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- Evolution Groups
Another problem:
When EN 1537:2012 is published, and EN 1537:1999 is withdrawn
there is no guidance of how to test anchors until EN-ISO 22477-5 is available
In the meantime a provisional solution should be found for each individual country:
Denmark will probably use the German DIN SPEC 18537:2012-02
(1)P The design value, Ra;d , of the pull-out resistance, Ra of an anchor shall fulfil the
limit condition:
Pd Ra;d (8.1)
(2) Design values of the pull-out resistance may be determined from the results of tests
on anchorages, or by calculation.
8.5.2 Design values of pull-out resistance determined from the results of tests
…
(3) The characteristic value should be related to the suitability test results by applying a
correlation factor a.
NOTE 8.5.2(3) refers to those types of anchorage that are not individually checked by
acceptance tests. If a correlation factor a is used, it must be based on experience or provided
for in the National annex.
(1)P It shall be specified in the design that all grouted anchorages shall be subjected to
acceptance tests prior to lock-off and before they become operational.
(1)P All grouted anchorages shall be subjected to acceptance tests prior to lock-
off and before they become operational.
Link: http://www.eurocode7.com/sc7/evolutiongroups.html
EG1: Anchors
Eric Farrell (Ireland, AGL Consulting), convenor
Bernd Schuppener (Germany, BAW)
Klaus Dietz (Germany, Dietz Geotechnic Consult)
Brian Simpson (UK, Arup and BSI)
Caesar Merrifield (UK, Coffey Geotechnics and convenor of TC 288-WG14)
Pierre Schmitt (France, Soletanche-Bachy)
Yves Legendre (France, Soletanche-Bachy)
Arne Schram Simonsen (Norway, Multiconsult)
Ole Møller (Denmark, Aarsleff)
Old (current)
(2)P This Section is applicable to;
— pre-stressed anchorages consisting of an anchor head, a tendon free length and a
tendon bond length bonded to the ground by grout;
— non pre-stressed anchorages consisting of an anchor head, a tendon free length
and a restraint such as a fixed anchor length bonded to the ground by grout, a
deadman anchorage, a screw anchor or a rock bolt.
(3) This Section does not apply to soil nails.
(4)P Section 7 shall apply to the design of anchorages comprising tension piles.
New
(2)P Tension members without a free length (such as tension piles) shall be designed
using the principles given in Section 7 ‘Pile foundations’.
(3)P Anchor walls used as dead-man anchors shall be designed using the principles
given in Section 9,‘Retaining structures’.
(4) This section does not cover the design of soil nails or rock bolts.
8.1.2.1
anchor
installation capable of transmitting an applied tensile load through a free length to a
load bearing stratum
8.1.2.2
grouted anchor
anchor that uses a bonded length formed of cement grout, resin or similar material to
transmit the tensile force to the ground
purpose / need for test: to document free length and geotechnical resistance
NOM question:
What is the purpose of a free length if you do not test the anchor?
(NOM) Conclusion:
the need for test comes with the definition – the presence of a free length
FULS,d design value of the ultimate limit state force required to prevent any
ultimate limit state in the supported structure.
FServ,d design value of the maximum anchor force, including effect of lock off
load, and sufficient to prevent a serviceability limit state in the
supported structure
(3) For a group of anchors, the most critical failure surface should be
considered. Depending on spacing and the profile of ground strength, this may
involve displacement of part or all of the block contained by the anchors, often
combined with pull-out of the distal ends of the anchors.
(3)P The design value of the anchor load shall be derived from the design of
the retained structure, taking into consideration ultimate and serviceability limit
states of the retained structure.
8.5.1 General
(1)P The design value of the geotechnical ultimate limit state resistance of an anchor,
RULS;d, shall satisfy the following inequality:
Note: The value of partial factor Serv may be set by the National Annex. The recommended
value for persistent and transient situations is given in Table A.18.
(2)P When a separately evaluation of the serviceability limit state of the anchor is
required, the evaluation shall be carried out using formula (8.4).
NOTE 1 The National Annex may set whether a separate evaluation of the serviceability limit
state of the anchor is required.
NOTE 2 The National Annex may set whether the verifications for ultimate limit state and
serviceability limit state are to be carried out separately or in a combined procedure.
NOTE 3 The value of partial factor F,SLS may be set by the National Annex. The recommended
value is given in Table A.18.
(2)P The measured geotechnical ultimate limit state resistance of an anchor RULS;m shall be
determined as the lesser of the proof load or the load causing a limiting condition (Rm). The
limiting condition depends on the test method and may be:
Thus:
RULS;m = Min { Rm ( ULS or kl ULS) and PP} (8.5)
NOTE The limit value of the creep rate ( ULS) or load loss (kl,ULS) may be set by the National Annex,
which may specify the use of an asymptote to the creep rate vs load curve in place of a specified value for
aULS. Provisional values for persistent and transient situations are given in Table A.21.
Plot of creep rate (1) versus applied load (2) ... for Test Method 3 (EN 1537:1999)
Define: RSLS,m = Pc and RSLS,k = RSLS;m,min / SLS = Pc,min / SLS ... ( SLS 1,00000)
F,SLS (= 1,0000) and F,SLS FServ,k (not to be taken as FServ,d nor FSLS,d)
(1) Acceptance tests shall be carried out on all grouted anchors in accordance with EN
ISO 22477-5 prior to their lock off and before they become operational.
(2)P The proof load, PP, to be applied to the anchor in an acceptance test shall be
derived from the ULS design force EULS;d or from FServ,k using the following
inequalities:
NOTE 1: ...
NOTE 2: The National Annex may state whether the proof load in an acceptance test is
to be related to the ULS design force (8.13) or to FServ,k (8.14).
NOTE 3: ...
(3)P For each test, the creep rate/load loss that occurs under the proof poad
and under other specified loads shall be less than limiting values.
NOTE 1: The limiting values for creep rate/load loss at Proof Load may be set by the
National Annex. Recommended values for persistent and transient situations are given
in Table A.21.
NOTE 2: The requirement to check creep rate/load loss at other specified loads, less
than the proof load, is optional and may be set by the National Annex. No provisional
values are provided in this Eurocode.
What came first? The hen or the egg? Speaking of anchor loads, the lock off
load (the pre-stress) comes before the service load.
Thus you cannot relate or limit the lock off load to the service load. This will
imply a “circular reference”.
You can only relate the lock off load to a load, determined WITHOUT effect of
prestress.
(2)P The lock-off load shall not give rise to a limit state in the ground, in the
structure or in supporting structures.
(3) Where tendon bond lengths of a group of anchors cross at spacings less
than 1,5 m (centre to centre), the pre-stress should be checked on selected
anchors after completion of the lock-off process.