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W1-2-60-1-6

JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY


UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2014/2015
FOURTH YEAR FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

ECE 2406: FOUNDATION ENGINEERING I

DATE: APRIL 2015 TIME: 2 HOURS


INSTRUCTIONS:
ANSWER ANY THREE QUESTIONS
ALL QUESTIONS CARRY EQUAL MARKS
==========================================================
QUESTION ONE
(a) State three different between Rankine’s theory and Columb’s theory in
lateral earth pressure. [6 marks]
(b) A strip footing 2.25m wide is located at a depth of 1.5m in cohensionless
sand. The angle of internal friction of the sand is 380. The unit weight of
the sand above the water table is 18km/m3 and the saturated unit weight is
20 kmm3. Determine the ultimate bearing capacity
(i) If the water table is at the ground surface
(ii) If the water table is at foundation level
(iii) If the water table is well below the foundation level [8 marks]
(c) Illustrate the three shear failure modes of soils for a strip footing.
[6 marks]

QUESTION TWO
(a) In lateral earth pressure, draw the active and passive pressure distribution
diagrams and indicate the locations of the active and passive pressures on
the distributions diagrams. [8 marks]
(b) The backfill behind a retaining wall above the water table consists of a
sand of unit weight 17KN/m3 having shear strength parameter C’=0 and φ
=370. The height of the wall is 6m and the surface of the backfill is
horizontal. Derive the equation for the total passive resistance from passive
pressure expression according to Rankine’s theory and determine its value
and determine the depth it acts from the top of the wall. [8 marks]
(c) Define a raft foundation where applicable and the structural damage it
minimizes. [4 marks]

QUESTION THREE
(a) Explain the following types of settlements
(a) Elastic settlements [2 marks]
(b) Consolidation settlement [2 marks]
(c) Secondary settlement [2 marks]
(b) A serial of plate load tests were conducted on three plates 300mm, 450mm
and 600mm square plaets. The loads and corresponding settlements in the
linear portions of load-deflection curves are shown in the table below. Find
the immediate settlement of a 2m square footing subjected to a load of
1000KN. [14 marks]

Plate size (mm) Load (KN) Settlement (mm)


300x300 4.50 1.00
450x450 8.71 1.50
600x600 14.40 2.00

QUESTION FOUR
(a) Using illustrations, explain how a braced excavations works as an earth
retaining structure [6 marks]
(b) State the purpose of sub-surface exploration [6 marks]
(c) In the general Terzaghi equation for ultimate bearing capacity, define the
three terms contributing to the ultimate bearing capacity of a strip
footing. [6 marks]
(d) Differentiate between sharing and underpinning [2 marks]

QUESTION FIVE
(a) Define the term dewatering and state five objectives of dewatering.
[6 marks]
(b) Explain with illustrations how a multistage well-point system works in
dewatering the ground to enable excavations. [14 marks]
W1-2-60-1-6
JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2014/2015
YEAR IV SEMESTER I EXAMINATION FOR THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

ECE 2402: HYRDROLOGY I

DATE: APRIL, 2015 TIME: 2 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS: This paper contains five questions


Question ONE is compulsory
Attempt any other two Questions
Question ONE carries 30 marks and the others carry 20 marks each

Question One (30 Marks)

a) Describe with the aid of a sketch the hydrologic cycle. [7 marks]

b) Describe with the aid of a sketch the working principles of tipping bucket rain gauge and
state its advantages and disadvantages. [8 marks]

c) The cumulative rainfall depth with time during a storm as obtained from a recording rain
gauge at a station is given below.

Time in hours Rainfall in mm Time in hours Rainfall in mm


10.00 0 13.30 51
10.30 6 14.00 57
11.00 11 14.30 61
11.30 16 15.00 66
12.00 24 15.30 67
12.30 29 16.00 67
13.00 38

i. Construct the hyetograph of this storm using uniform time interval of 30 minutes.
ii. Compute the maximum rainfall intensities for durations of 30 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3
hours and 5 hours in this storm.
iii. Plot the intensity duration graph. [13 marks]

1
d) Explain the conditions required for evaporation to occur. [2 marks]

Question Two (20 Marks)

a) Discuss the factors considered when selecting a rain gauge site. [3 marks]

b) The annual rainfalls in cm at station for a period of 15 years form 1990 to 2004 are
97,125,103,81,101,119,103,79,102,118,98,83,105,123 and 100.

i. Plot a chronological chart of the station.


ii. Construct the three year moving average curve and superimpose it on the
chronological chart.
iii. Comment on the moving average curve. [9 marks]

c) With the information given in the table, calculate the mean rainfall over the area.

Isohyets (m) Area in km2 Isohyets (mm) Area in km2


127.0-139.7 181 177.8-190.5 104
139.7-152.4 388 190.5-203.2 36
152.4-165.1 337 203.2-215.9 24
165.1-177.8 311 215.9-228.6 20

[5 marks]

d) What role do hydrology play in hydropower planning and development. [3 marks]

Question Three (20 Marks)

a) Describe four meteorological and two physical factors affecting evaporation. [6 marks]

b) A reservoir has an area of 60 km2 over a year. Normal precipitation is 130 cm and
evaporation from class A pan is 230 cm. assuming the land flooded by the reservoir has a
run off coefficient 0.3, estimate the net annual increase or decrease in the stream flow as
a result of the reservoir.
[4 marks]

c) Describe surface area method for reducing reservoir evaporation. [3 marks]

d) The average water spread areas that are likely to be maintained during the operation of a
reservoir after its completion and observed monthly pan evaporation at a proposed
reservoir site are given below:

Month Average water spread in hectares pan evaporation in cm


January 687 7.92
February 596 13.5

2
March 545 25.4
April 527 30.0
May 511 27.5
June 500 16.3
July 522 13.6
August 558 12.1
September 608 12.1
October 660 13.5
November 709 10.7
December 740 8.0

i. Compute the annual evaporation loss from the reservoir in cubic meters.
ii. If 80 per cent of this loss can be prevented and the water thus saved is utilized to
irrigate a crop with a requirement of 60 cm of water, how much area can be
irrigated.

Assume a pan coefficient of 0.75. [7 marks]

Question Four (20 Marks)

a) Describe automatic stage recorder for measuring stream flow. [5 marks]

b) Describe traces technique method based on continuity principle for measuring stream
flow. [4 marks]

c) The current meter observations taken during a stream gauging of a stream are given
below:

Distance from Depth of flow Meter depth (m) No. of Time in seconds
bank (m) (m) revolutions
0.8 0.5 0.30 12 48
1.6 1.0 0.80 23 52
0.20 36 51
2.4 1.6 1.28 27 54
0.32 41 60
3.0 2.0 1.60 33 58
0.40 45 62
3.6 2.0 1.60 32 58
0.44 44 60
4.2 1.8 1.44 28 53
0.36 42 58
5.0 1.2 0.96 24 50
0.24 35 50
5.8 0.6 0.36 14 45
6.6 0.0

3
Take the current meter rating as v=0.05+0.3 N, where v is in m/s and N is in revolutions
per seconds.

Compute the discharge in the stream. [11 marks]

Question Five (20 Marks)

a) Describe how a rating curve is prepared. [5 marks]

b) Describe six physiological factors affecting run off. [6 marks]

c) Describe the formation of orographic rainfall. [5 marks]

d) The following data were obtained from a weather station:

• Reservoir area 3 km2


• Water temperature =25o C and e s at this temperature =23.77 mm of mercury
• Wind velocity =10 km per hour
• Barometric reading 750 mm of mercury
• Relative humidity = 45 per cent
• C=0.36 (for large reservoirs.

Estimate by Meyer’s equation:


i. Daily evaporation
ii. Volume of water evaporated in a week of seven days. [4 marks]

4
W1-2-60-1-6
JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2012/2013
FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
ECE 2402: HYDROLOGY I
DATE: AUGUST 2012 TIME: 2 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

i. This paper contains (5) questions

ii. All questions carry equal marks

iii. Answer any three 3) questions

iv. Scientific non-programmable calculator allowed in the exam room

QUESTION ONE

a. If a dam is built at the catchment outfall and a statutory minimum discharge of 0.1m3/s is
maintained throughout the year in the river downstream, assess the water available for supply
per year in m3 (assume the drainage basin is water tight and there is a total evaporation loss of
400mm per year and rainfall measurements within the basin is as shown in table 1) (8 marks]

Table 1

Rain gauge No. 1 2 3 4 5 6


Rainfall (mm) 2052 1915 1969 1723 1640 1510
Thiessen Polygon area (km ) 7.8
2
8.3 10.2 11.5 5.4 6.8

b. A storm during a dry weather flow has initial rainfall intensities of 8, 12, 40, 38, 30, 26, 28 ,5, 16,
32, 36, 24, 14 and 4mm/hr at half-hour interval if the initial abstraction in 10cm. determine, the
run-off volume of the basin which has a drainage area of 600km2 and φ -index is 20mm/hr.

[6 marks]

c. Describe three types of precipitation. [6 marks]


QUESTION TWO

a. Discuss two mechanisms of streamflow generation. [4 marks]

b. The data in table 2 was collected for a stream at a gauging station. Compute the discharge using
mid-section method. Take the rating equation for the current meter as V = 0.3N + 0.05 where

N = revolutions per second (rps). [10 marks]

c. Show that the direct run-off by the soil conservation method is given by
( p − 0.25) 2
Q
p + 0.85
with the usual notation. [6 marks]

QUESTION THREE

a. A storm commenced at 7.00hrs. The ordinates of the rainfall mass curve of the storm in mm as
recorded by a recording gauge at 15 minutes interval are;

0, 9.5, 17.0, 27.0, 40.5, 49.0, 63.0, 84.0, 95.0, 102.0, 110.0, 112.0 and 112.0

Compute the maximum rainfall intensities for durations of 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 180
minutes. [14 marks]
b. i. Compute the daily evaporation from class A pan if the amounts of water
added/removed to bring the level of the fixed points are as shown in table 3.

Table 3

Day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Rainfall (mm) 14 6 12 8 0 5 6
Water added /removed (mm) -5 3 0 0 7 4 3

ii. Determine evaporation loss of water in this week from a lake (surface area = 640 ha) in
the vicinity, assuming a pan coefficient of 0.75. [6 marks]

QUESTION FOUR

a. Using the combination method, calculate the evaporation rate in mm/day from an open is
185w/m2, air temperature is 28.50C, relative humidity is 55 percent and wind speed is 2.7m/s at
a height of 2m. Assume a roughness height of Z 0 = 0.03cm, p ω of water at 28.50c is 996.3kg/m3
and y = 66.8 pa/0c. [15 marks]

b. Describe a double mass curve and its importance in rainfall analysis. [5 marks]

QUESTION FIVE

a. Explain the distribution of sub-surface water. [3 marks]

b. Describe the following aquifer properties

i. Porosity

ii. Specific yield

iii. Hydraulic conductivity

iv. Transmissivity [8 marks]

c. i. State the assumptions in the analysis of steady radial flow to a well. [3 marks]

ii. A 60cm diameter well is being pumped at a rate of 1360 litres per minute.
Measurements in a nearby test well were made at the same time as follows;

A distance of 6m from the well being pumped the drawdown was 6m and at a distance
of 15m the drawdown 1.5m. The bottom of the well is 90m below the ground water
table. Find the coefficient of permeability. [6 marks]
ECE 2402

W1-2-60-1-6

JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY


OF
AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

University Examinations 2013/2014

FOURTH YEAR FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE


OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

ECE 2402 : HYDROLOGY I

DATE: AUGUST 2013 TIME: 2 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS:

• This paper contains FIVE questions.


• Attempt any THREE questions.
• All questions carry equal marks.
• Marks for each part of a question are as shown.
• Scientific non-programmable calculators are allowed.
______________________________________________________________________

QUESTION ONE (20 MARKS)

(a) With reference to the hydrologic cycle, discuss the following


components and explain how they affect the overall Water Balance
in a basin: [9 marks]

- Precipitation.
- Evaporation.
- Infiltration.

(b) Define the following terms as applied in hydrology and explain the
significance in water resources planning: [6 marks]

1
ECE 2402

- Standard Project Storm (SPS).


- Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP).
- Return period.

(c) With the aid of suitable sketches, distinguish between influent and
efficient streams. [5 marks]

QUESTION TWO (20 MARKS)

(a) Briefly explain the Thiessen polygon method of determining areal


rainfall over a basin and state its limitations. [8 marks]

(b) A rainfall station E was unoperational for part of a month during


which a storm occurred. Storm totals at THREE surrounding
stations A, B and C were 98, 80 and 110mm, respectively. The
normal annual precipitation values at these stations were E
(800mm), A (1008mm), B (842mm) and C (1080mm). Estimate the
storm rainfall at station E. [4
marks]

(c) Briefly explain the double mass curve method of checking the
consistency of rainfall data. [8 marks]

QUESTION THREE (20 MARKS)

(a) Explain briefly the mid-section method of computing the discharge


in a stream. [8 marks]

(b) Table 1 shows data collected during a stream gauging operation on


River Ndarugu. Calculate the discharge of the river using the mid-
section method.

Table 1
Velocity (mls)
Distance from bank (m) Depth (m) At 0.2d At 0.8d
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1.5 1.3 0.6 0.4
3.0 2.5 0.9 0.6
4.5 1.7 0.7 0.5
6.0 1.0 0.6 0.4
7.5 0.4 0.4 0.3
9.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
[8 marks]

2
ECE 2402

(c) Explain four requirements that a regular gauging station should


satisfy. [4 marks]

QUESTION FOUR (20 MARKS)

(a) Outline the effects of the following factors on the rate of


evaporation: [6 marks]

- Wind.
- Relative humidity.
- Water quality.

(b) A reservoir had an average surface area of 20km2 in the month of


June 1992. During that time the mean rate of inflow was 10m3/s,
outflow 15m3/s, monthly rainfall 10cm and change in reservoir
storage 16 x 106m3. Assuming seepage losses as 1.8cm, estimate
the evaporation during the month. [6 marks]

(c) (i) State four installation requirements for a USWB class A


evaporation pan.

(ii) An evaporation pan installed near a reservoir recorded


195mm of water at the beginning of a certain week. During
the same week a rainfall of 35mm was recorded while 20
standard cups of water were removed to bring the water level
to the required level. If the depth of water in the pan at the
end of the week was 190mm, estimate the evaporation from
the reservoir.
[8 marks]

QUESTION FIVE (20 MARKS)

(a) Describe the following terms as applied in ground water hydrology:

- Transmissivity.
- Co-efficient of storage.
- Aquitard.
[3 marks]

(b) From basic principles, derive Dupuct’s equation for flow in an


unconfined aquifer stating the assumptions made in the
derivation. [9 marks]

3
ECE 2402

(c) A well 0.4m in diameter penetrates an unconfined aquifer whose


bottom is 80m below the undisturbed ground water table. When
pumped at a steady rate of 1.5m3/min, the draw downs observed
in two observation wells at radial distances of 5m and 15m are 4m
and 2m, respectively. Determine the drawdown in the well.
[8 marks]

4
W1-2-60-1-6
JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY
OF
AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2014/2015

FOURTH YEAR FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION FOR THE


DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE CIVIL ENGINEERING

ECE 2403: TRAFFIC ENGINEERING I

DATE: APRIL 2015 TIME: 2 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS:

1. ANSWER Question ONE and any other TWO questions


2. Start answering each question on a FRESH PAGE of the answer booklet
3. Your answers should be clear and to the point. Diagrams should be clearly
drawn and fully labelled
4. The use of mobiles and programmable calculators is NOT ALLOWED

QUESTION ONE

a) Discuss traffic engineering while explaining its importance in transportation


development for a nation. [4 marks]

b) Discuss ITS as a traffic control and management technology. Clearly explain


the main/broad categories of devices and technologies through which traffic
laws, regulations and operating instructions are communicated to road or
transportation facility users. [7 marks]

c) Discuss the standard vehicle classification in traffic engineering while


clearly explaining the criteria and significance of the classification unit. [2 marks]

d) Discuss the various types of “traffic speeds”. [3 marks]

e) Students divided themselves into THREE groups for a highway capacity


study practical. Group A observed the following types of vehicles on a
level terrain and recorded their numbers HGV = 178; MC = 89; and PEC = 30.
Group B observed the following in a rolling terrain; LGV = 167. Group C
observed the following on a mountainous terrain; PC = 109; MGV = 11; and
B = 105. Using Table Q1, determine the capacity of the highway at the section
on a rolling terrain where all these vehicle types traverse (in pcu). [5 marks]

1
Table Q1: Conversion factors in pcu for different vehicle types
in various terrain:

Vehicle Type Level Rolling Mountainous


Terrain Terrain Terrain
Passenger car (PC) 1.0 PCU 1.0 PCU 1.5 PCU
Light Goods Vehicle (LGV) 1.0 PCU 1.5 PCU 3.0 PCU
Medium Goods Vehicle (MGV) 2.5 PCU 5.0 PCU 10.0 PCU
Heavy Goods Vehicle (HGV) 3.5 PCU 8.0 PCU 20.0 PCU
Buses (B) 2.0 PCU 4.0 PCU 6.0 PCU
Motorcycles, Scooters (MC) 1.0 PCU 1.0 PCU 1.5 PCU
Pedal Cycles (PC) 0.5 PCU 0.5 PCU n.a.

f) Derive the relationship between the THREE key parameters of traffic


stream flow. [3 marks]

g) Explain the ‘delay’ concept and show how it is related/linked queuing.


With the aid of suitable diagrams(s), explain the concept of a queuing system. [3 marks]

h) Explain the terms “headway” and “spacing”. How do they relate to flow
and concentration? [3 marks]

QUESTION TWO

Two of the urban traffic management and control measures are the use of
one-way streets and the use of traffic signals.

a) Explain FOUR improvements achieved by the use of one-way streets


and FOUR disadvantages of the system. [8 marks]

b) Describe THREE main co-ordination systems of traffic actuated signals. [10 marks]

c) Outline the FOUR types of road signs. [2 marks]

QUESTION THREE

a) Explain the derivation of the formulae for the flow (q) and mean time ( t )
and speed (u) for traffic stream obtained using the moving vehicle method. [5 marks]

b) Speed and delay studies by moving vehicle method were conducted on a


10 km stretch of Nairobi city’s by-pass road running North-South.
Determine the average journey and running speeds for the traffic stream
along each direction given the data in Table Q3 to (3 d.p. and giving time
in minutes and speeds in Km/hr). [15 marks]

2
Table Q3: Moving Vehicle test data

Trip Direction Journey Total No. of No. of No. of


Number of trip Time Delay Vehicles Vehicles Vehicles
(Minutes) (Minutes) Overtaking Overtaken Met
1 S-N 5.5000 1.5000 4 7 250
2 N-S 6.2500 1.6667 5 5 200
3 S-N 5.3667 1.5000 5 3 240
4 N-S 6.3333 2.2500 3 1 210
5 S-N 5.6333 1.1667 2 6 230
6 N-S 6.3000 1.3333 2 3 250
7 S-N 5.3333 1.6667 2 7 210
8 N-S 6.5333 1.8333 3 2 180
9 S-N 5.1667 1.5000 2 4 200

QUESTION FOUR

a) Clearly distinguish the terms “uninterrupted” and “interrupted” flows as


they are used in traffic engineering. [3 marks]

b) i) Using suitable examples, outline two types of stochastic queuing


models commonly encountered in traffic flow studies,
giving their features. [4 marks]

ii) Vehicles arrive at an entrance to Nairobi national park. There is a


single gate (at which all vehicles must stop), where a park attendant
distributes a free brochure. The park opens at 8.00 a.m., at which
time vehicles begin to arrive at a rate of 480 veh/h.

After 20 minutes the arrival flow rate declines to 120 veh/h, and it
continues at that level for the remainder of the day. If the time
required to distribute the brochure is 15 seconds, and assuming a D/D/1
queuing and FIFO, describe the operational characteristics of the
queue, namely: when the queue started; when the queue dissipated;
the longest delay; the position of the vehicle encountering the longest
delay; the longest vehicle queue; the time of occurrence of the longest
vehicle queue; and the total vehicle delay for the system.

You may use graphical method to determine the characteristics. [9 marks]

c) Vehicle time headway and spacing were measured at a point along a


highway, from a single-lane, over the course of an hour. The average
values were calculated as 2.5 seconds/vehicle for headway and 61 m/vehicle
for spacing. Calculate the average speed of the traffic (km/hr).

If average length of the vehicles is 6 metres, calculate average clearance,


gap and occupancy. [4 marks]

3
QUESTION FIVE

The City Council of Nairobi (CCN) requires assistance to improve safety


and traffic flow and road-use efficiency on Ngong Road, and have therefore
invited you as a traffic engineering consultant.

Prepare a suitable and practical programme to reduce congestion between


Dagoreti corner (Naivasha Road - Ngong Road) round- about and Uhuru
highway - Haile-se-lessie round-about on Ngong Road, both in the morning
and evening. [20 marks]

4
W1-2-60-1-6
JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY
OF
AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

University Examinations 2012/2013


FOURTH YEAR FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

ECE 2403: TRAFFIC ENGINEERING I

DATE: AUGUST, 2012 TIME: 2 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS:

• Answer Question ONE and Any Other TWO Questions.


• Start answering each question in a FRESH page of the answer booklet.
• Your answers should be clear and to the point and your diagrams should be clearly
drawn and fully labelled.
• The use of programmable calculators and mobile phones is NOT allowed.

Question One

a) Define “traffic engineering” and clearly explain its objectives. [4 marks]

b) i. Discuss ITS as a traffic control technology while explaining its roles and
implementation obstacles. [4 marks]

ii. Explain the THREE main/broad categories of devices/technologies through which


traffic laws, regulations and operating instructions are communicated.
[3 marks]
c) State the standard vehicle classification in traffic engineering, indicating the criteria of
adoption and the significance of the standard classification (unit). [2 marks]

d) Define traffic speed and describe the various types of traffic speed. [3 marks]

e) Students divided themselves into THREE groups for a highway capacity study practical.
Group A observed the following types of vehicles on a level terrain and recorded their
numbers:
1
HGV = 178; MC = 89; AND PEC = 30. Group B observed the following on a rolling
terrain: LGV = 167. Group C observed the following on a mountainous terrain:
PC=109; MGV = 11; and B = 105. Using Table Q1, determine the capacity of the
highway at the section on a rolling terrain where all these vehicle types traverse (in pcu).
[5 marks]

Table Q1: Conversion factors in PCU for different vehicle types in various terrain.

Vehicle type LEVEL ROLLING MOUNTANEOUS


TERRAIN TERRAIN TERRAIN
Passenger cars (PC) 1.0 pcu 1.0 pcu 1.5 pcu
Light Goods Vehicle (LGV) 1.0 pcu 1.5 pcu 3.0 pcu
Medium Goods Vehicle (MGV) 2.5 pcu 5.0 pcu 10.0 pcu
Heavy Goods Vehicle (HGV) 3.5 pcu 8.0 pcu 20.0 pcu
Buses (B) 2.0 pcu 4.0 pcu 6.0 pcu
Motorcycles, Scooters (MC) 1.0 pcu 1.0 pcu 1.5 pcu
Pedal Cycles (PC) 0.5 pcu 0.5 pcu n.a

f) Derive the relationship between the THREE key parameters of traffic stream flow.
[3 marks]

g) Explain the ‘delay’ concept and show how it is related/linked queuing. With the aid of
suitable diagram(s), explain the concept of a queuing system. [3 marks]

h) Explain the terms ‘headway’ and ‘spacing.’ How do they relate to flow and
concentration? [3 marks]

Question Two

Two of the urban traffic management and control measures are the use of one-way streets and the
use of traffic signals.

a) Explain FOUR improvements achieved by the use of one-way streets and FOUR
disadvantages of the system. [8 marks]

b) Describe THREE main coordination systems of traffic actuated signals. [10 marks]

c) Outline the FOUR types of road signs. [2 marks]

Question Three

a) Explain the derivation of the formulae for the flow (q) and mean time ( t ) and speed (u)
for traffic stream obtained using the moving vehicle method. [5 marks]

2
b) Speed and delay studies by moving vehicle method were conducted on a 10km stretch of
Nairobi City’s by-pass road running North-South. Determine the average journey and
running speeds for the traffic stream along each direction given the data in Table Q3 (to 3
d.p. and giving time in minutes and speeds in Km/hr). [15 marks]

Table Q3: moving vehicle test data


Trip DIRECTION JOURNEY TOTAL NO OF NO OF NO OF
number OF TRIP TIME(MINUTES) DELAY VEHICLES VEHICLES VEHICLES
(MINUTES) OVERTAKING OVERTAKEN MET
1 S-N 5.5000 1.5000 4 7 250
2 N-S 6.2500 1.6667 5 5 200
3 S-N 5.3667 1.5000 5 3 240
4 N-S 6.3333 2.2500 3 1 210
5 S-N 5.6333 1.1667 2 6 230
6 N-S 6.3000 1.3333 2 3 250
7 S-N 5.3333 1.6667 2 7 210
8 N-S 6.5333 1.8333 3 2 180
9 S-N 5.1667 1.5000 2 4 200

Question Four

a) Clearly distinguish the terms “uninterrupted” and “interrupted” flows as they are used in
traffic engineering. [3 marks]

b) i. Using suitable examples, outline TWO types of stochastic queuing models


commonly encountered in traffic flow studies, giving their features.
[4 marks]

ii. Vehicles arrive at an entrance to Nairobi National Park. There is a single gate (at
which all vehicles must stop), where a park attendant distributes a free brochure.
The park opens at 8.00 am; at which time vehicles begin to arrive at a rate of
480veh/h. After 20 minutes the arrival flow rate declines to 120 veh/h, and it
continues at that level for the remainder of the day. If the time required to
distribute the brochure is 15 seconds, and assuming a D/D/1 queuing and FIFO,
describe the operational characteristics of the queue, namely: When the queue
started; when the queue dissipated; the longest delay; the position of the vehicle
encountering the longest delay; the longest vehicle queue; the time of occurrence
of the longest vehicle queue; and the total vehicle delay for the system. You may
use graphical method to determine the characteristics. [9 marks]

c) Vehicle time headway and spacings were measured at a point along a highway, from a
single-lane, over the course of an hour. The average values were calculated as 2.5
seconds /vehicle for headway and 61m/vehicle for spacing. Calculate the average speed
of the traffic (km/hr). [4 marks]

3
Question Five

The City Council of Nairobi (CCN) requires assistance to improve safety and traffic flow and
road-use efficiency on Ngong Road, and have therefore invited you as a traffic engineering
consultant. Prepare a suitable and practical programme to reduce congestion between Dagoretti
corner (Naivasha Road-Ngong Road) roundabout and Uhuru highway – Haile-Se-Lessie
roundabout on Ngong Road, both in the morning and evening. [20 marks]

4
W1-2-60-1-6
JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2014/2015
YEAR IV EXAMINATION FOR THE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL,
CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

ECE 2404: HIGHWAY ENGINEERING I

DATE: APRIL, 2015 TIME: 2 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS: Answer any THREE of the following five questions. All questions
carry 20 marks each

Question One

a) Outline the main situations which justify the construction of the costly grade-separated
intersections (fly-over). [2 marks]

b) State the factors which control the geometric design elements of a road and list the
benefits accruing from proper geometric design. [3 marks]

c) Explain the two conditions which vertical curves should fulfill when properly designed
and outline three situations where climbing (creeper) lanes are required. [5 marks]

d) Outline the three methods which may be used to achieve maximum safety and minimum
delay to vehicles in at-grade intersections and with aid of sketches, show the following
vehicle movements at such intersections:

i. Merging
ii. Diverging
iii. Compound crossing and merging [10 marks]

Question Two

a) Define speed and state the factors which generally influence speed of vehicles on the
road. [5 marks]

b) With aid of a sketch, explain the term “headway” and how it affects the stopping and
passing sight distance.[7 marks]

1
c) Outline the reasons for widening horizontal curves and state the factors considered when
widening the curves. [8 marks]

Question Three

a) Describe the level of service (LOS) as it concerns the traffic movements. [8 marks]

b) With the aid of sketches, explain how the superelevation is developed from a normal
camber to a full superelevation at the centre of the circular curve. [12 marks]

Question Four

a) Determine the minimum length of a vertical curve required to connect a descending 4%


grade to an ascending 3% grade. The design speed of the road is 100 kph and the
acceptable radial acceleration is 0.3 m/sec2. [6 marks]

b) Outline the five factors related to the roads as a physical feature in the environment to be
considered in the location and design of a road project. [7 marks]

c) Explain the purpose of the following features as concerns intersection design.

i. Lane separation
ii. Acceleration lane
iii. Deceleration lane [7 marks]

Question Five

a) Name the five design features which convey to the road uses the function of a
road/highway. [3 marks]

b) Define a transition curve and explain its purposes in horizontal curves. [4 marks]

c) Name eight control conditions which are used to determine the geometric design features
of a road. [6 marks]

d) Traffic capacity may be reduced by several physical features. List five of these features
and define each of the following terms. [7 marks]

i. Practical capacity
ii. Road capacity
iii. Maximum capacity
iv. Economic capacity

2
ECE 2404

W1-2-60-1-6
JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY
OF
AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
University Examinations 2015/2016

FOURTH YEAR FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR


OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

ECE 2404 : HIGHWAY ENGINEERING I

DATE: DECEMBER 2015 TIME: 2 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER QUESTION ONE (COMPULSORY) AND ANY OTHER TWO


QUESTIONS. THE MARKS FOR EACH QUESTION IS AS SHOWN.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION ONE

(a) What is the importance of a road reserve? [2 marks]

(b) Name four design features which convey to the road user the function of a road.
[4 marks]

(c) List two projections which define the three dimension geometric form of a road and
explain four elements which define the horizontal alignment. [6 marks]

(d) Describe four benefits that are considered when assessing the viability of a road
project. [4 marks]

(e) Explain the controls/criteria which are considered in determining each of the
following design elements: [8 marks]
(i) The horizontal curve.
(ii) The cross section.
(iii) The vertical curve.
(iv) The super elevation.

(f) Explain four purposes for provision of traffic islands in the design of a road junction.
[6 marks]

1
ECE 2404

QUESTION TWO

(a) Give two reasons why a straight is the most cost effective but not always desirable.
[2 marks]

(b) Explain three purposes of a transition curve in a horizontal alignment. [6 marks]

(c) Calculate the minimum length of a transition curve to satisfy centrifugal force given
the following: [6 marks]

(i) Curve radius 300m.


(ii) Design speed 100km/hr.

(d) Co-ordination between horizontal and vertical curves is necessary. Discuss why and
name two measures used to achieve this co-ordination. [6 marks]

QUESTION THREE

(a) Explain how you ensure that at-grade junction is maneuverable. [4 marks]

(b) Explain with a sketch how super elevation is developed on a single carriageway from
normal camber to full super elevation of say 6% from straight to curve.
[6 marks]

(c) Define and illustrate the meaning of a visibility splay at a junction. [4 marks]

(d) Calculate the minimum horizontal curve given the following: [6 marks]

- Design speed 80km/hr.


- Maximum super elevation 6%.
- Side friction coefficient 0.1.

QUESTION FOUR

(a) Name two types of a kerb and draw sketches to explain them. [4 marks]

(b) Explain the meaning of acceleration and deceleration lanes and sketch their layout
on a single carriageway. [4 marks]

(c) Operations comfort and safety are basic design requirements of an at-grade junction.
Discuss three guide lines which are used to achieve this. [6 marks]

(d) Define a traffic island and name four purposes of a traffic island. [6 marks]

2
ECE 2404

QUESTION FIVE

(a) Name two advantages and two disadvantages of a roundabout as compared to an


ordinary at-grade junction. [4 marks]

(b) Detail five specific measures that should be provided at the junction to achieve and
enhance safety. [5 marks]

(c) What are the three design features that affect the calculation of Guard Rail Need
Index (GNI)? [3 marks]

(d) Describe four design features which make at-grade junction perceptible.
[4 marks]

(e) Explain how the capacity of a junction is optimized. [4 marks]

3
ECE 2404

W1-2-60-1-6

JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY


OF
AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

University Examinations 2013/2014

FOURTH YEAR FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE


OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

ECE 2404 : HIGHWAY ENGINEERING I

DATE: AUGUST 2013 TIME: 2 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS:

• This paper has FIVE (5) questions.


• Answer any THREE (3) questions.
• All questions carry equal marks.
• The marks for each part of the question are as shown.
______________________________________________________________________

QUESTION ONE (20 MARKS)

(a) Explain how the following features affect the geometric design of a
road: [8 marks]

(i) Topography.
(ii) Design speed.
(iii) Design vehicle.
(iv) Traffic volume.

(b) Explain four ways of preventing road accidents in geometric design


of a road. [4 marks]

1
ECE 2404

(c) Name four design features which convey to the road user the
function of a road. [4 marks]

(d) Explain two reasons why the straight is not always desirable
although the most cost effective. [4 marks]

QUESTION TWO (20 MARKS)

(a) List the two projections which define the three dimensional
geometric form of a road. [2 marks]

(b) Describe four elements which define the horizontal alignment.


[4 marks]

(c) Describe the three considerations used to satisfy the minimum


clothoid value for the design of a transition curve. [6 marks]

(d) Calculate the length of a transition curve to accommodate the


super-elevation run off given:

Radius of 400m
Clothoid parameter of 200. [8 marks]

QUESTION THREE (20 MARKS)

(a) Illustrate with sketches and describe three basic traffic maneuvers
at a junction. [6 marks]

(b) Explain four factors that are taken into account when designing at
grade junctions. [6 marks]

(c) Explain how the capacity of a junction is optimized. [4 marks]

(d) Define and illustrate the meaning of a visibility splay at a junction.


[4 marks]

2
ECE 2404

QUESTION FOUR (20 MARKS)

(a) Explain why the horizontal and the vertical alignment have to be
coordinated and state two measures which are undertaken to
achieve the coordination of the two. [6 marks]

(b) Calculate the minimum horizontal curve radius given the following:

- Design speed 100km/hr.


- Maximum super-elevation 6%.
- Side friction coefficient of 0.1.
[8 marks]

(c) Explain with sketches how the super-elevation is developed on a


single carriageway from normal camber to a full super-elevation of
6%. [6 marks]

QUESTION FIVE (20 MARKS)

(a) Explain four reasons of incorporating a traffic island in geometric


design of a road. [6 marks]

(b) Describe two advantages and two disadvantages of a roundabout.


[4 marks]

(c) Describe the four design features that make at grade junction
perceptible and three ways of making the junction maneuverable.
[7 marks]

(d) What are the three design features that affect the calculation of
Guard Rail Need Index? [3 marks]

3
W1-2-60-1-6
JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2014/2015
EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING

ECE 2405 : IRRIGATION ENGINEERING I

DATE: APRIL 2015 TIME: 2 HOURS


INSTRUCTIONS:
ANSWER THREE QUESTIONS
USE NON-PROGRAMMABLE SCIENTIFIC CALCULATORS
QUESTION IS COMPULSORY
==========================================================
QUESTION ONE [COMPULSORY]
(a) Outline five reasons for determining evapotraspiration in the design of an
irrigation project . [5 marks]
(b) Describe five environmental factors influencing evapotranspiration.
[10 marks]
(c) Define the following terms as used in irrigation engineering
(i) Consumptive use [3 marks]
(ii) Evapotranspiration
(iii) Reference crop evapotranspiration
(d) Describe the advantages of using penman-monteith method in estimation
of reference crop evapotransipration over the Blaney criddle method.
[5 marks]
(e) Describe four main growth stages of a crop growing period [2 marks]
(f) With reference to crop growth stages explain how it influences irrigation
water management [5 marks]
QUESTION TWO

QUESTION THREE
(a) Explain how management of the depth of water table can be used in
minimizing accumulation of soluble salts on the surface of the soil.
[3 marks]
(b) Describe the main reason why reaching of an alkali soil is easier with
salty water than with pure water. [6 marks]
(c) Determine the depth of irrigation water which would change 30cm depth of
loam soil into saline condition, if the Ec of irrigation water is 1 million
mhoj/cm. The bubble density of soil is 1.2gm/cm3 and the density of water
is 3gm/cm3. The saturation percentage of the soil is 40% [5 mark]
(d) Estimate the leaching requirements when the Ec of the saturation extract of
the soil is 11mmhos/cm at 25% reduction in the yield of cotton. The Ec of
irrigation water is 1.5 mmhos/cm. In the most cases Ecd is assumed to be
approximately twice as high as corresponding Ece . [6 marks]
QUESTION FOUR
QUESTION FIVE
(a) Determine the irrigation schedule for a crop based on a total growing
period. [18 marks]

Field data:
Crop -------------------ground nuts – medium rooting
Soil ------------loam
Field Appl. Efficiency - 60%
Total growing period 130 days
Planting date --- 15 July

Irrigation water need (IN): Table 5(i)

Month 15th July August Sept Oct 25th Nov

In 38 115 159 170 45


mm/month

Tabel 5(ii) approximate net irrigation depths (IN) mm

soil type Shallow rooting Medium Deep rooting


crop Rooting crop crop
Sandy soil 15mm 30mm 40mm
Loam soil 20mm 40mm 60mm
Clay soil 30mm 50mm 70mm

(b) Define the term irrigation efficiency. [2 marks]


W1-2-60-1-6

JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2014/2015

FOURTH YEAR FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF


BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

ECE 2405 : IRRIGATION ENGINEERING 1

DATE: AUGUST 2014 TIME: 3 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER QUESTION ONE [COMPULSORY] AND ANY OTHER


TWO QUESTIONS
===========================================================
QUESTION ONE[COMPULSORY] [30 MARKS]
(a) Define the following terms as used in relation to soil moisture content
- Soil field capacity [3 marks]
- Permanent wilting point [3 marks]
(b) Determine the volume of water received by a field of size 5 ha under a
rainfall of 15mm/day. [4 marks]
(c) Describe the following terms as used in irrigation water management
- Reference crop evapotranspiration [3 marks]
- Crop evapotranspiration [3 marks]
(d) What are the four main factors necessary for quantification of
evaportranspiration [4 marks]
(e) Determine the irrigation schedule for a crop with a total growing period of
130 days. The schedule is based on the total growth period. [10 marks]

Field data:
. Soil : loamy soil
. Irrigation method: Farrow irrigation
. Field water application efficiency : 60%
. Planting water need per month : Table Q1[e]i
Table Q1
Month
July August September October November

Irrigation 38 115 159 170 45


need
mm/month

Table question 1(e) ii Approximate Net irrigation depths in millimeter [mm]

QUESTION TWO
(a) Irrigation water can be supplied from rivers, reservoirs, lakes or ground
water. Discuss irrigation water management with respect to the following
two factors. [12 marks]
(i) Tapping of water from the river(s)
(ii) Availability of river flow
(b) Estimate, using the approximate method, the scheme irrigation
need [SIN opt] for the following scheme.

- Irrigation is practiced during the dry season


- The scheme is located in dry climate [Average Net irrigation Need
[INnet] 1Litre/sec/1 o Lit /ha.]
- The area of a scheme is 20ha.
- The soil is loamy
- Irrigation takes five days per week for 10 hours per day
- The scheme uses surface irrigation methods and the canals are made of
earth
- Convergence efficiency = 85% and application efficiency = 60%
[8 marks]
QUESTION THREE

(a) Given the following meteorological data for the months of January and
October respectively for a location in South Rift Valley.
January October
Epan = 148mm Epan = 148
Relative humidity (RH) mean =77% Relative humidity (Rit)
mean=54%
Wind speed = 1.42m/sec Wind speed = 201 m/se
Class A Pan used is screened and located in a green area surrounded by short
irrigated field crops throughout the year, extending at least 100m around the
Pan - see attached. Table Q3(a)
Determine the reference crop evaporation (ET0) values for the two months.
[10 marks]

(b) Determine the critical command area for a crop of beans given the
following information.
- Growing period of beans is September, October , October and November
- Net irrigation Need [I Nnet] is 6mm, 5mm and 4mm per day
respectively.
- Irrigation efficiency is 50%
- Scheme water supply: September : 250 liters /sec
- Scheme water supply: October : 230 liters /sec
- Scheme water supply : November : 200 liters /sec. [10 marks]

QUESTION FOUR
Determine the crop water need of maize crop given the following data

Table Q4
Month Jan Feb March April May June July
ETo 4.0 5.0 5.8 6.3 6.8 7.1 6.5
mm/day

- Humidity (medium) = 60%


- Planting date: 1st February
- Wind speed (medium) 3m/sec.
- Duration of growing period : 150 days i.e initial stage 35 days crop
development stage-40 days, mid season stage -50 days, late season stage
– 25 days.
N/B – All months considered to have 30 days.

FAO -Crop Coefficients (Kc) Values


- Initial stage - 0.45
- Crop development stage - 0.75
- Mid season - 1.15
- Late season - 0.8 [20 marks]
QUESTION FIVE
Determine the irrigation need of a crop

Given the following data:


Earliest planting 1 April
Total area 60 ha
Latest planting 30 April
Duration of crop growth stages crop factors [Kc)
• Initial stage 15 days Kc =0.5
• Crop development stage 25 days .. Kc = 0.75
• Mid season stage 70 days Kc= 1.05
• Late season stage 40 days Kc = 0.85

Table Q5(I)
Potential Erapotranspiration [ETo] in the location ;

Month Jan Feb March April May June July


ETo mm/day 4.7 5.1 5.2 5.6 5.7 6.1 5.8

August Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.


5.5 5.6 5.2 4.3 4.6

Table Q5 (II)
Effective rainfall (Pe) in the location

Month Jan Feb March April May June July Aug. Sep Oct Nov Dec
Pe 1 3 7 10 12 13 72 82 16 7 1 0
mm/month

[20 marks]
W1-2-60-1-6
JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2013/2014

EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR

ECE 2405: IRRIGATION ENGINEERING I

DATE: AUGUST 2013 TIME: 2 HOURS


INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER QUESTIONS ONE AND ANY OTHER TWO
QUESTIONS

QUESTION ONE (30 MARKS)

1(a) Discuss how irrigation development can contribute to the achievement of Kenya Vision
2030 and the Millenuim Development Goals (MDGs) through its sustainable benefits.
[10 marks]
(b) Explain measures for increasing effective precipitation in order to improve irrigation
water productivity. [8 marks]
(c) Define the following terms as used in irrigation.
(i) Field Capacity (FC) [12 marks]
(ii) Permanent Wilting point (PWP)
(iii) Readily Available Water (RAW)
(iv) Management Allowable Depletion (MAD)

QUESTION TWO (20 MARKS)

Given the following information;


Readily Available Water (RAW) = 30mm
Depth (Volume/Area) of water in the soil of field capacity = 70mm
The soil is at field capacity the morning of day 1

Assume irrigation area is 20,000 ha and project efficiency is 45%


Climate data (no runoff) is provided in table 1.
Table 1
Day ETC(mm) Effective Precipitation (mm)
1 7.9 0
2 6.4 0
3 5.3 0
4 10.4 0

1
5 3 15
6 8.9 0
7 10.2 0
8 7.9 0
9 5.8 0
10 4.6 0

Determine:
(i) When irrigation is/are required during the 10 day period. [4 marks]

(ii) Depth of irrigation. [4 marks]

(iii) Depth of water remaining in the soil at the end of the 10 day period. [4 marks]

(iv) The volume of water that must be diverted from the river system. [4 marks]

(v) Discuss why ETC is varying for each of the day. [4 marks]

QUESTION THREE (20 MARKS)

(a) Describe THREE methods of determining crop water requirements for irrigation planning
and design. Illustrate your answers using appropriate mathematical formulation.
[10 marks]

(b) Explain why irrigation scheduling is important in Agriculture. [10 marks]

QUESTION FOUR

Discuss FIVE soil parameters and the suitability ranges for main crops in typical climate.
[20 marks]

QUESTION FIVE

(a) Discuss the pros and cons of the different sources of water for irrigation [6 marks]

(b) A 12 hectare field is to be irrigated with a sprinkler irrigation system with an efficiency
of 70%. The moisture content at field capacity of the clay loam soil is 28% by weight
and while that at permanent wilting point is 14% by weight. The root depth is 1m and the
bulk density is 1.2 g/cm3. Soil depletion factor is 50%, Peak ET = 7.5 mm/day.

Determine:
(i) Net and gross depth of irrigation. [4 marks]
(ii) The irrigation interval [3 marks]
(iii) The optimal area to be irrigated per day [3 marks]
(iv) If the system is to run 10 hours per day; what is the system capacity? [4 marks]

2
W1-2-60-1-6
JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2012/2013
FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING
ECE 2406: FOUNDATION ENGINEERING 1
DATE: AUGUST 2012 TIME: 2 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: ANSWER ANY THREE QUESTIONS.

QUESTION ONE

a. Explain the following terms;

i. Earth pressure at rest [2 marks]

ii. Active earth pressure. [2marks]

iii. Passive earth pressure. [2 marks]

b. A retaining well with a smooth vertical back has to retain a backfill of cohesionless soil up to a
height of 5m above ground level. The soil has a void ratio of 0.83 and the specific gravity of soil
solids is 2.68. The water table is located at a depth of 2m below the top of the backfill. The soil
above the water table is 20% saturated. The angle of internal friction 20% saturated. The angle
of internal friction of soil above and below the water table is 320 and 280 respectively. Plot the
distribution of active earth pressure on the wall and determine the magnitude and point of
application of the resultant thrust.

[14 marks]

QUESTION TWO

a. Explain the following modes of shear failure;

i. General shear failure [1 mark]

ii. Local shear failure [1 mark]

iii. Punching shear failure [1 mark]


b. Explain the following terms

i. Ultimate bearing capacity [1 mark]

ii. Gross loading intensity [1 mark]

iii. Allowable shearing capacity [1 mark]

iv. Net safe bearing capacity [1 mark]

c. A 2.5 metre wide strip footing is founded at a depth of 1.8m below the ground level in a
homogeneous bed of a dense sand having the following properties;

φ = 37 0 , γ = 1.85t / m 3

Determine the ultimate, net ultimate net safe and safe bearing capacity of the footing; Given,
for φ = 37 0 Nc = 61, Nq = 43 N γ = 48

Assume of factor of safety of 3.0 [13 marks]

QUESTION THREE

a. Mention at least six reasons why it is necessary to carry out site investigations. [3 marks]

b. Explain why the following types of site investigation surveys are necessary;

i. Reconnaissance survey [2 marks]

ii. Preliminary survey [2 marks]

iii. Detailed survey [2 marks]

c. Mention at least four methods of boring. [2 marks]

d. Explain in detail the standard penetration test, citing the two type of corrections necessary for
the results attained from this test. [9 marks]

QUESTION FOUR

a. Explain the following terms;

i. Base failure [2 marks]

ii. Toe failure [2 marks]

iii. Face failure [2 marks]


b. A 10 metre high embarkment has a slope of 400 to the horizontal. The soil was tested and its
cohesion, void ratio and angle φ were found to be 2.5 +/m2, 0.81 and 140 respectively.
Determine the factor of safety with respect to cohesion against failure of the slope.

i. When water level rises up to full height.

ii. When water level goes down suddently

given: G = 2.7 and for 400 slope values of stability number of different values of φ

φ N

60 0.122

70 0.116

140 0.074 [14 marks]

QUESTION FIVE

a. Define the following terms;

i. Coefficient of compressibility. [2 marks]

ii. Coefficient of volume change. [2 marks]

iii. Compression index. [2 marks]

b. A 2 metre thick clay layer lies between two permeable layers. The clay has the following
properties,

liquid limit = 45%

Coefficient of permeability = 2.8 x 10-7 cm/sec

Initial void ratio = 1.25

The initial effective overburden pressure at the middle of the clay layer is 2kg/cm2, and is likely
to increase to 4kg/cm2 due to the construction of a new building.

Determine
i. Final void ratio of clay
ii. Settlement of the proposed building
iii. Time required for 50% consolidation [14 marks]
W1-2-60-1-6
JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2014/2015
EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING

ECE 2407 : STRUCTURAL DESIGN I

DATE: DECEMBER 2014 TIME: 2 HOURS


INSTRUCTIONS:ANSWER QUESTION ONE AND ANY OTHER TWO QUESTIONS.
USE BS (BRITISH STANDARDS) EXTRACTS PROVIDED
==========================================================
QUESTION ONE [30 MARKS]
(a) Write down the expression for ELASTIC moment of resistance (MR) and
explain (for beams) [4 marks]
(b) Draw the stress diagrams for
(i) An elastic stress distribution and
(ii) A plastic stress distribution [4 marks]
(c) What are combined loads ? give 2 examples [4 marks]
(d) Timber roof beams spaced on a grid of 1200 mm are required to span 7.2m
supporting a total dead load plus imposed load of 1.5kN/m2. What size of
solid timber joist , having a grade bending stress of 5.3 N/mm and a
minimum E of 5800 N/mm2 would be required? [18 marks]

QUESTION TWO [20 MARKS]


A secondary bean with a total U.L.S Load (Both live and dead) of 340kN is
supported by a primary beam at each of its ends. Assuming that the primary beam
is simply supported at both ends and the secondary beam rests at its center point
and given that the length of this beam is 8m. Design the beam (primary)
- assume beam is restrained at load position and both ends, i.e laterally
unrestrained
- assume UDL on beam is 9kN [20 marks]
QUESTION THREE [20 MARKS]
Design a suitable grede 43 uc column to support a uls load of
X-axis = 285 kN
Y-axis = 125 kN +125kN
Assume lE=0.85LE where L=6m

QUESTION FOUR [20 MARKS]


Design a suitable slab base plate for a 203x203x86kg/m UC supporting a load of
1000kN. Assume foundation slab is of grade 30 concrete

QUESTION FIVE [20 MARKS]


Timber roof purlins spaning 3m support a total UDL of 9kN. Using Gs grade
redwood, what number is required given 3m.g.par = 5.3 N/mm2
K 7 = 1.032
K 3 =1.25
rg=0.67
δc.g . perp = 2.2 N/mn2
ECE 2407

W1-2-60-1-6
JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY
OF
AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

University Examinations 2015/2016

FOURTH YEAR FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR


OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

ECE 2407 : STRUCTURAL DESIGN I

DATE: DECEMBER 2015 TIME: 2 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER QUESTION ONE (COMPULSORY) AND ANY OTHER


TWO QUESTIONS. YOU SHOULD HAVE: ANSWER BOOKLET,
CALCULATOR, DESIGN TABLES – BS5950-1:2000 AND BS 5268
EXTRACTS PROVIDE.
_____________________________________________________________________________________

QUESTION ONE (20 MARKS)

A timber floor is constructed of timber boarding of self-weight of 0.1kN/m2 on timber


joists of effective span 2.5m and spaced at 400mm centres. A ceiling of self-weight 0.2
kN/m2 is fixed to the underside of the joists. Check the adequacy of a joist size 38 x
150 in timber class SC2 to support the loads in accordance to BS 5268. [20 marks]

Assume an imposed floor load of 1.5kN/m2 and joist weight = 0.13kN/m2.


Properties of timber size 38 x 150mm given on pages 4/5 tables.

QUESTION TWO (20 MARKS)

A simply supported beam supports uniformly distributed characteristic Dead and


Imposed loads of 6kN/m and 4kN/m respectively as well as a characteristic imposed
point load of 50kN at its mid-span. Assuming the beam is fully laterally restrained,
select a suitable UB section in Grade S275 steel to carry the loads over a span of 10.0m
and satisfy sheer and bending considerations. [20 marks]

1
ECE 2407

QUESTION THREE (20 MARKS)

(a) Explain the three central concepts of limit state design and state the limit states.
[10 marks]

(b) Using suitable sketches, explain the difference between the simple and rigid methods
of design of steel framed structures. [4 marks]

(c) Explain the difference between steel sections of class 1 and 2. [3 marks]

(d) State the matters that are taken account of by the overall load factor in limit state
design. [3 marks]

QUESTION FOUR (20 MARKS)

(a) A column of length 5.0m is loaded concentrically with 1200kN dead load and 1000kN
imposed load. The column is fixed at the top and bottom giving it effective rotational
restraints at both ends. Assuming the column is an internal one in a rigid jointed
and braced steel structure with no sway, check the suitability of steel section size
305 x 305 x 118kg/m UC to carry the loads. [14 marks]

(b) State the conditions to be met for the design of steel sections enclosed in concrete to
BS 5950. [6 marks]

QUESTION FIVE (20 MARKS)

(a) An angle section of nominal size 80 x 60 x 7kg/m is subjected to 70kN dead load and
40kN imposed load, both in tension.

Determine the suitability of the member to carry the loads:

(i) With bolted connection in one leg. Assume 1 No. 20mm dia. bolt.
[10 marks]

(ii) With welded connection through one leg. [6 marks]

(b) Using well unnoted sketches, illustrate: [4 marks]

(i) Single butt weld.


(ii) Fillet weld.

2
W1-2-60-1-6
JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY
OF
AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2014/2015
EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE

ECE 2408: THEORY OF STRUCTURES V


DATE: April 2015 TIME: 2 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS:

i. This paper consist of FIVE questions


ii. Attempt QUESTION ONE and any other TWO (2) questions
iii. All symbols have their usual meaning
QUESTION ONE (30 marks)

a) With clear illustrations, discuss the three fundamental relationships necessary for
analysis of structures. (9marks)
b) The structure shown in Figure Q1(b) consists of three springs and supported at
nodes A and D. If axial loads of 4KN and 18KN are applied at nodes B and C
respectively. Determine the displacement at nodes B and C and the reactions at A
and D (13marks)

c) A simple plane truss is made of two identical bars (with E, A and L) and loaded as
shown in Figure Q1(c), Find;
i) Displacement of node 2 (4marks)
ii) Stress in each bar (4marks)

1|Page
QUESTION TWO (20 MARKS)

Analyze the continuous beam shown in Figure Q2 using the matrix method. Assume that
the support are unyielding and that EI is constant for all members. (20marks)

QUESTION THREE (20 MARKS)

a) Discuss any four classes of framed structures that may be utilized in construction.
(8marks)

b) Find the stresses in the two bar assembly which is loaded with force P, and
constrained at the two ends as shown in Figure Q3 (b) (12marks)

2|Page
QUESTION FOUR (20 MARKS)

a) With clear illustrations, compare and contrast the following structural analysis
methods:

i) Classical versus matrix methods (4marks)


ii) Matrix versus finite element methods (4marks)

b) For the spring system shown in Figure Q4(b), find the global stiffness matrix.
(12marks)

QUESTION FIVE (20 MARKS)

Analyze the truss shown in Figure Q5 and evaluate the reactions at the supports.
Assume EA to be constant for all the members. (20marks)

3|Page
W1-2-60-1-6
JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY
OF
AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2013/2014
YEAR SEMESTER 1 EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN

ECE 2408: THEORY OF STRUCTURES V


DATE: AUGUST 2013 TIME: 2 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS:

i. This paper consist of FIVE questions


ii. Attempt QUESTION ONE and any other TWO (2) questions
iii. All symbols have their usual meaning
QUESTION ONE

a) With clear illustrations compare and contrast the following structural analysis methods
i. Classical versus matrix methods (4mks)
ii. Matrix versus finite element methods (3mks)
b) The spring system shown in Figure Q1(b) has the following properties, k 1 =100N/mm,
k 2 =200N/mm, k 3 =100N/mm, P=500N, u 1 =u 4 -0. Find:
i. The global stiffness matrix for the spring system (4mks)
ii. Displacements of nodes 2 and 3 (4mks)
iii. The reaction forces at nodes 1 and 4 (2mks)
iv. The force in the spring 2 (3mks)

c) A simple plane truss is made of two identical bars (with E, A and L), and loaded as shown
in Figure Q1(c) Find:
i. Displacement of node 2 (5mks)
ii. Stress in each bar (5mks)
QUESTION TWO (20 MARKS)

a) Discuss any four classes of framed structures that may be utilized in construction.(8mks)

b) Write the local stiffness matrix for the members of beams and use the matrix to
determine the stiffness matrices for the beam shown in Figure Q2(b) (12mks)

QUESTION THREE (20 MARKS)

The plane pin-jointed truss shown in Figure Q3 is composed of uniform section members, with
the same material properties. If the truss is subjected to load as shown, determine the
displacements at node 2 and the forces in the members of the truss using the matrix method
analysis.
QUESTION FOUR

a) Briefly discuss the three fundamental relationships employed in matrix analysis of


structures (9mks)

b) Determine the nodal displacements for the uniform section beam shown in Figure
Q4(b), which can be assumed to be fully fixed at its ends. (11mks)

QUESTION FIVE (20 MARKS)

Using matrix displacement method, determine the nodal bending moments for the rigid-
jointed plane frame shown in Figure Q5. E and I are constant for the whole frame
W1-2-60-1-6
JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY
OF
AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

University Examinations 2012/2013


FOURTH YEAR FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

ECE 2405: IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

DATE: AUGUST, 2012 TIME: 2 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS: Answer Question ONE and Any Other TWO Questions.

Question One

a) Outline three main challenges experienced in irrigation water sources. [3 marks]

b) Distinguish between the following term as used in irrigation engineering.

i. Potential Evapotranspiration (ET P )


ii. Reference crop evapotranspiration (ET 0 ) [6 marks]

c) Describe five major sources of ground water contamination. [5 marks]

d) Describe FIVE major water catchment in Kenya. [5 marks]

e) Define the term renewable water resources. Describe the Kenyan renewable water
resources status in 2010. [5 marks]

f) After how many days would an irrigation engineer supply water to the soil in order to
ensure sufficient irrigation of the given crop?

The field capacity of the soil - 30%


Permanent wilting point - 12%
Density of the soil - 1250kg/m3
Effective depth of the root zone - 60 cm
Daily consumption use of water - 12.5 mm

1
Assume that management allowable depletion (MAD) is 0.8. [6 marks]

Question Two

a) Soil water storage and movement is of importance in scheduling irrigation to attain


efficiency and effectiveness.

Explain the relationship between the soil-water storage and movement when dry soil is
irrigated until the development of run off. [10 marks]

b) Describe five physical factors affecting selection of farm irrigation system, identify their
respective impacts on irrigation system. [10 marks]

Question Three

a) Define the term irrigation scheduling. [2 marks]

b) Outline the main advantages of irrigation scheduling. [4 marks]

c) Explain the meaning of the following terms as used in irrigation engineering.

• Soil alkalinity
• Soil acidity
• Cation exchange capacity [9 marks]

d) A municipal waste water quality was tested and the following data was obtained as listed
in table 1. Primary measurement of Electrical conductivity (EC w ) = 1.25ds/m and a pH
value of 7.0.

Table 1 – municipal waste water quality

Cations Anions
Units Na Ca Mg CL SO 4 HCO 3
mg/L 178.0 47.0 18.0 167 235.8 161.1

See table 3 attached in Appendix. [5 marks]

Question Four

a) Determine reservoir capacity for command are of 40,000 ha, canal losses 10% and
reservoir losses 10%.

Base period outlet factor and intensity of irrigation are given in table 2. [12 marks]

Table: 2

2
Crop Base period (days) Out factors Irrigation intensity
(ha/cumec) (%)
Sugar cane 360 1700 20
Cotton 180 1500 10
Wheat 120 1800 20
Rice 120 700 15
Vegetables 120 700 15

b) Explain why lowering the water table is helpful in prevention of accumulations of soluble
salts on the surface of the soil. [3 marks]

c) Describe five (5) factors affecting the rate of Evapotranspiration (ET). [5


marks]

Question Five

a) A 12 hectare field is to be irrigated with a sprinkler system. The root zone depth is 0.9m
and the field capacity of the soil is 28% while the permanent wilting point is 17% by
weight.

The soil bulk density is 1.36g/cm3 and the water application efficiency is 70%. The soil
is to be irrigated when 50% of the available water is depleted. The peak
evapotranspiration is 5.0mm/day and the system is to run for 10 hours in a day.

Determine:

i. The net irrigation depth


ii. Gross irrigation i.e the depth of water to be pumped
iii. Irrigation period
iv. Area to be irrigated per day
v. The system capacity [14 marks]

b) A leguminous crop is being produced on a net water use of 600mm. Each of four (4)
irrigation applies 150mm of water over the surface.

i. Assuming average moisture extraction pattern, calculate the average depth of


water stored in each 200 mm of the 1.2m of root zone. [3 marks]

ii. If the total water-holding capacity of the soil is 160mm per metre, determine the
percentage of water stored in each metre depth within the root zone during each
irrigation. [3 marks]

3
Table 3. Atomic weights, valence numbers and conversion factors for common ions

Ion Element Atomic Weight Valence (V)


(AW)
Na+ Sodium 23.0 1
Ca2+ Calcium 40.1 2
Mg2+ Magnesium 24.3 2
Cl- Chloride 35.5 1
SO 4 2- Sulfate 96.1 2
HCO 3 - Bicarbonate 61.0 1

4
W1-2-60-1-6
JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2014/2015
EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING

SMA 2471: NUMERICAL ANALYSIS I

DATE: DECEMBER 2014 TIME: 2 HOURS


INSTRUCTIONS:
ANSWER QUESTION ONE AND ANY OTHER TWO QUESTIONS
==========================================================
QUESTION ONE [30 MARKS]
(a) (i) Define a non-linear equation and give one example [2 marks]
(ii) Derive the properties of roots of a cubic equation [4 marks]
(b) Consider the iterative formula
X n3 − 3
Xn+1= 3 (5 x n + 3) ; x0 = 2.5 and Xn+1= , x0 = 2.5 for solving the non
5
linear equation X 3 − 5 x − 3 = 0. show that the 1st method is convergent while
the second is not [5 marks]
(c) Prove the following relations between operators
(i) E= D+I [2 marks]

(ii) σ= E − E − [2 marks]
1 1
2 2

dy
(d) Given = x + y y(0)=1 estimate the value of y at x=0.2 and x=1. [4 marks]
dx
(e) Using the function below evaluate f(0.48) using linear polynomial based on
Lagrenge’s interpolation

X 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6


F(x) 0.1003 0.2027 0.3093 0.4228 0.5463 0.6841
[5 marks]
(f) Use trapezium rule with 10 sub intervals to estimate
∫1 sinh x dx. Compute the integrand to 5dp [6 marks]
3

QUESTION TWO [20 MARKS]


1
(a) Use Simphson’s 1/3 rd rule to evaluate the integral dx using 10
2

0 4 + x2
subdivisions. [10 marks]
(b) Find a better approximation of e − x dx using Romberg scheme and
2
∫0

calculate the percentage error [10 marks]

QUESTION THREE [20 MARKS]


(a) Find the root of the equation 2 x 3 − 2 x 2 − qx − 2 = 0 which lies between 2 and
3 using Newton – Raphine method to 4dp. [8 marks]
(b) Given the equation e x − x 2 − 2 = 0. Find an interval with integer boundaries
in which a root lies. Show that Xn+1= (e xn − 2) and Xn+1= In( X n2 + 2)
Are linear – iterative methods of solving the equations. Using x0 as the
mid point of the interval find the first 10 linear iterative x1 , x 2 ,.........., x10.
Using each of the above iterative formulas. State the root to an accuracy
dictated by x a and x10 . [12 marks]

QUESTION FOUR [20 MARKS]


(a) A function is give by the following table.
X 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
F(x) 0.302 0.612 0.954 1.328 1.750 2.232 2.786 3.424 4.158
Construct a difference table. Given f is a polynomial state its degree
[10 marks]
dy
(b) Find the Taylor series solution of the differential equations = x+ y
dx
Y(0)=1 up to the term in X3 [10 marks]
W1-2-60-1-6

JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY


UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2013/2014
EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING, CIVIL ENGINEERING, TELECOMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SMA 2471: NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

DATE: DECEMBER 2013 TIME: 2 HOURS


INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER QUESTION ONE (COMPULSORY) AND ANY OTHER TWO
QUESTIONS.

QUESTION ONE (20 MARKS)


dy
(a) Solve = x 2 + y, y 0 = 1, x0 = 0 using Euler’s modified method for x=0.02 taking
dx
h=0.01 [5 marks]

(b) Use Newton – Raphson method to find the real root of x4-11x + 8 = 0 near x 0 = 2
Accurate to five decimal point. [6 marks]

(c) A slider in a machine moves along a fixed rod. Its distance x(m) along the rod are given
in the following table for various valves of the time t(seconds)
T(Sec) 1 2 3 4 5 6
X(m) 0.0201 0.0844 0.3444 1.0100 2.3660 4.7719

Use Newton’s backward interpolation formula to find velocity and acceleration of the
slider at t= 6 seconds. [7 marks]

(d) Find the form of the function f(x) hence use Your polynomial to estimate the valve f(3)
by lagrange interpolation technique
x 0 1 2 5
F(x) 2 3 12 147
[7 marks]

(e) Use trapezoidal role to find the error incurred in approximating;


2


1
1 + 1nx dx with 8 strips [4 marks]

QUESTION TWO (20 MARKS)


(a) Give the table
i 0 1 3
xi 2 2.5 4
f(xi) ½ ½. 5 ¼

1
Construct the lagrange interpolating polynomial for the table and use it to
approximate f(3). Evaluate the maximum error for this interpolation. [7 marks]

(b) Use Newton’s forward difference formula of degree four for values x=0(1)4 to
approximate f(x) = ex at x = 1.5. [ 7 marks]

1.5

∫x
2
(c) Evaluate Inxdx with n = 2 and 4. Using the Romberg integration formula with
1
trapezium rule. [6 marks]

QUESTION THREE
(a) Use the AB predictor y n +1 = y n +
h
12
[ ]
23 y 1n − 16 y 1n −1 + 5 y 1n − 2 and the AM corrector

yn = yn +
h
12
[ ]
5 y n +1 + 8 y 1n − y 1n −1 to evaluate y(1) to 5 d.p. using 10 steps given

dy
= 2 x + y, y (0) = 2
dx
Taylor series may be used to obtain the starting values. [14 marks]

(b) Compute the analytical solution. What is the percentage error involved in the numerical
methods in (a) above? [6 marks]

QUESTION FOUR (20 MARKS)


2
dx
(a) Evaluate ∫ by Ganss- legendre two point and three point integration rules.
0
3 + 4 x
[10 marks]

(b) Use Runge-Kutta method of fourth order with h=0.2 to find y(0.2) and y(0.4) given
dy
= 2 x − y, y (0) = 1 [10 marks]
dx

2
SMA 2471

W1-2-60-1-6

JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY


OF
AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

University Examinations 2013/2014

FOURTH YEAR FIRST SEMESTER EXAMINATION FOR THE DEGREE


OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

SMA 2471 : NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

DATE: AUGUST 2013 TIME: 2 HOURS


INSTRUCTIONS: ANSWER QUESTION ONE (COMPULSORY) AND
ANY OTHER TWO QUESTIONS.
______________________________________________________________________

QUESTION ONE (30 MARKS)

(a) State two uses of interpolation. [2 marks]

(b) Use Taylor’s series to obtain a polynomial p(x) for f(x) = ln(x+1) near
x 0 =1 hence estimate the value of ln 1.2. [2 marks]

(c) Use Newton’s backward interpolation formula to calculate the


value of f(84) from the data in the table below:

x 40 50 60 70 80 90
f(x) 204 224 246 270 296 324
[7 marks]

(d) Use Taylor’s series method to solve the differential equation


dy
=3x+y2 to approximate y when x=0.1 given that y=1 when x=0.
dx
[7 marks]

1
SMA 2471

(e) Find the root of the equation sinx = 1+x3 by Newton-Raphson


method given that the initial guess is x 0 =-1 correct to 3 decimal
places. (Perform three iterations). [8 marks]

QUESTION TWO (20 MARKS)

(a) Apply Lagrange’s interpolation formula to find dipolynomial


P 3 (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d which passes through the points (0,-20)
(1,-12) (3,-20) and (4,-24), hence use the polynormial to estimate
p(2). [10 marks]

(b) A rod is rotating in a plane about one of its ends. If the following
table gives the angle θ radians through which the rod has turned
 δθ 
for different values of t seconds, find its angular velocity   and
 dt 
d 2θ
angular acceleration at t=0.7 seconds (Newton-Gregory
dt 2
Backman difference technique) at t=7 seconds

t seconds 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0


θ radians 0.0 0.12 0.48 1.10 2.0 3.20

[10 marks]
QUESTION THREE (20 MARKS)

(a) Using trapezoidal role and Romberg integration with 3 5 and 9


1 1
ordinates evaluate ∫ dx correct to 4 decimal places.
01+ x2

[10 marks]
(b) Use Legendre 2 point and 3point formula to evaluate
4 2
∫2 x 2 + 6 dx [10 marks]

QUESTION FOUR (20 MARKS)

d2y
(a) Given = x3+y y(0)=1
dx
Compute y(0.02) by Euler’s method taking h = 0.01. [8 marks]

(b) Using Runge-Kutta method, find an approximate value for x = 0.2


dy
if = x+y2 given that y=1 when x=0 taking h = 0.1. [12 marks]
dx

2
W1-2-60-1-6
JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2013/2014

SPECIAL/SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION FOR THE FOR THE DEGREE OF


BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

SMA 2471 : NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

DATE: MARCH 2014 TIME: 2 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS

QUESTION ONE [30 MARKS]

(a) Using Newton’s formal interpolation formula, find the value of Cos520 from the data below:

450 500 550 600


X
y = cos x 0.7071 0.6428 0.5736 0.5

(b) Apply lagrange’s technique to fit a polynomial through (0, -20) (1, -12), (3, -20) and (4,-24) in
the form p (x) = ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d
hence estimate P(2).

(c) Given the data below for f(x)

X 0 3 5 6 9
f (x) 2 29 117 466 1447

dy d2y
Find and at x = 3 [8 marks]
dx dx 2

Using Newton-Gregory formula difference technique [8 marks]


(d) Use Euler’s method to solve the differential equation
dy
= 3 x + y 2 y (0) = 1
dx

h=0.2

Compute y (0.2), y (0.4) [8 marks]

QUESTION TWO [20 marks]

(a)

(b)

[10 marks]

QUESTION THREE [20 marks]

(a)
[10 marks]

(b)

(c) Evaluate 29 by Newton Rapson correct 4dp. X 0 = 3.3. Perform 3 iterations.


[6 marks]

QUESTION FOUR [20 marks]

(a) Use Tailor’s method to find y (0.2) given that


dy
+ 4 y = x 2 y ( 0) = 1
dx

h= 0.1 [7 marks]

dy
(b) Use ℝ-Κ method to solve − xy 2 y (2) = 1 h= 0.1
dx

Compute y (2.1) and y = (2.2) [13 marks]


W1-2-60-1-6
JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS 2013/2014

SPECIAL/SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMINATION FOR THE FOR THE DEGREE OF


BACHELOR OF …………………………………………………………………….

SMA 2471 : NUMERICAL ANALYSIS

DATE: MARCH 2014 TIME: 2 HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS

QUESTION ONE [30 MARKS]

(a) Using Newton’s formal interpolation formula, find the value of Cos520 from the data below:

450 500 550 600


X
y = cos x 0.70+1 0.6428 0.5736 0.5

(b) Apply lagrange’s technique to fit a polynomial through (0, -20) (1, -12), (3, -20)

(c) Given the data below for f(x)

X 0 3 5 6 9
f (x) 2 29 117 466 1447

dy d2y
Find and at x = 3
dx dx 2

Using Newton-Gregory formula difference technique [8 marks]


(d) Use Euler’s method to solve the differential equation
dy
= 3 x + y 2 y (0) = 1
dx

H=0.2

Compute y (0.2), y (0.4) [8 marks]

QUESTION TWO [20 marks]

(a)

(b)

[10 marks]

QUESTION THREE [20 marks]

(a)

[10 marks]
(b)

(c) Evaluate 2a by Newton Rapson correct 4dp. X 0 = 3.3. Perform 3 iterations.


[6 marks]

QUESTION FOUR [20 marks]

(a) Use Tailor’s method to find y (0.2) given that


dy
+ 4 y = x 2 y (0) = 1
dx

h= 0.1 [7 marks]

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