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MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION TECHNOLOGY

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5th International Advanced Technologies Symposium (IATS’09), May 13-15, 2009, Karabuk, Turkey
MAGNETIC REFRIGERATION TECHNOLOGY APPLICATIONS ON NEAR-
ROOM TEMPARATURE
Engin GEDİK a, * Muhammet KAYFECİb Ali KEÇEBAŞc Hüseyin KURTd
a, *
Karabük University, Faculty of Technical Education, Karabük, Turkey, egedik@karabuk.edu.tr
b
Karabük University, Vocational School of Karabük, Karabük, Turkey, mkayfeci@karabuk.edu.tr
c
Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Technical Education, Afyon, Turkey, akecebas1980@hotmail.com
d
Karabük University, Faculty of Technical Education, Karabük, Turkey, hkurt@karabuk.edu.tr
Abstract
In this study as a new refrigeration technology interested
and Magnetic Refrigeration based on the magneto-caloric
effect (MCE) has become a promising competitive
technology for the conventional gas-
compression/expansion technique contributed climate
change occured negative environmental effect due to
increasing energy consumption is invastigated. Magnetic
Referigeration is a refrigeration type based on
magnetocaloric effect (MCE). It is well know Gd element is
a magnetic materials given the best magnetocaloric effect
and Gd5Si2Ge2, MnAs1_xSbx, (Mn,Fe)2 (P,As),
andLa(Fe,Si)13 compounds have been used magnetic
materials on magnetic refrigeration technology. It is
possible to make refrigeration under 1K temparatures with
the magnetic refrigeration and liquefaction of hydrogen and
helium. Recently, there have been two breakthroughs in
magnetic-refrigeration researchs: one is that the magnetic
refrigerators on near room temperature,; the other one is
that to discover a new magnetic materials for room-
temperature applications. The new materials are
manganese–iron–phosphorus and arsenic (MnFe(P,As))
alloys. Nowadays rotory and reciprocating type magnetic
refrigerators are exist and studies is going on for the
developments of this refrigeraors.
Keywords: Magmetic refrigeration, magnetocaloric effect,
magnetic materials
1. Introduction
Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from matter
which may be a solid, a liquid, or a gas. Removing heat
from the matter cools it, or lowers its temperature. In the
mechanical refrigeration a refrigerant is a substance
capable of transferring heat that it absorbs at low
temperatures and pressures to a condensing medium; in
the region of transfer, the refrigerant is at higher
temperatures and pressures. By means of expansion,
compression, and a cooling medium, such as air or water,
the refrigerant removes heat from a substance and
transfers it to the cooling medium [1].
It is well known that the efficiency of the conventional gas-
compression/expansion refrigeration system cannot
significantly be improved. Also, for the conventional
refrigeration system, there exist serious concerns for the
environment. Thus, it is necessary and important to
explore other alternative cooling technologies. The
magnetic refrigerator, which has advantages in
refrigeration efficiency, reliability, low noise and
© IATS’09, Karabük University, Karabük, Turkey
environmental friendliness with respect to the conventional
gas refrigerators, is becoming a promising technology to
replace the conventional technique [2].
The study of magnetic refrigeration was started with the
discovery of magnetocaloric effect (MCE) 120 years ago
[3]. It was first discovered by Warburg in 1881. In1890
Tesla [4] and in 1892 Edison independently and
unsuccessfully tried to benefit from this effect by running
heat engines. In1918 Weissand Piccard explained the
magnetocaloric effect. Later Debye and Giauque proposed
a method of magnetic refrigeration for low-temperature
physics in order to obtain sub-Kelvin temperatures. In1933
Giauque and MacDougall successfully verified the method
by experiment. Then it has been used in cryogenic
refrigeration since 1930s. It is maturely used in liquefaction
of hydrogen and helium. In 1976, at Lewis Research
Center of American National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, Brown first applied the magnetic
refrigeration in a room-temperature range [5].
The first ‘‘room temperature magnetic refrigerator’’
containing permanent magnets was designed and built in
2001 in the USA by the Astronautics Corporation [6]. The
early prototypes were able to reach high magnetic flux
densities in the magnetocaloric material only if
superconducting magnets were applied. Research today is
focused on improvements of magnetocaloric materials,
magnets and an optimal design of magnetic refrigerator
devices for room temparature applications [7].
In this study, the concept of magnetocaloric effect is
explained. The development of the magnetic material,
magnetic refrigeration cycles, magnetic field and the
refrigerator of room temperature magnetic refrigeration is
introduced. Finally some typical room temperature
magnetic refrigeration prototypes are reviewed and
showed the best magnetocaloric effect materials are
presented and some important points for room
temparature applications of magnetic refrigeration
technologies are given.
2. Magnetocaloric effect
Warburg first discovered the thermal effect of metal iron
when applying it in a varying magnetic field in 1881. Debye
and Giauque explained the nature of MCE later and
suggested achieving an ultra-low temperature by adiabatic
demagnetization cooling. In recent years, magnetic
refrigeration on the basis of MCE has been greatly
developed in the room temperature range [5].
 Gedik, E. Kayfeci, M. Keçebaş, A. ve Kurt, H.

Magnetic refrigeration relies upon the reversible
temperature change some materials exhibit when exposed
to a changing magnetic field the magnetocaloric effect
(MCE.) In these materials, a significant change in entropy
can be effected by the application or removal of a
magnetic field, and an adiabatic field change is analogous
to an adiabatic pressure change on a gas. By varying the
magnetic field, work is performed and the internal energy
of the system changes. Thus, a differential variation in
internal energy can be accomplished by a magnetic work
interaction given by the product of the applied magnetic
field, H, and the variation in magnetization, m [9]
magnetocaloric effect is modest even near the transition
temperature. Near room temperatures, a material with an
adiabatic temperature change larger than 2 K/Tesla is
unusual. For example, a sample of gadolinium near room
temperature will exhibit a temperature change of
approximately 10 K with the application of a 5 Tesla
magnetic field. Gadolinium is considered one of the best-
known magnetocaloric materials. Until recently, because
the MCE increases with field strength, superconducting
magnets were used almost exclusively in MR devices.
Figure 1 shows experimental data for Gd with a field
change from 0 to 2 Tesla [8].

δw m = Hdm (1) When a magnetocaloric material is subjected to a strong

magnetic field (measured in Tesla, T), the electron spins
Sometimes the magnetocaloric effect is indirectly reported within the material are forced into alignment with the
by isothermal magnetic entropy changes. Researchers can magnetic field. That is, the magnetic field does work to
determine the magnetic entropy change from align the electron spins into what is, thermodynamically, a
magnetization measurements and, using Maxwell’s more highly ordered, lower energy state. The energy
relations for exact differentials of thermodynamic released during this process causes the temperature of the
properties, estimate the magnetocaloric effect. For a material to rise. When the magnetic field is lowered, the
material that has a simple magnetic work mode, the total electron spins return to their more random, higher energy
entropy can be written as a function of temperature, T, state, absorbing heat from the material and causing the
s=s(T,H). A differential change in entropy can be written, temperature to fall. Figure 1 gives an example of the
magnitude of this effect with Gadolinium, a rare-earth
material that exhibits a strong effect and has a Curie
 ∂s   ds  temperature near typical room temperatures. Up to at least
ds =   dT +   dH (2)
 ∂T  H  dH  T moderately strong magnetic fields, the magnetocaloric
temperature increases linearly with the strength of the
applied magnetic field. In addition to Gadolinium, other
where s is the entropy per unit mass. Using the definition
materials exhibiting this effect (including Gadolinium
of heat capacity, the above can be rewritten as, [9]
alloys) have been discovered with Curie temperatures
c H (T, H )  ∂s  (3) covering the range of temperatures usually associated with
ds(T, H) = dT +   dH
T  ∂H  T conventional refrigeration and space cooling applications
[10].
If an isentropic field change is produced, the temperature
change is, [9]

T  ∂s  (4)
dT = −   dH
c H (T, H )  ∂H  T

and using Maxwell’s relations for the equivalence of the

second derivatives, the partial derivative in parentheses
can be replaced to give, [9]

T  ∂m(T, H )  (5)
dT = −   dH
c H (T, H )  ∂T  H

From this simple explanation, one can deduce that a

material with no significant work modes other than
magnetic should have a high ratio of magnetic entropy
change to total entropy to produce a large adiabatic
temperature change. The MCE for a change in magnetic
field from 0 to H is related to Eqn. (5) by, [9]
H T  ∂m(T, H ) 
MCE = − ∫   dH (6)
0 c H (T, H )  ∂T  H
In contemporary materials, the magnetocaloric effect is a
strong non-linear function of temperature. In addition, it is a
function of the magnitude of the field change and the initial
field strength. For most magnetic materials, the
Figure 1. Magnetocaloric effect with gadolinium [10].
In Figure 1, the maximum temperature change induced by
a 2 T magnetic field is only 5°C (9°F). Stronger magnetic fi
elds induce a larger temperature change, at 10 T, the
maximum temperature change equals approximately 25°C.
This level of magnetic field strength is, however, only
obtained in superconducting electromagnets (such as
those used in magnetic resonant imaging [MRI] systems).
For a practical, efficient magnetic refrigeration cycle, the
cycle needs to operate with magnetic field strengths that

attainable by permanent magnets that provide the
magnetic field without parasitic energy consumption. As
the best high energy permanent magnets can provide fi
elds in the range of 1 to 2 T, achieving the temperature lifts
needed for air conditioning and refrigeration requires the
use of a regenerative cycle. In essence, the sensible heat
cycling of the magnetocaloric material needs be provided
by regenerative heat transfer and the magnetic field-
induced temperature changes are used to remove heat
from the cooling load and reject heat to the heat sink [10].
3. Magnetic refrigeration
Magnetic refrigeration is based on a fundamental
thermodynamic property of magnetic materials: the so-
called magnetocaloric effect, which causes a temperature
change if the material is subject to an applied magnetic
field under adiabatic conditions.
The magnetocaloric effect was discovered in 1881 in iron
by the German physicist Emil Warburg. Usually the
temperature increases when the field is applied and
decreases when the field is removed and the process is
reversible.
Magnetic refrigeration has been recognized as being an
alternative technology to the conventional vapor-
compression technology [11-12-13-14].
The reason for this is its comparatively high efficiency and
the fact that it is an environmentally friendly cooling
techniques, avoiding ozone-depleting or global-warming
gases. In practice, magnetic refrigeration requires the
combination of a magnetic field source with high strength
and a material with a sufficiently high magnetocaloric effect
[15].
It is seen that obviously the efficiency of the room
temperature magnetic refrigeration depends strongly on
two essential points: a material with the large MCE and
high magnetic field created by magnetic field source.
In recent years, magnetic refrigeration based on the
magnetocaloric effect has attracted attention as a
candidate technology for minimizing impact to the Earth
environment and minimizing global warming. A key
advantage of magnetic refrigeration is that it does not use
chlorofluorocarbons that can negatively influence ozone
layer depletion.
Operation near room temperature places new demands on
magnetic refrigeration that may be fulfilled by the Active
Magnetic Refrigerator (AMR) cycle, as this cycle is
expected to be able to expand the working temperature
region from low temperature to room temperature. Over
the past few years there have been many studies of
magnetic refrigeration using superconducting magnets or
permanent magnets in the AMR cycle in the room
temperature region.[16–17–18]
3.1. Magnetic Refrigeration Cycle
In Figure 2 the four basic steps of a conventional gas-
compression/expansion refrigeration process are shown.
These are a compression of a gas, extraction of heat,
Gedik, E. Kayfeci, M. Keçebaş, A. ve Kurt, H.
expansion of the gas, and injection of heat. The two
process steps extraction of heat and expansion are
responsible for a cooling process in two steps. The main
cooling usually occurs through the expansion of the gas.
The steps of a magnetic refrigeration process are
analogous. By comparing a with b, in Figure.2 one can see
that instead of compression of a gas, a magnetocaloric
material is moved into a magnetic field and that instead of
expansion it is moved out of the field. As explained in the
previous section, these processes change the temperature
of the material and heat may be extracted, respectively
injected just as in the conventional process. There are
some differences between the two processes. The heat
injection and rejection in a gaseous refrigerant is a rather
fast process, because turbulent motion transports heat
very fast. Unfortunately, this is not the case in the solid
magnetocaloric materials. Here, the transport mechanism
for heat is slow molecular diffusion. Therefore, at present fi
ligree porous structures are considered to be the best
solution to overcome this problem. The small distances
from the central regions of the material to an adjacent fluid
domain, where a heat transport fluid captures the heat and
transports it out of the material, are ideal to make the
magnetic cooling process faster. Furthermore, the not very
large adiabatic temperature differences of magnetocaloric
materials will require more often a design of cascade or
regenerative magnetic refrigerators than in conventional
refrigerators and hence require additional heat transfer
steps. In the Figure.2 (a) is the conventional gas-
compression process is driven by continuously repeating
the four different basic processes shown and (b) is the
magnetic refrigeration cycle comparison. Compression is
replaced by adiabatic magnetization and expansion by
adiabatic demagnetization.
(a) (b)
Figure 2. Refrigeration cycles for conventional gas-
compression and magnetic refrigeration [19–
20].
3.2. Advantages and drawbacks

The potential advantages of magnetic refrigeration
are valid in comparison with the direct evaporation
refrigerating machines:

“green” technology, no use of conventional refrigerants

noiseless technology (no compressor). This is an
advantage in certain contexts such as medical
applications

higher energy effi ciency. Thermodynamic cycles close
to Carnot process are possible due to the reversibility
of the MCE

simple design of machines, e.g. rotary porous heat
exchanger refrigerator

low maintenance costs

low (atmospheric) pressure. This is an advantage in
certain applications such as in air-conditioning and
refrigeration units in automobiles.
On the other hand, some disadvantages include:

GMCE materials need to be developed to allow higher
frequencies of rectilinear and rotary magnetic
refrigerators

protection of electronic components from magnetic fi
elds. But notice that they are static, of short range and
may be shielded

permanent magnets have limited fi eld strength. Electro
magnets and superconducting magnets are (too)
expensive

temperature changes are limited. Multi-stage machines
lose effi ciency through the heat transfer between the
stages

moving machines need high precision to avoid
magnetic fi eld reduction due to gaps between the
magnets and the magnetocaloric material [19–20].
4. Magnetic materials for magnetic refrigeration
Since Brown first applied ferromagnetic material
gadolinium (Gd) in the room temperature magnetic
refrigerator in 1976, the research range for magnetic
refrigeration working materials has been greatly expanded.
At first, some ferromagnets concerning the second order
transition were investigated for the large MCE existing in
them. Recently the magnetic materials undergoing a first-
order magnetic transition become the focus after the giant
MCE was found in GdSiGe alloys. Some magnetic
materials that are promise to be used in the future, the
following list of promising categories of magnetocaloric
materials for application in magnetic refrigerators:
• binary and ternary intermetallic compounds
• gadolinium-silicon-germanium compounds
• manganites
• lanthanum-iron based compounds
• manganese-antimony arsenide
• iron-manganese-arsenic phosphides
Gedik, E. Kayfeci, M. Keçebaş, A. ve Kurt, H.
• amorphous fine met-type alloys (very recent) [19].
4.1. Gd and its alloys
Gadolinium, a rare-earth metal, exhibits one of the largest
known magnetocaloric effects. It was used as the
refrigerant for many of the early magnetic refrigeration
designs. The problem with using pure gadolinium as the
refrigerant material is that it does not exhibit a strong
magnetocaloric effect at room temperature. More recently,
however, it has been discovered that arc-melted alloys of
gadolinium, silicon, and germanium are more efficient at
room temperature.
The prototype magnetic material available for room
temperature magnetic refrigeration is the lanthanide metal
gadolinium (Gd). At the Curie temperature of 294 K, Gd
undergoes a second-order paramagnetic - ferromagnetic
phase transition. The MCE and the heat capacity of Gd
have been studied in many research activities. [5,21–23]
Table 1. presents the magnetic entropy of some magnetic
materials in the range of near room temperature, from
which it can be seen that ∆SM of the GdSiGe alloys are all
considerably large in the presence of a 5 T magnetic field
and most of those Curie temperatures are in the room
temperature range. Therefore, this series of alloys meet
the requirements of room temperature magnetic
refrigeration. However, many urgent problems such as
easy oxidation, hard preparation, and high price, need to
be settled before they are applied in room temperature
magnetic refrigeration.
Table 1. Magetic entropy change some near room
temparature magnetic materials [5]
Table.2 present the basic parameters for magnetocaloric
effect of some rare-earth elements, where gj is the g-
factor of the atom, j is the total angular momentum
quantum number, for the determine of the magnetic
moment of an atom. TC is the Curietemperature of
element, TN and TD are the Neel and Debye
temperature of this rare-earth elements as shown
Table.2. Table.3 present of the Advantages and

disadvantages of various near room temparature magnetic
refrigerant materials.
Table.2 Parameters of rare-earth elements used in
theoretical MFA calculaions by Tishin [24]
4.2. Perovskite and perovskite-like compounds
Large magnetic entropy change has been found in the
perovskite manganese oxides in recent years, so that
these materials attract more and more attention. The main
advantages of this series of compounds over Gd and
GdSiGe alloys are low cost, non-active chemical property
(no oxidation), little coercive force as well as high electric
resistance.
Many studies on these compounds are led mainly in
China, Spain and United States [5]. From Table 1, it is
clear that their Curie temperature also can be easily tuned
to the needed range by introducing some kinds of metal
additions.
However, ∆SM will decrease much in the meantime,
lowering their practicability. For instance, ∆SM of
La0.8Ca0.2MnO3 in the presence of 1.5 T magnetic field
reaches 5.5 J/kg K, about 1.5 times of Gd, but its Curie
temperature is only 230 K. After adjusting Ca ratio to
La0.6Ca0.4MnO3, its Curie point increases to 263 K but ∆SM
decreases to 70% of Gd at 3 T. To improve the Curie
temperatures by adding Sr and Pb, the Curie temperatures
reach 327 and 296 K, however ∆SM decreases obviously.
In addition, the behavior of heat transfer of these
compounds is incompetent because they are oxides [5].
Table.3 Advantages and disadvantages of various near
room temparature magnetic refrigerant materials
[25]
5. Magnetic refrigerators
Gedik, E. Kayfeci, M. Keçebaş, A. ve Kurt, H.
This study indicated that magnetic refrigeration could be
competitive with conventional gas compression
refrigerators operating below ambient temperatures, with a
five-year payback for large scale building air conditioning
or supermarket chillers or food processing plants
(refrigeration and freezing). The energy savings by
replacing a conventional gas-cycle (Freon or ammonia)
refrigeration unit with a magnetic refrigerator were
estimated to be 30% along with the elimination of Freon or
ammonia, as an added environmental benefit Work on the
magnetic refrigeration device a rotary, room temperature,
permanent magnet, magnetic refrigerator began in 1998 at
Astronautics Corporation of America (ACA). In the
meanwhile Ames Laboratory (AL) entered into a three year
with ACA to assist ACA to bring this apparatus, called a
laboratory demonstration magnetic refrigerator (see Fig.
3),
In Figure 3 with a custom designed permanent magnet it
can produce a magnetic field strength nearly twice as high
as the general permanent magnet field. A powder of
element Gd is stuffed in pockets inside the ring-shape
regenerator. The regenerator, roughly the diameter of a
compact disk, rotates powdered magnetic material in and
out of a gap in the powerful magnet at rear [5].
Figure 3. Astronautics Corporation of America laboratory
prototype permanent magnet, rotating bed
magnetic refrigerator (a) schematic and (b)
photograph [25–28].
Some recent research has focused on the use of the
process to perform refrigeration near "room temperature".
Constructed examples of room temperature magnetic
refrigerators are listed in the Table.4 below:
Table 4. Room temparature magnetic refrigerators
between 1998-2007 years [25]

6. Conclusion
The number of research papers puplished annually over
the past 80 years containing the word ‘magnetocaloric’ in
the title abstract, or among the keywords. The values for
2007 (triangle) are based on the number of papers
abstracted during the first three-fourths of the year.
Furthermore while Figure.4 shows that the importance of
magnetocaloric effect for magnetic refrigeration year after
year Figure.5 shows that the number of near room
temparature magnetic refrigerators reported per decade
since 1970.
If we say future perspectives of room temperature
magnetic Refrigeration; It can be seen from the earlier
description that main progresses have been made in
America. However, with the continual phasic progresses of
room temperature magnetic refrigeration, the whole world
has accelerated in the research.
Nevertheless, it is notable that main work is concentrated
on investigations of magnetic materials, lack of
experimental explorations of magnetic refrigerator. From
the former results achieved by researchers, it can be seen
that there is still a great performance difference between
magnetic refrigerator and vapor compression refrigerator in
terms of cooling capacity and temperature span.
Figure 4. The number of reserach papers puplished [25]
Figure 5. The number of near room temparature magnetic
refrigerators reported [25].
Gedik, E. Kayfeci, M. Keçebaş, A. ve Kurt, H.
At the end of this study we can say;

Large MCE of magnetic material is invastigated
for room temparature magnetic cooling
application

Strong magnetic field is required
.

Magnetic materials available for room
temperature magnetic refrigeration are mainly Gd,
GdSiGe alloys, MnAs-like materials, perovskite-
like materials,

Materials under development for room
temparature magnetic refrigeration are La(FexSi1-
x)13 and La(Fe0.88Si0.12)13Hy

Excellent behavior of regeneration and heat
transfer is required

Room temperature magnetic refrigeration is a
new highly efficient

It can be use household refrigerator, central
cooling systems, room air conditioners and
supermarket refrigeration applications,

It is environmentally protective technology

This technology must be universalized worldwide
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