CONCLUSION:

After performing the experiment and obtaining data, the group members conclude the following:
In the SCR using DC source, the holding current is the minimum current that conducts the SCR. The break over
voltage is the voltage that the SCR starts to latch.
In SCR using AC, at the start of each positive half-cycle the SCR is off. On the application of the gate pulse triggers
the SCR into conduction and remains fully latched on for the duration of the positive cycle. If the thyristor is triggered
at the beginning of the half-cycle, the LED will be on for the full positive cycle of the AC waveform half-wave
rectified.
In Quadrac, once the triac has been fired into conduction, it is maintained in its on state by the load current flowing
through it, while the voltage across the resistor–capacitor combination is limited by the on voltage of the triac and is
maintained until the end of the present half-cycle of the AC supply. At the end of the half cycle the supply voltage
falls to zero, reducing the current through the triac below its holding current, IH turning it off and the diac stops
conduction. The supply voltage then enters its next half-cycle, the capacitor voltage again begins to rise (this time in
the opposite direction) and the cycle of firing the triac repeats over again.
In UJT, when a input voltage (Vs) is firstly applied, the unijunction transistor is off and the capacitor C1 is fully
discharged but begins to charge up exponentially through resistor R3. As the Emitter of the UJT is connected to the
capacitor, when the charging voltage Vc across the capacitor becomes greater than the diode volt drop value, the p-n
junction behaves as a normal diode and becomes forward biased triggering the UJT into conduction. The unijunction
transistor is on. At this point the Emitter to Base 1 impedance collapses as the Emitter goes into a low impedance
saturated state with the flow of Emitter current through R1 taking place. When the voltage across the capacitor
decreases below the holding point of the p-n junction , the UJT turns off and no current flows into the Emitter junction
so once again the capacitor charges up through resistor R3 and this charging and discharging process between voltage
when on and voltage when off is constantly repeated while there is a supply voltage, Vs applied.
In PUT, when using gate, the PUT will conduct when the anode voltage exceeds the reference voltage on Gate
with 0.7V (base emitter voltage drop). Otherwise, the PUT will conduct when the cathode becomes 0.7V lower than
the voltage at Gate. When the voltage is set to a voltage that is 0,7V lower than the voltage at node 1, then it will start
conducting, The transistor combination now latched itself into conduction and will continue conducting. The PUT
will unlatch when the resistor is set so the voltage common anode at R2 becomes close to the supply rail, so no current
can flow through Q1 anymore, or when disconnecting the power supply briefly.
In Opto – Triac, when supply is ON at positive cycle then the current flows through LED, resistors, diac, and gate
and reaches the supply and then only LED glows for that half cycle directly through the M2 and M1 terminal of the
triac. In negative half cycle the same thing repeats. Thus the LED glows in both the cycles in a controlled manner
depending upon the triggering pulses at the opto isolator. Once the LED turned on by triggering the opto – triac by
the voltage connected indirectly to the LED, the LED will continuously conducting even if it is removed to the circuit.

In the shunt voltage regulator, the line regulation is good percentage even if there is a load in the circuit. However,
the load regulation is not so good because of it has poor voltage is constant. Series voltages regulator has better voltage
regulation. However, it is not provides better line regulation.
In the shunt voltage regulator the output voltage is constant. Even at high load currents, it has good voltage
regulation. It has good efficiency for low load current so that it is appropriate for light loads. The control element is
in the shunt connection. So, it is a high voltage low current device. In the series voltage regulator, the output voltages
is not constant. It is connected in series with the load. It has good efficiency for higher load currents so that it is
appropriate for heavy loads. The control element has to carry the load current. So, it is a high current low voltage
device.
In series voltage regulation, a sampling circuit produces a feedback voltage to output voltage and this voltage is
compared to a reference voltage. The output of the circuit is the control signal that adjusts the operating state of the
control element. If output voltage decreases, due, for example, to an increased load, then the comparator produces an
output that causes the control element to increase output voltage. In other words, output voltage is automatically
increased until the comparator circuit no longer detects any difference between the reference and the feedback.
Similarly, any tendency of output voltage to increase results in a signal that causes the control element to reduce output
voltage.
In shunt voltage regulators, the control clement maintains a constant load voltage by connecting it from the load.
When the load voltage decreases, the resistance of the control element is made to increase, so less current is diverted
from the load, and the load voltage rises. On the other hand, when the load voltage increases, the resistance of the
control element decreases, and more current is consumed away from the load. From another viewpoint, when the
resistance of the control clement increases, the resistance of parallel combination increases andby voltage-divider
action. the load voltage increases.