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analog signal conversion technique used for transmission of voice information where quality
is not of primary importance. DM is the simplest form of differential pulse-code
modulation (DPCM) where the difference between successive samples are encoded into n-bit
data streams. In delta modulation, the transmitted data are reduced to a 1-bit data stream.
principle of operation:-
Delta modulation was introduced in the 1940s as a simplified form of pulse code
modulation (PCM), which required a difficult-to-implement analog-to-digital
(A/D) converter.
The output of a delta modulator is a bit stream of samples, at a relatively high rate
(eg, 100 kbit/s or more for a speech bandwidth of 4 kHz) the value of each bit
being determined according as to whether the input message sample amplitude has
increased or decreased relative to the previous sample. It is an example of
differential pulse code modulation (DPCM).
Block Diagram :-
Rather than quantizing the absolute value of the input analog waveform, delta modulation
quantizes the difference between the current and the previous step, as shown in the block
diagram in Figure.
The modulator is made by a quantizer which converts the difference between the
input signal and the average of the previous steps. In its simplest form, the
quantizer can be realized with a comparator referenced to 0 (two levels
quantizer), whose output is 1 or 0 if the input signal is positive or negative. It is
also a bit-quantizer as it quantizes only a bit at a time. The demodulator is simply
an integrator (like the one in the feedback loop) whose output rises or falls with
each 1 or 0 received. The integrator itself constitutes a low-pass filter.
This occurs when the sawtooth approximation cannot keep up with the rate-ofchange
of the input signal in the regions of greatest slope.
The step size is reasonable for those sections of the sampled waveform of small
slope, but the approximation is poor elsewhere. This is ‘slope overload’, due to too small a
step.
granular noise
Refer back to Figure 3. The sawtooth follows the message being
sampled quite
well in the regions of small slope. To reduce the slope overload the
step size is
increased, and now (Figure 4) the match over the regions of small
slope has been
degraded.
The degradation shows up, at the demodulator, as increased
quantizing noise, or
‘granularity’.
4-Feedback Mechanism :-
Unlike PCM and DPCM, delta modulation gives the additional benefit of
data delivery feedback to the transmitters. This indicates that systems
designed over delta modulation consider delivery of data bits as the
most important task rather than checking for quality and robustness.
For this reason, delta modulation is only used in voice communications
rather than networks that require quality-intensive images, video and
text data.
1- SBS Application 24 kbps delta modulation
Delta Modulation was used by Satellite Business Systems or SBS for its
voice ports to provide long distance phone service to large domestic
corporations with a significant inter-corporation communications need
(such as IBM). This system was in service throughout the 1980s.