CHEMISTRY

ASSIGNMENT OF REAL GASES

COURSE : VIJAY (G & R)

(Attach this assignment with your note book)

Naming of inorganic compounds :

 Sodium Chloride 
 Name of inorganic compounds mainly consist of two parts   .
 1st part 2nd part 
st part  Name of cationic part or name of less electronegative atom
 Name of cationic part is generally now modified and generally this name ends in - ium
Ex. NaCl sodium chloride
(NH4)2SO4 ammonium sulphate (no. of anions should not mentioned)
2nd part  Name of anionic part generally follow name of cationic part. The name of anionic part is modified
and depending of nature of anion if generally ends with
– ide
– ate
– ite
(A) Naming of elemental or non – oxoanion (anions with out oxygen atom)
Name of these anions ends with – ide
Element of anion have negative O.N.
Ex. Halogen family F– – flouride
Cl– – Chloride
Br– – Bromide
– – iodide
Oxygen family
O2– – oxide
O 22  – peroxide

O2 – superoxide
2–
S – sulphide
Se–2 – selenide
Te–2 – telluride
Nitrogen family
N3– – nitride
N3 – azide
3–
P – phosphide
Carbon family
C4– – carbide
Combined elemental anions
OH– – hydroxide
SH– – bisulphide
CN– – cyanide
NC– – isocyanide
(B) If both element are non-metallic then more electronegative element is anionic part
Ex. As2O3 – arsenic (III) oxide
OF2 – oxygen di flouride (In covalent molecule no. of atoms are needed to mention)
Ex. Write down the naming of compound
(1) Ca3P2 (2) Ba(CN)2 (3) Na2S (4) ClF3 (5) SF4
Ans. (1) Calcium phosphide (2) Barium cynide (3) Sodium sulphide (4) Chlorine triflouried
(5) Shlphur tetra fluoried.

Page # 1
Ex. Write down the formula of
(1) Sulphur hexafluoride (2) Lithium nitride (3) Stroncium chloride
(4) Dioxygen di fluoride (5) Barium azide
Ans. (1) SF6 (2) Li3N (3) SrCl2 (4) O2F2 (5) Ba(N3)2

(C) Naming of oxoanions :

The anions of oxyacids of different element are called oxoanions. The names of oxoanions are derived
from the names of their parent oxyacids.
If name of acid ends with ic (Sulphuric, nitric, phosphoric) then name of anion will end with – ate (Sulphate,
nitrate, phosphate)
If name of acid ends with –us then name of anion will end with – ite (Sulphite, nitrite, phosphite)
Name of oxyacid should end with – ic or – us (Sulphourous, nitrous, phosphorous acid) is decided by
oxidation no of element in the oxyacid.
The following naming procedure is applied for naming oxyacids
1. If an element forms only one oxyacid then name of that generally ends with ic
H3BO3 – boric acid (only oxyacid of boron + 3 )
H2CO3 – carbonic acid ( + 4 = O.No.)
H4SiO4 – silicic acid ( + 4 = O.No)
2. If any element forms oxyacids in two oxidation states. Then acid of higher O.No. ends with – ic & acid
with lower O.No. ends with – us like sulphur
H2SO4 – Sulphuric (+6  O.No.)
H2SO3 – sulphurus (+4  O.N0.)
3. If any element forms oxyacids in 3 O.No. Then for highest – ic
middle – us
lowest – hypo – us
Nitrogen
+ 5 HNO3 nitric acid
+3 HNO2 nitrous acid
+1 H2N2O2 hypo nitrous acid
Phosphorous
+ 5 H3PO4 phosphoric acid
+ 3 H3PO3 phosphorus acid
+ 1 H2PO2 hypo phosphorus acid
4. If element forms oxyacid in four. O.No.
Then highest per – ic
next lower – ic
next lower – us
lowest hypo – us.
Chlorine
+7 HClO4 perchloric acid
+5 HClO3 chloric acid
+3 HClO2 chlorous acid
+1 HClO hypo chlorous acid

There can also be some derived oxyacids such as

– pyro acids
– meta acids
pyro name is attached with acid if it is derived by removing one water molecule from two acid molecules.
Two acid molecules  H2 O
 pyro acid
2HClO4   
H2 O
 Cl2O7 not oxyacid it is an oxide
so there will not be any pyro or meta acid of oxyacids of chlorine.
Sulphur
2H2SO4   H S O pyro sulphuric acid (Oleum)
H2 O 2 2 7

2H2SO3   H S O pyro sulphurous acid

H2 O 2 2 5

Nitrogen
No pyro acid (as an oxide will be obtained)

Page # 2
 Phosphorous
2H3PO4   H P O pyro phosphoric acid
H2 O 4 2 7

2H PO   
H O
 H P O pyro phosphorous acid
3 3 2 4 2 5

Carbon family – pyro – not found

Silicon 2H SiO 
4
 H Si O
H O 4 2 6 2 7
pyro silicic acid
Boron 2H3BO3   H B O pyroboric acid
H2 O 4 2 5

Meta acid: If one water molecule is derived from one acid molecule then meta acid is obtained.
One acid molecule   meta acid
H O 2

Chlorine – no meta acid

Sulphur – no meta acid
Nitrogen – no meta acid
phosporus H3PO4   HPO
H2 O 3
meta phosphoric acid
Silicon – H SiO   
H O
 H SiO meta silicic acid
4 4 2 2 3
Carbon – no meta acid
Boron – H3BO3   HBO
H2 O 2
meta boric acid
Naming of oxoanions
– ic acid  – ate
– us acid  – ite
Chlorine
HClO4  ClO4– perchlorate
HClO3  ClO3– chlorate
HClO2  ClO2– chlorite
HClO  ClO– hypochlorite
Sulphur
H2SO4  SO42– sulphate
 HSO4– bisulphate (hydrogen sulphate)
H2SO3  SO32– – sulphite
 HSO3– – bisulphite (hydrogen sulphite)
H2S2O7  S2O72– pyrosulphate
Nitrogen
HNO3  NO3– – nitrate
HNO2  NO2– – nitrite
H2N2O2  N2O22– – hyponitrite
Phosphorous
H3PO4  N2O23– – phosphate
H3PO3  PO43– – phosphite
H3PO3  PO23– – hypo phosphite
H4P2O7  P2O74– – pyrophosphate
HPO3  PO3 – meta phosprous
Silicon :
H4SiO4  SiO44– – silicate
H6Si2O7  Si2O76– – pyro silicate
H2SiO3  SiO32– meta silicate

Carbon
H2CO3  CO32– – Carbonate
 HCO3– – bicabonate { hydrogen carbonate)
Boron
H3BO3  BO33– borate
H4B2O5  B2O54– pyroborate
HBO2  BO2– meta borate
Q. Write the formula of
(1) barium perchlorate (2) sodium hypochlorite (3) calcium phosphate
(4) magnesium pyro phosphate (5) copper () metaborate
Ans. (1) Ba(ClO4)2 (2) Na(ClO)/NaOCl (3) Ca3(PO4)2 (4) Mg2P2O7 (5) Cu(BO2)2

Page # 3
Q. Write the name of
(1) Co(BO2)2 (2) Sc2Si2O7 (3) Na2S2O7 (4) Ba(NO3)2 (5) Na2SiO3
Ans. (1) Cobalt(II) meta borate(2) Scandium pyrosilicate
(3) Sodium pyrosilicate (4) Sodium meta silicate (5) Sodium meta silicate
There are some more anions which are very common like
+ 6 CrO42– – Chromate
+ 6 FeO42– – ferrate
+ 6 MoO42– – molybolate
+ 6 WO42– – tungstate
+ 6 MnO42– – manganate
corresponding acids can be
H2CrO4 – chromic acid ; H2MnO4 – manganic acid
7
 higher oxidation state of manganese  MnO 
4
So called permanganate HMnO4– permanganic acid
 Polysulphides
S 2x ( x = 2, 3, 4, 5..........)
structures S 22 –S – S– disulphide
S
S32 – –
trisulphide
S S
–
S S
S 24 S –
tetra sulphide
S
Sodium disulphide  Na2S2
Sulphate & thiosulphate (hypo)
when ever oxygen of normal compound is replaced with sulphur then thio word is used before name of
normal compound
alcohol – OH Thioalcohol – SH
ether – O – Thioether– S –
sulphate SO42– thiosulphate (S2O32–)
O S
|| ||
S S
|| ||
– –
O O O– O O O–
* cyanate ion & Thiocyanate ion
cyanic acid (HOCN)
N  C  O
cyanate ion  
Resonating structure
NCO

N  C  S
Thio cyanate ion  
Resonating structure
NCS
• Chromate & dichromate
Dichromate ion is stable in acidic medium while chromate is stable in basic medium
H2O + 2CrO42– Cr2O72– + 2OH– (not a redox char)
* Cations – higher oxidation state of Cations ends with ic & lower by – us
Fe3+ – ferric ; Cu2+ – cupric ; Fe2+ ferrous; Cu22+ – cuprous ; Hg2+ – mercuric; Hg22+ – mercurous
* xenon
perxenic acid H4XeO6
– O –
O O
||
Xe
XeO64– – perxenate ion ||
–
O O –
O
Xenic acid
H2XeO4 – Xenic acid ; XeO42– – Xenate ion

Page # 4
 STRUCTURE OF OXY ACIDS OF P, S, Cl, N
OXY-ACIDS OF PHOSPHORUS (P, atom is sp3 hybridised)
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

S. NO. NAME STRUCTURE

–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––

1. H3PO2 Hypophosphorus acid (monobasic)

2. H3PO3 Phosphorus acid (Dibasic)

3. H4P2O6 Hypophosphoric acid (tetrabasic)

4. H4P2O7 Pyrophospho ric acid ( tetrabasic )

or
Dipolyphosphoric acid

5. H3PO4 Phosphoric acid (tribasic)

6. H4P2O5 Pyrophosphorus acid

7. HPO3 Metaphosphoric acid

8. Cyclic-metaphosphoric
(HPO3)n

(n = 2) Dimeta posphoric acid

9. n=3 Trimeta phosphoric acid

Page # 5
 OXY-ACIDS OF SULPHUR
(S atom in sp 3 hybridised)
A. Sulphurous acid series.
O
||
1. H2SO3 Sulphurous acid HO  S O H
..

O O
|| ||
2. H2S2O4 Dithionous acid H O S
. . S
. . O  H

O O
|| ||
3. H2S2O5 Pyrosulphurous acid H  O  S S
. . O  H
||
O
B. Sulphuric acid series.
O
||
1. H2SO4 Sulphuric acid H  O  S O  H
||
O

O
||
2. H2S2O3 Thiosulphuric acid H  O  S O  H
||
S

O O
|| ||
HO  S O S O H
3. H2S2O7 Oleum || ||
O O

C. Thionic acid series (General formula H2Sn+2O6, n = 0 to 12 are practicaly known)

O O
|| ||
H  O  S  (S)n  S  O  H
|| ||
O O

H2S2O6 (n = 0) Dithionic acid

D. Peroxy acids of S
O
||
1. H2SO5 Peroxymonosulphuric acid (caro’s acid) HOOSOH
||
O

O O
|| ||
2. H2S2O8 Peroxydisulphuric acid (Marshall’s acid) HO S  O O S  O H
|| ||
O O

Page # 6
 OXY-ACIDS OF ‘Cl’
(Cl atom is sp 3 hybridised)

1. HClO Hypochlorous acid

2. HClO2 Chlorous acid

3. HClO3 Chloric acid

4. HClO4 Perchloric acid

OXY-ACIDS OF NITROGEN
(N atom sp 2 hybridised)

1. HNO3 Nitric acid (Colourless)

.. ..
2. HNO2 Nitrous acid (Pale blue) HO
. . N  O

3. H2N2O2 Hyponitrous acid

HNO 4 Pernitric acid

4.
or or
HNO 2 (O 2 ) Peroxy nitric acid

5. HNO(O2) Peroxy nitrous acid

Page # 7