Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Authorized licensed use limited to: NIST Research Library. Downloaded on August 17, 2009 at 15:48 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
2056 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 57, NO. 8, AUGUST 2009
TABLE I
L AND C VALUES FOR = 45
EQUIVALENT SECTIONS
OF VARIOUS USEFUL IMPEDANCES AT 20 GHz
A. Design
The values for a cannonical low-pass network with series
inductance and shunt capacitance of electrical length
in radians, frequency in hertz, and characteristic impedance
in ohms are given by [11]
and (1)
Authorized licensed use limited to: NIST Research Library. Downloaded on August 17, 2009 at 15:48 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
ELSBURY et al.: BROADBAND LUMPED-ELEMENT INTEGRATED -WAY POWER DIVIDERS FOR VOLTAGE STANDARDS 2057
TABLE II
NIST IC FABRICATION PROCESS LAYER STACK. Nb TRACES ARE MODELED
IN HFSS USING PEC. NB1 AND NB2 ARE USED WITH THE SiO
INTERLAYER DIELECTRIC TO FORM MIM CAPACITORS. THE JJ
BARRIER IS NOT USED IN THE DIVIDER CIRCUITS
Authorized licensed use limited to: NIST Research Library. Downloaded on August 17, 2009 at 15:48 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
2058 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 57, NO. 8, AUGUST 2009
TABLE III
BROADBAND DIVIDER MEASUREMENT SUMMARY COMPARING THE NIST
SUPERCONDUCTING IC PROCESS, SECTION II, AND THE TRIQUINT
COMMERCIAL TQPED PROCESS , SECTION IV. SUMMARY DATA IS
CALCULATED FROM THE RESULTS SHOWN IN FIGS. 5, 6, AND 11
Authorized licensed use limited to: NIST Research Library. Downloaded on August 17, 2009 at 15:48 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
ELSBURY et al.: BROADBAND LUMPED-ELEMENT INTEGRATED -WAY POWER DIVIDERS FOR VOLTAGE STANDARDS 2059
Fig. 7. Simplified schematic of the balanced divider/attenuator/combiner configuration test circuit, showing broadband lumped-element Wilkinson power dividers,
=4 lumped 5 sections for reflection cancellation, 10-dB isolation attenuators, and 1.2-pF coupling capacitors between the third and fourth levels of division and
combination. Simulated transmission line interconnects and bends are not shown. The dotted cut plane indicates the position of the junction arrays in the 10-V
programmable Josephson voltage standard.
III. BALANCED 16-WAY POWER DIVIDER the output, as well as the ability to measure IL through the de-
vice. The back-to-back circuit shown in Fig. 4(a) has a funda-
The concept of a balanced divider/combiner (D/C), widely
mental flaw of terminating a divider circuit with its own complex
used in broadband amplifier design [14], can be applied here to
output impedance, rather than the desired real 50- load needed
achieve a many-way power division to many identical arrays of
to obtain valid -parameters. To solve this problem 10-dB atten-
junctions. A balanced divider relies upon the fact that each array
uators are monolithically integrated between the divider circuit
has a nearly identical return loss. By inserting an additional
under test, and the combiner output circuit. A schematic of this
transmission line between port 2 of the Wilkinson and the junc-
balanced divider/attenuator/combiner (D/A/C) configuration is
tion array, the round-trip reflection path is 180 longer than the
shown in Fig. 7.
corresponding round-trip reflection path from the junction array
Identical length 50- CPW superconducting transmission
connected to port 3 of the Wilkinson. These two reflections are
lines were used to interconnect the divider, attenuators, and
out of phase at port 1 and cancel, leading to a well matched
combiner; the sections were arranged such that the net
and very broadband system. Many-way power division can be
phase delays along any given division and recombination path
achieved as shown in Fig. 7. This solution addresses the fun-
are equal. A 1.2-pF coupling capacitor was inserted between the
damental issue with 360 , round-trip in-phase reflection com-
third and fourth levels of power division and recombination to
bining in -way even- -section binary power dividers re-
ac-couple each pair of junction arrays and enable connecting all
ported in [6]. Here, the total interconnect layout length between
of the arrays in series at dc to achieve 10 V. A lithographically
dividers is unconstrained, only the delta between branches
identical 10-dB attenuator was fabricated on the same test chip
(implemented in lumped elements) is required.
as the D/A/C to allow deembedding of the divider performance.
A. Design
B. Testing
A 16-way power split allows 16 junction arrays of 15 600
junctions [2] fabricated on a prototype 10-V programmable The 16-way D/A/C configuration test chip was evaluated in
Josephson voltage standard chip at 20 GHz reported in [3]. the same manner as the Wilkinson divider chips, discussed in
The chip area required for a 16-way divider on-chip is reduced Section II-C. A 16-way D/C test circuit without attenuators,
by a factor of 4 using the lumped-element Wilkinson dividers shown in Fig. 1, was also fabricated and tested to demonstrate
and 50- LC sections, from Table I, compared to the the utility of the added attenuators. Figs. 8 and 9 compare mea-
previously used single distributed matching sections. The sured and simulated results from the 16-way balanced D/C and
entire 16-way divider network is simulated in ADS using the D/A/C configurations, respectively. Table IV summarizes the
hybrid simulation methodology discussed in Section II-A. measurement data from both configurations and the 10-dB at-
In order to appropriately characterize a many-way divider, a tenuator (10 dB A). The measured IL and return loss of the
test circuit is needed that preserves both the desired loading at back-to-back test configuration both improve markedly with the
Authorized licensed use limited to: NIST Research Library. Downloaded on August 17, 2009 at 15:48 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
2060 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 57, NO. 8, AUGUST 2009
TABLE IV
16-WAY BALANCED DIVIDER SUMMARY. VALUES ARE CALCULATED FROM
THE MEASUREMENTS OF D/C CONFIGURATION (FIG. 8), THE ON-CHIP
10-dB ATTENUATOR, AND D/A/C CONFIGURATION (FIG. 9)
Fig. 8. D/C configuration measured versus simulated results for 16-way bal-
anced broadband Wilkinson divider (Fig. 1). Hybrid HFSS 3-D FEM and ADS
circuit simulated data (blue dashed lines in online version), and measurements
using 4K TRL calibration on-chip (red solid lines in online version). S is
marked with , S is marked with 2, and IL is marked with . Note the +
standing waves between the divider and the combiner apparent in the S mea-
surement.
Authorized licensed use limited to: NIST Research Library. Downloaded on August 17, 2009 at 15:48 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
ELSBURY et al.: BROADBAND LUMPED-ELEMENT INTEGRATED -WAY POWER DIVIDERS FOR VOLTAGE STANDARDS 2061
TABLE V
COMPARISON OF THIS WORK AND OTHER PUBLISHED AND COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE POWER DIVIDERS SORTED BY N , THEN IL/BW
Authorized licensed use limited to: NIST Research Library. Downloaded on August 17, 2009 at 15:48 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
2062 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES, VOL. 57, NO. 8, AUGUST 2009
constraints on the interconnect layout, at the cost of phase bal- Michael M. Elsbury (S’07) received the B.S. degree
ance. Additionally the balanced divider solution improves the in electrical engineering (magna cum laude) from the
University of Idaho, Moscow, in 2003, and is cur-
divider match assuming phase and amplitude matched loads, rently working toward the Ph.D. degree in electrical
as is often the case for integrated devices. A back-to-back test engineering at the University of Colorado at Boulder.
While with the University of Idaho, he performed
configuration for many-way dividers utilizing integrated 10-dB undergraduate research in analog IC design and mi-
attenuators was devised to present a 50- load at the divider crowave circuits. He was an Undergraduate Intern
output while maintaining the ability to measure IL through the in analog IC design for three summers with both
Micron Technology and the Boeing Company. He
device. The area and performance gains of these innovative cir- was then with the Boeing Company as an RF In-
cuits over conventional distributed power dividers are an en- tegration Engineer for two years, during which time he supported the 737
abling microwave technology for the NIST 10-V programmable AEW&C System Integration Laboratory. In 2005, he joined the Microwave
Active Antenna Group, University of Colorado at Boulder. His current
Josephson voltage standard. research, in collaboration with the National Institute of Standards and Tech-
nology (NIST), regards broadband superconducting K -band ICs to optimize
the microwave performance of Josephson voltage references and quantized
ACKNOWLEDGMENT arbitrary signal generators. This work enables higher quantized output volt-
ages and increased operating margins in systems deployed to the NIST
The authors would like to thank Triquint, Hillsboro, OR, for Calibration Laboratory.
providing the IC fabrication services utilized to fabricate the
room-temperature devices reported here.
Paul D. Dresselhaus was born on January 5, 1963,
in Arlington, MA. He received the B.S. degree
REFERENCES in both physics and electrical engineering from
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT),
[1] S. P. Benz and C. A. Hamilton, “Application of the Josephson effect to Cambridge, in 1985, and the Ph.D. degree in applied
voltage metrology,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 92, no. 10, pp. 1617–1629, Oct. physics from Yale University, New Haven, CT, in
2004. 1991.
[2] P. D. Dresselhaus et al., “Design of SNS Josephson arrays for high In 1999, he joined the Quantum Voltage Project,
voltage applications,” IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., vol. 17, no. 2, National Institute of Standards and Technology
pp. 173–176, Jun. 2007. (NIST), Boulder, CO, where he has developed novel
[3] P. D. Dresselhaus et al., “Design of a turn-key 10 V programable superconducting circuits and broadband bias elec-
Josephson voltage standard system,” in Precision Electromagn. Meas. tronics for precision voltage waveform synthesis and programmable voltage
Conf. Dig., Jun. 2008, pp. 102–103. standard systems. While with Northrop Grumman for three years, he designed
[4] R. R. Mansour, “Microwave superconductivity,” IEEE Trans. Microw. and tested numerous gigahertz speed superconductive circuits including code
Theory Tech., vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 750–759, Mar. 2002. generators and analog-to-digital converters. He also upgraded the simulation
[5] A. R. Kerr et al., “A superconducting 180 IF hybrid for balanced SIS and layout capabilities at Northrop Grumman to be among the world’s best. His
mixers,” in 17th Int. Space Terahertz Technol. Symp., May 2006, pp. previous research as a Postdoctoral Assistant with the State University of New
31–34. York (SUNY) at Stony Brook focused on the nanolithographic fabrication and
[6] J. Zhou, K. A. Morris, and M. J. Lancaster, “General design of study of Nb–AlOx–Nb junctions for single-electron and single-flux quantum
multiway multisection power dividers by interconnecting two-way applications, single-electron transistors and arrays in Al–AlOx tunnel junctions,
dividers,” IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. 55, no. 10, pp. and the properties of ultra-small JJs.
2208–2215, Oct. 2007.
[7] Z. C. Hao et al., “Multiway broadband substrate integrated waveguide
(SIW) power divider,” in IEEE AP-S Int. Symp., Jul. 2005, vol. 1A, pp.
639–642. Norman F. Bergren was born on March 28, 1959,
[8] A. R. Barnes et al., “A compact 6–18 GHz power amplifier module in Denver, CO. He received the Associate degree in
with 10 W output power,” in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp. Dig., electronics from Front Range Community College,
1999, pp. 959–962. Westminster, CO, in 1988.
[9] J. G. Kim and G. M. Rebeiz, “Miniature four-way and two-way 24 GHz He served six years in the U.S. Navy, four years
Wilkinson power dividers in 0.13 m CMOS,” IEEE Microw. Wireless aboard the Fleet Ballistic Missile Submarine USS
Compon. Lett., vol. 17, no. 9, pp. 658–660, Sep. 2007. Sam Rayburn SSBN 635. He was Leading Petty
[10] L. H. Lu et al., “X -band and K -band lumped Wilkinson power dividers
Officer of the Torpedo Fire Control Division. In
1988, he joined the National Institute of Standards
with a micromachined technology,” in IEEE MTT-S Int. Microw. Symp.
and Technology (NIST), where he began testing
Dig., May–Jun. 1979, pp. 287–290.
large-scale superconductors. In 1997, he became in-
[11] F. Noriega and P. J. González, “Designing LC Wilkinson power split- volved with superconducting electronics, fabricating superconducting quantum
ters,” RFdesign.com Aug. 2002. [Online]. Available: http://rfdesign. interference devices (SQUIDS), and Qbits. Most recently, he has focused on
com/images/archive/0802Noriega18.pdf, [cited 2007 Mar 13] the fabrication and testing of Josephson voltage standards.
[12] S. B. Cohn, “A class of broadband three-port TEM-mode hybrids,”
IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech., vol. MTT-16, no. 2, pp. 110–116,
Feb. 1968.
[13] G. S. Makineni and W. T. Joines, “Comparison of broadband per-
Charles J. Burroughs was born on June 18, 1966.
formance of two-way power dividers and combiners,” Microw. Opt.
He received the B.S. degree in electrical engineering
Technol. Lett., vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 29–37, Jan. 1998. from the University of Colorado at Boulder, in 1988.
[14] D. M. Pozar, Microwave Circuits, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 1998, He was with the National Institute of Standards
pp. 278–282, 632–635. and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO, initially as
[15] S. J. Parisi, “180 Lumped element hybrid,” in IEEE MTT-S Int. Mi- a student, and since 1988, as a Permanent Staff
crow. Symp. Dig., Jun. 1989, vol. 3, pp. 1243–1246. Member. While with NIST, he has been involved in
[16] S. S. Mohan, M. Hershenson, S. P. Boyd, and T. H. Lee, “Simple ac- the area of superconductive electronics, including the
curate expressions for planar spiral inductances,” IEEE J. Solid-State design, fabrication, and testing of Josephson voltage
Circuits, vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 1419–1424, Oct. 1999. standards and digital-to-analog and analog-to-digital
[17] M. M. Elsbury et al., “Microwave packaging for voltage standard ap- converters. He has authored or coauhoted 45 publi-
plications,” in IEEE Appl. Supercond. Conf. Dig., to be published. cations. He holds three patents in the field of superconducting electronics.
Authorized licensed use limited to: NIST Research Library. Downloaded on August 17, 2009 at 15:48 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
ELSBURY et al.: BROADBAND LUMPED-ELEMENT INTEGRATED -WAY POWER DIVIDERS FOR VOLTAGE STANDARDS 2063
Samuel P. Benz (SM’00) was born in Dubuque, IA, Zoya Popović (S’86–M’90–SM’99–F’02) received
on December 4, 1962. He received the B.A. degree the Dipl.Ing. degree from the University of Bel-
(with a major in both physics and math) (summa cum grade, Serbia, Yugoslavia, in 1985, and the Ph.D.
laude) from Luther College, Decorah, IA, in 1985, degree from the California Institute of Technology,
and the M.A. and Ph.D. degrees in physics from Har- Pasadena, in 1990.
vard University, Boston, MA, in 1987 and 1990, re- Since 1990, she has been with the University
spectively. of Colorado at Boulder, where she is currently the
In 1990, he joined the National Institute of Stan- Hudson Moore Jr. Chaired Professor of Electrical
dards and Technology (NIST) as a National Research and Computer Engineering. In 2001, she was a
Council (NRC) Postdoctoral Fellow and joined the Visiting Professor with the Technical University of
permanent staff in January 1992. He has been Project Munich, Munich, Germany. Since 1991, she has
Leader of NIST’s Quantum Voltage Project since October 1999. He has au- graduated 32 Ph.D. students and currently advises a group of 16 graduate
thored or coauthored 135 publications. He holds three patents in the field of students. Her research interests include high-efficiency, low-noise, and broad-
superconducting electronics. He has been involved in a broad range of topics band microwave and millimeter-wave circuits, quasi-optical millimeter-wave
within the field of superconducting electronics, including JJ array oscillators, techniques for imaging, smart and multibeam antenna arrays, intelligent RF
single flux quantum logic, ac and dc Josephson voltage standards, and Josephson front ends, RF optics, and wireless powering for batteryless sensors.
waveform synthesis. Dr. Popović is currently an associate editor for the IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON
Dr. Benz is a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Pi Sigma. He was the MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHNIQUES. She was the recipient of the 1993 and
recipient of the U.S. Department of Commerce Gold Medal for Distinguished 2006 Microwave Prizes presented by the IEEE Microwave Theory and Tech-
Achievement. He was also the reicpient of an R. J. McElroy Fellowship niques Society (IEEE MTT-S) for the best journal papers. She was the recipient
(1985–1988). of the 1996 URSI Issac Koga Gold Medal. In 1997, Eta Kappa Nu students chose
her as a Professor of the Year. She was the recipient of a 2000 Humboldt Re-
search Award for Senior U.S. Scientists from the German Alexander von Hum-
boldt Stiftung. She was also the recipient of the 2001 Hewlett-Packard(HP)/
American Society for Engineering Education(ASEE) Terman Medal for com-
bined teaching and research excellence.
Authorized licensed use limited to: NIST Research Library. Downloaded on August 17, 2009 at 15:48 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.