Operation, Monitoring and Control

Technology of Power Systems

Course 227-0528-00

Dr. Marek Zima

Outline

 Technological Structure of Swiss Power System

 Electrical Energy Sector in Switzerland
 Operation of Swiss Power System

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Outline

 Technological Structure of Swiss Power System

 Consumption
 Generation
 Network
 Electrical Energy Sector in Switzerland
 Operation of Swiss Power System

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Consumption

 Annual Energy Consumption

- Switzerland (56’200 GWh, in 2005, source: www.strom.ch)
- Zürich (2’898 GWh, in 2005, source: www.statistik.zh.ch)

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Daily Energy Consumption

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Share of Electricity on Energy
Consumption

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Use of Electricity Consumption

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Consumption of Typical Household
Devices

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Outline

 Technological Structure of Swiss Power System

 Consumption
 Generation
 Network
 Electrical Energy Sector in Switzerland
 Operation of Swiss Power System

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Comparison of Generation Production
with other Countries

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Share of Power Production According to
Source

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Daily Production Curve

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Long-term Power Production

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Power Plants Locations

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Nuclear Power Plants

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Hydro Power Plants – Run-Of-River Plant

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Hydro Power Plants – Storage Plants

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Hydro Power Plants – Pumped Storage
Plants

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Hydro Power Plants – Production
Locations

Source: www.poweron.ch
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch
Hydro Power Plants Cascade

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Outline

 Technological Structure of Swiss Power System

 Consumption
 Generation
 Network
 Electrical Energy Sector in Switzerland
 Operation of Swiss Power System

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Network Layers – ‘Netz Ebene’

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch
Import and Export

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Import and Export

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Outline

 Technological Structure of Swiss Power System

 Electrical Energy Sector in Switzerland
 Operation of Swiss Power System

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Swiss Power Sector

 Characteristic features
 A high degree of ownership fragmentation
 A large number of relatively small generation units
 A significant pump storage capacity
 Mostly CO2-free generation
 Significant transit flows

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Electricity Supply Chain – Ownership
Perspective

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

 Independent System Operator (ISO)
- swissgrid (previously Etrans)
 Transmission utilities grouped in swissasset
(previously KSVB)
- Atel
- BKW
- CKW
- EGL
- EOS
- EWZ
- NOK
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch
Transmission Utilities (Ueberlandwerke) -
Operation Areas

Source: www.poweron.ch
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch
Distribution Companies

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Distribution Companies

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Outline

 Technological Structure of Swiss Power System

 Electrical Energy Sector in Switzerland
 Operation of Swiss Power System

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Outline

 Technological Structure of Swiss Power System

 Electrical Energy Sector in Switzerland
 Operation of Swiss Power System
 Involved Entities
 Long-term Planning
 Short-term Planning
 Day-ahead Operation Planning
 Intra-day Operation
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch
Hierarchical Control Structure

 1 ‘Regelzone’ (RZ)
- Swissgrid (previously Etrans)
 7 ‘Bilanzzonen’ (BZ)
- 7 ‘Bilanzzonen’ (BZ) Verantwortliche (BZV)

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Outline

 Technological Structure of Swiss Power System

 Electrical Energy Sector in Switzerland
 Operation of Swiss Power System
 Involved Entities
 Long-term Planning
 Short-term Planning
 Day-ahead Operation Planning
 Intra-day Operation
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch
Primary Frequency Control

 UCTE
- 3 000 MW primary frequency
control reserves (~compensation
of a simultaneous outage of two
largest generation units)
- droop 18 000 MW/Hz
- Resulting flows between
countries are considered in TRM

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Primary Frequency Control

 According to UCTE rules, Switzerland has to

contribute with primary frequency control:
- Allocated reserves 73 MW
- Droop constant 500 MW/Hz
- Dead-band +- 10 mHz

 Contributions are allocated to BZ

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

 State Classification based on Frequency Deviation
- 0 < | ∆f | < 50 mHz Normal State
- 50 < | ∆f | < 150 mHz Alert State
- | ∆f | > 150 mHz Emergency State

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Emergency Means

Stufe Frequenz / Aktion Kumulierter Aktivierungsart

Hz Lastabwurf / %
1 49.8 Aktivierung von Leistungsreserven Manuell / Autom.
2 49.5 Abwurf von Speicherpumpen Automatisch
2a 49.2 Auftrennung von Ringen soweit Automatisch
notwendig
3 49.0 Lastabwurf 10-15% 10-15% Automatisch
4 48.7 Lastabwurf 10-15% 20-30% Automatisch
5 48.4 Lastabwurf 15-20% 35-50% Automatisch
6 48.1 Lastabwurf 15-20% 50-70% Automatisch
7 47.5 Trennung der Kraftwerke vom Netz Automatisch

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Secondary Frequency Control

- BZ controllers controlling internal ACE (area control error)

- Switzerland wide controller at swissgrid
• minimizing Swiss-wide ACE with respect to UCTE
• determining reference values for area controllers
- Activation time
• within 30 seconds
- Minimizing ACE
• Within 15 minutes
- Immediate control reserves (for small deviations – mostly loads)
• 200 MW
- Additional control reserves (for a power plant outage)
• 450 MW

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch
Tertiary Frequency Control

 Triggering of tertiary reserves employment either by

any BZV or swissgrid
 Reserves
- Internal Swiss reserves – each BZ has to contribute agreed amount
(50 MW, altogether 350 MW)
- Employment of reserves from abroad, called by swissgrid (1 250
MW)

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

System Extensions

 Each BZV plans system extensions individually

 Coordination with all involved partners (other BZV,
neighboring countries)

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Outline

 Technological Structure of Swiss Power System

 Electrical Energy Sector in Switzerland
 Operation of Swiss Power System
 Involved Entities
 Long-term Planning
 Short-term Planning
 Day-ahead Operation Planning
 Intra-day Operation
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch
Cross-Border Capacity Allocation

 Tight allocation to lines’ owners:

- CH-I
 Explicit Auctions
- CH-A
- CH-D
- CH-F
 Auctions
- Yearly
- Monthly
- Daily

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Outline

 Technological Structure of Swiss Power System

 Electrical Energy Sector in Switzerland
 Operation of Swiss Power System
 Involved Entities
 Long-term Planning
 Short-term Planning
 Day-ahead Operation Planning
 Intra-day Operation
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch
Time Error Correction

 Swissgrid determines reference value for the

frequency control for the whole southern part of UCTE
 The frequency reference value should be within the
deadband of primary frequency control (+- 10 mHz
deviation from 50 Hz)

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

System Security

 BZV submit planned schedules (Fahrpläne = FP) to

swissgrid
 swisgrid checks FP
- Feasibility (e.g. if a discrepancy occurs)
- Security
 Cross-border capacity is allocated
 If problems identified, swissgrid determines
corrections for the FP

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch

Outline

 Technological Structure of Swiss Power System

 Electrical Energy Sector in Switzerland
 Operation of Swiss Power System
 Involved Entities
 Long-term Planning
 Short-term Planning
 Day-ahead Operation Planning
 Intra-day Operation
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch
Voltage Control

 Targeted level of voltages

- 380 kV: +- 8 kV
- 220 kV: +-5 kV
 Operation limits
- 380 kV: 375 kV – 420 kV
- 220 kV: 210 kV – 250 kV
 Controllable sources of reactive power in Swiss
network – only generators
 Manual control of generators’ set-points
 Responsibility of BZV, coordinated by swissgrid
Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch
System Security

 Swissgrid monitors the whole Switzerland and

suggests BZV control actions
 Each BZV supervises its own BZ and executes
control actions recommended by swissgrid

Dr. Marek Zima / Power Systems Laboratory / mzima@ethz.ch