Below are some requirements which can add cost/eff

ort when API 660 is specified in addition to ASME S

(Cl. 7.2.2): Minimum cladding thickness based on
expanded and welded tube to tubesheet joint is higher
t(Cl. 7.3.5) Slot dimension in sliding saddle base plate is c
onsiderable higher which can increase base plat (Cl.
7.5.3) TEMA P & W type exchangers are not
allowed. (Cl. 7.5.5) Corrosion allowance to be considered
for back side of backing device which is not requried as
(Cl. 7.6.1.1) Minimum Tube OD 19.05 mm for whcih TEMA
has different for class R, C & B respectively. (Cl. 7.6.1.2)
Minimum tube thickness based on tube material. (Cl.
7.6.2.4) Extended stationary tubesheet mandatoy for
removable bundle exchangers with bonnets. (Cl. 7.6.3.1)
Thickness of CS

Heat exchanger theory leads to the heat exchanger design equation that relates the overall heat transfer coefficient, heat transfer
surface area, and log mean temperature difference to the rate of heat transfer. This heat exchanger design equation is used to find
the area needed for heat exchangers.

 Introduction
The heat exchanger design equation can be used to calculate the required heat transfer surface area for a variety of specified
fluids, inlet and outlet temperatures and types and configurations of heat exchangers, including counterflow or parallel flow. A
value is needed for the overall heat transfer coefficient for the given heat exchanger, fluids, and temperatures. Heat exchanger
calculations could be made for the required heat transfer area, or the rate of heat transfer for a heat exchanger of given area.

 The Heat Exchanger Design Equation

Heat exchanger theory leads to the basic heat exchanger design equation: Q = U A ΔTlm, where
Q is the rate of heat transfer between the two fluids in the heat exchanger in But/hr,

U is the overall heat transfer coefficient in Btu/hr-ft2-oF,

A is the heat transfer surface area in ft2,
and ΔTlm is the log mean temperature difference in oF, calculated from the inlet and outlet temperatures of both fluids.
 For design of heat exchangers, the basic heat exchanger design equation can be used to calculate the required heat exchanger area
for known or estimated values of the other three parameters, Q, U, and ΔTlm. Each of those parameters will now be discussed
briefly.

 Log Mean Temperature Difference

The driving force for any heat transfer process is a temperature difference. For heat exchangers, there are two fluids involved,
with the temperatures of both changing as they pass through the heat exchanger, so some type

of average temperature difference is needed. Many heat transfer textbooks have a derivation
showing that the log mean temperature difference is the right average temperature to use for heat exchanger calculations. That log
mean temperature is defined in terms of the temperature differences as shown in the equation at the right. T Hin and THout are the
inlet and outlet temperatures of the hot fluid and TCin and TCout are the inlet and outlet temperatures of the cold fluid. Those four
temperatures are shown in the diagram at the left for a straight tube, two pass shell and tube heat exchanger with the cold fluid as
the shell side fluid and the hot fluid as the tube side fluid.

 Heat Transfer Rate, Q

Heat exchanger calculations with the heat exchanger design equation require a value for the heat transfer rate, Q, which can be
calculated from the known flow rate of one of the fluids, its heat capacity, and the required temperature change. Following is the
equation to be used:

Q = mH CpH (THin - THout) = mC CpC (TCout - TCin), where

mH = mass flow rate of hot fluid, slugs/hr,
CpH = heat capacity of the hot fluid, Btu/slug-oF
mC = mass flow rate of cold fluid, slugs/hr,
CpC = heat capacity of the cold fluid, Btu/slug-oF,
and the temperatures are as defined in the previous section.

The required heat transfer rate can be determined from known flow rate, heat capacity and temperature change for either the hot
fluid or the cold fluid. Then either the flow rate of the other fluid for a specified temperature change, or the outlet temperature for
known flow rate and inlet temperature can be calculated.

 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U

The overall heat transfer coefficient, U, depends on the conductivity through the heat transfer wall separating the two fluids, and

the convection coefficients on both sides of the heat transfer wall. For a shell and tube heat
 exchanger, for example, there would be an inside convective coefficient for the tube side fluid and an outside convective
coefficient for the shell side fluid. The heat transfer coefficient for a given heat exchanger is often determined empirically by
measuring all of the other parameters in the basic heat exchanger equation and calculating U. Typical ranges of U values for
various heat exchanger/fluid combinations are available in textbooks, handbooks and on websites. A sampling is given in the
table at the right for shell and tube heat exchangers:

 Summary
Preliminary heat exchanger design to estimate the required heat exchanger surface area can be done using the basic heat
exchanger equation, Q = U A ΔTlm, if values are known or can be estimated for Q, U and ΔTlm. Heat exchanger theory tells us that
ΔTlm is the right average temperature difference to use.
For example preliminary heat exchanger design calculations, see the article, "Preliminary Heat Exchanger Design Example."
For Excel spreadsheet templates that can be downloaded to make preliminary heat exchanger design calculations, see the article:
"Excel Spreadsheet Templates for Preliminary Heat Exchanger Design."