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Crack cocaine

Crack cocaine, also known simply as crack, is a free base form of cocaine that can
be smoked. Crack offers a short but intense high to smokers. The Manual of
Adolescent Substance Abuse Treatment calls it the most "addictive" (effective) form
of cocaine.[1] Crack cocaine is commonly used as a recreational drug. Crack first
saw widespread use in primarily impoverished inner city neighborhoods in New
York, Los Angeles, and Miami in late 1984 and 1985; its rapid increase in use and
availability is sometimes termed as the "crack epidemic".[2]

Contents
Two grams of crack cocaine
Physical and chemical properties
Synthesis
Recreational use
Adverse effects
Physiological
Crack lung
Psychological
Pregnancy and nursing
Reinforcement disorders
Tolerance
Addiction

Overdose
Society and culture
Synonyms
Drug combinations
Consumption
Legal status
Australia
Canada
United States
Europe

See also
References
Further reading

Physical and chemical properties


In purer forms, crack rocks appear as off-white nuggets with jagged edges,[3] with a slightly higher density than candle wax. Purer
forms of crack resemble a hard brittle plastic, in crystalline form[3] (snaps when broken). A crack rock acts as a local anesthetic (see:
cocaine), numbing the tongue or mouth only where directly placed. Purer forms of crack will sink in water or melt at the edges when
near a flame (crack vaporizes at 90 °C, 194 °F).[1]

Crack cocaine as sold on the streets may be adulterated or "cut" with other substances mimicking the appearance of crack cocaine to
increase bulk. Use of toxic adulterants such aslevamisole[4] has been documented.[5]
Synthesis
Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3, common baking soda) is a base used in preparation
of crack, although other weak bases may substitute for it. The net reaction when
using sodium bicarbonate is

Coc-H+Cl− + NaHCO3 → Coc + H2O + CO2 + NaCl

With Ammonium bicarbonate:

Coc-H+Cl− + NH4HCO3 → Coc + NH4Cl + CO2 + H2O

With Ammonium carbonate:

2(Coc-H+Cl−) + (NH4)2CO3 → 2 Coc + 2 NH4Cl + CO2 +


H2O
In order for cocaine (in plastic bag at
Crack cocaine is frequently purchased already in rock form,[3] although it is not bottom) to be converted to crack,
uncommon for some users to "wash up" or "cook" powder cocaine into crack several supplies are needed.
themselves. This process is frequently done with baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), Pictured here are baking soda, a
water, and a spoon. Once mixed and heated, the bicarbonate reacts with the commonly used base in making
crack, a metal spoon, atealight, and
hydrochloride of the powder cocaine, forming free base cocaine and carbonic acid
a cigarette lighter. The spoon is held
(H2CO3) in a reversible acid-base reaction. The heating accelerates the degradation over the heat source in order to
of carbonic acid into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water. Loss of CO2 prevents the "cook" the cocaine into crack.
reaction from reversing back to cocaine hydrochloride. Free base cocaine separates
as an oily layer, floating on the top of the now leftover aqueous phase. It is at this
point that the oil is picked up rapidly, usually with a pin or long thin object. This
pulls the oil up and spins it, allowing air to set and dry the oil, and allows the maker
to roll the oil into the rock-like shape.

Crack vaporizes near temperature 90 °C (194 °F),[1] much lower than the cocaine
hydrochloride melting point of 190 °C (374 °F).[1] Whereas cocaine hydrochloride
cannot be smoked (burns with no effect),[1] crack cocaine when smoked allows for
quick absorption into the blood stream, and reaches the brain in 8 seconds.[1] Crack
cocaine can also be injected intravenously with the same effect as powder cocaine.
A close up of the "cooking" process
However, whereas powder cocaine dissolves in water, crack must be dissolved in an that creates crack.
acidic solution such as lemon juice or white vinegar, a process that effectively
reverses the original conversion of powder cocaine to crack.

Recreational use
Crack cocaine is commonly used as a recreational drug. Effects of crack cocaine
include euphoria,[6] supreme confidence,[7] loss of appetite,[6] insomnia,[6]
alertness,[6] increased energy,[6] a craving for more cocaine,[7] and potential
paranoia (ending after use).[6][8] Its initial effect is to release a large amount of
dopamine,[3] a brain chemical inducing feelings of euphoria. The high usually lasts
from 5–10 minutes,[6][3] after which time dopamine levels in the brain plummet,
leaving the user feeling depressed and low.[3] When (powder) cocaine is dissolved
and injected, the absorption into the bloodstream is at least as rapid as the absorption
[6] and similar euphoria may
of the drug which occurs when crack cocaine is smoked,
A woman smoking crack cocaine.
be experienced.
Adverse effects
[5] which may pose additional health risks.
Because crack is an illicit drug, users may consume impure or fake ("bunk") drug,

Physiological
The short-term physiological effects of cocaine include[6] constricted blood
vessels, dilated pupils, and increased temperature, heart rate, and blood
pressure. Some users of cocaine report feelings of restlessness, irritability, and
anxiety. In rare instances, sudden death can occur on the first use of cocaine or
unexpectedly thereafter.[6] Cocaine-related deaths are often a result of cardiac
arrest or seizures followed by respiratory arrest.

Like other forms of cocaine, smoking crack can increase heart rate[9] and
blood pressure, leading to long-term cardiovascular problems. Some research
suggests that smoking crack or freebase cocaine has additional health risks
compared to other methods of taking cocaine. Many of these issues relate
specifically to the release of methylecgonidine and its effect on the heart,[9]
lungs,[10] and liver.[11]

Toxic adulterants: Many substances may have been added in order Main physiological effects of crack cocaine
to expand the weight and volume of a batch, while still appearing to
be pure crack. Occasionally, highly toxic substances are used, with
a range of corresponding short and long-term health risks.
Adulturants used with crack and cocaine includemilk powder, sugars such as glucose, starch, caffeine, lidocaine,
benzocaine, paracetamol, amphetamine, scopolamine and strychnine.[12]
Smoking problems: Any route of administration poses its own set of health risks; in the case of crack cocaine,
smoking tends to be more harmful than other routes. Crack users tend to smoke the drug because that has a higher
bioavailability than other routes typically used for drugs of abuse such asinsufflation. Crack has a melting point of
around 90 °C (194 °F),[1] and the smoke does not remain potent for long. Therefore, crack pipes are generally very
short, to minimize the time between evaporating and ingestion (thereby minimizing loss of potency). Having a very
hot pipe pressed against the lips often causes cracked and blistered lips, colloquially known as "crack lip". The use
of "convenience store crack pipes"[13] - glass tubes which originally contained smallartificial roses - may contribute
to this condition. These 4-inch (10-cm) pipes[13] are not durable and will quickly develop breaks; users may continue
to use the pipe even though it has been broken to a shorter length. The hot pipe might burn the lips, tongue, or
fingers, especially when passed between people who take hits in rapid succession, causing the short pipe to reach
higher temperatures than if used by one person alone.
Pure or large doses: Because the quality of crack can vary greatly , some people might smoke larger amounts of
diluted crack, unaware that a similar amount of a new batch of purer crack could cause an overdose. This can trigger
heart problems or cause unconsciousness.
Pathogens on pipes: When pipes are shared, bacteria or viruses can be transferred from person to person.

Crack lung
In crack users, acute respiratory symptoms have been reported, sometimes termed crack lung. Symptoms include fever, hemoptysis
and difficulty breathing.[14] In the 48-hour period after use, people with these symptoms have also had associated radiographic
findings on chest xray ofpulmonary edema, interstitial pneumonia, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, and eosinophil infiltration.[14]

Psychological
Stimulant drug abuse (particularly amphetamine and cocaine) can lead to delusional parasitosis (aka Ekbom's Syndrome: a mistaken
belief they are infested with parasites).[15] For example, excessive cocaine use can lead to formication, nicknamed "cocaine bugs" or
"coke bugs", where the affected people believe they have, or feel, parasites crawling under their skin.[15] (Similar delusions may also
be associated with high fever or in connection with alcohol withdrawal, sometimes accompanied by visual hallucinations of
insects.)[15]
People experiencing these hallucinations might scratch themselves to the extent of serious skin damage and bleeding, especially when
they are delirious.[8][15]

Paranoia and anxiety are among the most common psychological symptoms of crack cocaine use. Psychosis is more closely
[16]
associated with smoking crack cocaine than intranasal and intravenous use.

Pregnancy and nursing


"Crack baby" is a term for a child born to a mother who used crack cocaine during her pregnancy. The threat that cocaine use during
pregnancy poses to the fetus is now considered exaggerated.[17] Studies show that prenatal cocaine exposure (independent of other
effects such as, for example, alcohol, tobacco, or physical environment) has no appreciable effect on childhood growth and
development.[18] However, the official opinion of the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the United States warns about health risks
while cautioning against stereotyping:

Many recall that "crack babies", or babies born to mothers who used crack cocaine while pregnant, were at one time
written off by many as a lost generation. They were predicted to suffer from severe, irreversible damage, including
reduced intelligence and social skills. It was later found that this was a gross exaggeration. However, the fact that
most of these children appear normal should not be over-interpreted as indicating that there is no cause for concern.
Using sophisticated technologies, scientists are now finding that exposure to cocaine during fetal development may
lead to subtle, yet significant, later deficits in some children, including deficits in some aspects of cognitive
[19]
performance, information-processing, and attention to tasks—abilities that are important for success in school.

There are also warnings about the threat of breastfeeding: "It is likely that cocaine will reach the baby through breast milk." The
March of Dimes advises the following regarding cocaine use during pregnancy:

Cocaine use during pregnancy can affect a pregnant woman and her unborn baby in many ways. During the early
months of pregnancy, it may increase the risk of miscarriage. Later in pregnancy, it can trigger preterm labor (labor
that occurs before 37 weeks of pregnancy) or cause the baby to grow poorly. As a result, cocaine-exposed babies are
more likely than unexposed babies to be born with low birthweight (less than 5.5 lb or 2.5 kg). Low-birthweight
babies are 20 times more likely to die in their first month of life than normal-weight babies, and face an increased risk
of lifelong disabilities such as mental retardation and cerebral palsy. Cocaine-exposed babies also tend to have
smaller heads, which generally reflect smaller brains. Some studies suggest that cocaine-exposed babies are at
increased risk of birth defects, including urinary-tract defects and, possibly, heart defects. Cocaine also may cause an
[20]
unborn baby to have a stroke, irreversible brain damage, or a heart attack.

Reinforcement disorders

Tolerance
An appreciable tolerance to cocaine’s high may develop, with many addicts reporting that they seek but fail to achieve as much
pleasure as they did from their first experience.[6] Some users will frequently increase their doses to intensify and prolong the
euphoric effects. While tolerance to the high can occur, users might also become more sensitive (drug sensitization) to cocaine's local
anesthetic (pain killing) and convulsant (seizure inducing) effects, without increasing the dose taken; this increased sensitivity may
[6]
explain some deaths occurring after apparent low doses of cocaine.

Addiction
Crack cocaine is popularly thought to be the most addictive form of cocaine.[1] However, this claim has been contested: Morgan and
Zimmer wrote that available data indicated that "...smoking cocaine by itself does not increase markedly the likelihood of
dependence.... The claim that cocaine is much more addictive when smoked must be reexamined."[21] They argued that cocaine users
who are already prone to abuse are most likely to "move toward a more ef
ficient mode of ingestion" (that is, smoking).

The intense desire to recapture the initial high is what is so addictive for many users.[3] On the other hand, Reinarman et al. wrote
that the nature of crack addiction depends on the social context in which it is used and the psychological characteristics of users,
[22]
pointing out that many heavy crack users can go for days or weeks without using the drugs.

Overdose
A typical response among users is to have another hit of the drug; however, the levels of dopamine in the brain take a long time to
replenish themselves, and each hit taken in rapid succession leads to progressively less intense highs.[3] However, a person might
[8]
binge for 3 or more days without sleep, while inhaling hits from the pipe.

Use of cocaine in a binge, during which the drug is taken repeatedly and at increasingly high doses, leads to a state of increasing
irritability, restlessness, and paranoia.[6] This may result in a full-blown paranoid psychosis, in which the individual loses touch with
reality and experiences auditory hallucinations.[6]

Large amounts of crack cocaine (several hundred milligrams or more) intensify the user's high, but may also lead to bizarre, erratic,
and violent behavior.[6] Large amounts can induce tremors, vertigo, muscle twitches, paranoia, or, with repeated doses, a toxic
reaction closely resemblingamphetamine poisoning.[6]

Society and culture

Synonyms
atari; base; bazooka; beamers; beemers; bebe; bee-bee; berry; bing; bolo; bomb; boulder; boulders; butter; caine; cane; Casper;
Casper the ghost; cavvy; chemical; chewies; cloud; cloud nine; crills; crunch and munch; dip; famous dimes; fan; fish scale; fries;
fry; glo; golfball; gravel; grit; hail; hamburger; helper; hubba; ice cube; kangaroo; kibbles and bits; kibbles; krills; lightem; paste;
patico; pebbles; pee wee; pony; raw; ready; ready rocks; redi rocks; roca; rock; rooster; rox; Roxanne; scud; Scotty; scramble;
scruples; seven-up; sherm; sherms; sleet; snowballs; stones; teeth; tension; top gun; tweak; ultimate; wash; white cloud; work; yahoo;
yay; yayoo; yeah-O; yeyo; yeo; yuck.[23]

Drug combinations
Crack cocaine may be combined with amphetamine ("croack"); tobacco ("coolie"); marijuana ("buddha"; "caviar"; "chronic"; "cocoa
puffs"; "fry daddy"; "gimmie"; "gremmie"; "juice"; "primo"; "torpedo"; "turbo"; "woolie"; "woola"); heroin ("moon rock"); and
phencyclidine ("clicker"; "p-funk"; "spacebase").[23]

Consumption
Crack smoking ("hitting the pipe"; "puffing"; "beaming up (to Scotty)") is commonly performed with utensils such as pipes ("bowl";
"devil's dick"; "glass dick"; "horn"; "Uzi"); improvised pipes made from a plastic bottle ("Masarati"); water pipes ("bong"; "hubbly-
bubbly"); and laboratory pipettes ("demo").[23]

Legal status
Cocaine is listed as a Schedule I drug in the United Nations 1961 Single Convention
on Narcotic Drugs, making it illegal for non-state-sanctioned production,
manufacture, export, import, distribution, trade, use and possession.[24] In most
states (except in the U.S.) crack falls under the same category ascocaine.

Australia
In Australia, crack falls under the same category as cocaine, which is listed as a
Schedule 8 controlled drug, indicating that any substances and preparations for
therapeutic use under this category have high potential for abuse and addiction. It is
permitted for some medical use, but is otherwise outlawed.

Canada
As a Schedule I substance under the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act, crack is
not differentiated from cocaine and other coca products. However, the court may
weigh the socio-economic factors of crack usage in sentencing. As a guideline,
Schedule I drugs carry a maximum 7-year prison sentence for possession for an
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
indictable offense and up to life imprisonment for trafficking and production. A
anti-crack poster
summary conviction on possession carries a $1000–$2000 fine and/or 6 months to a
year imprisonment.

United States
In the United States, cocaine is a Schedule II drug under the Controlled Substances Act, indicating that it has a high abuse potential
but also carries a medicinal purpose.[25][26] Under the Controlled Substances Act, crack and cocaine are considered the same drug.

The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 increased penalties for crack cocaine possession and usage. It mandated a mandatory minimum
sentence of five years without parole for possession of five grams of crack; to receive the same sentence with powder cocaine one
had to have 500 grams.[27] This sentencing disparity was reduced from 100-to-1 to 18-to-1 by theFair Sentencing Act of 2010.

Europe
In the United Kingdom, crack is a Class A drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. In the Netherlands it is a List 1 drug of the
Opium Law.

See also
CIA and Contras cocaine trafficking in the US
Cocaine paste ("paco")
Structurally related chemicals:proparacaine, tetracaine, lidocaine, procaine, hexylcaine, bupivacaine, benoxinate,
mepivacaine, prilocaine, etidocaine, benzocaine, chloroprocaine, propoxycaine, dyclonine, dibucaine, and
pramoxine.

References
1. Manual of Adolescent Substance Abuse T reatment, Todd Wilk Estroff, M.D., 2001 (306 pages), pp. 44-45, (describes
cocaine/crack processing & melting points): p.44 has "cannot be smoked because...melting point of 190°C"; p.45 has
"It is the most addictive form of cocaine", webpage:[1] (https://books.google.com/books?id=GLcdUyQsxbgC&pg=P A
44), p. 44, at Google Books
2. Reinarman, Craig; Levine, Harry G. (1997). "Crack in Context: America's Latest Demon Drug". In Reinarman, Craig;
Levine, Harry G. Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice. Berkeley, CA.: University of California Press.
3. A.M. Costa Rica, July 2008, Crack rocks offer a short but intense high to smokers (http://www.amcostarica.com/0718
08.htm).
4. Kinzie, Erik (April 2009)."Levamisole Found in Patients Using Cocaine"(http://www.mdconsult.com/das/article/body/
154945316-2/jorg=journal&source=&sp=21877276&sid=0/N/691072/1.html?issn=01960644) . Annals of Emergency
Medicine. 53 (4). Retrieved 2009-08-18.
5. "Officials warn of life-threatening cocaine in area", Stacy O'Brien, Red Deer Advocate, December 2008, webpage:
reddeer-officials (http://www.albertalocalnews.com/reddeeradvocate/news/local/Officials_warn_of_life-threatening_c
ocaine_in_area.html): notes cocaine with the worming medicinelevamisole.
6. "DEA, Drug Information, Cocaine", United States DOJ Drug Enforcement Administration, 2008, webpage:
DEA-
cocaine (http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/concern/cocaine.html).
7. White Mischief: A Cultural History of Cocaine, Tim Madge, 2004, ISBN 1-56025-370-3, link: [2] (https://books.google.
com/books?id=0PIXlpKU0IIC&pg=PA18), p. 18, at Google Books.
8. "Life or Meth - CRACK OF THE 90'S", Salt Lake City Police Department, Utah, 2008, PDF file:Methlife-PDF (http://w
ww.ci.slc.ut.us/police/pdf/methlife.pdf)Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20071031024458/http://www
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9. Scheidweiler KB, Plessinger MA, Shojaie J, W
ood RW, Kwong TC (2003). "Pharmacokinetics and
pharmacodynamics of methylecgonidine, a crack cocaine pyrolyzate"(http://jpet.aspetjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?vi
ew=long&pmid=14561847). J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 307 (3): 1179–87. doi:10.1124/jpet.103.055434(https://doi.org/
10.1124%2Fjpet.103.055434). PMID 14561847 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14561847). Retrieved
2008-02-24.
10. Yang Y, Ke Q, Cai J, Xiao YF, Morgan JP (2001). "Evidence for cocaine and methylecgonidine stimulation of M(2)
muscarinic receptors in cultured human embryonic lung cells"(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC15725
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11. Fandiño AS, Toennes SW, Kauert GF (2002). "Studies on hydrolytic and oxidative metabo lic pathways of
anhydroecgonine methyl ester (methylecgonidine) using microsomal preparations from rat organs". Chem. Res.
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12. Cole, Claire; Jones, Lisa; McVeigh, Jim; Kicman, Andrew; Syed, Qutub; Belis, Mark A. (2010).Cut: A Guide to
Adulturants, Bulkinh Agents and other Contaminants found in Illicit Drugs
. Centre for Public Health, Liverpool John
Moores University. pp. 6–25.
13. Lengel, Allan (April 5, 2006)."A Rose With Another Name: Crack Pipe"(https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/loc
al/2006/04/05/a-rose-with-another-name-crack-pipe/430fc938-18e4-4457-bcd1-72601deb118d/) . The Washington
Post. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
14. Mégarbane, B; Chevillard, L (5 December 2013). "The large spectrum of pulmonary complications following illicit
drug use: features and mechanisms".Chemico-Biological Interactions. 206 (3): 444–51.
doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2013.10.011(https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cbi.2013.10.011)
. PMID 24144776 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.
nih.gov/pubmed/24144776).
15. "Delusional Parasitosis", The Bohart Museum ofEntomology, 2005, webpage: UCDavis-delusional (http://delusion.u
cdavis.edu/delusional).
16. Morton, W. Alexander (August 1999)."Cocaine and Psychiatric Symptoms"(https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/article
s/PMC181074/). Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
. 1 (4): 109–113. Retrieved May 23,
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17. Okie, Susan (2009-01-27)."The Epidemic That Wasn't" (https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/27/health/27coca.html).
The New York Times.
18. "Growth, Development, and Behavior in Early Childhood Following Prenatal Cocaine Exposure, Frank et al. 285
(12): 1613 — JAMA" (http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/285/12/1613)
. Jama.ama-assn.org. 2001-03-28.
Retrieved 2010-12-22.
19. NIDA - Research Report Series - Cocaine Abuse and Addiction(http://www.drugabuse.gov/ResearchReports/Cocain
e/cocaine4.html#maternal)Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070926234838/http://www
.drugabuse.gov/Rese
archReports/Cocaine/cocaine4.html#maternal)September 26, 2007, at theWayback Machine.
20. "Street Drugs and pregnancy"(http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/illicit-drug-use-during-pregnancy.aspx).
March of Dimes. Retrieved 2009-05-26.
21. Morgan, John P.; Zimmer, Lynn (1997). "Social Pharmacology of Smokeable Cocaine". In Reinarman, Craig; Levine,
Harry G. Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice
. Berkeley, Ca.: University of California Press.
22. Reinarman, Craig; Waldorf, Dan; Murphy, Sheigla B.; Levine, Harry G. (1997). "The Contingent Call of the Pipe:
Bingeing and Addiction Among Heavy Cocaine Smokers". In Reinarman, Craig; Levine, Harry G. Crack in America:
Demon Drugs and Social Justice. Berkeley, Ca.: University of California Press.
23. Tom Dalzell (2009), The Routledge Dictionary of Modern American Slang and Unconventional English
, Routledge,
ISBN 978-0-415-37182-7
24. "Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961"(https://web.archive.org/web/20080509063404/http://www .incb.org/pdf/
e/conv/convention_1961_en.pdf)(PDF). International Narcotics Control Board. Archived fromthe original (http://ww
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25. "DEA, Title 21, Section 812" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080822024838/http://www .usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/csa/812.
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27. Sterling, Eric. "Drug Laws and Snitching: A Primer"(https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/snitch/primer/).
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Further reading
Cooper, Edith Fairman, The emergence of crack cocaine abuse, Nova Publishers, 2002

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