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AlllDb 034^34
NBSIR 85-31 67
David D. Evans
David W. Stroup
February 1985
85-3167
1985
national bureau
OF STANDARDS
I ’"NARY
NBSIR 85-3167
• *
\
David D. Evans
David W. Stroup
February 1985
Page
Abstract 1
1.0 Introduction 1
2
2.0 Detector Response to t - Fires 4
5.0 Summary 15
6.0 Acknowledgement 15
7.0 References 15
8.0 Notation 17
i
1
-..f
/
.
METHODS TO CALCULATE THE RESPONSE TIME OF HEAT AND SMOKE
DETECTORS INSTALLED BELOW LARGE UNOBSTRUCTED CEILINGS
Abstract
mounted heat and smoke detectors to respond to growing fires are reviewed. A
computer program that calculates activation times for both fixed temperature
and rate of rise heat detectors in response to fires that increase in heat
release rate proportionally with the square of time from ignition is given.
Appendix C, Guide for Automatic Fire Detector Spacing, (NFPA 72E, 1984). A
time for fires having arbitrary heat release rate histories. This method is
1. INTRODUCTION
unconfined ceilings have been conducted since the early 1970's [1, 2, 3, 4],
Results of these largely experimental studies have been used to develop corre-
lations of data that are useful under a broad range of fire conditions and
smoke detector alarm times for industrial buildings where large undivided
1
ceilings over storage and manufacturing facilities are common. The method for
calculation of heat detector spacing has been adopted by the National Fire
systems for two reasons. 1) Currently, the only available form of the infor-
mation is the tabular form published in the NFPA 72E standard. An analytic
flexible and of greater use to NRC. 2) The published tables are organized to
As part of this study, the basis for the calculation method published in
of the same experimental data that are the basis for the tables in Appendix C
of the NFPA 72E standard were used to construct a FORTRAN program (DETACT-T2
Code) to evaluate the response time of existing heat detector systems. Using
the program, calculated values for response time agree to within 5 percent of
standard. Although this calculation method is the most firmly based of those
2
separate program (DETACT-QS Code), written in PC BASIC, is capable of
evaluating detector response for a fire with an arbitrary energy release rate
history. The only restriction is that the energy release rate must be repre-
sented as a series of connected straight lines, the end points of which are
rapidly varying fires because this code uses a quasi-steady approximation for
the fire driven gas flow. This means that changes at the fire source
immediately affect the gas flows at all distances from the fire. In reality,
time is required for the gases to travel from the fire to remote locations.
Generally, fire driven flows have a velocity the order of one meter per
second. Thus a quasi-steady analysis for locations close to the fire will
the most flexible of available methods but has not been tested against experi-
mental data.
under the ceiling, hence submerging the ceiling-jet flow before the heat
environment (warm fire products over cool air) has been studied [6], but no
single code has been produced to facilitate analysis. This class of problem
3
Analysis of smoke detector response is currently performed by
energy released by the burning fuel. Test data of gas temperature rise at the
fuel smoke and energy release rate measurements obtained in a laboratory scale
Appendix C of the NFPA 72E standard [5], "Guide for Automatic Fire
spacing that will provide alarms to growing fires before the fire has grown to
time constant. The tables reflect the extensive experimental studies and
data than was used to produce the tables in NFPA 72E Appendix C to obtain an
analytical expression for the gas flow temperature and velocity produced under
ceilings that can be used to evaluate heat detector response. Beyler's solu-
tions are limited to evaluation of fires that increase in energy release rate
4
proportionally with the square of time from ignition. This class of fire is
commonly referred to as a "t-squared-f ire. " Briefly, the problem of the heat
detector response is solved using analytic solutions for the time dependent
to the specified alarm conditions. The model for the detector sensing element
elements is discussed by Heskestad and Smith [9], and Evans [10]. The first
dT , 1/2
s
( 1 )
dt RTI
The notation for all equations is given in the notation section. The value of
RTI (Response Time Index), a measure of the thermal time constant of the
temperature and velocity are obtained from the following correlations [8].
*
AT = 0 for t* < (t*)
2 f
4/3
AT* = {[t* - 0.954(1 + r/H)] / [0. 188 + 0.313 r/H]} for t* > (t*)
f
(t
2 )f
= 0.954 [1 + r/H] ( 2 )
* -0.63
U * bJ * 1/Z
1/2
U 0.59 [r/H] [AT 2 ]
2 =
where
5
1/5
U
2
= U/[A Ct H]
A = g/(c T p )
00 00
P
AT = T - T
a = t /Q
The solutions to equation (1) for detector sensing element temperature, T_,
and rate of temperatue rise, dTg /dt, in response to the t^ - fire with growth
Y
AT = (AT/AT*) AT* [1 - (1 - e )/Y] (3)
g
1/ '‘
dT (4/3)(4T/4T*)( 4 T*)
s
” (^ “ e ^ ^
dt * )
(t/t )(0.188 + 0.313 r/H)
2
where
1/2
4T^
(0.188 + 0.313 r/H)
RTI
4 were programmed into a user interactive FORTRAN code called the DETACT-T2
6
Code. This code solves for the time required to reach a specified positive
Code use, a worked example, and program listing are given in Appendix A.
Briefly for a fixed temperature detector, the user enters values for:
Detector RTI
Outputs of the code are the time to detector response and fire energy
Detector RTI
7
The calculated response time using the DETACT-T2 Code is 298 seconds and
corresponding fire energy release rate is 1.04 MW (986 BTU/s). This same fire
and detector combination can be seen in the table C-3-2. 1.1(e) in Appendix C
of NFPA 72E [5], (in the table notation, threshold fire size 1000 BTU/s, fire
growth rate, medium; DET TC = 300 As, AT = 60°F, ceiling height = 12 Aft,
installed spacing in the body of the table 10ft). All values in table C-3-
2.1.2(e) [5] are for detector response times of 300 seconds. This is in
agreement with the 298 s calculated with the DETACT-T2 Code given in Appendix
A of this report.
calculated using the DETACT-T2 Code and results compared to table values in
Appendix C of NFPA 72E [5]. Of these cases the greatest deviation was 7.5%
Use of the DETACT-T2 Code has two main advantages over the tables in
Appendix C of NFPA 72E [5]. One is that the code is specifically designed to
evaluate existing facilities. The other is that any t - fire growth rate can
be analyzed. The tables in Appendix C of NFPA 72E [5] contain only three
containing tabular results with the same information as those in the NFPA 72E,
Appendix C [5], but recast into a form useful for evaluation of existing
8
3. DETECTOR RESPONSE TO ARBITRARY FIRES
not follow an energy release rate that is proportional to the square of time
from ignition. For these cases use of the DETACT-T2 Code to evaluate the
velocities obtained from experiments using steady fire energy release rate
sources can be used to evaluate growing fires. The growing fire is repre-
using steady fire sources have been published by Alpert [1]. Recast into
9
where the metric units are T[°C], U[m/s], Q[kW], r[m], H[m].
PC BASIC. The code requires user input similiar to the DETACT-T2 Code in
Appendix A, with the one exception that the fire energy release rate is speci-
The same fire and detector case used as an example of execution for the
DETACT-T2 Code was evaluated using the DETACT-QS Code. The example inputs and
results are given in Appendix B. The fire was input as time, energy release
o
rate pairs at intervals of 5 seconds to match the t - fire with a = 11.7105
W/s . Other parameters were maintained the same. The resulting predicted
detection time using the DETACT-QS Code was 313 seconds with the corresponding
fire energy release rate at detection of 1147 kW. Remember that with the
DETACT-T2 Code the calculated time of detection was 298 seconds with fire
energy release rate at detection of 1040 kW. This example was chosen to
methods even in the evaluation of the same fire. The quasi-steady fire
analysis on which the DETACT-QS Code is based has the advantage that arbitrary
10
4. SMOKE DETECTOR RESPONSE
predictions of the temperature and velocity of the fire driven gas flow under
the ceiling and models of the heat detector response. The same calculations
smoke concentration and temperature rise in the fire driven gas flow and the
more than smoke concentration. Smoke particle sizes and optical or particle
characterize the lag time between gas temperature and sensing element tempera-
lag time between gas flow smoke concentration and the smoke concentration
be a low temperature heat detector with no thermal lag, i.e. RTI = 0. The
analogy between smoke obscuration in the gas flow and temperature rise will be
continuity equations are similar. For the case of constant c , k, and I) thosr
p
equations are:
11
'
:
- k V 2 AT = O" ( 6 )
p dt
t » ?
2
- p D V Y m ( 7 )
s
smoke concentration can remain constant throughout the fire driven flow, if
exchanged with the flow. Reactions in the flame over the burning fuel will
flow. Other energy exchanges in normal fire flows, convection to cool room
boundaries, and radiation from smokey gases decrease the ratio of temperature
rise to smoke concentration because energy is extracted from the flow without
products with cool smokey gases that may accumulate in an enclosure also
mass is added to the flow without a proportional increase in energy. For fire
driven flows in which the effects that alter the ratio of temperature rise to
smoke concentration are not significant, the response of smoke detectors may
ture rise necessary for alarm of this substitute heat detector is calculated
from the product of smoke concentration needed to alarm the smoke detector and
material.
and not directly in smoke concentration. The more sensitive the smoke
12
The obscuring ability of a smoke laden gas flow is measured by the
By testing, Seader and Einhorn [11] found that the attenuating abilities of
were similar. For flaming combustion they found that the optical density per
flow as:
OD = 3330 C
s (9)
AT = pAT = 3330pAT 10 )
(
Y C OD
s s
ratio will be equal to the ratio Q ' C m * The l a8t ratio may be approxi-
p s
mated by a volume average over the combustion region so that
3330 D AT
OD
c m
P s
13
or
3330pc m
OP P s ( 11 )
AT •
air Cp = 1 kJ/kg °C
density per meter for smoke detector alarm and corresponding temperature rise
in the gas flow. For wood crib (unknown type) fires, the ratio of these
-3
values was OD/aT = 1.2 x 10 [l/m°C]. This is the same order of magnitude as
the number calculated in the analysis given above and may be representative of
-
Using the OD/aT value for wood of 1.2 x 10 ^(m°C)“^ the corresponding
change in gas temperature would be 13°C, (0.016/1.2 x 10“^). For the purpose
of response time calculation using the heat detector models, this ionization
14
Other measurements of the ratio OD/aT are obtained for burning materials
number of plastics and wood under many environmental conditions are given by
5.
Tewarson [12].
SUMMARY
fires. Smoke detector response is calculated using the same thermal calcula-
tions by approximating the smoke detector as a low temperature, zero lag time
thermal detector.
7.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are grateful to Mr. Doug Walton for coding DETACT-QS version
REFERENCES
15
5. Standard on Automatic Fire Detectors, NFPA 72E-1984, Appendix C, National
Fire Protection Association, Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 02269.
7. Tewarson, A., and Pion, R. "A Laboratory-Scale Test Method for the
,
8. Beyler, C.L. ,
A design method for flaming fire detection, Fire Technology,
20, 4, 1984, p 5.
Approval Test: The Plunge Test FMRC Technical Report 22485, Factory
Mutual Research Corporation, Norwood, Mass. 02062, 1976.
11. Seader, J. and Einhorn, I., ’’Some Physical, Chemical, Toxicological, and
Physiological Aspects of Fire Smokes”, Sixteenth Symposium
(International) on Combustion , The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh,
Penn. 1976, pp 1423-1445.
16
8. NOTATION
g acceleration of gravity
I light intensity
X
o
initial Light intensity
Q* ' *
energy release rate per unit volume.
RTI response time index, the product of the detector thermal time
constant and the square root of the gas speed used in the test
to measure the time constant [9].
t time
*
t dimensionless time t/[A
2
, *V
( t
2 )f
dimensionless time for time delay for gas front travel.
AT T - T
00
5
AT. dimensionless temperature difference AT/[A^^(T^/g) a )
17
local ratio of smoke mass to total mass in flow
1) Example Calculation
2) Program Listing
19
APPENDIX A. DETACT-T2 CODE
This appendix describes the theory and use of a computer program which
determines the response of fixed temperature and rate of rise heat detectors
2
to fires with energy release rates described by the expression Q = at . The
spacings.
ambient temperature, and detector response time index (RTI). The program
prompts the user to provide this information. These input data are converted
are set up. The two equations are then solved using a Newton-Raphson
technique. Once the activation times are known, the lire energy release rates
at those times are calculated. Finally, the results for each detector type
In the following example, input prompts from the computer program are
printed in all capital letters while user responses cir e printed in lower case
20
EXAMPLE
Calculate the activation times for fixed temperature and rate of rise
ceiling height of 3.66 meters. The detectors have an RTI of 370.3 (m-
>2
>21
>370.3
>54.4
>8.33
>3.66
>3.05
0 FOR OTHER
>m
21
RESULTS:
(.1111-001 BTU/SEC**3)
22
The results show that the heat detector would activate approximately 298
seconds after the fire reaches a flaming state. The heat release rate at this
time would be 1038 kilowatts. A rate of rise detector would activate at about
If English units had been selected, the input requests would have called
23
****** PROGRAM DETACT-T? ******
C
C PROGRAM WRITTEN BY P • U. STROUP 1/4/85
C FINAL REVISION 1/9/85
C
£ 4644 * 4 * 644*44444 ******************************************************
c
C====> VERSION 1.0 <==================================s=s
C
C INPUT:
C J - UNITS CODE (1 OR 2 >
C 1 ~ INFUT DATA IN ENGLISH UNITS
C 2 - INPUT DATA IN METRIC UMTS
C IAMB - AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
C R 1 I - DETECTOR RFSPONSF TIME INDEX
C TACT - DETECTOR ACTIVATION TEMPERATURE
C ROR - DETECTCR ACTIVATION RATE OF RISE
C HF - CEILIN G HE IGHT
C 2 - DETE CT CR S PAC ING
CM F
24
PROGRAM DE1ACT-1? ******
RNPUT')
READ ( I R 1 T Y ,*) J
IF (J.EQ.1) THEN
WRITE (IWTTY,?0)
20 FORMAT (' ENTER THE AMBIENT TEMFERATUR6 IN DEGREES F.')
READ < IR1TY ,*) T AMB
WRITE OWTTY t 30)
30 FORMAT (' ENTFR THE DETECTOR RESPONSE TIME INDEX (R7I) IN (FT-SEC)
R**1/2.'>
READ < IRTTY ,*) RT I
IF (RT I. LT. C. 000001) RTI=0. 000001
RTI R=R1I
WRITE (IWIT Y , 40 )
.
40 FORMAT (' ENTER THE DETECTOR ACTIVATION TEMPERATURE IN DEGREES F
f )
READ (IRTTY,*) TACT
WRITE (IWTTY,50)
50 FORMAT (' ENTER A DETECTOR RATE OF RISE IN DEGREES E/M IN. ^)
RFAD (IRTTY ,* ) ROR
WRITE (IWTTY.60)
60 FORMAT (' ENTER THE CEILING HEIGHT IN FEET.')
READ (IRTTY ,*) Hf
WRITE (IWTT Y,70 )
7 C FORMAT (' ENTER THE DE1ECT0R SPACING IN FEET.')
READ (IRTTY ,*) Zf
WRITE (IWTT Y f 80 )
80 FORMAT (' ENTER: S FOR SLOW FIRE GROWTH RATE'/
8 ' M FOR MEDIUM FIRE GROWTH RATE'/
8 ' F FOR FAST FIRE GROWTH RATE OR'/
8 ' 0 FOR OTHER ')
READ ( IR T TY ,410 ) M
IF ((M.E W. ' s'). OR . CM .EG . 'S ')) ALPHA =0 .0C27777P
IF < M.EO < in'). OH . (M.E W. 'M ')) AL PH A =0 . 0 1 1 1 1 1
((M.ECi.'f').OR.(M.EQ.'F'))
IF .0^44445 AL PH A =Q
IF (M.NE .'0') GO 7 C 100
WRITE (IwTTY,90)
90 FORMAT (' ENTER THE FIRE GROWTH RATE CONSTANT (ALPHA) IN PTU/SFc/S
EEC/SEC .'
READ (IRTTY ,*> ALP HA
TOO CONTINUE
ELSE
WRITE (IWTT Y, 11 0)
110 FORMAT (' EMFR THE AMBIENT TEMPERATURE IN DEGREES C.')
READ (IRTTY,*) TAME
WRITE Own Y , 12 0)
1 20 FORMAT (' ENTER THE DETECTOR RESPONSE TIMF INDEX (RTI) TN <»-$£()
£* 1 / 2 .' )
READ URT1Y ,*) RT I
IF (RT I. LT. C. 000001 ) R1I=0. 000001
R R=RT
1 I
WRITE (IWTT Y, 130)
1 3C FORMAT (' ENTER THE DETECTOR ACTIVATION 1FMPERA TURE IN ffU'f r
C.'
R )
WRITE (IWTT Y, 14 G)
140 FORMAT (' E M pR A DETECTOR RATE OF PISE IN DEGREES C/«IN'.')
25
****** pRoGRAp DETACl-T? ******
RCH=R/ HF
ROR = RO R/60
IF (J.EQ.1) THEN
1AMB=T AMfcj+4 60 .
1AC T = 1ACT + 460.
A=GE/(CPE*T AMP* RHOE)
G=6 E
ELSE
T A MB = T A MB + 2 7 3 •
T AC T = TAC T+2 73 .
ELSE
UCDLTH = 3.87 /(9. 115 **0.5)
ENDI F
1S2F = 0.9 5 A* (1 . POH)
A2=(A./3.)*DLTOPL*UOUS2**(-0.5 ) *UOD L 1 H * * ( -0 .5 ) * RT 1/
8 (1 01 S2 *(0 .188 *0.313*R0H))
1 .O+DELTD /A 2
C =
CALL NWTN ( C , Y, I EP R , I W 1 T Y )
TS2 = 1S2+1S2 F
T=1S2*A** (- 1 • / 5 „)* ALPHA** (-1. /5 .)*HF** 4 • / 5 • ) (
OD = A LP HA * 1**1
IF (HI IR .LE .2 .0 ) RT IR = 2.0
26
PROGRAM DE1AC1-T2 ******
Dl=(4./3.)*ELTODL/(TOTS?M0.18B+D.313*RCH)>
D 2 = 3 ./4
< )* UOUS 2**C.5*U0DLTH**0.5*(1./RTIP)*T0TS2
.
TR=TS2R*A** (
-1 • / 5 , )*ALPHA** (-1./5.)*HF**<4./5.)
QD R=A LPHA *1 P**2
C
C ****** FRIN7 OUT RESULTS * ** * * ** * *********************************** *
c
ROR^ROR* 6 0.
WRITE (IWnY.190)
190 FORMAT ('1 RESULTS :')
IF ( J .EQ .1) 1 HE K
HF 2 = HF *C. 30 48
ZF 2=2 F *0.30 4 8
WRITE (TWIT Y,?00) HF,H F? ,7 f ,ZF 2
200 F CROAT ('0 CEILING HEIGHT = ',F6.2,' FEET (',F6.2,' METERS)'/
'
8 TC, “'DETECTOR SPACING = ',F6.2 1 FEET <',F6.2,' E T E R S )
' ) f»
WRITE ( IWTT Y , 27 p)
270 FORMAT <//'0 FOR RATE OF RISE ACTUATED DETECTOR:')
ROR 2= R 0 P * (5 . / 9 . )
8 F 6 •2 ,
' DEGREES C /M I N )
' )
WRITE U T T Yc , 2 5 0 ) TR
(
QDR2 QDP* 10 5 .
=
WRITE (IWTT Y, 2 60) GPR»UDR2
WRITE < I W T T Y , 4C 0
READ (IRTTY ,410 *
ELSE
27
****** PROGRAM DETACl-l' ******
HF2=HF*(1./C.3C48)
If 2= If Ml ./p.30 48)
WRJU Clwm.lCO) H F ,H F2 ,7 F ,ZF 2!
END IF
STOP 'FRGGRAM CCNPLF1ED'
380 CONTINUE
WRITE (IWTTY.79 0)
390 F C R VA T (' ******0 ERROR IN D F T ACT ROUTTNF <**«****')
ACC FORMAT (//' <RETURN> TO CONTINUE')
410 FORMAT ( A 1
STOP 'PROGRAM ABORTED'
END
28
SUBROUTINE NW'lN ******
SUBROUTINE NWTN C C , P , I £R R , I W T T Y )
C
C***** *********** ******* ****** **************************************
c
c NE *1 ON” RAPHSON SUBROUTINE
C
c this subroutine is used to evaluate the tine expression for the
C FIXED TEMPERATURE DETECTOR.
C
c * *************** **** ******* ***** ************************ **** *** *** *
c
PC=0.1
1CL=G. 00001
NC=1000
1 = 1
I ERR = 0
10 CONTINUE
IF (I.LE.KO) THEN
IF (P0.G1.5 r .) THEN
X = 0 .0
ELSE
X =E X P (-P0)
E ND I
FY=PG+X-C
FPMX=1 .C-X
IF (F PMX .LT .0 .0 COOCCGl ) 00 TO 30
P = P n ~ (FX/ f P MX )
IF (ABS(P-Pn) .LT.TCL) THEN
IE R R = 0
RETURN
ELSE
1 = 1+1
F’C =P
END IF
GO TO 10
END IF
IE NR=1
WRITE ( I W T T Y , ?0 > I
20 FORMAT (' NFUTON-R APHSON FAILED AFTER N 0 ITTRATTCNSt NC = '.14)
RETURN
30 WRITE Own V, 40)
40 FORMAT (' SLOPE OF EQUATION TOO CLOSE TC 7EP0 FOR '/
'
n NEWT ON-R APHSON METHOD.'/
R ' ERROP RETURN')
I F R R= 1
RE TURN
END
29
****** SUBROUTINE BISECT ******
c
c BISECTION SUbROUT IN
C
c this subroutine evaluates the time expression for the rate of
C RISE DETECTOR USING A BISECTION M F T HOD
C
£ 4 ** 444**44444444 444 * 44 * 44*4 44*44 4444444444 * 44 ****** 44 * 44 ** 44*44 44444 *
C
I ERR=D
TOL=0. COCCI
NC= 1000
A=c .0
B = 1C0C .0
RLKT=TCL/20 .Q
10 CONTINUE
If CCD 2*b ). C l .50.) T HE N
x =0 «0
ELSE
X =E X P (~D t *B )
END If
F XB=D1*B **C .2 5- D1* E**0.?5* X-ROR
If Cf MB. LT. r. 0) THEN
A =6
B = b + 500
GO TO 10
E NO IF
1 = 1
20 CONTINUE
IF (I .LF .NO > THEN
P = A + (8 “A )/2 .0
If < <D2*P). GT .50.) THEN
X=0 .0
EL S E
END I F
FX = D1*P**0. Z 5 “D 1*P**G.25*X-ROP
IF ( C ( F X .GT ,-RL NT ) . AND .< F X.LT . RLMT )).0R.(<(R-A)/2.).LT.T0L)) THEN
IF RR = 0
RETURN
ELSE
1=1 +1
IF C CD 2* A ). H .50.) THEN
x=o .0
ELSE
X = E XP ( ~D c * A )
E ND IF
FXA = D1*A**C ,2 5-Dl*A**0.25*X-R0R
IF ( ( F X A * FX ). OT .0.0 T Hf N
A =P
ELSE
B=P
E N D I F
END I F
GO TO 20
30
****** SUBROUTINE bisect ******
ENl> I F
IF RR = 1
WRITE <IWTTV,30) I
3Q FORMAT (' BISECT ROUTINE FAILED AFTER NC ITERATIONS, NO = ',14)
RETURN
END
31
APPENDIX B - DETACT-QS CODE
1) Example Calculation
2) Program Listing
32
DETACT-QS Code Sample Calculation
ENTER KEY HEAT RELEASE RATES THAT DETERMINE THE SHAPE OF THE
DESIRED FIRE DEVELOPMENT CURVE. USUALLY THE FIRST DATA
PAIR WILL BE TIME 0 ( HEAT RELEASE 0 UP TO 100 ) .
1 . . TIME (SEC) ? O
2 . . TIME (SEC) ? 5
33
3 . . TIME (SEC) ? 10
4 . . TIME (SEC) ? 15
5 . . TIME (SEC) ? 20
6 . TIME (SEC) ? 25
7 . . TIME (SEC) ? 30
8 . . TIME (SEC) ? 35
9 . . TIME (SEC) ? 40
10 . . TIME (SEC)
: ? 45
11 . . TIME (SEC)
: ? 50
12 . . TIME (SEC)
: ? 55
13 . . TIME (SEC) ? 60
34
14 . TIME (SEC) ? 65
15 . TIME (SEC) ? 70
16 . TIME (SEC) ? 75
17 . TIME (SEC) ? 80
18 . TIME (SEC) ? 85
19 . TIME (SEC) ? 90
20 . TIME (SEC) ? 95
35
25 TIME (SEC) ? 120
36
36 . TIME (SEC) ? 175
37
47 . TIME (SEC) ? 230
38
58 TIME (SEC) ? 285
39
69 . . TIME (SEC) ? 340
74 .. TIME (SEC) ? -1
CEILING HEIGHT = 3.6576 RADIUS= 2.155 DET ACT TEMP= 54.444 RTI = 370.34
40
210.0 516.4 77.5 33.9
220.0 556.8 80.6 35.4
230.0 619.5 84.8 37.1
240.0 674.5 88.5 38.8
250.0 731.9 92.3 40.6
260.0 791.6 96.2 42.6
270.0 835.7 99.2 44.6
280.0 918.1 104.0 46.7
290.0 984.9 108.0 48.9
300.0 1053.9 112.0 51.2
310.0 1125.4 116.1 53.6
**** DETECTOR ACTUATION AT 313.4 SECONDS ****
41
DETACT-QS Code Listing
42
560 FOR 1=1 TO 101
570 S I = 1 701412E+38
( ) .
580 Q I =0
( )
590 NEXT I
600 PRINT N;
610 PRINT TIME (SEC) "
620 INPUT S(N>
630 IF S ( N <0 THEN 710
)
720 PR = 0
730 PRINT " •*
860 LPRINT "DETECTOR DISTANCE FROM AXIS OF FIRE= " R " m" ;
;
890 LPRINT ii ••
1100 V6=.2*0~(l/3)*H~(l/2)/R~(5/6)
43
Hi IF Vb>.i THEN 1130
1120 V6 = . 1
1130 L1=L/V6" .5
1140 B=T6-S6
1150 T5 = T4- (S6-T4) * (1-EXP (- 1/Ll) -*-B*Ll*<EXP(-l/Ll +1/L1-1)
) )
1190 P=0
1200 N = N+ 1
1210 p=p+l
1220 IF T5<T9 THEN 990
1230 GOSUB 1680
PRINT "
1240 '*
44
1660 INPUT K
1670 GOTO 770
1660 E=N-lf (T9-T4) /(T5-T4)
1690 E = E* 100+
.
1700 E=INT(E)
1710 E = E/ 100
1720 RETURN
45
NBS-114A (rev. 2-00
U.S. DEPT. OF COMM. 1. PUBLICATION OR 2. Performing Organ. Report No. 3 . Publication Date
REPORT NO.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA
SHEET (See instructions) NBSIR-85/3167 July 1985
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
5. AUTHOR(S)
David D. Evans, David W. Stroup
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION (If joint or other than NBS, see instructions) 7. Contract/Grant No.
11.
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
| |
Document describes a computer program; SF-185, FIPS Software Summary, is attached.
ABSTRACT (A 200-word or less factual summary of most significant information. If document includes a si gnifi cant
bi bl iography or literature survey, mention it here)
Recently developed methods to calculate the time required for ceiling mounted
heat and smoke detectors to respond to growing fires are reviewed. A computer pro-
gram, that calculates activation times for both fixed temperatures and rate of
rise heat detectors in response to fires that increase in heat release rate
proportionally with the square of time from ignition is given. This program produces
equivalent results to the tables published in Appendix C, Guide for Automatic
Fire Detector Spacing, (NEPA 72E, 1984). A separate method and corresponding pro-
12. release
gram are provided to calculate response time for fires having arbitrary heat
rate histories. This method is based on quasi— steady ceiling layer gas flow
release
assumptions. Assuming a constant proportionality between smoke and heat
response
from burning materials, a method is described to calculate smoke detector
either of the
time modeling the smoke detector as a low temperature heat detector in
two response time models.
KEY WORDS (Six to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only proper names; and separate key words by semicolons)
ceilings; computer program; egress; escape; fire alarms; fire detection; fire
suppression; heat detectors; smoke detectors; sprinkler systems
| |
For Official Distribution. Do Not Release to NTIS 49
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USCOMM-DC 6043-P80