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--Benefit Analysis of Using Light Emitting Diode (LED) Lights and Daylit Harvesting

The LED lights are expected to benefit the health of the occupancy and customers. LED

only emits 20 percent of its wattage as heat compared to fluorescent that emits 80 % of wattage to

heat while the incandescent converted the 90% of energy into heat. The cost benefit of using LED

compared to the traditional incandescent bulb and fluorescent is 700,417.368 Pesos.

The roof area with eleven percent polycarbonate roofing material for the section of roofing

system will reduce the operating time of lights to be used in the operation of market stalls, offices

and aisles of the proposed market. Using the formula below, the floor area that is covered by the

daylit was determined:

𝑆𝑘𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (𝐶𝑒𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ∗ 1.5)2

The daylit harvesting for the proposed market covers a total floor area of 6236.93 square

meters. The combined daylit harvesting and LED lights reduces the electric bill up to 1,023,631.07

Pesos per year.

The proposed wattages of LED lights based on required illumination to its occupancy and

service are shown in Table 10.

Table 10. Proposed Wattage of LED lights

LUMENS
LED WATTAGE (W)
DRY SECTION (lm)
CLOTHES & FOOTWEAR 300 9
GROCERIES SECTION 300 9
GRAINS 300 9
GEN. MERCHANDISE 300 9
EGGS 300 9

WET SECTION

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FROZEN GOODS 300 9

DRY ICE 300 9
MEAT TABLE 500 16
FISH TABLE 500 16

VEGETABLE SECTION
VEGETABLES 300 9

EATERY SECTION
CANTEEN 300 9

OFFICES
BPMO 500 16
SANITATION 500 16
SECURITY 500 16
POLICE OUTPOST 300 9

PATH WAY
HALLWAY 1,600 18

RESTROOMS
COMFORT ROOM 300 9

SERVICE SECTION
SHOPS 20 m^2 300 9
SHOPS 9m^2 300 9

Cost Benefit Analysis of using LED Lights and Daylit Harvesting

Rate per kilo watts per hour (Meralco) = 8.17 Pesos

Cost Benefit per month = Cost per month of fluorescent and incandescent bulb - Cost per month

of LED lights

Cost Benefit per month = 19,220.25 Pesos

Cost Benefit per year = 230, 643 Pesos

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Fluorescent and Incandescent with Daylit

(OH) ∗ N ∗ W
C=∑ (rate per kilo watts per hour) * 30
1000

Where;

C = cost of electric consumption per month

C = 33,578.25196 Pesos

Fluorescent and Incandescent without Daylit

(OH−DL) ∗ N ∗ W
C=∑ (rate per kilo watts per hour) * 30
1000

C = 102,545.9184 Pesos

Determining the LED Light Spacing and Number of Lights (Electrical Code of the

Philippines)

The economical number of light fixture by means of its efficiency is determined by

following the formula given by the Philippine Electrical Code. The formula shown determines the

required spacing of lights:

𝐴𝐼 ∗ (𝑐𝑢 ∗ 𝑚𝑓)
𝐸=
𝑤∗𝑑

E = Illumination in lux

Al = Average lumens

w = Width of the roadway

d = Distance between luminaires

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cu = Coefficient of utilization

The required number of lights for the open spaces in the proposed public market is given

by the formula:

𝐿𝑢𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 ∗ 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
𝐿𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

The spacing of light fixture and number of lights in the open spaces of the proposed public

market is shown in the electrical layout.

Return of Investment
This section discusses the return on investment (ROI) of the estimated investment for the

proposed Baliwag Public Market. According to Solution Matrix, Ltd. the ROI measures the gain

or loss generated on an investment relative to the amount of money invested. The ROI compares

returns to costs by making a ratio from cash inflows and outflows that follow from the investment.

The percent of return of investment is computed using the formula below:

𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 − 𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠

𝑅𝑂𝐼 =
𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠

The breakeven analysis is used to determine the point at which revenue received equals the costs

associated with receiving the revenue.

𝐼𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑠
𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠

The estimated total investment for the proposed energy efficient design of Baliwag public market

in Bulacan is 96,283,866.04 Pesos.

The financial statement of the Baliwag public market requested from the Finance

Department of the Municipality of Baliwag is shown below.

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Table 11. Financial Statement of Baliwag Public Market

Market Collection 2010-2015

Date 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
January 1,317,875.16 1,217,240.40 1,335,094.43 1,375,049.30 2,187,105.30 2,311,574.00
February 1,240,555.98 1,114,594.34 1,349,894.18 1,275,261.90 2,157,699.30 2,108,776.60
March 1,345,387.66 1,273,709.74 1,524,290.28 1,349,630.70 2,130,739.10 2,257,819.60
April 1,266,619.88 1,341,431.33 1,378,089.50 1,361,717.46 2,051,019.90 2,147,970.10
May 1,297,872.45 1,335,161.34 1,413,530.80 1,546,083.64 2,444,216.40 2,390,157.30
June 1,272,216.00 1,291,528.20 1,427,145.26 1,757,184.01 2,628,634.80 2,462,447.80
July 1,297,652.21 1,367,123.22 1,429,254.20 2,044,797.50 2,094,912.10 2,342,685.90
August 1,287,854.84 1,384,528.11 1,293,913.60 3,633,603.13 2,161,125.10 2,192,571.10
September 1,239,435.84 1,206,584.27 1,506,867.42 2,534,988.16 2,044,559.00 2,202,175.50
October 1,344,643.64 1,357,665.72 1,426,829.50 2,385,667.17 2,246,743.00 2,096,819.30
November 1,361,372.98 1,419,147.80 1,472,964.80 2,254,666.20 2,143,946.30 2,352,158.30
December 1,584,499.76 1,507,334.06 1,497,625.50 2,322,533.40 2,333,018.00 2,238,289.20
TOTAL 15,857,996.40 15,818,059.53 17,057,511.47 23,843,195.57 26,625,732.30 27,105,459.70

The total estimated investment for the proposed project is 96,283,866.04.Using the

formula for ROI and using the average market collection of 17,542,277.152 Pesos. The annual

ROI is -81.78%. The breakeven margin of the total investment will occur after 5.5 years.

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Materials for the Proposed Public Market

Building Envelop Color

Building metal roof surfaces shall either be colored white or have a minimum SRI (Solar

Reflectance Index Values) of 70.

Figure 22: Building Envelope Color

Table 12. Solar Reflectance Index Values of Basic Colored Coatings

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Source: PPG Cool Color Series - www.coolcolorsdatabase.ppg.com as rated by the Cool Roof
Rating Council, US

Roof Insulation

Reduction of heat transfer at the roof through proper insulation improves thermal comfort.

The PGBC require the buildings to have roof insulation so that the average thermal resistance

value (R-Value) of the roof is at least R-8.

Table 13. R-Value of Common Roof Insulation

Source: U.S. Department of Energy – Insulation Materials

Polyethylene foam – R- Value/ inch: 3

Figure 23: Polyethylene Foam

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PE Foam Insulation - made from polyethylene foam. An excellent material used as thermal

insulation for roofs insulation, wall insulation and cushioning products packaging. It is preferred

packaging material for electronic components sensitive to static discharge.

Daylight Controlled Lighting System

Figure 24: Daylight Controlled Lighting System

Daylight Sensor switch can dim or switch off lamps that are not required due to presence

of adequate daylight. It reduces energy consumption due to unnecessary use of lights and provides

comfort and convenience.

LED lights

Figure 25: LED lights

“The light-emitting diode (LED) is one of today's most energy-efficient and rapidly-

developing lighting technologies. Quality LED light bulbs last longer, are more durable, and offer

comparable or better light quality than other types of lighting. LED is a highly energy efficient

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lighting technology, and has the potential to fundamentally change the future of lighting in the

United States. Residential LEDs -- especially ENERGY STAR rated products -- use at least 75%

less energy, and last 25 times longer, than incandescent lighting. “www.energy.gov - U.S.

Department of energy.

Advantages

Energy Saving: Unlike incandescent bulbs -- which release 90 percent of their energy as heat --

LEDs use energy far more efficiently with little wasted heat. In 2012, about 49 million LEDs were

installed in the U.S. -- saving about $675 million in annual energy costs. Switching entirely to

LED lights over the next two decades could save the U.S. $250 billion in energy costs, reduce

electricity consumption for lighting by nearly 50 percent and avoid 1,800 million metric tons of

carbon emissions.

 Compact Light Source: LEDs are usually smaller than other type of lights. They are at

the size of a fleck of pepper, and a mix of red, green, and blue LEDs is typically used to

make white light.

 Precise Light Direction: LEDs emit light in a specific direction, reducing the need for

reflectors and diffusers that can trap light. This feature makes LEDs more efficient for

many uses such as recessed downlights and task lighting. With other types of lighting, the

light must be reflected to the desired direction and more than half of the light may never

leave the fixture.

 Less Heat: LEDs emit very little heat. In comparison, incandescent bulbs release 90% of

their energy as heat and CFLs release about 80% of their energy as heat.

 Wide Variety: LED lighting is currently available in a wide variety of home and industrial

products, and the list is growing every year. The rapid development of LED technology

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leads to more products and improved manufacturing efficiency, which also results in lower

prices. It's important to read the Lighting Facts Label to make sure the product is the right

brightness and color for the intended location.

 Safer: LEDs are much cooler than incandescent lights, reducing the risk of combustion or

burnt fingers. LEDs contain no mercury, and a recent Energy Department study determined

that LEDs have a much smaller environmental impact than incandescent bulbs.

 Sturdier: LED’s are made with epoxy lenses, not glass, and are much more resistant to

breakage.

 Longer lasting: Good-quality LED bulbs can have a useful life of 25,000 hours or more -

- meaning they can last more than 25 times longer than traditional light bulbs. That is a life

of more than three years if run 24 hours a day, seven days a week.

 Easier to install: Up to 25 strings of LEDs can be connected end-to-end without

overloading a wall socket.

Efficient Water Fixture

Figure 26: Pipes and Fittings – PPR

Polypropylene Random Pipe (PPR). PPR pipe was developed in Europe in the early 1990s.

It is manufactured from Random Copolymer Polypropylene resin by extrusion process and

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injection moulding is used for the fittings. PPR pipe can deliver hot water at 95°c with a pressure

of 1.2MPa making them the ideal plastic for both hot and cold use. Pipes and fittings made from

Polypropylene Random Copolymer exhibit superior performance for hot and cold-water plumbing

of residential buildings, commercial complexes, offices and hotels.

Advantages

 Both the pipes and fittings consist of exactly the same material thereby reducing the chances of

failure.

 PPR pipe system has a life expectancy of more than 50 years, and is fully recyclable.

 Its insulation is 35 times better than that of copper due to its low thermal conductivity thereby

making it an energy saving product.

 PPR does not support scaling unlike metal pipes and is lightweight making it easier to transport

and faster to install.

 PPR is also resistant to abrasion by hard particles, thus having a longer lifespan.

Figure 27: Water Closet and Urinals

Water Closet that use less water per flush and with a dual flush system. These water closets

has a button for flushing about 3 liters of water for liquid waste or full flush of 4.5 litters for solid

waste compared to a 6 liters per flush of regular toilets.

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Waterless Urinal that uses fluid sealed technology seems to be a viable option for water

conservation. However, special care and precaution should be exercised when selecting this kind

of product.

Aerated Faucets

Figure 28: Aerated Faucets

Aerator is found at the tip of modern water faucets. It creates a steadier, non-splashing

stream and often delivers a mixture of air and water. It acts like a sieve, sending separating single

flow of water in to many tiny streams. The water flow is reduced while the water pressure is

maintained which in turn saves water consumption.

SWOT ANALYSIS FOR THE BALIWAG PUBLIC MARKET

Strengths

1. The site has the proximity from major road of Donya Remedios Trinidad Highway and to

the local road of J.P Rizal.

2. The site is located near the commercial establishments and different local and commercial

offices.

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3. The site is accessible.

4. The site is near residential areas and subdivisions.

Weaknesses

1. It cannot locate an area for a material recovery facility due to its proximity with residential

and commercial areas.

Opportunities

1. The site could also attract traders and consumers from other municipalities.

2. It could create more livelihoods and jobs for nearby residents.

Threats

1. The site could be a traffic prone area.

2. The presence of malls with air-conditioned supermarkets pose a bid threat to the

commercial viability of public markets.

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Summary

Conclusion

This study indicates that the use of efficient materials and resources to replace existing

lessen energy consumption and the re-layout enhances efficiency of the system of the Public

Market. By means of this research, case studies and complying with different existing codes as

basis for the proposed design of public market, the following conclusions were presented.

 The proposed design of Baliwag public market with compliance to different provisions

from Market Code, Sanitation Code, Green Building Code and other Codes provide

functional and well appropriated spaces.

 The energy efficiency of the market was complied with by means of using white colors or

colors with minimum SRI of 70. The LED lights and using daylight lighting systems can

reduce heat and can control lighting system in the most efficient way.

 The efficiency in mechanical system was met by using fixtures with high energy efficiency

rating. The natural ventilation of the market for more than 10 percent of floor area was met

by means of opening from market aisles. The roof insulation with R-8 value meets the

standards from GB Code.

 The water closet that use less water per flush and with dual flush system, using of PPR

pipes and fittings, and aerated faucets are the efficient water fixtures proposed to reduce

water consumption.

 The use of the daylit harvesting system and (LED) light emitting diode lights benefited the

occupants of the Baliwag Public Market and their customers regarding their health and by

reducing the electric bill.

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 The proposed design of the stalls and the whole public market comply within the

requirements of the National Building Code, Fire Code of the Philippines, Market Code of

the Philippines, National Plumbing Code of the Philippines, NSCP 2010, Code on

Sanitation of the Philippines and Philippine Electrical Code.

Recommendation

With the obtained findings and conclusions given, the researchers came up with the

following recommendations:

 The proposed market design is recommend to be upgraded where a second storey can be

added and used as part of public market or parking area. Baliwag Town Proper is now very

congested, hence, pay parking on building is more appropriate.

 It is also recommended to find more economical materials but suited to the requirements

of the various existing codes.

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References

Article

Climate Change Act of 2009

Code on Sanitation of the Philippines

Espares, JR.; Mayuga, A.; Monderin, AC. (2014), Design of Three-Storey Green School

Building with Optimized Perimeter Special Moment Resisting Frames

Energy efficient Act (Senate Bill No. 3251 )

Electrical Illumination Required Retrieved from

The National Optical Astronomy Observatory (NOAO) is the U.S. rational observatory

operated by the Association of Universities for Research in Astronomy, Inc. (AURA) under

Cooperative Agreement with the National Science Foundation (NSF).

Material Recovery Facility, (Asian Development Bank, 2013)

Website

De Jesus, A. (2013), Energy efficient Market Transformation. Retrieved from

http://business.inquirer.net/134829/green-building-market-transformation

Drainage. (n.d). In Oxford Dictionary. Retrieved from

https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/drainage

Econsult (2007), Estimating the Economic Impact of Public Market. Retrieved from

https://www.pps.org/pdf/pps_public_markets_eis.pdf

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Exfiltration. (n.d). In Merriem-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved from

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/exfiltration

Free Market. (n.d). In Oxford Dictionary. Retrieved from

https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/freemarket

Harborages. (n.d). Retrieved from

http://articles.extension.org/pages/43657/i-have-been-told-to-remove-pest-harborage-

what-does-this-mean

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Definition of terms

DAYLIT-the practice of placing windows or other openings and reflective surfaces so that

during the day natural light provides effective internal lighting.

DRAINAGE– the means of removing surplus water or liquid waste; a system of drains.

EXFILTRATION – to remove (as soldiers) furtively from a hostile area.

FREE MARKET– an economic system in which prices are determined by unrestricted

competition between privately owned businesses.

HARBORAGES – are locations where pests seek shelter.

LEACHATE– a solution or product obtained by leaching.

LEACHING – to dissolve out by the action of a percolating liquid.

MARKET PREMISES – refer to any open space in the market buildings, usually occupied by

transient vendors especially during market days, and the total area designated as the market

place.

PUBLIC MARKET – shall be understood to mean a place, building or structure of any kind

owned or operated by a city or municipality designated as such by the Sanggunian of that city

or municipality dedicated to the service of the general public, where basic food items and other

commodities are displayed and offered for sale.

REFUSE – is an inclusive term for all solid waste products consisting of garbage,

rubbish, ashes, night soil, manure, dead animals, street sweepings and industrial,

waste.

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SANITATION – conditions relating to public health, especially the provision of clean drinking

water and adequate sewage disposal.

VERMIN – parasitic worms or insects.

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