01-Principles of Absorption Chiller Systems1

Absorption Cooling Systems
H
How can a heat cool? [1]
h l? [1]
P f Ah d F El ft
Prof. Ahmed F. Elsafty
Head of Mechanical Engineering Department
College of Engineering and Technology
College of Engineering and Technology
Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport
E‐mail: elsafty@hotmail.com
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Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty ‐ ASHRAE 2011
Course contents
Course contents
• Terminology
• Basic Cycles
Basic Cycles
• Water‐Lithium Bromide Absorption Technology
• Special Applications
• Evolving Concepts
Evolving Concepts
• Alternative Absorption Working Fluids
Air conditioning needs:
Air conditioning needs:
• Maximizing comfort,
• Minimizing energy consumption
Minimizing energy consumption
Air conditioning systems

Air conditioning systems
Mechanical [Electrically] Driven
[Vapor Compression System‐ VCS]
Non Mechanical [Thermally] Driven
Non Mechanical [Thermally] Driven
[Gas cooling System‐ VAS].
Space to be
Conditioned Exhaust air
Supply
air Return
Heating Coil
Cooling Coil air
Filter
Fan
OA
Chilled
Water
Evaporator
Exp.
Comp
Comp. Valve
V l
Condenser
Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty
Elements of HVAC System
Elements of HVAC System
Central Hydronic Air Conditioning System
Central Hydronic Air Conditioning System
Air Conditioning Central System
g y
Hot water return Exhaust air Return air

Flue gases Steam
Alternative Heating
Hot water supply Air damper
Prefilter
Air Handling Unit [AHU]
Fuel&air Cooling coil
Steam generator Condensate Heating coil
Outside air Supply air

Hot water pump
Boiler pump
Alternative hot water system Air Handling Unit (AHU) Air humidifier
Supply air fan
Air cooled condenser Flue gases
Hot water return
Cold water return
Alternative cooling
Cold water supply
Fuel&air Heating System
To other AHU
Hot water supply
Hot water boiler

Cold water pump
Cold water pump
Chilling unit Alternative Chilling
g unit
Chilling unit
Condensing water to cooling tower Cooling System

Cold water return
Condensing water from tower
Cooling tower Cold water supply To other AHU
Condensing water pump Chilled water pump
Chillers
• Throughout this presentation, we refer to
absorption units as chillers because the
absorption units as chillers because the
vast majority of units operate above 5oC.
• We will also consider:
– VAS = Vapour Absorption System
p p y
– VCS = Vapour Compression System.
• Chillers are a key component of air conditioning systems for
large buildings
large buildings .
• There are several types and designs of chillers to serve every
purpose and application with the most efficiency point and
purpose and application with the most efficiency point and
suitable cost depend on the use .
Introduction
Chiller definition
• A
A chiller
chiller is a machine that removes heat from
is a machine that removes heat from
a liquid via a vapor‐compression or absorption
refrigeration cycle etc
refrigeration cycle...etc.
Mechanical Compression
Mechanical Compression
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
1 Mechanical Chillers
1. Mechanical Chillers
– Reciprocating Chillers
– Centrifugal Chillers
– Helical Rotary Chillers
– Scroll chillers
Scroll chillers
2. Non Mechanical [Absorption Chillers]
V
Vapor-compression
i ( El
Electric
t i ) chiller
hill
The air passing the AHU cooling

coil is cooled and distributed
through ducts to cool the Air
Conditioned zones
Air cooled chiller
Compressor
Chilled Water Out
nser
nger
AHU
at
Conden
Fan
n
Exchan
Hea
Air
Refrigerant Cooling Air
Coil
E
C
Chilled Water In
E.V
CHILLER UNIT
Water Cooled Chiller
Cooling Water Pump Compressor

Chilled Water Out
denser
hanger
AHU
Heat
Refrigerant Cooling
g Air
Cond
Exch
Coil
Chilled Water In
E.V
Water Cooled Chiller
Cooling Tower Compressor

Chilled Water Out
denser
hanger
AHU
Heat
Refrigerant g
Cooling Air
Cond
Exch
Coil
Chilled Water In
Cooling Tower Pump
E.V
Liquid Chilling System
Liquid Chilling System
Simple Chiller Schematic
Simple Chiller Schematic
Reciprocating Compressor Refrigeration system
A dual chiller application with major auxiliary
systems (courtesy of Carrier Corporation)
Pressure gauge (indicator)
Pressure gauge (indicator)
• Pressure gauges
(indicators) have 25.5 bar = -10 °C
two scales
– Pressure (black‐
(
scale)
– Saturation
temperature
(red‐scale)
A pressure gauge is
refrigerant
e ge a t spec
specific
c
Refrigerant property plot
Pressurre
Saturation
curve
Liquid
Mixture of
Vapour
Liquid + Vapour
Specific
100 %  Liquid fraction  0 % enthalpy
th l
(energy content)
ssure
Liquid
Pres
CONDENSATION
Mixture of
Liquid + Vapour
(saturated)
EVAPORATION
Vapour
Specific enthalpy
(energy
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty content)
Log(p),h-diagram
Constant
enthalpy
Constant
temperature
Constant
C t t
pressure
Constant
C t t Constant
density specific
entropy
Curve types:
Isobars Isotherms Isochors Isenthalps
Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty Isentropes
Refrigeration Cycle on the mollier Diagram
or p‐h chart
ssure
Pres
3 2
4 1
Specific enthalpy
(energy
Vapour compression cycle
p p y
QC = QE + W CONDENSER
sure
Press
3 2
EXPANSION W
DEVICE
4 1 COMPRESSOR
Specific enthalpy
EVAPORATOR QE
Vapour compression cycle
p p y
CONDENSER
SUBCOOLING
TSC = TC – T3
2
3 TC
COMPRESSOR
TE 1
EXPANSION 4 SUPERHEAT
DEVICE
TSH = T1 – TE
EVAPORATOR
Main components
Main components
ssure
Condenser
Expansion
valve
Pres
3 2
4 1
Co p esso
Compressor
Evaporator Specific enthalpy

(energy
The compressor
The compressor
The task of the compressor is to increase the pressure of the
superheated vapour coming from the evaporator so that it can be
condensed via a normal available media such as air or water
condensed via a normal available media such as air or water.
The discharge pressure ( condensing pressure ) is solely determined
through the medium ( water / air ) used in the condenser. The
condensing pressure is not determined by the compressor
condensing pressure is not determined by the compressor.
The capacity of the compressor is normally controlled by the suction
pressure. Capacity control can be performed via cut‐in / cut‐out of
cylinders or by controlling the speed of the electric motor.
li d b lli h d f h l i
On very small plants the compressor is normally controlled synchronously
with the thermostat, without capacity control.
Compressor types
Compressor types
• Reciprocating (piston)
Reciprocating Compressor
Reciprocating Compressor
• The reciprocating compressor was the
workhorse of the small chiller market for
many years.
• It was typically available in capacities up to
It was typically available in capacities up to
100 tons [350 kW].
• Multiple compressors were often installed in a
single chiller to provide chiller capacities of up
single chiller to provide chiller capacities of up
to 200 tons [700 kW].
Wobble Plate [Swash Plate]
Wobble Plate [Swash Plate]
Compressor types
Compressor types
• Rotary
Scroll compressor
Scroll compressor
Red part is orbiting

Green part is stationary
Ref.: Jens Gravesen, Christian Henriksen
The Geometry of the Scroll Compressor
Scroll Compressors
Scroll Compressors
• Scroll compressors have emerged as a popular alternative to
ll h d l l
reciprocating compressors, and are generally available in hermetic
configurations incapacities up to 15 tons [53 kW] for use in water chillers.
As with reciprocating compressors, multiple scroll compressors are often
used in a single chiller to meet larger capacities.
• In general scroll compressors are 10 to 15 percent more efficient than
In general, scroll compressors are 10 to 15 percent more efficient than
reciprocating compressors and have proven to be very reliable, primarily
because they have approximately 60 percent fewer moving parts than
reciprocating compressors
reciprocating compressors.
• Reciprocating and scroll compressors are typically used in smaller water
chillers, those less than 200 tons [700 kW].
Scroll compressor
Scroll compressor
Reference: www.danfoss-maneurop.com
p
http://cc.danfoss.com/SW/Product_presentation/en/AirConditioning/Performer/Performer_Working.htm
Ref.: Jens Gravesen, Christian Henriksen
The Geometry of the Scroll Compressor
Compressor types screw
Compressor types ‐
Screw Compressor
Screw Compressor
Helical rotary (or screw) compressors
Helical‐rotary (or screw) compressors
• Helical‐rotary (or screw) compressors have been
used for many years in air compression and low‐
temperature‐ refrigeration applications.
• They are now widely used in medium‐sized water
chillers, 50 to 500 tons [175 to 1,750 kW].
e e sc o co p esso , e ca o a y co p esso s
• Like the scroll compressor, helical‐rotary compressors
have a reliability advantage due to fewer moving
p
parts, as well as better efficiency than reciprocating
, y p g
compressors.
Screw Chiller
Screw Chiller
YORK Rotatune
screw compressor Dr. Ahmed Farouk Elsafty
Compressor types centrifugal
Compressor types ‐
Also called
turbo compressor
Centrifugal Compressor
Centrifugal Compressor
Centrifugal Chiller
Centrifugal Chiller
Centrifugal Compressors
Centrifugal Compressors
• Centrifugal compressors have long been used in
larger water chillers.
• High efficiency, superior reliability, reduced sound
levels, and relatively low cost have contributed to the
popularity of the centrifugal chiller.
e uga co p esso s a e ge e a y a a ab e
• Centrifugal compressors are generally available in
prefabricated chillers from 100 to 3,000 tons [350 to
10,500 kW], and up to 8,500 tons [30,000 kW] as
, ], p , [ , ]
built‐up machines.
Compressors enclosure
Compressors ‐
Open
p
– Motor outside shell
– Shell can be opened
Shell can be opened
Semi hermetic
Semi-hermetic
• Motor inside shell
• Shell can be opened
Hermetic
• Motor inside shell
• Shell can’t
can t be opened
Hermetic compressors
Hermetic compressors
Reciprocating + scroll
Reciprocating
Condensing units
Semi hermetic compressors
Semi‐hermetic compressors
Open compressors
Open compressors
Compressor types
Compressor types
Turbo Comprressors
Screw Compressors
Scroll Compressors
Piston Compressors
Piston Open
p
Piston Semi-hermetic
Piston Hermetic
Increasing TR or KW
Available chiller capacities
Available chiller capacities
• Up to 25 Tons: Reciprocating and Scroll
• 25 to 200 tons: Screw and Reciprocating
25 to 200 tons: Screw and Reciprocating
• 200 to 800 tons: Screw or Centrifugal
• Above 800 tons: Centrifugal
Pressure ‐ Enthalpy Chart
Pressure
Liquid - Vapor
Mix
Enthalpy
Pressure Enthalpy Chart
Pressure
Condenser
Metering
Device Compressor
Evaporator
Enthalpy
Pressure
Refrigerant rejects heat to
atmosphere
Condenser
Metering
Device Compressor
Evaporator Refrigerant absorbs heat from
load
Enthalpy
Pressure
Cooling
Tower
27
35°
13°
6°C
Enthalpy
Principle of Operation
Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty - ASHRAE 2009

Basic Working Principles of the Absorption Cycle
Basic Working Principles of the Absorption Cycle
• Principle
Principle I:
I: Boiling point of Water is
Boiling point of Water is
directly proportional to the Pressure
– One Atm. (14.6 PSI = 760 mmHg = 30 in
( g
Hg)212 F = 100oC
– 0.125 PSI = 6 mmHg = 0.24 in Hg 38.7 F
= 3.7oC
• Principle II: Lithium Bromide {LiBr}
h
has a strong affinity towards water
t ffi it t d t
– Higher the Concentration of LiBr, more
is the absorptivity
is the absorptivity
– Lower the Temperature of LiBr, more is
the absorptivity
Principle of Operation:
Refrigerants: boiling point
• Water vapour pressure
Water vapour pressure
– different boiling points 3000 m
89°C
• +89 °C
°
• at 675 mbar
– 3000 m above sea level
b l l
• Water vapour pressure
– normal boiling point
• +100 °C 100°C
• at 1013 mbar
– pressure at sea level Sea level

P i i l off Operation
Principle O ti
(a) Absorption process occurs in right vessel causing cooling effect in the other;
(b) R f i
(b) Refrigerant separation process occurs in the right vessel as a result of
i i h i h l l f
additional heat from outside heat source.

Basic principle of vapour absorption systems
Basic principle of vapour absorption systems
Vapor Compression
Vapor Compression
Evaporator
Cold
Refrigerant
Liquid
Cold
Refrigerant
Vapor
Chilled Water Loop

Vapor Compression
Vapor Compression
Hot Refrigerant
g
Vapor
Motor Compressor
p
Evaporator
Cold
Refrigerant
Cold Liquid
Refrigerant
Vapor
Chilled Water Loop
Vapor Compression
Vapor Compression
Cooling Tower
Tower
Water
Loop
Hot Refrigerant Condenser
Vapor
Motor Compressor
Evaporator
Cold
Refrigerant
Cold
Liquid
Refrigerant
Vapor
Chilled Water Loop
Vapor Compression
Vapor Compression
Cooling Tower
Tower
Water
Loop Hot
Hot Refrigerant R fi
Refrigerant
t
Condenser Liquid
Vapor
Motor Compressor Expansion Valve
Evaporator
Cold
Refrigerant
Cold
Liquid
Refrigerant
Vapor
Chilled Water Loop
Ab
Absorption Cycle
ti C l
Cooling
g Tower
Condenser
Absorption Cycle
Chemical Compressor Expansion Valve
Evaporator
p
Absorption Cycle
Absorption Cycle Cooling Tower
Generator Condenser
Solution Pump Expansion Valve
Absorber Evaporator
p
Cold Refrigerant
Hot Refrigerant
Lithium Bromide
Absorption Cycle
p y Cooling Tower
Chemical Compressor
p
Generator Condenser
Solution Pump Expansion Valve
Absorber Evaporator
p
Cold Refrigerant
Hot Refrigerant
Lithium Bromide
Pressure
Metering Device
‐ Thermal expansion valve
In refrigeration gas
units
it
- Orifice Device
In Absorption Units
Enthalpy
History
Hi
History of Absorption Cooling System
f Ab i C li S
• 1859 Ferdinand Carre receives U.S. patent on
Absorption Cycle
• 1927 Albert Einstein licensed his absorption
cycle to Servel
cycle to Servel
• 1970s Absorption cycle exported to Japan
where it flourished
where it flourished
• 1990s Desiccant Dehumidification enters the
market.
k
• 2000 Trend shifts to focus on Co‐Generation &
CHP
Questions?
Mechanical Engineering Department
Arab Academy for Science, Technology &
Maritime Transport
POBox: 1029 Alexandria
Elsafty@hotmail.com

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Absorption Cooling Systems

Air conditioning systems

Hot water return Exhaust air Return air

Outside air Supply air

Hot water boiler

Condensing water to cooling tower Cooling System

Condensing water pump Chilled water pump

The air passing the AHU cooling

Cooling Water Pump Compressor

Cooling Tower Compressor

Evaporator Specific enthalpy

Red part is orbiting

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty - ASHRAE 2009

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty - ASHRAE 2009

Dr. Ahmed F. Elsafty - ASHRAE 2009

Chilled Water Loop

Motor Compressor Expansion Valve

Solution Pump Expansion Valve

Solution Pump Expansion Valve

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