EXP12 NPN Transistor As An Amplifier

Middle Technical University Electronics Lab.
Electrical Engineering Technical College 2nd Stage

Electrical Power Technical Engineering Dept. Mohammed D. Altamemi
Experement-12
NPN Transistor as Amplifier
12-1 Object:
To know the different transistor polarization and how that effect on the
transistor operation, and to know how we can use the NPN transistor in active region
as an amplifier.
12-2 Theory:
The general operation of the transistor is in linear circuits. One example of this
is the amplifiers circuits, which increase the amplitude of an alternating input signals.
Before alternating signal could be applied to the transistor, it should be

established an operating point of the transistor, Q, usually in the half point of the load
line. So that the circuit is maintained linear, the current and voltage fluctuations
should not pass the transistor to the saturation or cut off region. The operating point
Q, and βCC changing them values depending on transistor current and temperature, as
an example βCC can have a variation 9:1 with current and temperature.
12-2-1 Transistor Polarization:

There are several transistor polarizations to reduce the effect of increasing in
βCC value.
12-2-1-1 Base Polarization:
This polarization is used in digital circuits, where the transistor is used in cut-off
and saturation only. The base source is the same as the one of the collector, as in
figure (12-1).
figure (12-1) Base Polarization
12-2-1-2 Emitter Feedback Polarization:
This circuit is shown in figure (12-2). The idea is to try to use the voltage
between the resistor terminals to compensate the βCC changes.
MD
The problem of this assembly is that, to be effective, it needs an emitter resistor

as bigger as possible, when the emitter resistor should be maintained relatively small
to avoid the collector saturation.
figure (12-2) Emitter feedback polariztion
12-2-1-3 Collector Feedback Polarization:
The collector feedback polarization shown in figure (12-3) has many advantage
upon the emitter polarization: the transistor is not saturated, the operating point moves
on the load line as the base resistor decreases but this never reaches to saturation, so
the resistor was very low.
figure (12-3) collector feedback polarization
12-2-1-4 Voltage divider Polarization:
This is the most used polarization. If we suppose that the base terminal in figure
(12-4) is opened, we will see a voltage divider whose Thevenin voltage is:
MD
It must be noticed that βCC does not appear in the emitter current formula, which
means that the circuit remains protected against variation this parameter, and that the
Q point is fixed.
figure (12-4) Voltage divider polarization
12-2-2 Introduction to the amplification with transistor:
After we select the Q point of transistor in the middle of load line, a small
alternating current signal can be connected to the base. This produces fluctuations of
the same form and frequency in the collector current. The amplifier is called linear if
it does not change the signal form.
If the input signal is small, the transistor will only use a small part of the load
line and the operation point Q will be linear. On the other hand if the input signal is
too large, the load line fluctuations will excite the transistor to saturation and cut off
and the input signal is greatly distorted.
12-2-3 Coupling Capacitor:
A coupling capacitor permits the step of alternating signal from one point to
another as in figure (12-5). But it will be an open circuit with direct voltage.
Figure (12-5) Coupling Capacitor
12-2-4 Bypass Capacitor:
A bypass capacitor is similar to a coupling capacitor, with the exception that it

connects to ground one point that initially it is not connected to ground, as in figure
MD
(12-6). It is reduce the distortion in output voltage due to amplification by the

transistor.
Figure (12-6) Bypass Capacitor
12-2-5 Superpsition Theorem:
In a transistorized amplifier, the DC source provides fixed current and voltages.

The AC source cause fluctuations on these currents and voltages. The easiest way to
analyze the circuits is the division of the analysis in two parts a DC and AC analysis
by superposition theorem. Figure (10-7a) shows the transistorized amplifier circuit,
and figures
(10-7b) and (10-7c) show the equivalent circuit with DC and AC analysis
respectively. The βCC is the DC collector current ratio and that depends on operation
point Q, the βCC remains specified for a particular IC value.
The value β is an AC collector current ratio.
Figure (12-7) a- transistorized amplifier circuit, b- DC equivalent

circuit, c- AC equivalent circuit
MD
12-2-6 Common Emitter NPN amplifier:
It has connected a small sinusoidal wave to the base, something that causes
variations on the base current. The collector current is an amplified sinusoidal
waveform of the same frequency, due to β. This sinusoidal collector current flows
through the collector resistor and causes an amplified output voltage see figure (10-8).
Due to the AC fluctuation in the collector current, the output voltage in figure (10-8)
varies sinusoidal in the upper and lower part of the static. Notice that the output AC
voltage is inverted concerning to the one of the input, which means that it has a 180o
difference.
For large signals, the operating point varies along the load line. If the signal is
very large, the transistor goes to saturation and cut off, which will clip the negative
and positive signal peaks. The voltage gain of an amplifier is the relationship between
the output AC voltage and the input AC voltage.
Figure (12-8) common emitter NPN amplifier circuit
The AC equivalent circuit of the transistorized amplifier is shown in figure (12-

9), which is the model called Ebers-Moll.
Figure (12-9) the AC equivalent circuit and Ebers-Moll equivalent

circuit
MD
In this model there is:
12-3 Procedures:
Now we will use circuit as shown in figure (12-10). It is considered an amplifier

fixed bias circuit in common emitter configuration with an NPN transistor.
Figure (12-10) Fixed bias common base configuration circuit
Part I: Fixed Bias Circuit

1. Check that Switch J1 is close (on), and switches (J2, J3, J4, and Jac) are opened
(off).
2. Connect the transistor such as in figure (10-10). And adjust the DC voltage
source to (12 V). in this moment, we have polarized the transistor for its later
usage as an amplifier.
3. Measure the voltages in the transistor for this polarization point, by voltmeter
(but them in dc measurement mode) and write down the recorded voltages in
table (12-1).
Table (12-1)
VC (V) VB (V) VE (V)
4. Now we will introduce a small alternating voltage for its amplification, and to do
that you should be close switch (Jac), as shown in figure (12-11).
MD
5. Select a sine wave of 1 KHz frequency and adjust the input voltage signal at (Vp
= 10 mV or 0.01 V) in the signal generator.
Figure (10-11) Fixed bias common base configuration circuit with ac input
6. You will need a two channel oscilloscope to see the input and output waveforms
together, and don't forget to connect the oscilloscope ground to the practice board
ground. And then draw input and output voltage in the same scale.
7. Keep on increasing the input voltage until the output wave begins to be distorted,
record this value.
8. Measure the direct voltages (dc) in the collector with a voltmeter and check that it
has been no change, and record other voltages in table (12-2)
Table (12-2)
Collector voltage (V) Base voltage (V) Emitter voltage (V)
Part II: Voltage Divider Circuit
Now we will analyze an amplifier with polarization through voltage division:

9. Switch the simulation off, and re arrange the circuit as shown in figure (12-12),
with switches (J1, and Jac) are opened (off), and switches (J2, J3, and J4) are
closed (on).
10. Measure the voltage in the transistor for this polarization point with a dc
voltmeter and enter the values in table (12-3).
11. Now we will introduce a small alternating voltage for its amplification, and to do
that you should be close switch (Jac), as shown in figure (12-13).
12. Select a sine wave of 1 KHz frequency and adjust the input voltage signal at (Vp
= 10 mV or 0.01 V) in the signal generator.
13.
MD
Figure (12-12) voltage divider bias, common base configuration circuit

Table (10-3)
Collector voltage (V) Base voltage (V) Emitter voltage (V)
Figure (12-13) voltage divider bias, common base configuration circuit with ac
input
14. Display and draw the input and output waveforms by oscilloscope.
15. Increase the input signal amplitude until the transistor is saturated, and record this
voltage amplitude.
12-4 Discussions:
1. What is the polarization type in figure (12-10)?
MD
A. Base one
B. By emitter feedback
C. By collector feedback
D. By voltage divider
2. Which is the value of the collector voltage at point three and point eleven in
procedure?
3. Which is the peak to peak output voltage for the voltage that interred into
amplifier?
4. What is the approximate value of the maximum input voltage at which is not
distorted by the amplifier in step seven, and step thirteen in procedure?
5. What is the voltage gain in this amplifier at part one and part two of the
experiment?
6. By using the formula that we have seen in the theoretical introduction, calculate
the direct voltage introduced in the base through the voltage divider.
7. When connect the bypass capacitor in parallel with emitter, say how that effect on
the output voltage?
MD

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Middle Technical University Electronics Lab.

Electrical Engineering Technical College 2nd Stage

Before alternating signal could be applied to the transistor, it should be

12-2-1 Transistor Polarization:

figure (12-1) Base Polarization

12-2-1-2 Emitter Feedback Polarization:

The problem of this assembly is that, to be effective, it needs an emitter resistor

figure (12-2) Emitter feedback polariztion

12-2-1-3 Collector Feedback Polarization:

figure (12-3) collector feedback polarization

12-2-1-4 Voltage divider Polarization:

figure (12-4) Voltage divider polarization

12-2-2 Introduction to the amplification with transistor:

12-2-3 Coupling Capacitor:

Figure (12-5) Coupling Capacitor

12-2-4 Bypass Capacitor:

A bypass capacitor is similar to a coupling capacitor, with the exception that it

(12-6). It is reduce the distortion in output voltage due to amplification by the

Figure (12-6) Bypass Capacitor

12-2-5 Superpsition Theorem:

In a transistorized amplifier, the DC source provides fixed current and voltages.

The value β is an AC collector current ratio.

Figure (12-7) a- transistorized amplifier circuit, b- DC equivalent

12-2-6 Common Emitter NPN amplifier:

Figure (12-8) common emitter NPN amplifier circuit

The AC equivalent circuit of the transistorized amplifier is shown in figure (12-

Figure (12-9) the AC equivalent circuit and Ebers-Moll equivalent

In this model there is:

Now we will use circuit as shown in figure (12-10). It is considered an amplifier

Figure (12-10) Fixed bias common base configuration circuit

Part I: Fixed Bias Circuit

Part II: Voltage Divider Circuit

Now we will analyze an amplifier with polarization through voltage division:

Figure (12-12) voltage divider bias, common base configuration circuit

1. What is the polarization type in figure (12-10)?

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