CDMA Fundamentals

Agenda

• CDMA introduction
• CDMA makes use of Diversity
• Power control
• CDMA Forward Link
• CDMA Reverse Link
• CDMA call processing
• CDMA Measurement

2
 Cellular Access Methods

Power Time

Time
Power

FDMA Frequency

Power Time

CDMA Frequency

TDMA
Frequency

3
 The CDMA Concept
Code Domain Power (cdma2000/IS-95)
Pilot
Synch
Paging
Frequency Domain
User #3
User #2
User #1
freq
1.2288 MHz

Code Domain
Walsh Code

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 32 40 63
Pilot Paging User User Synch User
1 2 3

4
 CDMA is Also Full Duplex

Amplitude US Cellular Channel 384

Reverse Link Forward Link

45 MHz
AMPS
Frequency
836.52 MHz 881.52 MHz
Amplitude
Reverse Link Forward Link

CDMA 45 MHz
Frequency
836.52 MHz 881.52 MHz

5
 What is CDMA ?

Code Division Multiple Access

• Spread spectrum technique
• Multiple users share the same frequency in one cell
• Same frequency in all the cells
• Operates under presence of interference
• Takes advantage of multipath
• Capacity is soft

6
 Cellular Frequency Reuse Patterns

1 1
2 3 1 1
6 4 2 1 1 1
5 6 1 1
7 1

FDMA Reuse CDMA Reuse

7
 The CDMA Concept
10 Khz BW 1.23 Mhz BW 1.23 Mhz BW 10 Khz BW

0 fc fc 0
CDMA CDMA
Transmitter Receiver

Baseband Encoding & Walsh Code Walsh Code Decode & De- Baseband
Data Interleaving Spreading Correlator Interleaving Data
9.6 kbps 19.2 kbps 1228.8 kbps 1228.8 kbps 19.2 kbps 9.6 kbps

-113 dBm/1.23 Mhz Spurious Signals 1.23 Mhz BW 1.23 Mhz BW

fc fc fc fc
Background Noise External Interference Other Cell Interference Other User Noise
Interference Sources

8
 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

• Baseband data multiplied by a Pseudo Random Noise (PN)

Code, which is a sequence of chips valued -1 & +1 or 0 & 1
• PN code is a noise-like code with certain properties (ex:
orthogonal)

z Multiple user data can be spread by using combinations of

this PN code

9
 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
• Direct sequence spread Power Spectral
Narrowband user
spectrum signal is generated Density
data
by multiplying narrowband
user data with a well-defined
wideband pseudo-random
sequence.
Direct sequence
• Recovering the narrowband spread signal
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical,
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence. Freq
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

10
 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

I-Q Modulator
Transmit
Source Information Bits to DSSS Signal
Bits I-Q

Code Generator Bit Carrier

Stream

Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread

Spectrum Transmitter

11
 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

Received
DSSS Demodulator
signal Data

Carrier

Code
Synchronization Code Generator

Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver

12
 What is Correlation ?

• Is a Measure of How Received Signal

Well a Given Signal

Matches a Desired Correlation = 1
Code
• The Desired Code is Correlation = 0
Time

Compared to the
Given Signal at Correlation = 0

Various Test times

Correlation = 0

13
 Auto-Correlation

Pseudo-Random Sequence
• Is a Comparison of a Signal
1
Against Itself
0
• Good Pseudo-Random
Patterns Have: 1
¾ Strong Correlation at Zero Time0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Offset
¾ Weak Correlation at Other Auto-Correlation Versus Time Offset
Time Offsets

0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Chip Offset

14
 CDMA Paradigm Shift

¾ Multiple Users on One Frequency

9 Analog/TDMA Try to Prevent Multiple Users
Interface
loogg
¾ Channel is Defined by Code
n a
a l
9 Analog Systems Defined Channels by
Frequency
AAn
¾ Traditional FDMA/TDMA are capacity- A
limited D M
9 Given N timeslots per frame and K C
frequency channels, maximum number of
users is KN;
9 To increase the number of users in the
system, frequency reuse is used
¾ Capacity Limit is Soft
9 Allows Degrading Voice Quality to
Temporarily Increase Capacity
9 Reduce Surrounding Cell Capacity to
Increase a Cell’s Capacity

15
 CDMA Capacity Gains

(Chan BW)
Capacity = _____________ (1)
X _____ (1) X (Fr)
X ____
(Data Rate) (S/N) (Vaf) Processing
(1,230,000) X _____
CDMA = ____________ (1) X (1)
_____ X (0.67)
Gain
(9,600) (5.01) (.40)
CDMA = 42 Calls ( Using 1.5 MHz BW )

AMPS = 1.5 MHz / 30 kHz = 50 Channels

Capacity = 50 Channels / 7 ( 1/7 Frequency Reuse )
AMPS = 7 Calls ( Using 1.5 MHz BW )

16
 CDMA makes use of Diversity

• Spatial Diversity
¾ Making Use of Differences in Position
• Frequency Diversity
¾ Making Use of Differences in Frequency
• Time Diversity
¾ Making Use of Differences in Time

17
 CDMA Spatial Diversity

• Diversity Reception:
¾ Multiple Antennas at Base Station
9 Each Antenna is Affected by Multipath Differently Due to Their
Different Location
9 Allows Selection of the Signal Least Affected by Multipath
Fading
• If Diversity Antennas are Good, Why Not Use Base Stations
as a Diversity Network?
¾ Soft Handoff

18
 Spatial Diversity During Soft Handoff

Land Link
MTSO

Vocoder /
Selector

Base Station 1 Base Station 2

19
 CDMA Frequency Diversity

• Combats Fading, Caused by Multipath

• Fading Acts like Notch Filter to a Wide Spectrum
Signal
• May Notch only Part of Signal

1.23 MHz BW
Amplitude

Frequency

20
 CDMA Time Diversity

• Rake Receiver to Find and Demodulate

Multipath Signals
• Data is Interleaved
¾ Spreads Adjacent Data in time to Improve
Error Correction Efficiency
• Convolutional Encoding
¾ Adds Error Correction and Detection
• Viterbi Decoding
¾ Most Likely Path Decoder for
Convolutionaly Encoded Data

21
 Why Interleaving Works

Original Data Frame Errors/Time

1 2 3 4 TX
5 6 7 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

9 10 11 12 Errors/Time

13 14 15 16 RX
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Errors/Time
Interleaved Data Frame
TX
1 2 3 4 1 5 9 13
1 5 9 13 2 6 10 14 3 7 11 15 4 8 12 16
5 6 7 8 2 6 10 14
Errors/Time
9 10 11 12 3 7 11 15
13 14 15 16 4 8 12 16 RX
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

22
 The Rake Receiver

Amplitude Time

Frequency

23
 Rake Receiver Design

Antenna

Delay
T0 T1 T2 T3 T4 Taps

Tap
W0 W1 W2 W3 W4 Weights

+
Output

24
 Synchronization

• All Direct Sequence, Spread

Spectrum Systems Should be
Accurately Synchronized for
Efficient searching

• Finding the Desired Code

Becomes Difficult without
Synchronization

25
 Power Control

Near-end Far-end Problem

- 60dBm

- 30dBm B

At the BS receiver,
SNR for A reception = 30 dB, certified
SNR for B reception = -30 dB, not certified

26
 Power Control

z Acceptable SNR is at least 7 dB

z For B, the signal needs 37 dB gain to meet the condition
z What if we increase the processing gain from 21 dB to 37
dB?

Pgain = 10 log ( W / R )
R is fixed at 9600 bps, W can be increased
In this case, W = 48 MHz not practical

Is there another way to improve S/N?

27
 Power Control

z In this case, B is the Signal and A is the Noise

z Both A and B are transmitting at constant power
z Since A is near, it can be asked to transmit at low power
z Since B is far, it can increase the power
This is Power Control !
z Base Station will change power levels based on
the Path loss.
z Base Station will also command Mobile to
increase or decrease power levels.

28
 Reverse Link Power Control

• Maximum System Capacity is Achieved if:

9 All Mobiles are Power Controlled to the Minimum
Power for Acceptable Signal Quality
9 As a Result, all Mobiles are Received at About
Equal Power at the Base Station Independent of
Their Location
• Two Types of Control
• Open Loop Power Control
• Closed Loop Power Control
• Open & Closed Loop Power Control are
Always Both Active

29
 Open Loop Power Control

• Assumes Loss is Similar on Forward and Reverse

Paths
• Receive Power + Transmit Power = -73(-76dB for
PCS Band
¾ All Powers in dBm
• Example:
¾ For a Received Power of -85 dBm
Transmit Power = (-73) - (- 85)
Transmit Power = +12 dBm
• Provides an Estimate of Reverse TX Power for Given
Propagation Conditions

30
 Closed Loop Power Control

• Directed by Base Station

• Updated Every 1.25 msec
• Commands Mobile to Change TX
Power in +/- 1 dB Step Size
• Fine Tunes Open Loop Power
Estimate
• Power Control Bits are “Punctured”
over the Encoded Voice Data
• Puncture Period is Two 19.2 kbps
Symbol Periods = 104.2 usec

31
 CDMA Variable Rate Speech Coder

• DSP Analyzes 20 Millisecond Blocks of Speech for Activity

• Selects Encoding Rate Based on Activity:
a High Activity Full Data Rate Encoding (9600 bps)
a Some Activity Half Data Rate Encoding (4800 bps)
a Low Activity Quarter Data Rate Encoding (2400 bps)
a No Activity 1/8 Data Rate Encoding (1200 bps)
• How Does This Improve Capacity?
¾ Mobile Transmits in Bursts of 1.25 ms
• System Capacity Increases by 1/Voice Activity Factor

32
 Mobile Power Bursting

• Each Frame is Divided

into 16 Power Control
CDMA Frame = 20 ms
Groups Full Rate
• Each Power Control
Group Contains 1536 Half Rate
Chips (represents 12
encoded voice bits)
Quarter Rate
• Average Power is
Lowered 3 dB for Each
Lower Data Rate Eighth Rate

33
 The CDMA2000 evolution path is flexible From CDG

and future-proof

• Voice • Voice • 2x increases in voice capacity • Optimized, very high-speed

data (Phase 1)
• Data up to • Data up to • Up to 307 kbps* packet data
14.4 kbps 115 kbps on a single (1.25 MHz) carrier • Up to 2.4 Mbps* packet data
on a single (1.25 MHz) carrier
• First 3G system for any
technology worldwide • Integrated voice and data *downlink
(Phase 2); up to 4.8 Mbps

34
 CDMA Protocol Stacks

EIA/TIA/IS-2000 Rev C(1x EV-DV)

EIA/TIA/IS-856(1x EV-DO) Segment channel between Voice and Data
Optimized for packet data.
EIA/TIA/IS-2000 Rev B
Add new functionality and support
EIA/TIA/IS-2000 Rev A
Add BCH,CCCH,CACH…new channel
EIA/TIA/IS-2000 Rev 0
First release of IS-2000 standard(add QPCH)
EIA/TIA-95 Rev B
Combines TSB-74 & J-STD-008 for a Universal Protocol
J-STD-008
Not Backwards Compatible, PCS only Protocol
TBS- 74
Cellular Protocol that adds 14400 Channel Support ARIB T53
Japan CDMA
IS -95 Rev A System Cellular
Backwards compatible with IS-95. First Deployed Protocol
Protocol
IS -95 Rev 0
Original System-never actually deployed

35
 The architecture for CDMA2000 From CDG

Cell HLR/AUC
Phones

PSTN

MSC

Smartphones IS634
and PDAs
AAA
BSC Core Server
Elements
PSDN

IWF

Laptops with
Cell Phones
Internet

IP Router

36
 cdma2000 Key Standards

• EIA/TIA/IS-2000 rev. 0 Interoperability Standard for

cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Systems
¾ Defines channel coding, call processing procedures, protocol
and other mobile / base procedures and RF requirements to
ensure interoperability of equipment from multiple vendors
¾ Defines how entire system works together in extreme detail
¾ Revision 0 was first release of standard.
¾ Revision A adds enhanced channels for paging, call set-up and
call control.
¾ Revision B enhanced from the cdma2000 Release A
specifications

37
 cdma2000 Standards Overview - IS-2000
Release 0 versus Revision A
TIA/EIA-95-B IS-2000 IS-2000-A
F-Pilot F-Pilot F-Pilot
F-Sync F-Sync F-Sync
F-BCCH
F-PCH F-PCH
F-CCCH
Forward F-QPCH optional F-QPCH optional
Channels F-CACH
F-CPCCH
F-FCH F-FCH
F-Traffic F-SCH F-SCH
F-DCCH optional F-DCCH optional

N/A R-Pilot R-Pilot

R-ACH R-ACH R-EACH or R-CCCH
Reverse
R-FCH R-FCH
Channels
R-Traffic R-SCH R-SCH
R-DCCH optional R-DCCH optional

38
 Benefits of cdma2000

• Improved Performance and Capacity:

¾ About 2X Voice Capacity of TIA/EIA-95-B
¾ Handles a Wide Range of Data Rates:
9 Voice and Low Speed Data while Driving
9 Up to 384 kbps Packet or Circuit Data while Moving
9 Up to 2 Mbps Data Rates for Fixed Installations
• Meets All IMT-2000 Requirements
• Easy Upgrade for Service Providers Who Currently Operate
TIA/EIA-95 Systems

39
 Performance Enhancements

• Reverse Link Pilot for Each Mobile

• True QPSK Modulation
• Continuous Reverse Link Waveform
• Improved Convolutional Encoding for 14.4
kbps Voice Channels cdm
• Fast Forward & Reverse Link Power Control a
2000
• Supports Auxiliary Pilots for Beam Forming
• Forward Link Transmit Diversity - OTD,
STS, Multi-Antenna

40
 Reuse of TIA/EIA-95-B

• cdma2000 is Fully Backwards Compatible with TIA/EIA-95-B

• Reused Aspects of TIA/EIA-95-B:
9 TIA/EIA-95-B Air Interface (RC1, RC2)
9 IS-127 EVRC 8 kbps Vocoder and IS-733 13 kbps Vocoder
9 All Existing Service Options
9 IS-637 SMS & IS-683 Over the Air Activation
9 IS-98 and IS-97 Minimum Performance Standards
9 Common Broadcast Channels (Pilot, Sync ,Paging)
• Allows cdma2000 to be Deployed Sooner

41
 Terms and Definitions

• Chip
9 Is the period of a data bit at the final spreading rate
• SR - Spreading Rate
9 Defines the final spreading rate in terms of 1.2288 Mcps(SR1).
So a 3.6864 Mcps system is called a SR3 system.
• RC - Radio Configuration
9 Defines the physical channel configuration based upon a base
channel data rate.
9 RCs contain rates derived from their base rate. For example,
RC3 is based on 9.6 kbps and includes 1.5, 2.7, 4.8, 9.6, 19.2,
38.4, 76.8, 153.6, and 307.200 kbps.
9 RCs are coupled to specific Spreading Rates

42
 IS-2000 SR1 (aka 1xRTT)

• Is an Improved TIA/EIA-95-B Narrowband System

• Occupies the Same 1.23 MHz Bandwidth as TIA/EIA-95-B
¾ Forward Link:
9 Adds Fast Power Control
9 Quick Paging Channel to Improve Standby Time
9 Uses QPSK Modulation Rather than Dual BPSK to:
– Use 3/8 Rate Convolutional Encoder instead of 3/4 for 14.4 Service
(improves error correction)
– 128 Walsh Codes to Handle More Soft Handoffs for 9.6 service
¾ Reverse Link:
9 Uses Pilot Aided BPSK to Allow Coherent Demodulation
9 Uses 1/4 Rate Convolutional Encoder Instead of 1/2 or 1/3
9 Uses HPSK Spreading
• Doubles System Voice Capacity

43
 SR1 Forward Radio Configurations

• Radio Configuration 1 - Required

9 Backwards compatible mode with TIA/EIA-95-B
9 Based on 9,600 bps Traffic(RS1)
• Radio Configuration 2
9 Backwards compatible mode with TIA/EIA-95-B
9 Based on 14,400 bps Traffic(RS2)
• Radio Configurations 3, 4, and 5
9 All use new cdma2000 coding for improved capacity
9 RC3 is based on 9,600 bps and goes up to 153,600 bps
9 RC4 is based on 9,600 bps and goes up to 307,200 bps
9 RC5 is based on 14,400 bps and goes up to 230,400 bps

44
 SR1 Forward Channels

• F-Pilot (Using TIA/EIA-95-B Coding)

• F-Sync (Using TIA/EIA-95-B Coding)
• Up to 7 F-Paging (Using TIA/EIA-95-B Coding)
• IS-2000 Rev.0
¾ 0 to 3 F-QPCH (Quick Paging Channel)
• IS-2000 Rev.A/B
¾ 0 or 8 F-BCH (Broadcast Channel)
¾ 0 to 4 F-CPCCH (Common Power Control Channel)
¾ 0 to 7 F-CACH (Common Assignment Channel)
¾ 0 to 7 F-CCCH (Common Control Channels)
• Many F-Traffic Channels, Each Consisting of:
9 0 or 1 F-DCCH (Dedicated Control Channels)
9 1 F-FCH (Fundamental Channel)
9 0 to 7 F-SCCH (Supplemental Code Channels for RC1 & RC2)
45
9 0 to 2 F-SCH (Supplemental Channel for RC3, 4, 5)
 Base Station Variable Rate Vocoder

• Base Stations Do Not Pulse TX Channels

• How Does the Base Station Handle Variable
Rate Vocoding?
¾ Repeats Data Bits When Transmitting at
Reduced Rates
¾ Repeating Data Adds 3 dB Coding Gain
¾ Lowers the TX Power 3dB for Each Lower
Rate

46
 Forward Link Traffic Channel Physical Layer
(RC1,RC2)

Power
Vocoded
Control
Speech Convolutional 1.2288 Mbps
Encoder Interleaver Puncturing
Data
800 bps Walsh I Short Code
9.6 19.2 Long Code
Scrambling Coder
kbps 1/2 kbps 1.2288
Rate Mbps
P.C.
FIR I
Mux
3/4 19.2 19.2 19.2
14.4 Rate 19.2 kbps kbps kbps Short Code Scrambler
kbps kbps
FIR Q
20 msec 1.2288
blocks 19.2 800 Mbps
kbps bps Walsh Code
Long Code Generator Q Short Code

1.2288 Mbps

47
 Forward FCH Physical Layer
RC3 (9.6 kbps)
Complex
Full Rate Add CRC and Scrambling
Data Bits
Power
Tail Bits Orthogonal
Control
8.6 kbps 9.6 kbps Spreading
Puncture
1/4 Rate Conv. 1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
Encoder P.C. Bits + I
38.4 ksps I I Short Code FIR I
19.2 ksps -
1228.8 kcps
Interleaver
Gain I
38.4
ksps 38.4 ksps 800 bps 1228.8kbps
User Long Walsh 64
Code Mask Gain PC S -P Generator
Puncture
Timing 1228.8 kbps
1228.8 kbps 38.4 kbps 800 bps
Q 1228.8 kcps
Long Code Long Code PC 19.2 ksps
+ Q
Generator Decimator Dec
Q
Q Short Code FIR
Q
Decimate by +
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
Walsh Length/2
Optional
Can be Carried by F-DCCH

48
 CDMA Vocoders

• Vocoders Convert Voice to/from Analog Using Data

Compression
• There are Three CDMA Vocoders:
¾ IS-96A Variable Rate (8 kbps maximum)
¾ CDG Variable Rate (13 kbps maximum)
¾ EVRC Variable Rate (improved 8 kbps)
• Each has Different Voice Quality:
• IS-96A - moderate quality
• EVRC - near toll quality
• CDG - toll quality

49
 CDMA Frame Formats

192 bits in a ms frame 288 bits in a ms frame

9600 bps
171 12 8 14400 bps 266 12 8
Frame Encoder
Frame
Tail Bits
1-bit
Mixed Mode Bit Encoder
Information Bits CRC Reserved Mixed Information Bits CRC
Tail Bits Mode Bit

96 bits in a ms frame 144 bits in a ms frame

4800 bps
79 8 8 7200 bps 124 10 8
Frame Encoder
Frame
Tail Bits
Mixed Mode Bit Encoder 1-bit Information Bits
Information Bits CRC Tail Bits Reserved Mixed CRC
Mode Bit

48 bits in a ms frame 72 bits in a ms frame

2400 bps 39 8 3600 bps 54 8 8
Frame Encoder
Frame
Tail Bits
Encoder 1-bit
Mixed Mode Bit Reserved Information Bits CRC
Information Bits Tail Bits Mixed
Mode Bit

24 bits in a ms frame 36 bits in a ms frame

1200 bps 15 8 1800 bps 20 6 8
Frame Encoder
Frame
Tail Bits
Encoder 1-bit
Mixed Mode Bit Information Bits Reserved Mixed Information Bits CRC
Tail Bits
Mode Bit

50
 Forward Error Protection

• Uses Half-Rate Convolutional Encoder

• Outputs Two Bits of Encoded Data for Every Input Bit

Data Out
9600 bps

Data In
9600 D z D z D z D z D z D D z D z
bps

+
Data Out
9600 bps

51
 14.4 Traffic Channel Forward Link
Modifications
• Replaces 8 kbps Vocoder with a
Vocoded
13 kbps Vocoder(both Variable Speech
Rate) Data

• Effects:
¾ Provides Toll Quality Speech
Convolutional
¾ Uses a 3/4 Rate Encoder Encoder

¾ Reduces Processing Gain 1.76 dB 3/4

¾ Results in Reduced Capacity or rate
Smaller Cell Sizes 14.4 19.2
kbps kbps

20 msec
blocks

52
 Interleaver

• Process of permuting a sequence of symbols to achieve time

diversity
• CDMA uses block interleaving with 20 ms blocks
16

Block Interleaved
Symbol Interleaver Output
Repetition Input output
19.2 ksps
9.6 ksps
4.8 ksps
19.2 ksps
Array / Array
24
2.4 ksps
384 Symbols
16 x 24 Array
20 ms

• 384 symbols are sequentially written in an input array

• Interleaved symbols are then read from the output array

53
 CDMA System Time

• How Does CDMA Achieve

Synchronization for Efficient
searching? 12
¾ Use GPS Satellite System 11 1
• Base Stations Use GPS Time 10 2
via Satellite Receivers as a 3
9
Common Time Reference
• GPS Clock Drives the Long 8 4
Code Generator 7 5
6

54
 Long Code Generation

Long Code Output

Modulo-2 Addition

User Assigned
Long Code Mask
42 bits

42 41 5 4 3 2 1

Long Code Generator

55
 Long Code Generation

Long Code Output

Modulo-2 Addition

User Assigned
Long Code Mask

42 41 5 4 3 2 1 42 bits

Long Code Generator

(Driven by System Time)
Long Code Mask
41 32 31 0
1100011000 Permuted ESN

56
 Long Code Scrambling

• User’s Long Code Mask is

Applied to the Long Code XOR
• Masked Long Code is Encoded 19.2 kbps 19.2 kbps
Decimated Down to 19.2 kbps Voice Data

• Decimated Long Code is 19.2 kbps

XOR’ed with Voice Data Bits
Long Code
• Scrambles the Data to Provide Decimator
Voice Security
Long Code 1.2288 Mbps
Generator

57
 Closed Loop Power Control Puncturing

• Long Code is Decimated

Down to 800 bps
Closed Loop
• Decimated Long Code Power
Control Bits
Controls the Puncture
Location 800 bps
Long Code 19.2 kbps P. C. 19.2 kbps
• Power Control Bits Replace Scrambled
Mux
Voice Data
Voice Data
800 bps
• Voice Data is Recovered by
the Mobile’s Viterbi Decoder Long Code
Decimator

Long Code 19.2 kbps

Decimated
Data

58
 Power Control Bit Puncturing

Long Code Decimat ed 19.2 ksps

Dat a Decimat or

z 19.2 ksps: 384 symbols / 20ms frame

z Each 20ms frame is divided into 16 power control
group (1.25 ms each)
z 24 modulation symbols in each power control group
20ms
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

1.25ms
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

If [20,21,22,23]=[1,1,0,1],then puncture bit 11,12 4 symbols = 16 combinations

59
 SR1, RC4 (152.4 kbps) F-SCH

Payload Channel Convolutional Complex

Data Bits Coder Encoder Scrambling
152.4 kbps 153.6 kbps
Orthogonal
1/2 Rate Spreading
307.2 ksps 1228.8 kcps
Add CRC and + I
Tail Bits I I Short Code FIR
Interleaver 153.6 ksps -
1228.8 kcps

I 1228.8 kcps
307.2 ksps
307.2 ksps 1228.8kbps
User Long Walsh 8
Code Mask Gain S -P Generator

1228.8 kbps
1228.8 kbps 307.2 ksps
Q 1228.8 kcps
Long Code Long Code 153.6 ksps
+ Q
Generator Decimator Q Short Code FIR
Q
Decimate by 1228.8 kcps
+
Walsh Length/2 1228.8 kcps

60
 Walsh Codes

W1 = 0

Wn Wn  0 0
W2n =   W2 = 0 1
Wn Wn
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
W4 = 0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0

61
 Checking for Orthogonality

Cross N agreements- N disagreements

=
Correlation N total_number_of_digits
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1
W4 =0 0 1 1 Y Y N N
0 1 1 0
2 Match - 2 don’t = 0
62
 Effects of Using Variable Length Walsh Codes
for Spreading
• Using Shorter SF=2 SF=4 SF=8 SF=16
Walsh Codes 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
Precludes Using 1 1 1 1
all Longer Codes 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1
Derived from the 1 1
1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1
1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1
Original 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1
1 1 -1 -1
• Shorter Codes on 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1
a Branch map 1
1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1

into Longer 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1
Codes 1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1
1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1
1 -1
1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1
1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1
1 -1 -1 1
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1

63
 Walsh Code Spreading

Encoded 19.2 kbps 1.2288 Mbps

Voice Data

What is the
1.2288 Mbps
Walsh Code Spreading Rate
Generator
Increase ?

64
 Why Spread Again with the Short Sequence

• Provides a Cover to Hide the

64 Walsh Codes
1.2288 Mbps I Channel Short
• Each Base Station is Assigned Sequence Code
a Time Offset in its Short Generator
Sequences
• Time Offsets Allow Mobiles to
Distinguish Between Adjacent Walsh Coded
Data at
To I/Q
Cells
1.2288 Mbps Modulator
• Also Allows Reuse of All Walsh
Codes in Each Cell

Q Channel Short
Sequence Code
Generator
1.2288 Mbps

65
 Multi-Layer Code Assignment Short Code
Walsh Code
Long code

CDMA as an Onion Convolutional

Encoder

W64,0 W64,1
PN 0

W64,2
Cells A/Sector A

W64,0 W64,1
PN 1
Full code
set per cell W64,2
Cells B/Sector B
Walsh Code layer (spreading code)
66
 Short Code (PN) Generation

z PN sequence codes are generated using 15-bit shift

registers
z PN sequence pattern repeats every 26.666 ms
z 75 PN sequences repetition occur every 2 seconds
z On every even second clock, MS will get PN sequence
initial state
2 sec
2 6.
6 66
Jan 6, 1980 00:00:00 327 ms
8
76 68
R1,R2,R3,R4..........R15 32
75 1
1, 0, 0, 0.............. 0 ( initial state of 15 registers )

3276
PN Code Combinations: 215 = 32768 74 2

8
Clock Rate = 1.2288 Mcps
Return of Initial State = 26.666 ms

67
 PN Offsets

• Each BS scrambles PN sequence with data by some

time offset
• Time offsets are in intervals of 64 clock chips (52.08
us) from even second clock
• 512 unique offsets are
created (32768/64 = 512)
• Each BS is allotted
an offset for PN
sequence scrambling PN 237 PN 489

PN 0

PN 120
PN 511

68
 Short Code Correlation

• Short Codes are Designed to

Have:
¾ Strong Auto-Correlation at Zero Auto-Correlation Versus
Time Offset Time Offset With 17 dB Noise Added

¾ Weak Auto-Correlation at Other

Offsets
¾ Good Auto-Correlation in Very
Poor Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Environments
• Allows Fast Acquisition in Real 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
World Environment Chip Offset

69
 Forward Link Channel Format

Walsh Code 0

Convert to I/Q I Data FIR LP Filter &

Pilot Channel All 0’s 1228.8 kbps
& PN D/A Conversion
Spreading
Q Data

Walsh Code 32
Σ I
Convert to I/Q I Data FIR LP Filter &
Sync Channel 4.8 kbps 1228.8 kbps
& PN D/A Conversion
Spreading
Q Data
Walsh Codes 1 to 7

Convert to I/Q I Data FIR LP Filter &

Paging Channels 19.2 kbps 1228.8 kbps
& PN D/A Conversion
1 up to 7 Channels
Spreading
Σ
Q Data
Walsh Codes 8-31,33-63 Q
Convert to I/Q I Data FIR LP Filter &
Traffic Channels 19.2 kbps 1228.8 kbps
& PN D/A Conversion
1 up to 55 Channels
Spreading
Q Data

70
 Walsh Coding Example

User A 0 0 - User A User B

+1 W2 = +1
For a 0 Input
Use Code 00
0 1 - User B For a 0 Input
Use Code 01
-1 -1
0 0 0 1
+1 +1
For a 1 Input For a 1 Input
Use Code 11 1 1 Use Code 10
-1 -1
1 0
+1
Channel A +1
Channel B
Voice Data 0 Voice Data 0
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1

Channel A +1

Walsh Encoded
+ Channel B
Walsh Encoded
+1

Voice Data -1 Voice Data -1

0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

+2
Sum of A & B +1
Walsh Encoded
Data Streams -1

-2

71
 Walsh Decoding Example

Correlation Coefficient
Original User A Voice Data Original User B Voice Data
T

∫
+1 +1
1
zij = f i (t) r f j (t) dt
0 T 0
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1

User A & B Walsh Data User A & B Walsh Data

+2 +2
+1 +1

-1 -1
-2 -2

Multiply Summed Data with Desired Walsh Code Multiply Summed Data with Desired Walsh Code
+2 +2 +2 +2

∫ -1 ∫
+1 +1 +1 +1 +1 +1

-1
X
-1 1 1
=
-1
=
-1
+
-1
=
-1
= 1
1 0
-2 -2 -2 -2

72
 What if Walsh Codes are Not Time Aligned ?

Original Time Delayed

Channel A +1 Channel B +1
Walsh
Encoded
Voice Data -1
+ Walsh
Encoded
Voice Data -1
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

Sum of A & B +1
Walsh Encoded
Data Streams -1

-2

Multiply Summed Data with Desired Walsh Code

+2 +2 Original Data Was

∫
+1 +1 +1
0 (-1), We Have
-1
X
-1
=
-1
= -0.75 Interference Now!
1 1
-2 -2

73
 Pilot Channel Physical Layer

• Uses Walsh Code 0:

1.2288 Mbps
¾ All 64 bits are 0
Walsh I Short Code
• All Data into Walsh Modulator
All 0 1.228
Modulator is 0 Inputs 8
Mbps FIR I
• Output of Walsh 19.2
Modulator is therefore all kbps Short Code Scrambler

0’s FIR Q
1.228
• Pilot Channel is just the 8
Mbps
Walsh Code
Short Codes Generator Q Short Code

Walsh
1.2288 Mbps
Code 0

74
 Sync Channel Physical Layer

Sync
Channel
Message
Data 1.2288 Mbps
Convolutional Walsh
Encoder Interleaver
Symbol 32 I Short Code
Repetition Coder
1.2288
1/2 Mbps
Rate 2x FIR I

1.2 2.4 4.8 4.8 Short Code Scrambler

kbps kbps kbps kbps

FIR Q
1.2288
Mbps
Walsh Code
Generator Q Short Code

1.2288 Mbps

75
 Paging Channel Physical Layer

Paging
Channel
Message
Data Walsh 1.2288 Mbps
Convolutional
Interleaver
Encoder 1 to 7 I Short Code
Symbol Long Code
Coder
Repetition Scrambling
1.2288
1/2 Mbps
Rate
2x FIR I
4.8 9.6 19.2 19.2 19.2
kbps kbps kbps kbps kbps Short Code Scrambler

FIR Q
1.2288
Paging Channel Mbps
Long Code 19.2
Walsh Code
kbps
Generator QShort Code

1.2288 Mbps

76
 SR1 Reverse Radio Configurations

• Radio Configuration 1 - Required

9 Backwards compatible mode with TIA/EIA-95-B
9 Based on 9,600 bps Traffic
• Radio Configuration 2
9 Backwards compatible mode with TIA/EIA-95-B
9 Based on 14,400 bps Traffic
• Radio Configurations 3 and 4
9 All use new IS-2000 coding for improved capacity
9 RC3 is based on 9,600 bps and goes up to 307,200 bps
9 RC4 is based on 14,400 bps and goes up to 230,400 bps

77
 SR1 Reverse Channels

• Each Mobile Transmits Several

Channels:
¾ 1 R-Pilot (Reverse Pilot)
9 Includes Power Control Sub-
Sub-Channel
¾ 1 R-ACH or R-EACH (Access or Enhanced Access Channel)
9 Used to Initiate Calls
¾ 0 or 1 R-CCCH (Common Control Channel)
9 Used to Initiate Calls in the Reservation Access Mode
¾ 0 or 1 R-DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel)
9 Provides Signaling while a Traffic Channel is Active
¾ 0 or 1 R-FCH (Reverse Fundamental Channel)
9 Primary Channel, usually Voice
¾ 0 to 2 R-SCHs (Reverse Supplemental Channels)
9 Carries High Speed Data

78
 R-FCH Coding for SR1(RC1,RC2)

Convolutional 64-ary
Encoder Modulator
Vocoded
1 of 64
Speech Interleaver 1.2288 Mbps
Walsh Codes
Data 1/3 28.8 Walsh I Short Code
9.6 Rate kbps Code 63 Long Code
kbps Walsh
Code 62
Modulator
Walsh
1.2288
28.8 Code 61 Mbps FIR I
kbps
1/2
14.4 Short Code Scrambler
Rate 28.8 307.2
kbps kbps kbps
20 msec Walsh
Code 2
t/ 2 FIR Q
blocks
Walsh 1/2 Chip Delay
Code 1
Walsh
Code 0 Q Short Code
1.2288
1.2288 Mbps
Mbps
Long Code

79
 Reverse Error Protection

• Uses Third-Rate Convolutional Encoder

• Outputs Three Bits for Every Input Bit
Data
Out
9600
+ bps

Data In
9600 D z D z D z D z D z D z D z D z
kbps
z

z
+ z
Data Out
9600 bps

+ Data Out
9600 bps

80
 14.4 Traffic Channel Reverse Link
Modifications
• Replaces 8 kbps Vocoder with
a 13 kbps Vocoder (both
Variable Rate) Vocoded
Speech
• Effects: Data
¾ Provides Toll Quality Speech
¾ Uses a 1/2 Rate Encoder Convolutional
Encoder
¾ Reduces Processing Gain 1.76
dB 1/2
Rate
¾ Results in Reduced Capacity 14.4
kbps
28.8
kbps
or Smaller Cell Sizes

20 msec
blocks

81
 64-ary Modulation

• Every 6 Encoded Voice Data

Bits Points to one of the 64 Walsh
Walsh Codes Code 63
Walsh
• Spreads Data from 28.8 kbps to 28.8 Code 62
307.2 kbps kbps Walsh

¾ (28.8 kbps * 64 bits) / 6 bits = > Code 61

307.2 kbps)
• Is Not the Channelization for 307.2
the Reverse Link kbps

Walsh
Code 2
Walsh
Code 1
Walsh
Code 0

82
 Why Aren’t Walsh Codes Used for Reverse
Channelization ?
• All Walsh Codes Arrive
Together in Time to All Mobiles
From the Base Station
• However, Transmissions from
Mobiles DO NOT Arrive at the
Same Time at the Base Station

83
 Reverse Channel Long Code Spreading

• Long Code Spreading

Provides Unique Mobile
Channelization XOR
• Mobiles are Uncorrelated but Walsh 307.2 kbps 1.2288 kbps
not Orthogonal with Each Other Modulated
Voice Data

Long Code 1.2288 kbps

Generator

84
 Data Burst Randomizer

20 ms = 576 code symbols (28.8ksps)

96 modulation symbols (576 / 6)

1.25 ms =36 code symbols

6 modulation symbols
Previous Frame
12 13 14 15 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Long Code Bits used for spreading PCG14

b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 b10 b11 b12 b13

Algorithm
At 4800 bps rate,
Transmission should occur on the PCG's numbered:
b0, 2 + b1, 4 + b2, 6 + b3, 8 + b4,10 + b5, 12 + b6, 14 + b7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 (Example)

(50% Gated-On, 50% Gated-Off)

85
 Data Burst Randomizer

Algorithm
At 2400 bps rate ,
Transmission should occur on the PCG's numbered:
b0 if b8 = 0, or 2 + b1 if b8 = 1 (i.e. 1 out of PCG 0...3)
4 + b2 if b9 = 0, or 6 + b3 if b9 = 1 (i.e. 1 out of PCG 4...7)
8 + b4 if b10 = 0, or 10 + b5 if b10 = 1 (i.e. 1 out of PCG 8...11)
12+b6 if b11 = 0, or 14 + b7 if b11 = 1 (i.e. 1 out of PCG 12..15)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 (Example)
( 25% Gated-On, 25% Gated-Off )
At 1200 bps rate ,
Transmission should occur on the PCG's numbered:
b0 if (b8 = 0 and b12=0), or 2 + b1 if (b8 = 1 and b12=1)
or 4 + b2 if (b9 = 0 and b12=0), or 6 + b3 if (b9 = 1 and b12=1) (i.e. 1 out of PCG 0...7)
8 + b4 if (b10 = 0 and b13=0), or 10 + b5 if (b10 = 1 and b13=1)
or 12 + b6 if (b11 = 0 and b13=0), or 14 + b7 if (b11 = 1 and b13=1) (i.e. 1 out of PCG 8..15)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 (Example)
(12.5% Gated-On, 12.5% Gated-Off)

86
 Gated-On and Gated-Off Power

Mean output of the

ensemble average 7 us 7 us

3 dB

20 dB or to
the noise
floor (-60dBm)

1.247 ms

Ensemble average: Average of power control groups,

all with the same output power
87
 Reverse Channel Short Sequence Spreading

• Same PN Short Codes Are

Used by Mobiles
1.2288 Mbps
• Short Sequence spreading Aids
I Short Code
Base Station Signal Acquisition
• Extra 1/2 Chip Delay is Inserted
into Q Path to Produce OQPSK FIR I
Modulation to Simplify Power 1.2288
Short Code Scrambler
Mbps
Amplifier Design
t/ 2 FIR Q
1/2 Chip Delay

I Short Code

1.2288 Mbps

88
 OQPSK Modulation

• QPSK Makes one

I
00
n n 01
Symbol Change Every
Period Q
• OQPSK Makes two
10 n n 11
Symbol Changes Every
Period if Q Data
I
Changes
• Example Symbol Pattern
00
n n 01

is: Q
- 00,10,01,11
10 n n 11

89
 CDMA Modulation Formats

Base Station
Pilot Channel TX Mobile Station TX
Q Q

I I

Filt ered QPSK Filt ered Offset QPSK

90
 Reverse Pilot/Power Control Multiplexing
(RC3,4)

• There are 16 Power Control Groups per 20 ms Frame

• Each Power Control Group is Split into 4 Sub-Groups
• 1 Power Control Bit is Sent per Power Control Group
• Pilot and Power Control are Multiplexed Together

Pilot Data One Power Control Group

To I Channel
Summer Pilot Pilot Pilot PC Bits
MUX
312.5 us 312.5 us 312.5 us 312.5 us
Power
Control Bits 1.25 ms

91
 SR1, RC3 R-FCH Coding(RC3,RC4)

• R-FCH Carries Voice Information

• Uses a 20 ms Frames Length
• Using ¼ rate convolutional coding

R-FCH Coding for a 20 ms Frame

R-FCH Channel Convolutional Interleaver Symbol Orthogonal
Data Bits Coder Encoder Repeat Spreading

8.6 kbps 9.6 kbps 38.4 ksps 38.4 ksps 76.8 ksps 1228.8 kcps
1/4 Rate 1 Frame 2 Reps

Add CRC and 1,1, 1, 1,-1, -1, -1, -1, 1,1, 1, 1,-1, -1, -1, -1
Tail Bits Spread Walsh Code
Factor = 16 Generator

92
 SR1 Reverse Channel Spreading(RC3,RC4)
R-SCH 2 Gain Complex
1228.8 kcps Scale Scrambling
I Channel
1, 1, -1, -1 or 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1, 1 1228.8 kcps
Short Code
Walsh 4/8
Generator
Generator +
R-Pilot +
1228.8 kcps
Power I
Control -
1228.8 kcps
R-DCCH Gain
1228.8 kcps Scale
1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
Walsh 16 User Long Long Code Walsh 2
Generator Code Mask Generator Generator
R-SCH 1
1,-1
or
R-EACH Gain
1-Chip Deci
or 1228.8 kcps Scale
Delay by 2 + 1228.8 kcps
R-CCCH 1,-1 or 1 -1 1,-1, or 1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1
Walsh 2/4/8 1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1 for 1228.8 kcps Q
Generator R-EACH or R-CCCH +
Q Channel
R-FCH Gain Short Code 1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps Scale Generator
1,1, 1, 1 -1,-1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1
Walsh 16
Generator

93
 Channelization Summary

Function Forward Link Reverse Link

(Base to Mobile) (Mobile to Base)

9.6 kbps 1/2 Rate 1/3 Rate

Convolutional Encoder (9600 in 19200 out) (9600 in 28800 out)

14.4 kbps 3/4 Rate 1/2 Rate

Convolutional Encoder (14400 in 19200 out) (14400 in 28800 out)

Walsh Coding Channelization 64-ary

Modulation

Long Code Voice Privacy Channelization

Spreading

Short Code Base Station Aid Base Station

Spreading Identification Searching

94
 CDMA Multiplex Sublayer

Layer 3
Call Processing & Control
Layer 2 Layer 2 Layer 2
Primary Traffic Signaling Link Layer
Multiplex Sublayer Paging & Access
Traffic Channel Channels

Layer 1
Physical Layer
Channel Data - 9600 bps or 14400 bps

95
 Station Class Mark (SCM)

Function Bit(s) Setting

Extended SCM 7 Band Class 0 0 XXXXXXX
Indicator Band Class 1 1 XXXXXXX
Dual Mode 6 CDMA Only X0 XXXXXX
Dual Mode X 1XXXXXX
Slotted Class 5 Non-Slotted XX0XXXXX
Slotted XX1XXXXX
IS- 54 Power Class 4 Always 0 XXX0XXXX

25 MHz Bandwidth 3 Always 1 XXXX1XXX

Transmission 2 Continous XXXXX0XX

Discontinous XXXXX1XX
Power Class for Band 1- 0 Class I XXXXXX00
Class "0" Analog Class II XXXXXX01
Operation Class III XXXXXX10
( For CDMA only "00") Reserved XXXXXX11

96
 Ten Minutes in the Life of a CDMA Mobile
Phone
• Turn-on
¾ System Access
• Travel
¾ Idle State Hand-Off
• Initiate Call
• System Access
• Continue Travel
¾ Initiate Soft Handoff
¾ Terminate Soft Handoff
• End Call

97
 CDMA Turn On Process

• Find All Receivable Pilot Signals

¾ Choose Strongest One
• Establish Frequency and PN Time
Reference (Base Station I.D.)
• Demodulate Sync Channel
• Establish System Time
• Determine Paging Channel Long Code
Mask

98
 Sync Channel Message

• Contains the Following Data:

¾ Base Station Protocol Revision
¾ Min Protocol Revision
Supported
¾ SID, NID of Cellular System
¾ Pilot PN Offset of Base Station
NC
¾ Long Code State
¾ System Time
SY
¾ Leap Seconds From Start of
System Time
¾ Local Time Offset from System
Time
¾ Daylight Savings Time Flag
¾ Paging Channel Data Rate
¾ Channel Number

99
 Read the Paging Channel

• Demodulate the Paging

Channel:
¾ Use Long Code Mask Derived
from the Pilot PN Offset Given
in Sync Channel Message
ing
g
Pa
• Decode Messages
• Register, if Required by Base
Station
• Monitor Paging Channel

100
 CDMA Idle State Handoff

• No Call In Progress
• Mobile Listens to New Cell
• Move Registration Location if
Entering a New Zone

101
 Access Procedures

• Controlled by BS by broadcasting Access Parameters

Message on the paging channel
• Access attempt is the process of sending one message and
receiving (or failing to receive) an ACK for that message
= groups of access probe sequence
• Access probe sequence = groups of access probes
• Access probe = each transmission in an access attempt

102
 Access Probe

Access Probe (or Access Channel Slot)

( 4 + PAM_SZ + MAX_CAP_SZ) x 20ms [ Max value = 26 frames ]

Preamble Access Channel Message Capsule

(1 + PAM_SZ) x 20ms (3 + MAX_CAP_SZ) x 20 ms
[ max = 16 frames ] [ Max = 10 frames ]

Access Access Access Access Access Access

Chan Frame Chan Frame Chan Frame Chan Frame Chan Frame Chan Frame
96 b/20ms 96 b/20ms 96 b/20ms 96 b/20ms 96 b/20ms 96 b/20ms

Preamble
96 bits “0”s
Preamble
96 bits “0”s
Frame Body T
88 bits 8
…… Frame Body T
88 bits 8

PAM_SZ = No. of preamble frames

MAX_CAP_SZ = No. of message capsule frames Access Channel Message Padding
40 - 880 bits as reqd
Access Channel Message Capsule
103
 Access Probe Sequence

Preamble + Access Message Capsule

Max = 26 frames
P3
Access
Probe n
P2 Access
Probe 3
P1 Access
Probe 2
IP Access
Probe 1

RN TA RT RN TA RT RN TA RT RN

Access Probe Sequence

IP = Open Loop Power + NOM_PWR + INIT_PWR

where Open Loop Power = -( Received Power ) - 73

104
 Access Attempt

Process for Response Messages

MAX_RSP_SEQ
Access Attempt

RS RS RS

Access Access Access Access

Probe Probe Probe Probe
Sequence Sequence Sequence Sequence

message ready for

transmission
RS : Backoff delay, which is random value between 0 to BKOFF slots

105
 Access Attempt

Process for Request Messages

MAX_REQ_SEQ
Access Attempt

PD RS PD RS PD RS PD
Access Access Access Access
Probe Probe Probe Probe
Sequence Sequence Sequence Sequence

message ready for transmission

PD: (Persistence Delay) resulted from a pseudo-random test by MS; the first access probe of the
sequence begins in the slot only if the test passes within that slot
The test result depends on the ESN, reason for attempt (call origination, register, etc.) and the
access overload class of the MS, and a PSSIST value broadcasted by BS for that access class. If
the PSSIST is all “1”s for some access class, the test for that access class will always fail

106
 Access Channel Messages

Registration Message - for registration as well as Global

Challeng Authentication Process

Order Message - for transmission of order messages (e.g., BS

challenge
order, SSD update confirmation, MS
acknowledgement order, etc.)

Data Burst Message - to get a trigger from the user to send a

message to BS (information message like
SMS)

Origination Message-MS information

Page Response message
Authentication Challenge Response Message
Status Response Message - response to BS status request
order which may include MS terminal
information, station class mark, service option
supported, multiplex option support, IMSI, ESN,
etc.
107
 CDMA Call Initiation

• Dial Numbers, Then Press Send

• Mobile Transmits on a Special Channel Called the
Access Channel
• The Access Probe Uses a Long Code Mask
Based On:
bAccess & Paging Channel Numbers
bBase Station ID
bPilot PN Offset

108
 CDMA Call Completion

• Base Answers Access Probe using the

Channel Assignment Message
• Mobile Goes to A Traffic Channel Based on
the Channel Assignment Message
Information
• Base Station Begins to Transmit and
Receive Traffic Channel

109
 CDMA Soft Handoff Initiation

• Mobile Finds Second Pilot of Sufficient Power (exceeds

T_add Threshold)
• Mobile Sends Pilot Strength Message to First Base Station
• Base Station Notifies MTSO
• MTSO Requests New Walsh Assignment from Second Base
Station
• If Available, New Walsh Channel Info is Relayed to First
Base Station

110
 Hard, Soft, and Softer Handoffs

• Hard Handoff f2
¾ “Break before make.”
f1
• Soft Handoff
¾ “Make before break.”
¾ MS communicates with more Hard Handoff
than one BS at a time.
¾ Improves reception on cell f1
boundaries.
f1
¾ MS will receive different power
control from the two BSs.
• Softer Handoff Soft Handoff
¾ MS communicates with more
than one sector of a cell.
¾ MS will receive identical power f1
control from both sectors.
Softer Handoff

111
 cdma2000 CONCEPT: Soft Handoff
Pilot Ec/I0

• Terms:
T_ADD
¾ Active Set: MS is in soft
handoff.
¾ Candidate Set: MS identifies as
strong.
• Parameters: BS1 BS2
¾ T_ADD
Pilot Ec/I0 Pilot Ec/I0
¾ T_COMP
¾ T_DROP 0.5xT_COMP

¾ T_TDROP
T_DROP

BS1 BS2 BS1 BS2

112
 CDMA Soft Handoff Completion

• First Base Station Orders Soft Handoff with new Walsh

Assignment
• MTSO Sends Land Link to Second Base Station
• Mobile Receives Power from Two Base Stations
• MTSO Chooses Better Quality Frame Every 20 Milliseconds
Land Link
MTSO

Vocoder/ Selector

Base Station 1 Base Station 2

113
 Ending CDMA Soft Handoff

• First BS Pilot Power Goes Low at Mobile Station (drops

below T_drop)
• Mobile Sends Pilot Strength Message
• First Base Station Stops Transmitting and Frees up Channel
• Traffic Channel Continues on Base Station Two

114
 CDMA End of Call

• Mobile or Land Initiated

• Mobile and Base Stop Transmission
• Land Connection Broken

115
 cdma2000 Standards Overview - TIA/EIA-98-
D/E
• I.e.3GPP2 C.S0011-A/B:
¾ “Recommended Minimum Performance Standards for
cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Mobile Stations.”

• Important test sections:

¾ 2 Standard Radiated Emissions Measurement Procedure
¾ 3 CDMA Receiver Minimum Standards
¾ 4 CDMA Transmitter Minimum Standards

• Covers both SR1 and SR3

¾ No Minimum Standards specified for SR3.
¾ This presentation only covers SR1 testing.

116
 CDMA Service Options

¾ Service Options Are:

9 1- Voice Using 9600 bps IS-96-A Vocoder
9 2- Rate Set 1 Loopback (9600 bps)
9 3- Voice Using 9600 bps (EVRC)
9 4- Asynchronous Data Service (circuit switched)
9 5- Group 3 Fax
9 6- Short Message Service (9600 bps)
9 7- Internet Standard PPP Packet Data
9 8- CDPD Over PPP Packet Data
9 9- Rate Set 2 Loopback (14400 bps)
9 14-Short Message Service (14400 bps)
9 32,768- Voice Using 14400 bps (CDG)

117
 Section 3 - Receiver Test

Receiver Test
3.1 Frequency Coverage Requirements
3.4.1 Demod of Fwd Traffic Channel with AWGN
3.4.2 Demod of Fwd Traffic Channel with Multipath Fading
3.5.1 Receiver Sensitivity and Dynamic Range
3.5.2 Single Tone Desensitization
3.5.3 Intermodulation Spurious Response Attenuation
3.5.4 Adjacent Channel Selectivity
3.5.5 Receiver Blocking Characteristics
3.7.1 Supervision Paging Channel

118
 Section 4 - Transmitter Test

Transmitter Test
4.1 Frequency Accuracy
4.2 Handoff
4.3 Modulation Requirements
4.4 RF Output Power Requirements
4.4.1 Range of Open Loop Output Power
4.4.2 Time Response of Open Loop Power Control
4.4.3 Access Probe Output Power
4.4.4 Range of Closed Loop Power Control
4.4.5 Maximum RF Output Power
4.4.6 Minimum Controlled Output Power
4.4.7 Standby Output Power and Gated Output Power
4.4.8 Power Up Function Output Power
4.4.9 Code Channel to Reverse Pilot Channel Output Power Accuracy
4.4.10 Reverse Pilot Channel Transmit Phase Discontinuity
4.4.11 Reverse Traffic Channel Output Power During Changes in Data
Rate
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 CDMA Conclusions

• New Access Method

¾ Code Based
• Designed for Use in Interfering Environment
• Uses Multipath to Improve Reception in Fading Conditions
• cdma2000 is Backwards Compatible with TIA/EIA-95-B
• Provides 2x Capacity Improvement Over TIA/EIA-95-B
9 Improved Coding
9 Improved Modulation
9 Coherent Reverse Link Demodulation (Mobile Pilot)
9 Fast Forward Link Power Control
• Has Options for Green Field and Overlay Operation:
9 Direct Spread for Green Field Spectrum Applications
• Supports High Speed Data for New Applications

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