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ASHRAE Qatar Oryx Chapter: 09.04.

2016
Introduction to Design of Car Park ventilation using
JetFans & CFD analysis as QCD
Presented by Paul Mason
Business Development Manager Soler & Palau
AGENDA
Ventilation Fundamentals
Why ventilate?
Where & When Ventilate?
Fire; Risk or Not?

Basic Principles
Ducted System
Impulse Ventilation / JetFan System
How Does It Work?
Comparison Ducted v Impulse / JetFan.

Regulations by Country

Qatar CD FSS requirements


AGENDA
Smoke Control
Road Tunnel
Car Park

Car Fire Heat Release Rate HRR

Impulse Ventilation; Fundamentals for Design


Required Information
Fundamentals for Design

Impulse Ventilation – Comissioning

Fan products

CFD Project examples

Questions
WHY VENTILATE?

POLLUTION,
FIRE SMOKE, FIRE HAZARDS, FIRE SAFETY.
• Pollution:-
Typical pollutant:- Carbon Monoxide CO
A colourless, odourless toxic gas produced by incomplete combustion
of fuels such as petrol and diesel.
Indoor CO guidelines:-
15 minutes: 100mg/m3 86ppm.
1 hour: 35mg/m3 30ppm.
8 hours: 10mg/m3 9ppm.
Source: World Health Organisation (WHO)
Guidelines for indoor air quality, 2009.

For enclosed car parking:-


UK BS 7346-7:2013 refers:- 15 min: 90ppm.
8 hour average: 30ppm.
ASHRAE Handbook refers:- 8 hour: 25ppm.

Other Pollutants:- CO2, NOx, NO2, Soot etc…


Consider:- Is incoming air, FRESH?
 Fire smoke
Fire smoke

• Fire smoke:-
The airborne solid and liquid particulates and
gases evolved when a material undergoes
pyrolysis or combustion, together with the
quantity of air that is entrained or otherwise
mixed into the mass.

Source:
NFPA 92 – 2012, Chapter 3.3.13
ASHRAE Chapter 53
 Fire smoke
Smoke Inhalation
• Smoke inhalation:
Is the primary cause of death in victims of indoor
fires.
It is estimated that 50–80% of fire deaths are the
result of smoke inhalation injuries, including burns
to the respiratory system.
The hot smoke injures or kills by a combination of
thermal damage, poisoning and pulmonary
irritation and swelling, caused by carbon monoxide,
cyanide and other combustion products.
Source: eMedicineHealth

Smoke…causes the most deaths in fires.


Source ASHRAE Chapter 53
 Fire Hazards
Flashover

• Flashover:-
Is the near-simultaneous ignition of most of
the directly exposed combustible material in
an enclosed area. Flashover occurs when the
majority of the exposed surfaces in a space
are heated to their auto-ignition temperature
and emit flammable gases. Flashover
normally occurs at 500°C +

Source: Backdraft and flashover; what's the difference?,


V.Dunn, Deputy Chief, F. D. N. Y. (Ret.), 2011
 Fire Hazards
Backdraft
• Backdraft:-
Is an explosive event at a fire resulting from
rapid re-introduction of oxygen to combustion
in an oxygen-starved environment, for
example, the breaking of a window or opening
of a door to an enclosed space. Backdrafts
present a serious threat to firefighters, even
those with a high level of experience

Source: Backdraft and flashover;


what's the difference?
V.Dunn, Deputy Chief, FDNY. 2011

WHERE & WHEN VENTILATE?


Design Fundamentals:-
Includes one or more of the following
1. Containing the smoke to the zone of fire origin.
2. Maintaining a tenable environment within exit
stairwells for the time necessary to allow
occupants to exit the building.
3. Maintaining a tenable environment within all exit
access and smoke refuge area access paths for the
time necessary to allow occupants to reach an exit
or smoke refuge area.
4. Maintaining the smoke layer interface to a
predetermined elevation in large volume spaces.
Source: NFPA 92: 2012 Chapter 4.1.2.
 Fire safety
Emergency Extract
• Where to use:
– Staircase Pressurization
– Atria
– Car Park
• When to use:
– To assist safe evacuation of occupants
– To assist fire fighter access
• Typical Design guidance:
Europe: BS 7346-7, EN 12101-6, CEN/TR12101-5
USA: NFPA 88A Standard for Parking structures,
NFPA 92 Standard for Smoke Control Systems.
ASHRAE Handbook smoke Control
 Fire safety
Staircase Pressurisation & Atria
Pressure differential:-
• Protection of emergency escape routes
• Create positive pressure to resist smoke
entry to escape route (+50Pa)
• Use of pressure relief to atmosphere to
balance door openings
• Provide sufficient airflow through door
openings to resist smoke flow. (0.75 / 2.0 m/s)
Pressure differential systems
• Design guidance refer EN12101-6:
• NFPA 92.
Large spaces, Atrium:
• Design guidance refer TR12101-5:
• NFPA 92.

FIRE, RISK OR NOT?


 Fire risk?
Real Risk - FIRE
• Place Vendome, Paris, France
• 2012.03.08
• Car park, 35,000m², on 5 floors
• Ducted ventilation, no sprinklers
• 1,400 car spaces
• 40+ cars burnt.
Source: news web
Source: Pompier de Paris
 Fire risk?
Real Risk - FIRE
• Parking del Ensanche, Spain
• 2012.12.24
• Car park, 7,400m² on 3 floors.
• Ducted ventilation, no sprinklers
Source: EITB news web

Source: EITB
 Fire risk?
Real Risk - FIRE
• Car Park, Brighton UK
• 2015.04.04.
• No sprinklers.
Source: Brighton & Hove News web
 Fire risk?
Real Risk - FIRE

• Parking, Tesco supermarket, Oldham, UK


• 2015.07.29
• Fireman;- “Three cars were on fire. The store evacuated
everyone really quickly and thankfully there were no
casualties”
• No sprinklers.

BASIC PRINCIPLES
DUCTED SYSTEM
 Basic Principles
Historical Ducted Car Park Ventilation

Historical use of ducts for extract ventilation.

Fresh air inlet may be uncontrolled


 Basic Principles
Ducted Method

Extract fans 6 -10 ACH


NPV 6 ACH – Normal Pollution Ventilation at high and low level
EXHAUST
FANS  EM 10 ACH – Emergency extract 50% high and 50% low level

DUCT 
50 % air at high level

 Fresh air

 50 % air at
5 ACH 
 low level
LOW LEVEL 
 Basic Principles
Duct Installation

Examples of ducting within car parking


area, to show conflict with other services.
 Basic Principles
Duct Installation

More examples of ducting within car parking area,


to show conflict with other services!
 Basic Principles
Ducted System
• Extract Ducts:
– Take up space
– Increase fan pressure
– May conflict with other services:
• Pipes
• Sprinklers
• Electrical
• Lighting
BASIC PRINCIPLES
IMPULSE VENTILATION SYSTEM
 Basic Principles
Jet Fan System
What is a Jetfan?
Jetfan system
Impulse fan
Induction fan
Thrust fan

Jet Fan

In this presentation all these are referred to as: Jetfan


 Basic Principles
Jet Fan System
Extract fans 6 - 10 ACH or Calculated for Smoke Control
NPV 6 ACH – Normal Pollution Ventilation
EM 10 ACH – Emergency Smoke Clearance
EM Calculated – Emergency Smoke Control

Jet Fan

Fresh air

Jet Fans System – Without Ducting
BASIC PRINCIPLES
IMPULSE VENTILATION SYSTEM
HOW DOES IT WORK?
 Basic Principles
Jet Fan System

• Main Extract Fans provide


– Required Air Changes per Hour (ACH)
– Flow rate per car parking space
– Required Smoke Control extract rate
• Air is drawn in via
– Ramps
– Louvers
– Shafts
– Or supplied by fans
• Jet Fans Induce the air/smoke
towards extract points
 Basic Principles
Jet Fan System – Smoke Clearance

Air is drawn in, and Jetfans local to the fire operate to induce air and smoke toward the extract points
 Potential Benefits
Jet Fan VS. Ducted Ventilation

• No ducting in the parking area


– Reduced fan pressure
– Reduced power consumption (kW)
– Reduced cost
• No ducting to be damaged, cleaned, maintained, or
obstruct other services, piping, electrical, sprinklers…
• More space for parking
• Improved visibility, CCTV, and appearance in parking
area
• May reduce height of car park, saving building cost
• Jetfan ventilation can provide Smoke Clearance, as ducts
• Jetfan ventilation can also be sized for Smoke Control
 Potential Benefits
Jet Fans System – Without Ducting

COMPARISON DUCTED V IMPULSE


 CFD –Technologies Comparison
Car park – Spain comparrison.

Location 2

Location 1

Description: • Radiation 25%


• Fire Simulation in Basement -2 • Fire Size:
• Height: 2.84m • Width 2m
• Floor Area: 1,910 m2 • Length 5m
• Air inlet through interconnecting ramp • Jet fans Delay: 180s (130s after fire ignition)
• Flat Ceiling • CFD End Time: 500s
• Extract points quantity: Variable
 CFD –Technologies Comparison
Ducted System

Description:
• Smoke Clearance – Fire location 2
• 2 Ducts
• 47,530 m3/h to Spain Regulations
• 13 extract grilles of 500 x 300mm
 CFD –Technologies Comparison
Impulse Ventilation System

Description:
• Smoke Clearance – Fire Location 2
• 1 Extract Point
• Extract Airflow 53,960 m3/h (10ACH)
• 1 Extract Grille of 3000 x 1000mm
• 3 x TJHU/2/4-315-BC 0,8/0,2kW F400
• 1 x IFHT-75N 4/8-C 2,2/0,37kW F400
 CFD –Technologies Comparison
Impulse Ventilation System

Descripción:
• Smoke Control – Fire Location 2
• 1 Extract Point
• Extract Airflow 155,000 m3/h
• 1 Extract Grille of 4000 x 2000mm
• 2 x TJHU/2/4-315-BC 0,8/0,2kW F400
• 4 x IFHT-75N 4/8-C 2,2/0,37kW F400

CFD – TECHNOLOGIES COMPARISON


FIRE LOCATION 2
 CFD –Technologies Comparison
Ducted System – Smoke clearance

Main Conclusions
• Low air velocities on the right side
• Low Visibility
Visibility • High Temperature

Velocity

Temperatures
 CFD – Comparación Tecnologías
Impulse Ventilation System
Smoke clearance

Visibility

Velocity

Main Conclusions:
• No significant stagnant air areas
• Homogeneous Visibility
Temperatures • Lower Upstream Temperature
 CFD –Technologies Comparison
Impulse Ventilation System
Smoke Control

Visibility

Velocity

Temperatures

Main Conclusions:
• No stagnant areas
• Visibility more than 10m
• Temperature lower than 60° C
• Firefighter access from lower left stair
REGULATIONS BY COUNTRY
DESIGN & ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

Ventilation requirements by country


Regulation Ventilation NPV Pollution Smoke EM Temp deg C
Europe
UK BS 7346-7:2013 6 ac/h CO 30ppm-8h 10 ach 300 / 1h
CO 90ppm-15min

ROW
Bahrain 6 ac/h 10 ach 300 / 1h
Dubai DCD 6 ac/h 10 ach 300 / 1h
DCD 6 ac/h Performance Based
Oman 6 ac/h 10 ach 300 / 1h
Qatar NFPA 88A 300L/min/m2
ASHRAE ch15 6 ac/h CO 25ppm
QCD FSS 6 ac/h 10 ach 300 / 2h Ducted systems - Smoke Clearance
QCD FSS 6 ac/h Performance based 300 / 2h Jetfan systems - Smoke Control
Jordan 6 ac/h 10 ach
Egypt 6 ac/h 8 ach 200 / 2h With sprinklers

USA ASHRAE 7.6 l/s / m2 CO 25ppm-8h


CO 35ppm-1h
USA NFPA 5 l/s / m2 300 l/min / m2 NFPA 88A 2011
QATAR CD FSS REQUIREMENTS

Qatar CD GA 7.0 : Guidelines Annex – Ventilation and Smoke Control
4.7 Car Parks
4.7.1-3 Car park ventilation systems employing thrust fans shall be confirmed
through performance based analysis. The use of CFD fire modeling and the
following input parameters shall be considered in the design.
4.7.1-4 Design fire size: 4 MW (2m x 5m) with automatic sprinklers
8 MW (5m x 5m without sprinklers
4.7.1-6 Design fire: Flaming polyurethane
4.7.1-7 Design fire: Most onerous location
4.7.1-8 Acceptance criteria 1.8m above floor, 10m radius of fire, 20 minutes.
a) Minimum 10m visibility upstream
b) Temperature of smoke layer not exceed 60°C
4.7.1-9 CFD simulation must be minimum 30 mins
grid size max 0.2 x 0.2 x 0.2m within 10m of fire, and max 0.4 x 0.4 x 0.4m
elsewhere
4,7.1-10 Sensitivity study for loss of Jetfan.

FIRE SMOKE CONTROL

EXAMPLE ROAD TUNNEL


 Basic Principles
Smoke control - Road Tunnels

Smoke Velocity (Vs) Typical 1 – 1.5 m/s

where: Tunnel: 10m (w) x 5m (h)


Car Fire 8MW
• Based on Heselden’s method of predicting smoke velocity
• Refer: ASHRAE Handbook Chapter 15.
NFPA 502,
 Basic Principles
Smoke control - Road Tunnels

Energy from fire Jet Fan


Smoke Velocity (Vs) moves smoke Velocity > 18m/s

JETFAN
Vs = 2.8m/s

Induced air

CAR FIRE – 3MW

Critical velocity of 1 - 1.5m/s


FIRE SMOKE CONTROL

CAR PARK
 Basic Principles
Smoke control – Car parks

Inlet air via ramp

Ps

Extract Fans
Fire-fighters
access

Smoke Perimeter

For Car Park the tunnel theory is adapted to take Ps to be Smoke Perimeter
 Basic Principles
Smoke control – Car parks

Inlet air via ramp

Extract Fans
Fire-fighters
access

Smoke Perimeter

Fire fighter access to within 10m in tenable conditions


BASIC PRINCIPLES – SMOKE CONTROL

HOW MUCH HEAT AND SMOKE IS PRODUCED BY A


CAR FIRE?
 Fire smoke
Calculation of the rate of fire smoke
production

M
M

Y
P

where: M = CePY3/2
M = Mass rate of smoke production (kg/sec) = 11.62
P = Perimeter of fire (m) 14m
Y = Height of smoke layer (m) 2.5m
Ce = Constant 0.19 / 0.21 / 0.34
Source: BRE 368:Large Plume Model
 Smoke Control
Calculate Smoke Volume Flow

where:
c = 1.012 [kW / (kg·K)]
Q = convective heat release rate [kW]
M = mass of smoke production [kg/s]
θ = temperature of smoke layer, above ambient [K]

Smoke production (kg/s) x Absolute smoke layer temp (K)


Volume of smoke (m³/s) 
1.22 kg/m³ x Absolute ambient temp (K)
where:
• Effective height of Car Park = 3 m
• Effective height of Clear Layer Y = 2.5 m
• Fire perimeter P = 14 m source GA _7.0 or BS 7346-7:2013

• Design Fire size HRR = 4MW source GA_7.0 or BS 73467:2006 (with sprinklers)

• Radiation to structure ? To obtain Convective heat flow in gas kW


• Absolute ambient temp (K) ? = 273 + 46 = 319K
 Smoke Control
Calculate Smoke Volume Flow

Smoke production (kg/s) x Absolute smoke layer temp (K)


Volume of smoke (m³/s) 
1.22 kg/m³ x Absolute ambient temp (K)

where:
• Effective height of Car Park = 3 m
• Effective height of Clear Layer Y = 2.5 m
• Fire perimeter P = 14 m source GA _7.0 or BS 7346-7:2013

• Design Fire size HRR = 4MW source GA_7.0 or BS 73467:2006 (with sprinklers)

• Convective Radiation to structure


• Absolute ambient temp (K) = 273 + 46 = 319K

• Volume of smoke = 16.84 m³/s


• Absolute smoke layer = 557K (557 – 273 = 284° C)
• Refer:- H Morgan Technical paper – formulas, NFPA 92, ASHRAE Handbook

Actual car fire tests

Source: BRE Report Fire spread in car parks BD 2552: 2010


Fire Testing
HRR VS. time

Source: UK CLG / BRE report BD2552 Fire spread in car parks.


Fire Test
Test 1 – 3 cars, no sprinklers

Source: UK CLG / BRE research 2006-9

Test 1: 16MW @ 21 min from ignition

Heat Release Rate (HRR)


Fire Test
Test 2 – 3 cars, sprinklers

Source: UK CLG / BRE research 2006-9

Test 2:
• <1MW @ 41 min from ignition
• 7MW @ 54 min from ignition

Heat Release Rate (HRR)


CAR PARK IMPULSE VENTILATION

FUNDAMENTALS FOR SMOKE CONTROL


 Fundamentals for Design
Required Information

• AutoCAD Drawings
– Layout
– Sections
• Down-stand obstructions
• Sprinklers system
• Identify aceptable extract / supply air points.

• Zoning (virtual / physical)


• Fireman access points
 Pre Study (PS)
Final Design

• Impulse fans location according to:


a. Geometry
b. Supply points
c. Exhaust points

Exhaust
Supply
 Fundamentals for Design
Partial Design

• Analysis of inputs:
a. Geometry:
a. Surface
b. Height
c. Obstructions
b. Mark locations:
a. Ramps
b. Supply Points
c. Exhaust Points
d. Suggest if N/E
c. Suggest / Consider: Exhaust
a. Zoning (Physical / Virtual)
b. Openings Supply
c. Escape routes
d. Access for fire-fighters Airflow
 Desgin Criteria
Boundary Conditions

• FA and EA should not be too close

– Avoid short-circuit

– Avoid non natural


air movement

– Avoid risk of outflow, or


compromising ramps

If unable to achieve acceptable cross flow ventilation, to allow


fireman access, or air flow rate, then maybe not possible for
Smoke Control ?
 Fundamentals for Design
Control the System

• Jet Fans Activation System


– Manual
– Timer
– Pollution Detection System
• Low Pollution
• High Pollution
– Fire Detection System
• Smoke
• Rapid Temperature Rise
• Multicriteria
• Jet fans Operation System – Delay?

Calculation :-

Now consider Car Park Calculation :-

Refer Technical paper:-


Extending the principles of Impulse Ventilation in
Tunnels to apply to smoke control in car parks.
H.P. Morgan
http://www.bse.polyu.edu.hk/researchCentre/Fire_Engineering/summary_of_
output/journal/IJEPBFC/V6/p.53-71.pdf
Also NFPA 502
 Calculate air / smoke flow
Extract Fans’ Airflow

Real Test

Smoke reservoir
M = CePY3/2

Flat Ceiling

Smoke Advance Nose Longitudinal


Production Velocity Beams

Transversal
Beams

NFPA 502

Advance Nose Velocity + JF  a .v 2


Fr ² 
cooling effect  s   a .g.h
CAR PARK IMPULSE VENTILATION

COMISSIONING
 Jet Fan Operation
Real Fire Tests: IKEA, Caen
Cold Smoke Tests: San Mames, Bilbao

http://www.youtube.com/user/SyPVentilation?feature=mhsn#p/u/5/pj-ScGU_TX8
TYPICAL FAN PRODUCTS FOR CAR PARK
VENTILATION
 Product

Qatar requirement:-

QCD FSS 1.1 Basic Requirements, Item 19.0. 28.06.2010


Temperature rating of fans for Smoke Control Systems

“Smoke control fans must be


UL Listed, FM approved, CE mark or LPC certified”

“Fans must be capable of operating at minimum


250°C for 2 hours”
 Product

QCD FSS 1.1 Basic Requirements Item 19.0


Temperature rating of fans for Smoke Control Systems
UL Listed, FM approved:
Unable to identify an applicable test for powered
ventilation fans.
UL 793 refers to “automatically operated roof vents”
Refer: UL web
http://ulstandards.ul.com/standard/?id=793
FM has no entry for powered ventilating fan.
Refer: FM web http://www.fmapprovals.com/

ASHRAE 149-2000 applicable?


 Product

QCD FSS 1.1 Basic Requirements Item 19.0


Temperature rating of fans for Smoke Control Systems

EN 12101-3 is specifically for


“Smoke and heat control systems. Specification for
powered smoke and heat exhaust ventilators”
This is a series of prescribed tests by an independent
Test house to approve a range of products.
This is mandatory in Europe to obtain CE mark.
This is mandatory to obtain LPC listing.
 Product

EN 12101-3
• Applicable to powered smoke and heat control ventilators.
• Typical JetFan test is completely submerged in the furnace.
• Independent test of highest stressed samples from range.
• After 15 mins, switch off fan for 2 min, then restart.
• Typical test temperatures: F200, F250, F300, F400
• Ongoing inspection of factory production.
• Certification enables use of:-
 Product
• Applicable to:- Fan Types

• Axial,
• Centrifugal,
• Roof,
• JetFans,
 Product

Typical EN 12101-3 Independent test approval:-


The following examples are made with:-

Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) and Smokeview (SMV) has


been developed by NIST – USA.
FDS is a large-eddy simulation (LES) code for low-speed flows,
with an emphasis on smoke and heat transport from fires.
SMV is a visulization program used to display the output of
FDS and CFAST simulations
Refer validation test reports from NIST and 3rd parties
Refer https://pages.nist.gov/fds-smv/index.html

There are other CFD tools that may also be suitable.


The user should ensure that any tool used is validated for
application, especially if used for smoke analysis.

CFD is a powerful, rapidly evolving tool used for the


prediction and analysis of fluid flows. The technique is
able to provide a time-dependent three dimensional
approximate solution to the highly coupled differential
equations that govern fluid flows.
However, a number of assumptions and approximations
are made throughout.

Source: HSL Buxton, UK – Guidance for HSE Inspectors.

“poor information in = poor information out”


Key points for assessing CFD results:-

The practitioner must have an in-depth understanding of


mechanical ventilation, CFD, fire and smoke dynamics.
The CFD code employed should be validated for
application to fire and smoke movement.
The level of geometric detail represented should include
anything that might significantly affect the flow.
The design of the computational grid – disposition of grid
cells and their size should be based on an understanding of
the key flow phenomena and experience.
Boundary conditions, Smoke transport…..
Source: HSL Buxton, UK – Guidance for HSE Inspectors.

“poor information in = poor information out”


Example CFD projects for Smoke Control:-


Future?

Future: stacker systems?


Technical paper H Morgan:-
http://www.bse.polyu.edu.hk/researchCentre/Fire_Engineering/summary_of_outpu
t/journal/IJEPBFC/V6/p.53-71.pdf

QUESTIONS?

Introduction to Design of Car Park ventilation using


JetFans & CFD analysis as QCD
Presented by Paul Mason
Business Development Manager Soler & Palau

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