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Contents

• The concept of frequency in continuous time and discrete time


Signals
• Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog Conversion
1.3 Continuous time Signals in terms of frequency
• A simple harmonic oscillation is mathematically described by the following
continuous-time sinusoidal signal:

• Properties
• For every fixed value of the frequency F ,
𝑥𝑎 (t) is periodic.
1/F= Fundamental period of
Analog signal
• Continuous-time sinusoidal signals with distinct (different) frequencies are
themselves distinct.
• Exponential Form

• Sinusoidal signal can be obtained by


adding two equal-amplitude complex-
conjugate exponential signals, sometimes
called phasors.
Representation of a cosine
function by a pair of complex-
conjugate exponentials (phasors).
Discrete time Sinusoidal Signals
• A discrete time sinusoidal signal is
expressed as

where n is an integer variable called the


sample number. A is the amplitude of the
sinusoid. 𝜔 is the frequency in radians per
sample. and 𝜃 is the phase in radians.

Sinusoid signal with frequency


𝝎 = 𝝅/6 radians per sample (f=
1/12 cycles per sample) and
phase 𝜽 = 𝝅/3.
• Properties
• A discrete-time sinusoid is periodic only if its frequency f is a rational number

For a sinusoidal signal with frequency 𝑓0 to be periodic if

• Discrete-time sinusoids whose frequencies are separated by an integer multiple


of 2π are identical. Generally,
1.4 Analogue to Digital Conversion
 Most signals such as speech, radar signals, sonar signals, audio and
video communication signals, are analog. To process analog signals by
digital means, it is first necessary to convert them into digital form, that is,
to convert them to a sequence of numbers having finite precision.
This procedure is called analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion.
 Conceptually, this conversion is three-step process.
i. Sampling
ii. Quantization
iii. Coding
Sampling of Analog Signals
• This is the conversion of a continuous-time signal into a
discrete-time signal obtained by taking "samples" of the
continuous-time signal at discrete time instants. Thus, if 𝑥𝑎 (t)
is the input to the sampler, the output is 𝑥𝑎 (𝑛𝑇) = 𝑥(𝑛), where
T is called the sampling interval
and its reciprocal is called
Sampling rate/frequency.
• There exists a relationship between frequency (F) of analog signals and
frequency (f) of discrete time signals. Consider an analog signal
𝑥𝑎 (𝑡) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝐹𝑡 + ∅)
𝐹
𝑥(𝑛) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑛 + ∅)
𝐹𝑠
• Discrete time sinusoidal signal is
𝑥(𝑛) = 𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑓𝑛 + ∅)
𝐹
so, f= called relative normalize frequency.
𝐹𝑠
• The ranges of the frequency variable F or Ω for continuous time sinusoidal are

For discrete time sinusoidal are


SUMMERY
Example 1.4.1
The implications of these frequency relations can be fully appreciated
by considering the two analog sinusoidal signals

which are sampled at a rate Fs = 40 Hz. The corresponding discrete-


time signals or sequences are
Solution:
𝐶𝑜𝑠 5𝜋𝑛/2 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠(2𝜋𝑛 + 𝜋𝑛/2) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜋𝑛/2.
Hence, 𝑥1 𝑡 = 𝑥2 𝑡
Thus the sinusoidal signals are identical and indistinguishable. If we are given the
sampled values generated by 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜋𝑛/2, there is some ambiguity as to whether
these sampled values correspond to 𝑥1 𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑥2 𝑡 .
Since 𝑥2 𝑡 yields exactly the same values as 𝑥1 𝑡 when the two are sampled at 𝐹𝑠
= 40 samples per second.
we say that the frequency 𝐹2 = 50 H z is an alias of the frequency 𝐹1 = 10 Hz at the
sampling rate of 40 samples per second.

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