DIRECT SENSING

Sensing Device The Operational Amplifier Output Device

(Op-Amp)
Definition
any device that receives a signal or  Relay
stimulus and responds to it in a An electromagnetic switch
distinctive manner  V+: non-inverting input
operated by a small current in the
 V−: inverting input AOL is the open-loop coil
 Vout: output gain of the amplifier
Sensing Processor Output  VS+: positive power supply
typically very large—
Device Device  VS−: negative power supply 100,000 or more
 Light Emitting Diode
Sensing Components LED starts to conduct when the
1. Piezzo-electric transducer voltage across it is greater than
The Properties of an ideal Op-Amp
a device that uses the about 2 V, although this value
piezoelectric effect, to measure  Infinite open-loop voltage gain  Infinite Bandwith depends on the type of the LED
changes in pressure,  Infinite input resistance (or impedance)  Infinite slew rate used.
acceleration, strain or force by
 Zero output resistance (or impedance)  Zero noise contribution
converting them to an
electrical charge Op-Amp As Comparator
2. LDR (Photoresistor)  The op-amp is comparing V+ and V-
a light-controlled variable
 A comparator circuit can be used to compare two temperature or two light level
resistor. The resistance of a
photoresistor decreases with
Negative Feedback Inverting Amplifier Non-Inverting Amplifier
increasing incident light
intensity

3. Thermistor
a type of resistor whose
resistance varies significantly
with temperature
 Reduces Gain
4. The metal-wire strain gauge
a device used to measure strain  Reduces distortion (increases linearity)
on an object. As the object is  Increases the bandwidth
deformed, the foil is deformed,
causing its electrical resistance  Can control step response of amplifier
to change