∙ 𝑑𝑙 − ℰ = −
𝜎 𝜎 𝑑𝑡
𝑑Φ𝐵
∮ 𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = − = 𝐼𝑅 − ℇ
𝑑𝑡
It must be exist an electric field over the circuit, with a no electrostatic origin
(Universidad Nacional de la Plata Argentina, 2011).

Due to the area directly influences to obtain the inductance in Henrys of the solenoid.
An approximation of inductance for any coil of wire can be found with this formula (Kuphaldt,
2006):

𝑁2 𝜇𝐴 3
𝐿= 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜇0
𝑙

It must be understood that this equation only

represents a good approximation, this is because we could
found certain variation mainly in the permeability, for
proposes of the project we used the permeability of the air.
This becomes to be important to solve for the number of FIGURE 2: THE REPRESENTATION
turns in the equation, which is necessary due to we are OF SOLENOID.
assuming that the coil has an N identical turns, and the flux
varies art h same rate through each one. Then the total rate of change through all the turns
is N times as large as for a single turn (Young & Freedman, 2012). So the total emf in the
solenoid with N turns is given for the next equation:

𝑑Φ𝐵
ℇ = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡

3Where: L= Inductance of coil in Henrys; N=Number of turns in wire coil; =Absolute

permeability of core material; r= Relative permeability, dimensionless (0=1 for air); 0=
4 x10-7 Tm/A; A= Area of coil in m2; and l=Average length of coil in m.
 APPLICATON OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC LAWS

For our design we took certainly information in count, mainly to do our calculations. We
needed the inductance of our solenoid, due to the number of turns which is necessary to
determine the final emf that the bicycle would produce. The basic principle is that the electric
field of the magnets rotates around the solenoid,
as in the Figure3. In the same way, as the area
that takes up the coil is not pretty defined, it was
decide take a number of turns between the area
of the center coil and the extern.

𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2

𝐴1 = 𝜋(0.01)2

𝑨𝟏 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎𝟐

𝐴2 = 𝜋(0.23)2

𝑨𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟔𝟐𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎𝟐

From the equation of the inductance, we

solved for N, and the resulting equation is:

𝐿𝑙 FIGURE 3: THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE COIL

𝑁 = √𝐴𝜇 WITH THE MAGNETS AT THE BICYCLE.

And like in the first step, we determined a number of turns for each area:

(1.5788𝐻4 ) (0.0059𝑚5)
𝑁1 = √
(4𝜋𝑥10−7 𝑇𝑚⁄𝐴)(3.141𝑥10−4 𝑚2 )

𝑵𝟏 = 𝟒𝟖𝟓𝟖

(1.5788𝐻 ) (0.0059𝑚)
𝑁2 = √
(4𝜋𝑥10−7 𝑇𝑚⁄𝐴)(1.662𝑥10−3 𝑚2 )

𝑵𝟐 = 𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟐

4 At the Appendix Section we could find the way it was determine the inductance of the coil
experimentally.
5 At the Appendix Section we could find the image and the specifications of the

measurements of the solenoid.

 In the Faraday’s equation, the variable in our project is the area; because of the
magnets are spinning around the coil, the area that is going into the magnetic field is
changing. We decide to approximate the
circular area to a rectangular. A circle inscribes
inside a rectangle becomes to be a better
option, due to that this area was a better
approximation with regard to our original area.6
One side of our rectangle stay constant, with
the other varying with respect to the time,
across the magnetic field; this is symbolized FIGURE 4: THE AREA VARYING THROUGH THE
MAGNETIC FIELD WITH RESPECT THE TIME AND
with:𝑥 = 𝑣 ∙ 𝑡. VELOCITY .

And with the formula is represented by:

𝑑
∮ 𝐸 ∙ 𝑑𝑙 = −𝑁 ⃗ ∙𝑑𝐴
∫𝐵
𝑑𝑡
𝑑Φ𝐵
ℇ = −𝑁
𝑑𝑡
The velocity which the coil go through the magnetic
DATA:
field is not the same of the bicycle wheel, due to this would
L= 1.5788 H be the tangential velocity and it is not the same at every
radio. The angular velocity is constant at every radio, so we
B= 0.117 T took an average wheel’s velocity of 9m/s7:
N1= 4857 𝑚 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣
9 ∙ = 𝟒. 𝟑𝟒𝟏 𝒓𝒆𝒗⁄𝒔
𝑠 2𝜋(0.33)𝑚
N2= 2112
𝑟𝑒𝑣 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑
Bicycle radio: 0.33m 4.341 ∙ = 27.273 𝑟𝑎𝑑⁄𝑠
𝑠 1 𝑟𝑒𝑣
x1 = 0.02 m 𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟐𝟕𝟑 𝒓𝒂𝒅⁄𝒔
x2= 0.046 m With this angular velocity, we could calculate the
vave= 9 m/s tangential velocity of the magnets, taking in count the
separation between the center of the wheel and the
magnets, of 0.02 m.

𝑣 = 𝑊𝑟 = (27.273 𝑟𝑎𝑑⁄𝑠)(0.02)

𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟒𝟔 𝒎⁄𝒔

6 The calculation of the areas is at the appendix.

7 We took a maximal average velocity for our calculations (Haas, 2017).
 Replacing at the Faraday’s Law to obtain the resulting emf, we have:

−𝑑
ℇ= 𝑁𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃8
𝑑𝑡
𝐴 = 𝑥1 ∙ (𝑣 ∙ 𝑡)
−𝑑
= 𝑁 𝐵𝑥 (𝑣 ∙ 𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑑𝑡 1 1
= −(4858)(0.117 𝑇)(0.02 𝑚)(0.546 𝑚⁄𝑠)(𝑐𝑜𝑠180°)

ℇ𝟏 = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟗𝟗 𝑽
−𝑑
= 𝑁 𝐵𝑥 (𝑣 ∙ 𝑡) 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝑑𝑡 2 2
= −(2112)(0.117 𝑇)(0.046 𝑚)(0.546 𝑚⁄𝑠)(𝑐𝑜𝑠180°)

ℇ𝟐 = 𝟔. 𝟐 𝑽

ℇ𝒂𝒗𝒆 = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟗𝟗 𝑽

In the practice, we got a total voltage of 10 V of alternate current, as is indicated at

Figure 5. It could observe a relative big difference, this could be due to the approximations
that we did over the calculates to get a better result and simplify the analysis. The most
significant of this simplification is the estimate of the circle area, and the number of turns
that is not certain. We also have the
possible mistakes at the moment of
making measurements with the
instruments, like the Vernier and the
multi-meter. We also have the
approximation of the bicycle’s
speed, information that has a high
impact in the equation.

FIGURE 5: THE ALTERNANT VOLTAGE MEASURMENT WITH THE

OSCILLOSCOPE IN VOLTS.

8We used 180º due to the magnetic field through the solenoid is approximately
perpendicular.
PRODUCT PERFORMANCE
 THE PRODUCT IMPROVEMENT

Initially, the obtained voltage from the coil and its interaction with the magnetic field of 6
magnets was of 10 Volts, therefore it wasn’t enough to power a 2.5 m series of LEDs, since
it required 12 Volts. Since we knew that as closer the coil is to the magnets as the emf
−𝑑
increases( ℇ = 𝑁𝐵𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃). We also knew that the closer of the center the magnets are,
𝑑𝑡
the tangential velocity will be lower, due to the equation 𝑣 = 𝑊𝑟, but we could have a more
frequent pulse. And because of that the maximum value of cosine is 1, we decided to place
the magnets totally parallel to the coil.

Reaching to this problem with a thorough investigation on several ways to amplify

the voltage, it was decided to implement a voltage duplicator that consists in two 2200 𝜇𝐹
capacitors, connected in series, that could storage up to 35 Volts. The resulting circuit first
received alternate current, which went through a diode bridge that rectified the current to
then channel it through the capacitors. These lasts would not only duplicate the voltage, but
they also get charged. Finally, it was connected to the LED series. It should be noted that the
implantation of the capacitors allows a continuous flux of voltage, therefore avoiding
interrupted illumination. This circuit generated, approximately, 31 Volts.

FIGURE 6: DIAGRAM OF OUR FINAL CIRCUIT, WITH TWO CAPACITOR OF 2200F EACH ONE, THE DIODE BRIDGE
OF 4 A, AND THE LED'S SERIES OF DC 12 V.

Due to we knew the total capacitance in out

circuit, we could calculate the time at our capacitors
would be totally charged and ready to supply voltage
to the LED’s series. The resistance that we took in
count was of the LED’s series and the wires. By itself,
the LED’s series has a resistance of 587 and the 7
meters of wire that it was used, has a resistance of FIGURE 7: ELECTRIC DIAGRAM OF THE
7.568. And we measured with the multi-meter the LED'S SERIES. EVERY THREE LEDS ARE IN
SERIES, AND IN PARALLEL WITH THE
alternate current and the direct current9.
OTHER THREE.

9 At the Appendix Section we could find the measurements of the current.

 𝑖 −𝑡
= 𝑒 ⁄𝑅𝐶 10
𝐼0
0.02𝑚𝐴 −𝑡⁄
= 𝑒 (594.568Ω∙1100𝜇𝐹)
3.81𝑚𝐴
−𝑡
ln(0.01) =
594.568Ω ∙ 1100𝜇𝐹

𝒕 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟏𝟐 𝑠
With this time, we can charge both of our capacitors and turn on the entire LES’s series.

10 (Young & Freedman, 2012)

 APPENDIX

With the help of a LCR meter, we could measure the inductance of our coil obtaining a value of
1.5788 H.

FIGURE 8: LCR METER, SHOWING THE

INDUCTANCE IN HENRYS.

FIGURE 9: THE DIMENSIONS MEASURED FROM THE SOLENOID.

 FIGURE 10: THE AREA OF THE FIGURE 11: THE AREA OF THE
RECTANGLE WITH THE CIRCUNFERENCE RECTANGLE INSCRIBED IN THE
INSCRIBED. CIRCUNFERENCE.

As we can appreciate, at the Figure 8, the side of the rectangle would be the diameter of the
circle, while at the Figure 9, the diameter would be the hypotenuse. Calculating the area for
both cases, we had that the first one is more approximate (A= 4x10-4m2) to our original of
3.141x10-4m2.

FIGURE 12: ALTERNATE CURRENT THAT THE SOLENOID AND THE MAGNETS CAN PRODUCE.
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