Quiz

Locate the centroid

of the composite
area,then determine
the moment of
inertia of this area
about the x’-axis.
(x’-axis passes
through the centroid
of the composite
area)
Area Moment of Inertia
Application of Moment of
Inertia

http://giphy.com/gifs/ge-aviation-avgeek- http://www.mesh.com.tr/strength-
aeJasQrBz8KtO
http://www.upd.edu.ph/images/agt.jpg analyses.html
Second Moment: Illustration
y From mechanics of
A
materials:
F  kyA
x The resultant force is:
R   kydA  k  ydA
F=kyA
First moment of area

The resultant moment is:

M   ky dA  k  y dA
2 2

Second moment of area / moment of

4

inertia
 Area Moment of Inertia
y Moment of inertia about the x-
axis:

𝐼𝑥 = න 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴

y dA
Moment of inertia about the y-
x axis:
2
x 𝐼𝑦 = න 𝑥 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝐼𝑥 = 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴
𝑑𝐼𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝐴
 Area Moment of Inertia
•Geometric property and
Suppose you have
plates with the depends on its reference
same areas attached
to the x-axis:
axis.
 the smallest value occurs at
the axis passing through the
centroid.
•It measures the ability of a
x beam cross-section to resist
bending.
Which has the largest moment  the larger the moment of
of inertia about the x-axis? inertia the less bending will
Which is harder to rotate occur
about the x-axis? •It measures the resistance
to rotation about an axis
Steel Beams Reinforced Concrete
Girders
 METHOD 1
y
y1
Using a differential element
dy
x1
dx 𝐼𝑦 = ඵ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦

x2 𝐼𝑥 = ඵ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥𝑑𝑦
y2

x
 METHOD 2
y Using a strip such that the
distance of all parts of the
y2 strip to the axis is constant.
(Strip is parallel to axis)
x1(y) dy
Moment of inertia of
y differential square:
x2(y)
y1 dIx = y2 dx dy
Moment of inertia of
x differential strip:

𝑑𝐼𝑥 = 𝑦 2 𝑥2 − 𝑥1
 METHOD 2
y Using a strip such that the
distance of all parts of the
y2 strip to the axis is constant.
(Strip is parallel to axis)
x1(y) dy

I y   xel dA
2
y x2(y)
 x1  x2 
2
y1
 x2  x1 dy
x2
 
x1
 2 
NOTE: x or y here is not the y-coordinate
of the centroid! In this derivation, all x or
y in the strip for the term x2 or y2 should
be at the same distance from the axis
 METHOD 2
y y2
Similarly

x I y   x 2 dA

  x 2  y2  y1 dx
x2
dx x1
y1
x1 x
x2
Illustration
OBJECTIVE: Find the moment of inertia of a
y rectangle with respect to one of its base

When using the form y2dA

[METHOD 1], all parts of the strip
must have the same distance to the
axis
I x   y dA
2
h
dy
h
y   y 2 bdy
0
x
1 3
 bh
b 3
 METHOD 3
Recall that the moment of inertia of a rectangle with
respect to its base is (1/3)bh3
The moment of inertia of a
differential strip
perpendicular to and touching OR, if the strip is not
they axis is then touching
y y2

dy
y

dx
y1
x x1 x
dx x2
1 3 1 3
1 3
dI x  y dx dI x  [ y 2  y1 ]dx
3 3 3
 Polar Moment of Inertia
y
J O   r dA 2

x dA Polar moment of inertia wrt pole

 
O
r J O   x  y dA
2 2
y
J O   x dA   y dA
2 2

x
O JO  I x  I y
•It measures the resistance to rotation about a point
 Radius of Gyration
y y
Concentrating
the area into a
strip such that
it has the same kx
O x moment of
inertia wrt x-
axis as the x
original,

Ix kx: Radius of gyration wrt

I x  kx A
2
kx  x-axis
A
 Radius of Gyration
y
y

Similarly,
concentrating
area into a ky
O x strip parallel
to y-axis:
x

Iy ky: Radius of gyration wrt

I y  ky A
2
ky  y-axis
A
Radius of Gyration y
y
Concentrating the
area into a ring such
that it has the same
polar moment of ko
O x inertia as the
original, x

J O  ko A ko 
2 JO
ko  k x  k y
2 2 2

A
Illustration
y
Objective: Find the polar moment of inertia of a
circle wrt its center
r du
u
x
O

dJ O  u 2dA
dA  2udu
2
Jo   dJ o   u (2udu)  2 0 u du
r r 3
0


JO  r 4
2
Example
Find the moment of inertia of the shaded
area about the:
• x-axis
• y-axis
3

x = ky2
2

y = 0.25x
0
0 2 (mm) 4
The equation of the curve states that it is a 2nd degree curve. The
coefficient k needs to be determined.
At x=4, y=2. (4) = k(2)2 Thus, k=1
To get the moment of inertia about the x-axis, we can use strips
parallel to the x-axis. If using strips parallel to the axis, the form
y2dA can be used.
3
𝑦=1 𝑦=2
2
x = y2 𝐼𝑥 = න 𝑦 𝑑𝐴 + න 𝑦 2 𝑑𝐴
2 𝑦=0 𝑦=1

𝐼𝑥
1 y 𝑦=1
y = 0.25x = න 𝑦 2 4𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
y 𝑦=0
0 𝑦=2
0 2 4 + න 𝑦 2 4 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=1
𝑦=1 𝑦=2
𝐼𝑥 = න [4𝑦 3 −𝑦 4 ]𝑑𝑦 + න 4𝑦 2 − 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦
𝑦=0 𝑦=1
1 5 2
4𝑦 4 𝑦 5 4𝑦 3 𝑦
𝐼𝑥 = − + − = 0.8 + 3.133 = 3.93 𝑚𝑚4
4 5 0
3 5 1

Ix =3.93 mm4
 To get the moment of inertia about the y-axis, we can use strips
parallel to the y-axis. If using strips parallel to the axis, the form
3x2dA can be used.

x = y2 𝐼𝑦 = න 𝑥 2 𝑑𝐴
2
x 𝑥=4
1 𝐼𝑦 = න 𝑥 2 𝑥 1/2 − 0.25𝑥 𝑑𝑥
y = 0.25x 𝑥=0

0
0 2 4

𝑥=4
𝐼𝑦 = න 𝑥 5/2 − 0.25𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑥=0
4
2 7/2 𝑥4
𝐼𝑦 = 𝑥 − = 128 − 36.57 = 20.57 𝑚𝑚4
7 4⋅4 0

Iy = 20.57 mm4
If we use strips perpendicular to the axis, a different form should
be used. Using strips perpendicular to the x-axis to get Ix:
3
The moment of inertia of a differential
x = y2 strip about the x-axis is:
2
1 1
1 𝑑𝐼𝑥 = 𝑦23 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦13 𝑑𝑥
3 3
y = 0.25x
1 𝑥=4 3
0 𝐼𝑥 = න 𝑥 1/2 − 0.25𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
0 2 4 3 𝑥=0

1 𝑥=4 3/2 1 3
𝐼𝑥 = න 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥=0 64
4
1 2 5/2 𝑥4 1
𝐼𝑥 = 𝑥 − = 12.8 − 1 = 3.933 𝑚𝑚4
3 5 64 ⋅ 4 0
3

Ix =3.93 mm4
Similarly, using strips perpendicular to the y-axis to get Iy:
3
x = y2 The moment of inertia of a differential
2 strip about the y-axis is:

1 1 3 1 3
y = 0.25x 𝑑𝐼𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥1 𝑑𝑥
3 3
0 𝐼𝑦
0 2 4
1 𝑦=1
= න 4𝑦 3 − 𝑦 2 3 𝑑𝑦
3 𝑦=0
1 𝑦=2
+ න 4 3 − 𝑦 2 3 𝑑𝑦
3 𝑦=1
1 𝑦=1 1 𝑦=2
𝐼𝑦 = න 64𝑦 3 − 𝑦 6 𝑑𝑥 + න 64 − 𝑦 6 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑦=0 3 𝑦=1
1 2
1 64𝑦 4 𝑦 7 1 𝑦7
𝐼𝑦 = − + 64𝑦 − = 5.285 + 15.285
3 4 7 0
3 7 1

Iy = 20.57 mm4
 Moments of Inertia of
Common Areas

Reference: Beer, F. B., Johnson, E. R., and Eisenberg, E. R., 2006. Vector Mechanics
for Engineers: Statics. 9th Ed. McGraw-Hill. 24
 Quiz
Locate the centroid
of the composite
area,then determine
the moment of
inertia of this area
about the x’-axis.
(x’-axis passes
through the centroid
of the composite
area)
Area Moment of Inertia of
Composite Areas
 Parallel-Axis Theorem

Assume the x-axis is a centroidal axis

y’ Inertia of the shaded area about the x’
x’
axis is
a
y I X '   ( y ' ) dA
2

x
C r y
dA Since y’ = y + b, then
z x

b y’ I X '   ( y  b) 2 dA
d A

x’
  y 2 dA  2b  ydA  b 2  dA
z’ A A A
NOTE: Parallel-axis theorem can be
used only if shifting from or to one
I X '  I X  Ab 2

centroidal axis
 Parallel-Axis Theorem

y’ Similarly
x’

a
y
I y '  I y  Aa 2

x dA Since
C
z
r y x J z '  I x '  I y ' , then

d
b y
’
J z '  ( I x  I y )  A(a 2  b 2 )

z’
x’
JO ' = J O + Ad 2
Composite Areas
Since integration is a summation of small areas,
composite areas can be used
n
I ( Specified Axis ) Total  I 1  I 2  I 3  ...   I i
i

The moment of inertia of a composite area A about a given axis

is obtained by adding the moments of inertia of the
component areas A1, A2, A3, ... , with respect to the same axis.

We use the parallel axis theorem to get the moment of

inertia about a non-centroidal axis
Example

y
150 mm 75 mm 75 mm Determine the
x moment of inertia of
the area with
50 mm
respect to the x-axis.

100 mm

60 mm
y
150 mm 75 mm75 mm
x
50 mm

100
mm
60 mm
y 150 mm 75 75
mm mm x
The moment of inertia of the figure is the
50 mm moment of inertia of the large rectangle
minus the moment of inertia of the small
triangle and the semicircle.
100
mm 𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐼1 − 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 − 𝐼4
1
60 mm 𝐼1 = 225 1503 = 253.125 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
3
1
x 𝐼2 = 75 503 = 3.125 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
3
1
For the third component area, since its
centroid does not coincide with the x-axis,
we have to use the parallel axis theorem.
2 x 𝐼3 = 𝐼𝑥,𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑,3 + 𝐴𝑑 2

1 1
x 𝐼3 = 75 1503 + 75 150 100 2
36 2
(2/3)(150) 𝐼3 = 63.28125 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
4
3 Xcentroid, 3
 y 150 mm 75 75
To get I3, the form Ix1 = πr4/8 is the
mm mm x moment of inertia about x1 which is not a
centroidal axis of the semicircle, thus we
50 mm cannot use this in the parallel axis theorem
to get Ix of the semicircle directly. We can,
100 however find the moment of inertia with
respect to the centroid, Ix,centroid first
mm 𝐼𝑥1 = 𝐼𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 + 𝐴𝑑1 2
60 mm 4 2 2
𝜋 60 𝜋 60 4 60
y = 𝐼𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 +
8 2 3𝜋
x
𝐼𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 1.42245 × 106

Using the parallel axis theorem again to

d2 get the moment of inertia of the
Xcentroid semicircle wrt x.
4 of 𝐼3 = 𝐼𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 + 𝐴𝑑2 2
d1 semicircle
r = 60 mm x1 2
2
𝜋 60 4 60
𝐼3 = 1.42245 × 106 + 150 −
2 3𝜋
𝐼3 = 89.124388 × 106 𝑚𝑚4

Thus, the total moment of

inertia is 𝐼𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 224.137 × 106 𝑚𝑚4
 Quiz
Locate the centroid
of the composite
area,then determine
the moment of
inertia of this area
about the x’-axis.
(x’-axis passes
through the centroid
of the composite
area)
Solution
Solution
References
1. Beer, F. B., Johnson, E. R., and Eisenberg, E. R.,
2006. Vector Mechanics for Engineers: Statics. 9th
Ed. McGraw-Hill.