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Out fr (1B, 14 16) ab obined mma fase rough Ur Myf, 300 Noh Tes ruber 71 comespons to a2, no. as published in he ping, Sun I Flan Wane shes Ld 41 hhSes New York, 1009 ‘Si ls postage pid at Now York and onal ating oes Telos 451 E, 12th Sweet [New York, N.¥. 10009 USA, Unsolicited manuscript willbe considered only ifthe author provides atleast vee clean, finshed topes conforming the spproprate Tes se, or an TDM compatible dake ASC, Wordsa or Word Perfect frm. Allow at Tent dee months for edtotal eshuation, Manusept wich undergo con- Serable eng wil be send back o auhors for lnal approval. Rejected A Quarterly Journal of Post-Critjcal lumber Table of Contents Inrodvson ‘Roundtable on illus and the Academy "Tin Tae, Pol Plone, Pred Seg ond Michal Tees “SPECIAL SECTION ON: (CARL SCHMITT AND THE FRANKFURT SCHOOL ‘Car Shittand the FrankfurtSchool : Ellen Kennedy Reconcling the ineconcabe? A Reoinder Kennedy “Martini Beyond Carl Schmit: Poltcal Theory inthe Frankfurt School “Afsana “The Cique of German Liberalism: A Replyto Kennedy hich Pres ARTICLES: Machajhy- A BghtilyFongoren Prophet ‘Ema Hoke “against Theory,” Pragmatism and Deconstruction. “Fey Malton Vicor Zaeky ‘Beyond Othernest or: The Specaclarizaton of Anthropology REVIEWS: CChales Newman, The Put-Mater dara: The Ate Pin non Age Paton. More Wertman eter L Berger, Te Capitalist Retin: Popes ant Proper, Eu and ies ‘Sarnael Bowes and Herbert Ging, Daou ond Capitan: Pro, ‘commun te Contra of Moder Socal ugh Pronk Hears 7 m 19 155 161 v8Books from: Telos Press= THE OTHER SIDE OF SECOND INTERNATIONAL THE SOCIALISM AND PHILOSOPHY ‘by Amon Labia siti pe mac ea TE per $16.0 dak FOR SOCIALISM. by Gos Landaer RQ _ wine oncaeid Scsoenn dvs. hrcolecon nme cl tnt ers ciple Pe 57.80 pape, 38 doth “Sr money orders (US carreany onl 10 TETD ‘PRESS, 481 E, 12th St, New York, N¥. 10000, Foreign ede: edd 10%, Carl Schmitt and the Frankfurt School* Ellen Kennedy as Mare mayhae discord poi bt cee pi pro” Cat Schmit onl alping rar lw perso prob rps Senses tlapltnen pe plting sty og potonsen feck and hgh, Geman nll oy oh centay pen a Sutualy comphtncd ample of sch “megs” in the ern SE wor yc ane School The enovey sounding Schr ot so mich bot he quay and thi work abs pela eons Aa encore uc So for imclcca sory ingen he ne of Sn mos poe foc ihe Geman ick in emt ti tala comrade, io bore haley emi he ean nen sche seamen at Acordia of Satin aehap theca ‘Paso in 92d nen whi Nei clabraon ser or r—_—C i eee an re en Son oe eee ee atl cit Se emi ataat ta Se Cae roca eS eh a ee oe wr 2 emer oe Srl bel ep oe ae Pee CO, ety Ca Meese eh seen Casey res Passo 1983) and Ellen Kennedy, “Cast Sci in the West-German Perspective,” Wes Eumpe- Rta ca eg Kasra rg oe cf rena Cn ie ee eee ee ee Sig ete rere teat abe te oman pea Epi ran ptm neocon te greg Stal hc eaeadguo oar Siceeech tani Stem ne ee deen ee net ee scoters armen acral Commas eet te a ee emer Sate SSogSE ee ree om rcy ea te fcr rb le seca rete racemase cea1098, Schmit payed the role in German history firs as defender of reaction ann theorist of euthoriaranism, then as Koss of the walitarian sate. Con eae, his popularity with writers on the ater side of Weimar's pola {peirun as largely been forgot, Despite Habermas’ puzalement 2 "the powerful nfluenc of Carl Schmit even onthe ef" the contemporary ini noe of Schmit aniliberalaa i obcined by his reputation aba “lscst™ ‘inker, ‘Bat he lineages of Schmit’ influence are not so straighforward. Haber- ‘mas atencion to Schunitand Schmit nflence on an ear generation of the Frankfurt School produces a more complicated picure. A reception of Schmit’ thoughtean be traced inthe workof Habermas and Wate Benjamin find Oto Kireeimer before him. However, none ofthese share Schmit’ pola goals or valves. A common aversion to liberalism and skepcsm Shout iberal democracy drew tern and others to Schrmit’s pola and legal theory, but his docs noe say mich about the character ofthe reception oF consequences, especialy where dhe divergence of value sso apparent. How fen if atenton shifted away from the prinpal values which disdnguish Schmit from the Frankfurt School, another pespecive opens up. Although the editor of recent English collecion find the orgins of Creal Theory in "a Series of ideas which emerged in Germany during dhe 1920s and 19805," the ‘ast erature onthe Frankfurt School has carey anempeedwotrace ts serine “Tideas beyond Adorno and Hortcimers Lack of attention wo Weimar de bates conceaing the tate and polis ia lasing omission nthe extensive de ‘ate on the orgie of Cra Theory. Misunderstandings ofthat theory itself as been he Fel “The Following discussion addresses both these istics: the reception of Schmit’ ideas by Franfurt Schl thors such a Benjarnin, Kircher, find Habermas, dd Schmit atinde toward Uberalinstntions. Second, i ‘tl ateinptto dissolve aparadon about Schmit’ reception that prevent ana ‘age Rach had no righn remove the Praia goverment but was ete © [ppoine Rech comminioner for usa Manian 18th p34 “t Devi fel an ol 8. Thompson, Mamas: Gta! Macmillan Pab- tao, Landon 88H p2The box wor o Smit ad the Grane ar Be ‘by Weller Neamann and low Sle. See aller Neumann gence Aen eo at ae dither Gui sis n den Weim Aibcen Fans Ness john ‘ern ol ek, Dna and Exim Aut nd Poe dr io re Ness Nomes Verge, 1980, pp, 6-7 "Car Schnt vnd Ge inke ysis ofits implications ~a paradox Habermas presents assent ola ‘What dd some ofthe mot prominent of Germany's leading leis soa rcs, hopetofindin the workofman wh, more han ay other German intellect aAlwith the posuble exception of Heidegger, has been held accountable forthe ideological destruction f the Weimar Republic? The anawer may be found in ‘he adoption by Kirchheimer and Habermas and, talesserextent, Benjamin, ofa pariculr loge. bral, Democracy: Sct elise thory ran-beral But the most cogent and coherent cquect bea insitions inthis cenary was developed by Schmit. Like much of German ‘operon to liberalism, Schmit’ crique vas fundanenally meaphysial td cultural in esaye writen before and during WWI (Sate, 1918; ‘Theador Diubler’s "Ned," 1916; "Die Bruner,” 1918) he questioned bourgeois values and ustes and challenged the Heal belief in progress and ‘technology Pala Rmantiin(1919) was abridge oie works on oles Sd law, His cultural ecm sumed ito a eiagueof reason that identi the goals of German Iran with what Schmit called “polical oman {Gam The bourgeois aitude he had stized in exer works was uans- formed through the Sure of Adam Maller ino "was; Romanticism was ‘subjected occasionalsm,” When Schmit came to analyze liberal pata: ‘nentarsm he conduded that he Romantics’ cenal acy — “endless con “eration” auge Gefracy) ~ found expression inthe Uberal bougeose's habit of avoiding decison through discussion "The bourgeitie as centr oftiberaim did noappea at pla atin ‘Sin’ thinking unl atic Thesg (192), and then under the infence of such counter revolutionary thinkers as Louis Bona, Joseph de Mase and [Juan Donoso Cons. Cont’ vew of the Hberal bourgeoisie as indecisive was ‘spealyimpora in shaping Schmit’s view of iberaismy, as were Lorenz ‘om Scns analyses ofthe noompetence of French ibealin 1848 and the de- ‘ayof French politcal fe during the Mberal period Although Schmi’sexpe ‘ences wit the administration of marta aw during WW brought the rab lem of dictatorship to his atenon, the "Foreward” wo the fst dion of Die ‘Dittrindicates that Schmit fe realized its contemporary significance for 5 Ont wadition se Fite Stern, The Pits of Curl Despair A Stay the Rise cent en ae i Ta me oad ace Ns, Moe Decoy, att mach Vtg Br 5 Fd aN: D Se se Eee ‘Sry pp, #-26and 18152 CF Sch he Conny Dena 3) ‘os enemy rar Cadge Na 5 9 an 0 ‘any Gorge Stina The Mi es: Calg ans wg)40 eUEWRENNEDY he stein eading Kany’ Terri ond Cm (1919) an in the content tthe Marko debue thar ensued, But Schmitt's Dat, hough subd, “rom the Beginnings ofthe Modem Ides of Sovereign to the Pokaan Chass Suge” endow he beginning of te proletarian cas sgle* “Tis das seugge posed the mos immediate challenge the bea tats tcorns ha developed te ton power eisque of bourgeois there faw ind dicatorship. They argued hat dictatorship need not coradit democracy “ha tat «Marts dcatorship destoys both the bourgeosie and eral. Schmit conduded tha libraom contradicts democracy because, unlike the Tennis theory of democracy, Hberal democracy denies that dcaiorship cn Ucemean to anend and legate form of he sate, Schriargoed urber ‘lvl dea andinsisons form aera practical nora principled bi {aon on anton demon power to decider conauton, Thee wa x= enc in te comernporaryhicoy of Germany and Earope general hat democradeconstatons were not necessarily cra but twas only alr the {917 Ocber Revludon hat Schint defined 2 cosiaon a5 a “oleive econ about hind aed frm of otal wi.” Lenina tated ‘onhp ofthe proleararistwe democracy helped shape tie notion faconr ‘allzonDewecn bea ac democracy tat cacao Schmit analy Szofpurlamenerism In The Crs of Patent Demoracy Seni argued thar Marx had ansformed the bourgeisie rom symbol of rary spite 0 {actof world historical spcance The diaaoshipof he pleas could decide; the Hera bourgeoisie could no “Schmit sarung point — wand the ate — incorporated aansendental inntndon Lag pein ha igre the Sukimate questions” of plc ‘itor: soe power and lacy. The moder css of legacy began Sith Devas. Wi dhe collapse ofthe old metphysc centered on aan ‘Cendene Goda dual appeared in modem philosophy benween external ‘Sr‘imerna being and feng ate and spit, subject and objec et ‘thc had farseachingconsetacesforpoical le, Without transcendent ‘Gor the erica queston in politcal philosophy became who woud ake His Ga Schmit Yin de Ange da mad Saris un panies isan uncer Hobe etn 197) ar cmt Perey bene kp. SE Yo. ‘fu uc! sn’ Sch ail Rac w i id ‘ag on be omfed te cao ren Katsu Pa ea and his ‘irate ate Noto sal Ty eet ta econo of ‘Sifomontum, a cnemed wate Concept oneregny. The elon be ‘cto slums ease er sn ni concetaon on the mening econ Seton cme nce dsc ontnenturaert mica photon ofthe esSowot inicio, CE Hug ba" Police ilo ot biel nin 3,104 p16 vo repein us Te yD aie a cot ond al icin Peedi’ chick Vea Me eh Lupat Ou Tem Rela) Rsk ‘ged comer Sta (Ono Unive Prox: Oso 1907 : ScHMITTANDTHERAMKFURTSCHOOL 41 place as che highest and most cern realy and thus serve ata point of {egimation in histori realy?” In Schmit’ view dere were only wo cand (tes ether the “community” or “history.” In moder politcal philosophy these wee the ulimatesoures of progressive or conservative lgiacy “The importance of decison” in Schmit’ work tems from this problem. “"Deeson isthe meansto dose dhe gap opened upby modem philosophy be tween idea and realy, His definkon of sovereignty in itil They (“Sover ‘gn she who decides on the sate of exception’) yeneratesa practical rites ton Sovereignty res moron monopoly of force ~ here Schat’vew difers fom Hobbes! but on dhesovereign's“monopay of decision” sovereign de- {Ssions mediate bencen right and power and implement justice. Thedlemma ‘of modern jurspradence in Schmit thinking sa result fs place becween theology and vehology; the tension can only be resolved by 2 concrete c= tener So understood, junapradence holds the door open o transcendent rth ‘hic alone can give meaning history. 'chiit’s cultural erdqueis the soureofhis gave riiqu of modem so- dey and poles; his philorophical intention isthe source of his postive con- “epton ofthe stein terms ofa theory of trudh.Two distinctive Fares of Schmit'saccountofthe Weimar Republichave remained formal pars ofads- Sincive German critique of ibe, First consruced a" dasa” model, tof liberl institutions and then mearured dhl comtemporary counterparts inst it This method wa wed i his book on parliamentarian and in his onsitutinal theory, Vefesngidv (1928) The Cras akamentaryDemaraey Shows ths mos cleaty. After outing the scope ofliberl theory and defining ‘purtcnary government tn serine af the pnp of Airnetion pub ithe publi sphere, he conchades that paliamentas an existing insuion s indedine and i principles no longer credible. Hemakesa similar argument ea un Leptin (1982) he dierence beng Schmit sexplictconcusion thatthe decay of Uberalinsinsons rom dice own principles destroys their dam legacy. "a second feature of Schni’s argument dsinguises ic from both German legal thought and Marx crgues of liberalism. German legal dcory ignored poles o in Schmit view) inconporated pola values into a supposedly Feat junspradence, whereas he eed make consitainal law and juni pence avareof he poli reaityin which and with which they operate Maras offered a social xkique but no theory ofthe state Marx dea with the polical origin ofa and the case origin ofthe see, but did not yw develop Thi lel Romani, 108. 12, Schmit Plat Tyo ep TOBE ip clas Cat sda, “Die Lage der cuopaischen Rech rca oi fname 7 13h et Son ap saga Dunedar: Hubloe Munk eng of TS Semin 1927 Foreword 0 Di taro pbi | | { science oflaw and polis that analyzed the Hberal sate under the complica ‘heondisons of 20k century expialsm. European Marxists attempsing to de ‘lop a Marxist theory of te sate inthe 19205, when a communist movement “Tau held state powerin Rosa, became increasingly conscious ofthis gap in tadieal thon: ‘Schmit’ work analyzed the coneadions in beral democracy — the staring point of eer radical challenge to representative democracy ad liberal poll estruetons since the French Revohson — in term of a theory of the sate ‘Schmit agreed that liberalism destroys democracy and democracy destroys berlin, His devclopment ofthis poskion inna dheory ofthe sae and iberal insinisonscapured the stein of ome in the Fran School, who trans lated i elit pial erm. The cove of Scie’ argument canbe suman ‘ed asllows (1) The bourgeois frivolous andindeisve It follows that(a) liberal democracy ea bourgeois poll form dependent on compromise (b) ‘omprotnse within that rye stacscallyorexpcly redefined as “phoney” ot “formal” (¢Hberalconstions ae “indecsve”poltial arrangements which ‘neve substantially resolve dhe material aims of equaliy-(2) Democracy, “the ‘dent of the ralers and there,” alleges the legacy of liberal govern- ‘nent tnjony ral, patanentay discussion, ad the public order) Liberal ‘Semocracy i inseparable from the instons ofthe bourgeois constnatonal ‘ste thefanconal nd nomad guaran ofiberal soc. The making ofl (pariament a wellas i inerpretion and adminitrason (he cours and sate ‘Deaucray fuer die the democac ideal and bea reali They daseby Conrad democratic legtimacy throvgh the “newalizaion” and “forma ion? f pols (0) gly ae lgiacy se node a liberal dheoey ‘rains, but vo dine and even contradictory concep. I adn legal and procedural sourcesoflgtimacy there ae at asthe others rate mate (the material aims of ster ate penta plebisciary legacy and aime nests (adenine orders in mes of emergency or excepon). ‘The Aethtic Cig of Iberton and Comprmis: Baxjomin Like Donoxo Cons, Schmit thought tha liberalism isonly possible during ‘unpotdalneades-~ periods of plically sunny weather, sw speak” For ‘Sli the liberal posidon was not justan accident of hisry buta metphysi- Calconsaquence Ts everasting hope ith decisive bates canbe transformed fio paramentry debates, suspending decisions in evelsing discasion Paniamentis thas the paramount invention ofthe Hberal bourgeois, the nes ‘amy insewonlization os ales and gals But ike Mary, Schmit sin Te Ghia a, 5 Mars: in Brag Vtg ot ‘rer ed (1), tepanedby Wseacalice Bacher Si rparnwde 1900) Foran dscns of Shits De iat, whan a pmsiaral and svergn scarp epitaph ee prim 1. Schit, Pail Tad a pp 61 “ScHMIETAND Tae FRANKFURT SCHOOL 42 the das character of pavtamentary democracy the seeds of decay. Once ber sm tiumphed in the.represataion of the people in paament those ‘asses which ad been aid with the bourgeoisie against the monarchy would in turn sggleagsne the domination of dhe bourgeoisie. Being esenally {politcal te bourgeoisie wl be unable co espondo this challenge lew dis- ‘hs, while others decide against parliamentary democracy and bbealism ‘Waker Benjamin came to sar conchsins eae. tna youl esay “»Das Leben de Seudenten’” (1915) he ried the "banal philosophy of fe” in German universe as contraction of the prt His atackon bourgenis Hie equtes bourgeois values with dhe neutralization of danger, and ence of the sprit center of fe, scene and eros. Hesawasudent sf yearsoffee- tlm before family and profesional ie begin ~ “this whol irainal period faking fora poson and marrage” — ab. playu pseudo-omantc waste ff emer inctlates the same fvlous spericly which Schmit also sor ‘ners, After WWI and the German Resolution, Benjamin developed this ctque of ‘bourgeois values into a erique of bourgeois nsions- In 1921 he published 2 eaitque of iolene("Krith der Cowal), mean a par of larger stad of polics. Wrten under the influence of Sorel’ Reins o Vis (1912), hich Benjamin read he urging of Ernst Bloch and Hugo Ball he wed an “rnergency situation (here arevolstionay general sie) to reveal the essence ‘ot plises Benjamin's argument parallels Sabai’ argument in Foi! The- Sl. The exception (tuna ia possiblity which exposes both the essence of polics and the ulimace srcre of sovereign. His rque of liberal flamensarian owes more te Esch Unger and Anatole Fancy than 12 ‘SShmitin ts conception of compromise as cornspon. Bude agreement with Schmit’ views s nevertheless iking™ Benjamin argued that parliament had forgoten the orgins of its auboriy and lacked the ens of lawn force that it represents and declined ino "pathetic spectacle” incapable of each ing dectons worthy ote democrac power The decay ofthisidealin he a {tl practice of paramentary nations had finaly driven as many ava fom libel derneracy a this del had drawn ther wo before WWI. Benjani’ TR War Bj, "Dat Lender Saunt” in Gemma See: Rall mesilate agen VoL I pp 797 79. Wier Benin, "Kh de ova” Comat Sdjl 1/0 p17 208 on ps dip wh Bech ad a ce Co Sch War Rojee a ty nas 3 0 sich Unger, at apy (Vera Davi Br, oe wtih scr“ nt pos om pob of i age eWar Benjani, bf, Crshom Scie snd Tacosr Adomo, ci (uta Ver Frnt aa fo, p22 Benjamin ces fave Low Ane Pane ‘og (189) n rant Geist Reventon’s Conan wanaon Dae (1919, ‘SbsnumasCauenateeeok 18,p.36, ak enn, "ih de Coch Gown Sin. pp 18091.csray, however, were not dre influenced by Schmit. But Benjamin's The ‘ng of Geman Trage Dra (1928) contains a long passage dealing, with Schmi’sdheory of sovereignty in Pia Tel ‘Benjamin expressed hit ndebeedness © Schmitrin alener “Inthe nexew ays you ill ete from the publishers copy ofmy bok, The Origin f German ‘Tage Dron. With these ines want noconlyto announce, butalso wo expres my pleasure that tan able, a Mr. Albert Salomon's suggestion © send ito ‘Jou. You ery quiel sec how mth the books deseripion ofthe 70h ce thr theory of sovereignty owes to you Perhaps might bellowed to sayin ad- tion thar ound confirmation formy research method in philosophy andthe INstory of at inthe phikophy of sate expressed in your ater works, abowe all Die Dita Ifyou are ofthe same mind alter reading my book, the purpos of my sending i will have ben uid" ‘Benjamin continued w admire Schmit’s worklongaferhe had tamed away fiom the mystical conseretsm ofthe Youth Movement and after he had met Bertolt Brecht. Benjamin's eclecticism drew not only on Schmit, but among thers on Stefan George, Ludwig Klages and Johan Jakob Bachofen. For Benjamin's Weary executors, however, his admiration of Schmit wa (along ‘with his admiration for Bre) problemasc. Adorno edited ouall referenes {O Schmit when Tr Orgng German Tage roma appeared in the fst collection “Benda nm Sion, p87. Tedrann an Scweppen use sean prone byt eer at Berjunycatons from Schant 8 "eet fefqune “Arlene onc tte Btrieve iy ofa recon Soha tems ine ema imporaat long fe he ad come hare to Blaine ced ok te cues Pal Fy ee hey btn ay ei tar rma at arr (tone eof chi esos ndicas 2 move han psig (intres) As ute ‘Selec ie enton Bens 192, where he sats neresin the ‘Fracpa pock man econ of Sena ana of pita forms ino genra imal of tbe, Comma Soon, ap 88 Seas Ga Se lr le Ha: Bt Emi er 2t a pd (ego Dc Vs: Cologne, 1986 expel on Reams reurp,see “Uber den babar ‘Chased habeperchon Dramas" pp. 61-67 Sch’ reply to Beam e. ‘erhas ns sure both second peso Ham der Ha mgt wel ere (pried Schon ant, Commenting on Benjani’ efrence oh dein of eres, Scns wre csc toe [ie] wndereamaestediference ‘zineh Eolas sd he Europe ote anon and thao be fez danas oem Coane ge aa Ss [inert dsc eeontalto he espe Hom, ork hh pe Fee tse Ee scgec cova bet ped cd arta oe ‘erm tappened inthe tage ofthe cary og ped fe wa Xin Engl th bagan wih he [Sf of he Spa Aaa 158) and ered ‘wthtercoraton ote onary 188, Anew concep heute and ane ste “Sleep egret Sen oper bes and coded Mee chi argue tha he dieence {Eocene nich browg oh Hand und te age of Geman rage aa that epost Sn baste” andthe ple pp 888 SCHMITTANDTHEFRANKFURTSCHOOL 43 of Benjamin's works Inthe Benjamin corespondence Adorno edited with Gershom Scholem, neither the above-quoted leuer nor any due as Benjnin’s admiration for Schmit appear “The afiny of Benjamin's and Schnit’s views ofiberalim and para: senars and Benjamin's admiration for Schmis Pea Theol ight Sem insignificant inthe history ofthe Frakur Schoo, however embarrassing ‘hey obviously were for Adorno, Butsuch cannotbe aid ofthe other instances ‘of Schmit’ reeption in Critical Theory. According sys history of he nti- tute, the Frankfurt School “refused develop adiscrete politcal theory” ether athomeorin exile" Be that asitmay, Jy discreet overtooks the deeper prob- lem of Schmit’s influence on the two men who, afer joining the Insite in [New York, became "he polit theorists of rial Theory” — Franz Neu ‘mann and Ono Kirchheimer. ‘Te it Mt Rnd ft Conic tte Noa on Kren oh Nlcamarmad Kirchner tok pani Sct sominaron cont onli tte Hamel ocihleta Brin in 903 ring eps of iene iin Wear parame intasone The es fr cat ‘tr anagoni pram, wich epee hindered he formation of table Jalon In paras thedegecs bee he Sol Dano Tithe Geman ops arg wee oo wt proves rm bart S- SEideocraacgncrumen of Hema Mle wich resigned. March 2, {010 The lowing dy, reste Hiner app eianch Bring haaor and halon proceeded w le ave he cerety ro ‘Som of fre 4 ofthe Weimar Constton St Bring’ neeency” poner Meteo Minder cbc could Sun per Enpsolomgas th Pest wa prepare oop is polis, wichbe id Sl he ping 1952 rom he behing, however, ning eatin ad toparimennty btn te Rec The Sec Dano pred pol {eer ox pase scepance ned epee coal com ‘thin fant denver force on tc kad g(t Corre sd ar rt wich wld ne ened he olan coon i [Re decpening conomic chaos Schmit’ Bein enna freon he o- ‘Stobetcen te Weiner Consors rma gland lepaaecaace Benin St 9 Be Reka, fe Ala napa A ry fe ret Shand ne afb he 80 (inked Gop Bo Tro, 199, oy eter inrsbann a yall eee nek FN, 23Ge Trcic tei ede tp be cope ok Secretly ih worl ia ck te py pale unite Nae Being FUN et at ida elec Psd (caps se nes tected te TETRIS rs a pe46 ELLENKENNEDY cunt a ec epi oi certian eta acct se re ore oe a Sea ec ag rhe esta dee prin bere Ve arin syecinsicbty eden seer Sedo at ee tech Pies reek roma cs ‘ager a eerste areata nie mace arttyaare acer ane a ememe oeeete ana ten Ob tina tee feos ite ey ta cm ecm ta Seperate fe ans en te amnion ee sree ta one nda in ct detent ener wg ets partes newest heer ne cr nate nes See et eit ane arin Se cpens Bre Sete cyano otal sft te tl aes eden ane ep pee wet mites Sete een sr acierae ty eeeril cae ares ah meet cp est” secre a natn Cena ot noe Sere naptime ta a eu oie legs Se ca er mapfaegaecarie seer Semen otc iger elie Sauna. renga Sec peo aac emery gt ct imo eo agrnal intake cinta ocinogemecga SST ar chee ante eae es SS ere i ore npn eco Nes cr he shia matn oma EPA cect eae be sesso aa ene nn eater weah baasiomel yep sisi ‘igh Relying on Schmit’ dfinkon ofthe pola in tems of fiend enemy" [roupings, Neumann argued thatthe Fndamentl "pli lan in late ‘reimar was capital and labor. After reading Schmit Lata und Lalita {twice} Neumann wrote to Schmit in September 1982: agree completely ‘eth you inthe crcl par of your book. 1 oo believe that parbamentary de- Tnotinzy cannot function any Tonger according tote peingple ofan equal Chance.) eet ay askin the coming period w establish he wth of your ‘pinion coononialy and rocologialy fone aks the poston that the fan- ‘Einental poll contadicion in Germany today isthe economic contradic: ‘on thatthe decisive friend-enemy grouping in Germany is that oflabor and propery den tis ear that pavtiamenar goverament sno longer possiblein {he face of ach pola conrad.” ‘Kirchteimers es to Schmit were old and deep. He fad suid with “schit in Bonn, where in 1927-28 be ook prin Schmit’ Seminar on “The Concept ofthe Polite.” While Neumann, sa Socal Democrat, was commit. ted 4 reformist police, Kircheimer, ab a let radial, was hostile wo repre ‘entaite insuions, While Neurmann was commited to the Republic and ‘reformist pois, Ktchhiimer's work this me demonstrated a host 0 ‘Welmar and its iberlinsions foreign to Neurann’s work, but similar 1 Schmit’ own atindes Kirchheimer, far more than Newnan, was Schmit’ Teghimate her and the waneminer of his ideas within Crical Theory. He was the lefts most imporant "Schmitian.” “the similares beoween Kirchheime’s and Schmit’s analyses have led Sallne to label Kichbeimer’s work "Ll Schmitianism.™ Akhough war of "totalitarianism that equates both lefand ight lle'ssudy pois tothe Sebr Riemer’ excopoonaly sharp analss of Weima's css wel ‘Marcan! Schmit. Kreiner not only employed te method "so ypial for (Carl Schmit” that juridical evidence and changes inthe structure of iw con- ‘ain dire poll content he alo used "dhe same metaphors and vhcoremsas Fis weather in daring the Weimar crs Like Schum, he emphasized the presence of conflicing principles of lpiimatin a the Weimar Gonsition Fike Seni he denied the ulimate cause of Weimar’ collapse ais ack of decison. ‘Séllner sesin Kircher’ us of Schmitt an “extremely sharp and dif nated instrument,” the bey tothe Republic's complicated constional ‘rss, limately soca origin, butexpressed in politcal terms. Soller agrees sth fbn Pez and Pic Tula that Kircheimer’ “Schmitianism” is" ct- {din version of Marxism” because focuses onthe contradiction between the ‘da of the consutonal sate and democracy." Kirchhcime’s development Gave fom Neuman Schmit Sptember 1982), pblihe in Rainer Ed, ge ei rete Po hm sang ee Pos 2 sale, "Le sendents of the Conservative Revo 5B. Johnilersand rch Hela"Owo Kicheier A| i i | 48 FLLEN KENNEDY ‘of this perspective eis onthe disintion of “te or direct democracy and “rma” o epresentatve democracy, and onthe definition of Weimar's Con ston a3 bourgeois conruional sate without a politcal decision, Kirchheimer tok up Smits ditincion beeen tu and formal democ- ragjin his 1928 disseaton, Zar Satie des Sos wd de Bache. ‘Schmit’ definition oftueoF"irea” democracy as "ie dentiy ofthe rules fad the ruled” was classically simple» "Formal” or representative democracy fompromises dhe fundamnetial chim of a democrate tae. In the case of ‘Weimar, is constiutonal claim ara democracy was contradicted bythe const- tutional aly of many of ts provisions." For Sci the crucial contradic tion between “mass democracy” and “parlamenarm” was becween the ‘im of equality and he reality of inequality. True democracy requires homo- tenciy; Uberal democracy assumes 2 pray of interest.® Kichheimer ‘Sopecd this angurent bu shied its rmphass aay fom Schmie'sideai 0 {materialist cdefinion ofhomogeney. Widhout socal and economic homoge teiy,Ktcheimer argued, democracy would become asoure of colic Like ‘Schmit he regarded the inaatonal provisions of eral democracy as sco ary and ineflecve, In comtraro tue democracy, with its substantial onsen ‘vot values, the allmarkof formal democracy rth absence o values which {ould be confronted by counter als, unless one considers such absence of "aus aval in tell Liberal democracy ia ransitory govemmental form in ‘which css sgl aks place "The way a shared formal argument can lead wo substan diferent com dusonscan be seen in how Sehimittand Krchheimer approach proper) Fights {nthe Weimar Consotion (Art 138 safeguarded prope in tis secon: Mosh rn cor pom se 2 akan ap fsmgma “Yate ep: Baar eng Weare Von ana ae wo Sie ef, afta p28 a tender wntebarn Bete (Water De Gres C2 Bet, 127. {itr efosng nol irae sc Waele Hem, “vesasng ind Vere ns rte n Hens, neon berate errr Feb, 1370, convincing reason of Sct and os il hora sor ulkanlng represent demncny& ul Hermann Her, "alice Deno SE SSE Homogenat™ (0d, Gouna arf (AW. Site. Leiden, TnI, WoL pp, 2-38 Ba “Oa ieeielner "Zar Sale ds Soins und Boles” fa oh tp. as reprint, a de ene Tip ee rtm png ‘heady bia Vel ‘Mette 970 pp alaed eo English "The Seca and Bole Wrst aw on ol hago p21. SCHMITTAND THEFRANKFURTSCHOOL 48 ‘bound expropriation othe common god in is secnd and declared property 2 duy” nth econ} For both, Weimar pram war concrete kar ‘eof he Consiatn' inden dherenlofan Norcal compromises the Weimar National Asembly. Aihough they aged ta propery sighs trea crcl contdorl pial pole fr he Reb they deed {hw to interpret te Contos enon ™ For Kicheimer ch lg {teen of pre propery contacted he notion of "socal constant {or Schi Are 158 eh queon open. Neumann wed wo recon both aims in his concept of economic democracy. However al aged that the onterporary contr was over the iia of ae erventon, For Sci {fe deta of propery righ “has he prac purpose of determining 3 ‘measure of potion agains the ego For Keine vasa di jute about be int of spropriaion and he indecon of the Weimar Com inuonconceming bow the ate wuld goin ceaing socials cml. Schmit and Rhine drew andar concasions ean the egy ofthe core nstions of iberalgovernent. Wau substan ey of ix czen, which would in tun make shared vas posible democrat ec Sonsini legimacy nis season, Kremer asked" Howls gor ‘rumen ponbletallunder such condo?” wo decides onthe wes St porer?” The bral anower ~ majority rule — fed ease may re Sb roples ton nthe aber of comony dared values Ina ‘em of tera prt, majority rl means the suppression of ocala po Waly weaker memicr of the economy. Commenting on Kiceners ‘Weimar ~ and What Ten,” Schmie agued ha he igh and dudes _pecfied inthe conto scond half were he produ of shalom foal ‘Bingeome ofthe consinaane agence! or scene eas conton without a decson” 1d oot rece bt poxponed the bas confit beween "Weer captain and Ease Commntam. The nde reson quo de eed parole coneson wa hela {una suctre of the rst par.” eee Shit, Neumann and Kichhcime agreed onthe fundamental “inde sion of he Weimar Gonsaton with reset the cont feat and bor Each developed, however, disincivenerpretaonsofatconfic. Wile Schmit saw tx raohton a2 prcondsion for he sual ofthe Rep ‘lie Neuman and Rurclter, he ee socal and communi so {ons Schmit oes on te spel pala osonaldensons SE rah tant emg aera recess feelers toe a daeantat 8, Seeker ran ; ‘36._Kirchhelmer, Zur Saale de Sovlismas und Blache” Yon dt viata ava tact er it ts mapas incendie teratomaof the css and developed the ll tory Kircher found so wef Kiciheimer’s polemeal poston celebrated the consizuon’s apparent fal ure, Asagood Maras. he sate rss of aplismin terms ofa developing rev ‘luionary sation: te cole of Roeral democracy woul serve, athe very Teast the interests ofthe working as. The elimination of Hberlinsinions trata preconditon forte democracy. Neumann was more skeptical of such Teologes Ashe st tthe “central tsk ofa socialist state theory ras] o devel ‘op the posite socal conten of he second part ofthe Weimar Constitution,” ‘Thus Neumann writes "When Kirchimes de asks "Weimar — And What “Then? the answer can ony be: Fs of all Weimar.” rcheimer agred wth Schmitt hat Uiberal democracy and the bourgeois consigaonal state were esetally neal and pluralist The lernma of the ‘Conuitatona sate sulted from iberalism's inadequate concep ofthe polit ‘Once the bourgeoisie won thei righ rom the crown and the aistocracy, ‘Be iden of the rule oflaw bad been newaize. Also implied in this transfor tmavon waa nearalizaion ofthe polical Urough aw and he “legalization” of toca rations Bet Schmit and Kchheimer reject Her densification ‘tleglimacy with legal. For Kirceime, he gay of the consnutonal ate ‘Sdnoeprovide itwih legate dai to auhoriy, because twas ill an ist ent of dass interest For Schmit, the iberal state was threatened by i own ‘pluralism: icould noe distinguish between poiical competitors by ts own r- {evion oflegiimacy thus, itacceptedall of them according othe legal “les of the game” and ws lef undefended bys own neutrality. The legimary ofthe ‘nation eroded from within, because is decisions were formal ‘chheimer saw ov alternatives © Weir's "legal machinery.” The st ‘was the Saal Democrats ours of poll reform, Schmit had argued that patamentarism was system of rational balance which rejected fore as “the 37.” Neumann, "Die sre Revdevang der Grande in der Weimar Ver fueing in elf, Sut and Dabo PS 6 kiehhcmer hes Ina ele of een nga xed ino al fl ethionine power aos ae sed, water he se the dia fl ef the Res Presidente atenem of abr depen raping ee Een Rip ical fms nd rey nurs. And now bis the och fhe Lutes cnatnnal se at wich cons ence Ln” (Zr Sr Sr thw aroma ph. ‘Schnitses“Te pcm ve in gence charred ain ‘Serguelte vida nd pnp oft Sn power Ths thetecdom of (dei concenels unlaedpincle Contes tel controling sees fe bu mn cence and jal sewed” “Der ‘ea din, pp yi ocr a Ca ‘Ser vahow etopon ae conser the a of preci eine * arty Them et burton [cheatin oe whee of te me”. 138, i also wo worse hese Richbcimer “Verfsungnicht wnt poate uber Absent 8129p 5-498, ‘Sie! onde Wa pap tp. 1so0e ao Sci, “Die one ‘Wetsunglge de Copan nr Haar ofan oe pp TI31 ome sacs he SCHMITT ANDTHE ERANKFURE SCHOOL $1 ‘ay of beasts (Locke) and aimed he rule ofa. Theintlecual foundation ‘fhe bourgeois constiatonal sae’ neural was opposed, Schmit argued, bythe imstional myths ofthe new an Hberal movements: Fascism nd Bole. ‘an. Rircheime acepted Schmit’ analyse and, ke his eacher, believed bat contemporary European police proved how valnerable Heri was ‘case ofits neutrality nd indedsion.""The pli myth has he expaciy ‘ing about an extremely decisive grouping cording polcalvalues"™ ‘Compared to plia activism ofthis sort, Socal-Democratcreormism ould ‘aly bea refleaion of iberal neutral. For the Social Democrats the Weimar ‘ontaintion remained abook of possiis among/which hey wereunableto Aecide preiey because awareness ofthe alteasver made them incapable of Aeiding for one of them, namely socal. “The second sltemative was Bolshevism. Lenin ended “the vew ofthe judi _nyasanindependen hid force a anabiter above contending aris. stad, Lenin's pot of view esores the image of the substantive character of fw which in Europe, since the age of iberalism, has ended to disappear and ‘comely distored into the legal mechanism offormal emocray. Wher ‘Nera exists, eit form intrinsically democratcordizatoral legal judge ‘nent are rendered in the name of definite value concepts “The Sovet Union etmerges in Kichheimer's study as state in Sch’ _ermsshis examination of Sovie foreign policy uss Schmit’ sanayisotheHb- ‘al character ofthe Leage of Nadons. The appearance ofthe USSR on the in- ‘Ematonal scenes that ofa ion among sheep. Ie acs plically by not reco ‘izing Hberal neal, understands the sauctre of peace afer 1918 38a truce berveen international mater interests Beeane the League miro ib ‘al neatly, te dlemmas ar the sre as thse othe iberal Sat. Inthe ab tence ofthe homogencity of itrests required fora decision, the USSR was Toreed wo reject both the major principle in interatonal practice and any incemationallrecognized cour which would aim to render binding dec TLthard’s observation dat Kirchheimer developed Marx's Bonaparsm {hess to explain the Bring governments only par correc Schmit ha Ga Rieu Sune des Soins nd Boles” in Yon de rey “Ti Recher era i und pte Dabo der Acie Lidae"in fon Nina Rp oi se eps de cig of be SP ae rose Roan’ ar nda of te abn of te wil 0 ely” p78, “Kreiner, “Tarsus des Soin Boca Vode iar Rp pr Pc, ta nl hg op eT “al eit seen dct Ste DS Eat lind, (Dams Vag Rr, 1808) ons the de ur en “comply Penns ov king on crnaoal iw” dp. and 48 "Walang Unban "Demeomgen 2 Oxo iene ri 18." int do Wel plop spp. 8h ep. 2| | | se ELIENKENNEDY [SCHMITTAND THEFRANKFURESCHOOL 5 ‘built Marx's thesis nto his own interpreation of Hberalsm. Kircheimer fl : his analy of pola take posible tnecooprason othe season of diferent groups at Treating socal or atonal heterogeney. Byam of nese td secret ug ad by aparece of poll fee, tone peri ears owing os aly iepimacy i he ate Each ore, Ghanges inthe soci soucueto beveled athe pal vel"ange in which various shares of social powers are traded." "Yee Korch emnained ritcal of Schmit’ are to ake into account ass sand dss conflc(i the Maret sense). In ight ofthe ate of Schmit’ work “ec 1985 itis cven more sigiicant tha Kosch found in Schmit’sanalysisof {ascsm exacly he same uncricalatieade so characerisic ofthe iberal bour- [okie wih respecte ts constutional ae Inde same issue ofthe Zu In which Kore’ ard appeared, Hans Speier favorably reviewed Schmit’ Cap he dl. “Alhongh Sct doesnot take int account the pos ‘faologl thinking,” wrote Spier, hi polemic agains iberalmn — which, Doweres with respeat othe consideraon of totality, has economically and hia dissolved poticl once, thai, struggle nto competion and dis ‘Gsion_— belong the best socologicalheriage: Saint Simon, Comte, Mark Sind others have cenaialy given account of those concrete forces which the ‘endtenemy grouping acually produce. Afer 1988 this demonsratvely postive atiue toward Schmit changed. Marcse’s ari, "The Stage [Rgnins Liberalism nthe Totalarian View ofthe Stat,” was a programmatic ‘Qedaraon against Schmit’ antliberaliem Hider was already Chancellor ld the Thid Resch aconstiutonal reality. The Instat was shutdown sod Mateus and other members were nee. The prospects fora radial leis c= tigue in Germany were nil sci quickly beeame a central focus of the tnt’ rescarch, and for ircibeime, Neumann, Marcuse and Horkhimer, the mos facinating ppet ff Germanys descent into dicatorship was the relation between fascism and Tiberi In their hinkng the crux ofthe dilemma remained the faiiation ‘Of andemocra frees tar liberal values and nations above ll he ‘lnutiutonal sate Butter mew analy developed the of bea Sd dcatorship ad fiom emerged asa syhess of iberalsm and ditaor ship, Marcuse’ aide aimed a revealing hs relaion. Ino ding, he applied fo fasest diaorship the same ciéque of liberalism that Schmitt and Kirchheimer had developed with spect the Weiar Republic He noonly ‘goed thatinteral contradictions red toaltariansm taser the existence than “onstental sate of aflais” cxempr from rational justifications he “emt dhe source of his argument ax Sehmi’end-enemy egory and Kail Korch, "Cal Schiit, Dee Hater der Vefsung,” in Za snlottang, Vo 11982, pp 206205 at Spc, ar chant, Der Boge des Paice,” Zein fr Sea “tung, vl | 03h, pp, 208 804 ote Sper’ andKonch revews appear winder {icheking “Spec Slog” exphaising te comesnpoaryreling of chai nk anderen ote undone and al ony fae Ta sce 5. Heiber Marci, “The Surge Against Libera in he Toa View of he Sein epee Cal Py, Beacon Pres: Boton, 168) ae no arn “Dic Feber Schule Now Yor" in Puppet Pol, ‘sthstanp vesiag Fru ab 1988, Bo The Beal apo pp 121122 SCHIMETTANDTHEFRANKFURTSCHOOL 38 his assertion in Te Cont of the Pot that wari the imate politcal sta ton. As Marcuse read Schmit: “Predominandy alia! condigons and rea fone ae sanctioned heres existential, and wihin the palit dimension tis the elon tothe enemy, or war, that coun asthe simply and absolutely exis ‘endal relationship (the elk and folk membership’ have been added a ase ‘vd ually existe relasonship),” Tota epnes put Schmit’ eas ‘no pce Tinlight of Schmits influence on Ktchheimer (and on Benjamin Marcus's analysis was paradoxical. Precely chose aspect of Schmit’ work that had Already entered into the Frakr School — the pliclanalysisoflaw and the bourgeois consituional sate, crim ofthe postivsie’ element of eral emocray, the connection berween direct democracy and social homogeniy, tnd, abow all, the enticu ofpalamentarism ~ were now chaaceized aS the best decision of iberalisn from dhe standpoint of tala tate theo- 1" Inellect, Marcse'arcle removed Schmittasapostive source the rank Ft Schoot during the 19808 and 1940s. Schmit’ elaboration wih the Nazi, onolidate the elec of Marcus's angument From 1988 onward, Schmit’ work stood undera viral ban for German imllecals on the lef. But the Uiginal paradox remained and isunderscored bythe Frankfurt School's deve pment of acre of bcrlsm in this perio. tn 1984 Marcuse had sere "he inner relationship between liberals socal theory andthe apparently 20, nib otlaran tory ofthe ate” reveled in a"“iberalis rationals that end in iraonalsm."* Hosthemes wok up themes from the citque of liberalism in Weimar and expanded the ino ane perspective on ronan tnd inetionalm in bourgeie ony in 0 doinghediacoveed the cmmmen ‘tigine of berm and watarianis, ‘Schit and Kirceimer agued that Hberal neaalizaton and formal de- smocracy did not eliminate poli confit but ulimarly intensified i. Horbheimer extended this citque of iberaliemn coleion of phorismshe rote during the Weinar Republic and published peudonymously during the “hid Reichs "The re bourgeois has dhe capacity tlookatal ings bjeaney, nd in postwar Germany that even extends to revolaon- Once he begins re fect bjectvely about or, rather, x poliical preparaon, i seems ike any ‘other civ within te context of socal ely andi judged according." Horeimer excended his crique of iberal int a cq of its ingustic foundacons na meditaton on reason and self presereaton published prvate- lyin 1942 in. abook dedicated othe memory of Benjamin. Not only die e- jecthe plurals of liberal democracies a ieolopicl, he began wo setout he ‘Sikjue of raonalsm in technological sodery that became on ofthe mostim- portant elements in adil nought in the late 1960s Moreover, he Bay FE Maree Te Suge Agen Libera,” Sk Mi oener Dneig orgy pubes a 954 under he pedo yen Heth Reps The eden ut eres photomechan epocion pul ‘hed inet Che weion dod "Nachdean Ober die Reveon” 71.plained the Frankfurt Scot's preoccupation afer 1938 with dhe connecion Frween liberalism and taliaranism The rnsformation ofbourgeoissoie- {ins open dictatorship took plac through "technological reason” — "inthe ‘Sansfornation of bourgeois ule the bourgeois continues, despite the fat that the new order represents leap ito direct domination," Tard «New Libel ond New Deno: Habermas Tahar tsrases equ bon es own clborson dug dhe shed Reh comple’ Took anew generation of he Banko Sched, [age abeas again indi Schatspea hory re of oneps Pee Ear ofthe eins ety Habermas ore ail an his eons er ise of Shit alo move peso. Sct and dncer segue ter thought sree owed: Habeas sesame has ated to make eal pines the foun lion oft cial moral and pial phionphy. The tue nt weber iin Schmt share aonof plc god icy ely do nol but the oral ngument common to bo labo cay wing Sl nd PB, 1961; Srroondd der Of tude, Too employed Schmit eof eral hog and inst ‘on inion of Semocrany subse enti, com of ber de esta inser par, the sae adinrton, publi opinion Peay undomocraemphess on plebectay inary as opposed © ‘Sagrada the onsucion often between pins and eal ‘Ribera conta, Furermore ths cl ements were sed in Seaeecbeon arya ode iterations as LPS GeRe panic by eich presen sey can be mewured. Since “hh of hargumen comes fom Shi’ saan inthe pos 945 period, “reach steno Haber ery exe evidence ts more submerged diane the Shrew eB genera ofthe rane Soa {Habermas Incr wang expt erences to Schmitand i stdens PR A Tor Schmit’ name in Habermas’ works avaiable in Rnglish wll sel da naa ren hich emphasise lees baw aoa ‘Sd Siuske agent er uneral ord and pola pnd, and S's sortaran, aoa phason deson and aor pl SAS tongs Shier py ecg qs nad is "ohio ets” i We Bp mG See ee eine deol sheory foe by Cat Shia” Cc a ey ees Obstet on Thespta Stin oth Age"heres tou om ca ear marfte pectely Coan ot eon See a ge, ene i ce: a Sy ‘SHS lems Geta teehee ‘who decides?” Habermas search for universal moral principles in an "ideal speech stsson” mia appear completly incompauble wih Sbmi's views Tiss how Haber’ ater wotk presents the relation beween them “Thecharacerizion depends on denying the meuphysicl origins and inten- tom of Schmie’spolsal theory. Bude discover ofa wanscendental uth is ‘eam ofboth, and both hold outruh asthe ceion of polical ie fl low fom this idealistic premise thatthe notion of politics asa pragmaticsearch for consensus and a sese of the necesty of compromise in democracy will seem a comupton Habermas” analysis of liberal democracy, like Kirchimer’s, depends on Schmit inion of ere nd formal democracy-The est asso his analysis ‘of democratic patcpationasameans to achieve a substantial goal of lf eal ‘ation, ater than a ava intel” ora “poi fish," are Weimar and Bonn, He recognizes, ke allthe participants the eater debace that demo ‘acy is an historical process aswell ar a theoretical question. The decisive point for him, as fr his predecessors in the Weimar debate, is what is o count as "democratic"? The argument can be sunamasized without too much ijusce tothe partipans a having revolved around subsea v= posite com ‘epdons. The Weimar subsantaliss, including Scrit, argued that emp ‘dim wae minaken to quate democracy wid "democratic procedures” and ‘craphaszed freedom and equality areal nd nersarysapets of democracy. “The postive — Habermas righ singles ou Richard Thomaas epresent atveof this postion — sessed the formal and intional specs of demo ‘rai consttions. For Thoma, sates wid universal and equal sage, in ‘which ineztional provisions conform wo the model of western democratic Consiutons, are by definivon democrat, He rejected as impractical he “Rousseau” theory of democracy as "a self-governing community of all, mature etizens"" In modern states, the pres and public opinion are indispensible agents inthe formation ofthe democratic wl. Ava polical pro fe, democracy has nothing to do with ideological prindpes (ie, the Rousseau conception, despe is ulimatedefinion a8 slrgovernment in ie of tie gneraion, one oc only bewiched binary Nezache, as be token” (Mit Frew Cambsdge MAC 1968p, 1S nde egetcly Hea core ‘oil cner ce ons ie tse ee sync far enn Crm ncn al Picason of Sahmut’s wots) only repeating "wha stents of Shmit 2d [Rind Chien wee aireay whispering 0 cach orn the ety 3p tor cam, hn og rev ae ie “FR ca msn den Wel asbncn Fas Nea, inj Feo et Doar wd “Al nd Prien rT nt ean (Noni Yong a ae oo 8 "abet to Thota ae ntedcion oS wd AB 9 ‘ce Rihar Thoma, "Der be der madernenDemalaein einem Vth Zam Scasheryi"in Pe Hepler de Senge Epa Wie, {Dune Humbloe Murch and pei 1925p.