GRD Journals- Global Research and Development Journal for Engineering | Volume 3 | Issue 3 | February 2018

ISSN: 2455-5703

Effect on the Engineering Properties of Pervious

Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with
GGBS
Chandrashekar V C
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Dayananda Sagar College of engineering Bangalore, Karnataka, India

Tejashwini P S Madhu KS
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
Dayananda Sagar College of engineering Bangalore, Dayananda Sagar College of engineering Bangalore,
Karnataka, India Karnataka, India

Deepa T Poornima KB
Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering Department of Civil Engineering
Dayananda Sagar College of engineering Bangalore, Dayananda Sagar College of engineering Bangalore,
Karnataka, India Karnataka, India

Abstract
Pervious concrete which is also known as the no-fines, porous, gap-graded, and permeable concrete and enhance porosity concrete
has been found to be a reliable storm water management tool. By definition, pervious concrete is a mixture of gravel or granite
stone, cement, water, little to no sand (fine aggregate) with or without admixtures. Pervious concrete is traditionally used in Parking
areas, areas with high traffic, walk ways in parks and gardens, Residential streets, Pedestrian walkways and Green houses,
Basketball and volley ball courts etc. In this study experimental investigation is carried out to study the properties of Pervious
Concrete by partial replacing cement with different percentages of GGBS (0%, 20%, 40%, 50%, 60%, and 80%). To achieve
optimum concrete mix various trial mixes are done by varying cement, coarse aggregate, water and super plasticizers. Once getting
the optimum mix, six mix design are done by replacing cement with GGBS at 0%, 20%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 80 %. The pervious
concrete mix is produced by using conventional cementitious materials, aggregates, and water. This concrete is tested for its Fresh
properties such as workability and Hardened Properties such as density, void ratio, compressive strength, and water permeability.
The most important property of pervious concrete is its water permeability. Currently, there is no standard experimental procedure
to determine to this property. A method was therefore developed to determine the water permeability.
Keywords- GGBS, Super Plasticizers, Optimum Mix, Workability Density, Void Ratio, Compressive Strength, Water
Permeability, Binder to Coarse Aggregate Ratio

I. INTRODUCTION

A. General
Conventional normal weight Portland cement concrete is generally used for pavement construction. The impervious nature of the
concrete pavements contributes to the increased water runoff into the drainage system, over-burdening the infrastructure and
causing excessive flooding in built-up areas. Pervious concrete has become significantly popular during recent decades, because
of its potential contribution in solving environmental issues. Pervious concrete is a type of concrete with significantly high water
permeability compared to normal weight concrete. It has been mainly developed for draining water from the ground surface, so
that storm water runoff is reduced and the groundwater is recharged.
Pervious concrete has been developed in the USA in order to meet US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) storm
water regulation requirements. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Concrete Committee (C09) has focused
on this concrete and formed a subcommittee to deal exclusively with pervious concrete production, properties and usage. European
countries have developed pervious concrete, not only for water permeability but also for sound absorption. In Japan, pervious
concrete has been researched for the usage in not only for road surfaces but also to support vegetation along river banks.

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 Effect on the Engineering Properties of Pervious Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with GGBS
(GRDJE/ Volume 3 / Issue 3 / 001)

In 2003, the world’s Portland cement production reached 1.9 billion tonnes as the demand for concrete increases, current
Portland cement production will be substantially increased. Since one tonne of cement production releases 0.93 tonnes of CO2 into
the atmosphere, cement production contributes significantly to global warming which leads to undesirable climate change. Hence
it is essential for the concrete industry to be aware of the consequences of utilising environmentally unfriendly cement.
Many efforts should be made to minimize the use of Portland cement in concrete mixes. In concrete mixes Portland
cement should be partially replaced with a variety of proven supplementary cementitious materials, such as natural pozzolans, fly
ash and ground-granulated blast furnace slag. Substantial use of these cementitious materials will help to produce environmentally
friendly concrete mixes.

B. Properties of Pervious Concrete and Mortar

Strength and permeability of pervious concrete are found to be affected by several factors including binder types, aggregate type,
aggregate grading, mix combination and compaction.

Fig. 1: too little water Fig. 2: proper amount of water Fig. 3: too much water

C. Workability
Even though a few researchers have reported slump values for pervious concrete, the standard slump test is not suitable for pervious
concrete to assess its workability because of lightweight nature of pervious concrete was too small. Tennis et. al. recommended
that workability for pervious concrete should be assessed by forming a ball with the hand to established mouldability of pervious
concrete Mouldability of pervious concrete is quite sensitive to water content, hence the amount of water should be strictly
controlled.

D. Unit Weight (Density)

Due to high porosity, pervious concrete is a lightweight concrete. The unit weight of pervious concrete is between 1,500 kg/m3and
2,200 kg/m3.

E. Porosity (Voids Content Or Void Ratio)

Porosity for pervious concrete is ranged from 15 to 30%. Also, porosity of pervious concrete termed as void content or void ration
in percentage. This high porosity leads to a high permeability for the pervious concrete.

F. Pore Structure of Pervious Concrete

There are three different types of pores in the previous concrete, namely, pores in cement paste, aggregate voids, and air voids.
Gel pores in cement paste are smaller than capillary pores. Capillary porosity is affected by water/cement ratio and age. These
types of pores are either discrete or connected. The air voids are bigger in size and may be connected and responsible for water
permeability. It is mainly influenced by aggregate grading and degree of compaction. Aggregate voids vary in size and may or
may not be connected and depending upon the types of aggregate used.

G. Compressive Strength
Because of the high void content, the compressive strength of pervious concrete is lower than that for conventional concrete. The
average compressive strength of pervious concrete is around 20 MPa, while the lowest strength of 2.5 MPa and the highest strength
of 34.5 MPa are reported. The compressive strength for highly pervious concrete is half or one-third that of conventional concrete.

H. Water Permeability
A wide range of values for water permeability of pervious concrete has been reported. Some researchers have claimed that water
permeability of pervious concrete is 1 mm/s to 5 mm/s, and others have reported the permeability, between 20 mm/s and 45 mm/s.
Hence, the permeability of pervious concrete is typically between 5 mm/s and20 mm/s. The water permeability of pervious concrete
was also reported as the permeability coefficient, intrinsic permeability and hydraulic conductivity.

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 Effect on the Engineering Properties of Pervious Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with GGBS
(GRDJE/ Volume 3 / Issue 3 / 001)

II. METHODOLOGY
Experimental investigation is carried out to study the properties of Pervious Concrete by partial replacing cement with different
percentages of GGBS. To achieve optimum concrete mix various trial mixes are done by varying cement, coarse aggregate, water
and super plasticizers. Once getting the optimum mix, six mix design are done by replacing cement with GGBS at 0%, 20%, 40%,
50%, 60%, 80%.
Table 1: Summarization of mix design ratio

SL NO % OF GGBS BINDER TO COARSEAGGREGATE RATIO

MIX 1 0% 1: 4.841
MIX 2 20% 1: 4.832
MIX 3 40% 1:4.824
MIX 4 50% 1: 4.819
MIX 5 60% 1: 4.815
MIX 6 80% 1: 4.806

A. Details of Experimental Programme

The experimental work has been divided into two stages:
In the first stage of this investigation, preliminary tests are conducted on materials. Standard consistency, initial and final setting
time, soundness, specific gravity and fineness of cement have been determined. Specific gravity, bulk density, water absorption,
flakiness index and fineness modulus have been determined for coarse aggregate.
In the second stage of this investigation, the properties of the hardened concrete containing GGBS of 0%, 20%, 40%,
50%, 60%, 80% as a replacement of cement cube mould of size 150.150.150mm, cylindrical mould of size 150 mm diameter and
300 mm height confirming to IS: 10086-1982, beam mould of size 100mm x 100rnm x 500mm have been used. The properties of
materials used in the present investigation are as shown in Tables3.1, 3.2, 3.3 and 3.4. properties like compressive strength, flexural
strength and split tensile strength have been recorded at 7 days and 28 days of curing. The strength properties of concrete with
particular percentage replacement of cement by GGBS are compared with that of Pervious Concrete which does not contain GGBS.

III. RESULTS

A. Analysis of Concrete Cubes for the Compressive Strength

The concrete cube of size150*150*150mm have been casted for normal mix and also mix with varying GGBS, Percentage (0%,
20%. 40%,50%,60%and 80%)for both ordinary curing. Concrete with mix different proportion. And water cement ratio 0.31 and
Sp content = 0.4% totally 50 numbers of concrete cubes have been tested in order to determine the compressive strength.
Table 2: Summarization of Compressive strength results of pervious concrete
Average comp.
Age of concrete in
Sl. No Of Mix % of GGBS of strength in
Days
N/mm2
0 0% 0
1 7 0% 15.26
28 0% 21.50
0 20% 0
2 7 20% 14.82
28 20% 20.10
0 40% 0
3 7 40% 11.36
28 40% 15.20
0 50% 0
4 7 50% 8.72
28 50% 12.60
0 60% 0
5 7 60% 7.88
28 60% 11.30
0 80% 0
6 7 80% 6.54
28 80% 9.10

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 Effect on the Engineering Properties of Pervious Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with GGBS
(GRDJE/ Volume 3 / Issue 3 / 001)

Fig. 4: Graphical comparison of Average Compressive Strengths of different % replacement of GGBS

Table: 3 Summarization of Split tensile strength results of pervious concrete

Average split tensile
Age of concrete in
Sl. No Of Mix % of GGBS of strength in
Days
N/mm2
1 28 0% 1.56
2 28 20% 1.10
3 28 40% 0.87
28 50% 0.67
5 28 60% 0.638
6 28 80% 0.541

Fig. 5: Graphical comparison of Average Split tensile strength of different % replacement of GGBS

Table 4: Summarization of Flexural strength pervious concrete

Average Flexural
Age of concrete in
SL NO OF MIX % of GGBS of strength in
Days
KN/mm2
1 28 0% 3.13
2 28 20% 3.4
3 28 40% 3.92
4 28 50% 3.57
5 28 60% 3.3
6 28 80% 3.21

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 Effect on the Engineering Properties of Pervious Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with GGBS
(GRDJE/ Volume 3 / Issue 3 / 001)

Fig. 6: Graphical comparison of Average Flexural results of strength of different % replacement of GGBS

Table 5: Graphical comparison of Average Void Ratio of different % replacement of GGBS

of GGBS Volume of voids(ml) Volume of Solids(ml) Void Ratio(%)
0% 1350 3996.4 34.20%
20% 1450 3851.4 37.65%
40% 1400 3901.4 35.88%
50% 1325 3976.4 33.32%
60% 1300 4001.4 32.50%

Fig. 7: Summarization of Void Ratio results of different % replacement of GGBS pervious concrete

Table 6: Graphical comparison of Average Density of Pervious concrete

% of GGBS Avg. Weight(kg) Avg Density(kg/m3)
0% 6.56 1943.71
20% 6.483 1920.88
40% 6.523 1932.74
50% 6.483 1920.88
60% 6.583 1950.52

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 Effect on the Engineering Properties of Pervious Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with GGBS
(GRDJE/ Volume 3 / Issue 3 / 001)

Fig. 8: Summarization of Density results of different % replacement of GGBS

Table 7: Graphical comparison of Average Permeability of Pervious concrete

% of GGBS of Discharge(cm3/s) or (ml/s) Permeability(cm/s)
0% 65.250 0.290
20% 63.675 0.283
40% 60.525 0.269
50% 55.125 0.245
60% 49.500 0.220
80% 41.175 0.183

Fig. 9: Summarization of Permeability results of different % replacement of GGBS

IV. CONCLUSIONS
1) The compressive strength of pervious concrete with 0% and 20% GGBS replacement is almost equal. It decreases gradually
for further increase in replacement percentage of GGBS
2) For 0 and 20% of GGBS, the increase in percentage strength from 7 days to 28 days curing is almost same as that of normal
concrete. But the percentage increase gradually decreases for further increase in GGBS content.
3) The workability and paste content increases for increasing percentage of GGBS
4) The split tensile strength follows the same pattern as compressive strength
5) The flexural strength pattern is observed to be different than that of compressive and split tensile strength. It increase from 0%
GGBS to 40% GGBS and then decreases till 60% GGBS
6) The maximum flexural strength is observed for 40% GGBS mix.
7) The void ratio first increases from 0% to 20% of GGBS, then decreases gradually

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 Effect on the Engineering Properties of Pervious Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with GGBS
(GRDJE/ Volume 3 / Issue 3 / 001)

8) The density of concrete is almost same from 0%GGBS till 50% GGBS, but there is a sharp increase in density for 60% and
80% GGBS
9) Water permeability decreases gradually for increasing % of GGBS

REFERENCES
[1] IS: 10262: 2009. Concrete Mix Proportioning- Guidelines, BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARD, New Delhi.
[2] NRMCA, ―What, Why, and How? Pervious Concrete, ―Concrete in practice series, CIP 38, Silver Spring, Maryland, May 2004, 2pp..
[3] NRMCA, ―Freeze Thaw Resistance of Pervious Concrete,‖ National Ready Mixed Concrete Association, May 2004..
[4] RMC Research Foundation Pervious Concrete Research Compilation: Past, Present and Future.
[5] ACI 522R-10, ―Report on pervious concrete ‖ ACI Committee 522, March 2010”
[6] Concrete Promotional Group inc., ―Handbook for Pervious Concrete Certification in Greater Kansas City‖, CPG Pervious Concrete Certification Program
[7] National Concrete Pavement Technology Centre―Mix Design Development for Pervious Concrete in Cold Weather Climates‖, February 2006.
[8] UltraTech Concrete Pervious, -Report on Permeable Concrete

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