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Department of Power System Engineering, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, 306 14, Czech Republic
*
E-mail: maresr@kke.zcu.cz
Values of the thermal conductivity coefficient in the ideal-gas limit have been determined
from experimental data. A data bank developed in the frame of the joint project of the
IAPWS and the Subcommittee on Transport Properties Commission of the IUPAC was
utilised. Low density values on selected isotherms were correlated and extrapolated to
zero density. A virial type equation of thermal conductivity for low density was applied
in this procedure. Extrapolated values of thermal conductivity coefficient were correlated.
Three equations with different number of coefficients are discussed.
1. Introduction
O( U ) O0 K U (2)
In this paper we analysed the data of the H2O (T = const.)
Thermal Conductivity Data Bank [1] and propose
new forms of the equation for the thermal 3.2. Data Selection Extrapolation using equation (2)
conductivity in the ideal-gas limit O0 (T). requires data of low density. For that reason only
the data with density lower than 50 kg.m-3 were
2. Source Data accepted in calculations like in [6].
Density values from the database [1] were
The database [1] contains 5107 experimental compared with density calculated from formulation
values for thermal conductivity with ranges of IAPWS 1995 [7]. It was found that 15 experimental
temperature 256 K to 1191 K and pressure points were significantly different. Those points
0.00314 MPa to 785 MPa. Temperatures of old were removed. The differences are given in Table 1.
experiments have been converted to the ITS-90.
Values of thermal conductivity coefficients have 3.3. Experimental isotherms The data were divided
not been converted because of low influence from into 62 sets. Points within a set had equal
the change of temperature scales. The change temperature and formed an experimental isotherm.
would not exceed 0.2 % in conversion from IPTS- Those, which contained at least three points and
68 and 0.42 % in conversion from IPTS-48 [2]. which had at least one point with density lower than
1 kg.m-3, were accepted for extrapolation.
3. Elaboration of Experimental Data This restriction diminished the number of
3.1. Extrapolation Equation The values of the acceptable data to 231 on 36 experimental
coefficient of thermal conductivity in the ideal-gas isotherms in temperature range from 345.45 K to
limit were derived by extrapolation of selected 748.08 K. These experimental points are displayed
experimental data to zero density. For extrapolation in Fig. 1.
a virial type equation of thermal conductivity [3],
[4], [5] was applied 3.4. Conversion of Thermal Conductivity Values to
Nominal Isotherms To increase the number of
O( U,T ) O tr ( U,T )O int ( U,T ) (1) isotherms, the remaining values of thermal
conductivity were converted to nominal isotherms.
> @ > @
O0tr (T ) 1 BO,tr (T )U O0 int (T ) 1 BO,int(T )U In a nominal isotherm data within the temperature
range of 10 K were grouped together. The
On each isotherm the virial conductivity conductivity value was converted from its original
coefficients have constant values. Equation (1) for value to a nominal value at Tnom defined according
T = const. was simplified to the form to (3). The conversion was done via equation (4).
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14th International Conference on the Properties of Water and Steam in Kyoto
100 27.0
80
-1
26.5
Conductivity, mW.m .K
-1
75
10 26.0
-3
Density, kg.m
25.5
70
25.0
1
65
24.5
24.0
0.1 60
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
0 10 20 30-3 40 50
Density, -3
Density,kg.m
kg.m
0.01
Fig. 3. Points on the isotherm 386.37 K.
300 500 700 900 1100
Temperature, K
of experimental values of the conductivity to the
nominal temperature, Tnom, was made according to
Fig. 1. Points on the experimental isotherms. equation (4):
Oconv ( Tnom , U ) O exp ( Texp , U ) 'O calc (4)
where
Tnom ( Tmax Tmin ) 2 (3) 'O calc [ O( Tnom , U ) O( Texp , U )] calc
where Tmax and Tmin were the maximum and The increment 'Ocalc was calculated from IAPWS
minimum temperature within a nominal isotherm. equation [8].
Points on those isotherms are displayed in Fig. 2.
The number of nominal isotherms was 46 and the 3.6. Discrepancies Examples of discrepancies on
total number of points on all of them was 829 in some isotherms are shown in Fig. 3 to Fig. 6.
temperature range from 350.325 K to 1066.5 K.
Table 1. Difference between database density and
A typical diagram with points along straight line is IAPWS-95 [7] density calculation.
displayed in Fig. 3. (for density less than 50 kg.m-3 )
Density
Temp. Pressure Density
3.5. Conversion Equation Temperature conversion Author IAPWS
K MPa kg.m-3
kg.m-3
100
Tim 342.12 0.029852 0.19005 978.3183
Tim 346.82 0.036513 0.22954 975.6042
Tim 372.52 0.0992 0.58565 958.8003
10
Dij 297.99 0.00314 0.022833 997.0442
Var 429.89 0.1 0.5148 0.508
-3
Density, kg.m
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14th International Conference on the Properties of Water and Steam in Kyoto
CURTIS (1979)
26.5
LeNEINDRE (1968)
We utilised the form of the IAPWS equation for
26.0 BURY (1975) O0 (T) [8] in the regression analysis:
25.5
25.0 T
O0 ( T ) O* , (5)
24.5
Ei
24.0 ¦ Ni
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 i T
Density, kg.m-3
Data from Curtis in Fig. 4 can be linearly
Fig. 6. Uncertainty of experimental values on the
approximated but the points by LeNeindre and
isotherm 745.77 K.
Bury do not agree with the data of Curtis.
Fig. 5 represents measurements by 6 different where O* = 0.4945 W.K-1.m-1 in the IAPWS
authors. Uncertainties are added to each point. It is equation [8] and O* = 1.0000 W.K-1.m-1 in
Fig. 8 . Points for correlation. equations A, B, C; the dimensionless temperature
T
apparent that in some cases the ranges of is T and T* = 647.226 K.
*
uncertainties of corresponding points do no overlap. T
A similar comment is possible to make to Fig. 6,
where a systematic deviation between two groups Equation (5) was rearranged to be suitable for
of points is apparent. linear regression
90
75
O0 , mW.m-1.K-1
-1
80
Conductivity, mW.m .K
70
-1
70
65 60
60 50
40
55
30
50
20
0 10 20 30 40 50
-3 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Density, kg.m
Temperature, K
Fig. 5. Uncertainty of experimental values on the Fig. 7. Predicted values of thermal conductivity
isotherm 673.86 K. coefficient in the ideal-gas limit.
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14th International Conference on the Properties of Water and Steam in Kyoto
%
(O* / O0 ) x ( T / T* )
30
1 0 1.000000
IAPWS 2 1 6.978267
1.67
25 [8] 3 2 2.599096
4 3 - 0.998254
20
1 0 - 4.498188
2 1 30.876295
A 1.29
15 3 2 - 7.879375
4 3 1.228376
10 1 0 -15.905462
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 B 2 0.5 33.834773 1.29
T* / T
3 1 1.801134
The results of correlation are summarised in 1 0 -17.922937
Table 2. The first line in Table 2 brings exponents, C 1.30
2 0.5 37.675632
coefficients and weighted RMS deviation of the
IAPWS equation [8] from predicted values O0. [2] R. Mares, O. Sifner: Temperature Conversion of
In the second line a new equation with the same Coefficient of Thermal Conductivity, Proceedings of
number of terms and the same exponents as in [8] is the University of West Bohemia in Pilsen, 2002.
presented. In the following lines new equations [3] M. J. Assael, J. P. Trusler, T. F. Tsolakis,
with limited number of coefficients are given. It Thermophysical Properties of Fluids. Imperial
was also accepted to use terms with exponent 0.5, College Press, 1998.
because the root of temperature is necessary to [4] B. E. Pooling, J. M. Prausnitz, J. P. O´Connell, The
calculate for the numerator on the right side of Properties of Gases and Fluids, 5thed., McGraw-Hill
[5] J. Millat, J. H. Dymont, C. A. Nieto de Castro,
equation (5). The weighted percentage RMS
Transport Properties of Fluids, Cambridge, Univ.
deviations are given in the last column in Table 2. Press, 1996.
[6] I. Metaxa, D. Friend and M. Assael, Formulations for
6. Conclusions the Viscosity and Thermal Conductivity of Water
and Heavy Water: Evaluated Experimental
The final correlation resulted in three equations Database and Initial Correlations, (Private
with different number of terms of the form (5). It is communication).
obvious that the number of terms in the equation (5) [7] IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic
is possible to diminish in comparison with the Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for
current IAPWS equation [8]. Even with equations General and Scientific Use. Secretariat IAPWS.
[8] Revised Release on the IAPS Formulation 1985 for
B and C we reached lower weighted RMS
the Thermal Conductivity of Ordinary Water
deviations than the IAPWS [8] equation has. Substance (September 1998). Secretariat IAPWS.
Moreover, both equation B and C have a non-
oscillating course. Equation B is more precise at
high temperatures than equation C. Therefore
equation B is the most recommended.
Acknowledgements
This study was made possible by the financial support
from the Czech Science Foundation GAýR 101/03/0632.
131