Area 1

Area
Area is a quantity expressing the two-dimensional size of a defined part of a surface, typically a region bounded by a
closed curve. The surface area of a 3-dimensional solid is the total area of the exposed surface, such as the sum of
the areas of the exposed sides of a polyhedron. Area is an important invariant in the differential geometry of
surfaces.[1]

Units
Units for measuring area, with exact conversions, include:
• square metre (m2)
• are (a) = 100 square metres (m2)
• hectare (ha) = 100 ares = 10000 square metres
• square kilometre (km2) = 100 hectares = 10000 ares = 1000000 square metres
• square megametre (Mm2) = 1000000000000 square metres
• square foot = 144 square inches = 0.09290304 square metres
• square yard = 9 square feet = 0.83612736 square metres
• square perch = 30.25 square yards = 25.2928526 square metres
• acre = 10 square chains = one furlong by one chain = 160 square perches = 4840 square yards = 43560 square feet
= 4046.8564224 square metres
• square mile = 640 acres = 2.589988110336 square kilometres

Formulae
Area 2

Common formulae for area:

Shape Formula Variables

Regular triangle (equilateral is the length of one side of the triangle.

triangle)

Triangle is half the perimeter, , and are the length of each side.

Triangle and are any two sides, and is the angle between them.

Triangle and are the base and altitude (measured perpendicular to the base),
respectively.

Square is the length of one side of the square.

Rectangle and are the lengths of the rectangle's sides (length and width).

Rhombus and are the lengths of the two diagonals of the rhombus.

Parallelogram is the length of the base and is the perpendicular height.

Trapezoid and are the parallel sides and the distance (height) between the parallels.

Regular hexagon is the length of one side of the hexagon.

Regular octagon is the length of one side of the octagon.

Regular polygon is the sidelength and is the number of sides.

is the apothem, or the radius of an inscribed circle in the polygon, and is the
perimeter of the polygon.

Circle is the radius and the diameter.

Circular sector and are the radius and angle (in radians), respectively.

Ellipse and are the semi-major and semi-minor axes, respectively.

Total surface area of a and are the radius and height, respectively.
Cylinder

Lateral surface area of a and are the radius and height, respectively.
cylinder

Total surface area of a Cone and are the radius and slant height, respectively.

Lateral surface area of a cone and are the radius and slant height, respectively.

Total surface area of a Sphere and are the radius and diameter, respectively.

Total surface area of an See the article.

ellipsoid

Square to circular area is the area of the square in square units.

conversion

Circular to square area is the area of the circle in circular units.

conversion

The above calculations show how to find the area of many common shapes.
The area of irregular polygons can be calculated using the "Surveyor's formula".[2]
Area 3

Additional formulae

Areas of 2-dimensional figures

• a triangle: (where B is any side, and h is the distance from the line on which B lies to the other vertex of
the triangle). This formula can be used if the height h is known. If the lengths of the three sides are known then
Heron's formula can be used: (where a, b, c are the sides of the triangle, and

is half of its perimeter) If an angle and its two included sides are given, then area=absinC
where C is the given angle and a and b are its included sides. If the triangle is graphed on a coordinate plane, a
matrix can be used and is simplified to the absolute value of (x1y2+ x2y3+ x3y1 - x2y1- x3y2- x1y3) all divided by 2.
This formula is also known as the shoelace formula and is an easy way to solve for the area of a coordinate
triangle by substituting the 3 points, (x1,y1) (x2,y2) (x3,y 3). The shoelace formula can also be used to find the
areas of other polygons when their vertices are known. Another approach for a coordinate triangle is to use
Infinitesimal calculus to find the area.
• a simple polygon constructed on a grid of equal-distanced points (i.e., points with integer coordinates) such that
all the polygon's vertices are grid points: , where i is the number of grid points inside the polygon and

b is the number of boundary points. This result is known as Pick's theorem.

Area in calculus
• the area between the graphs of two
functions is equal to the integral of one
function, f(x), minus the integral of the other
function, g(x).

The area between two graphs can be evaluated by calculating the difference
between the integrals of the two functions

• an area bounded by a function r = r(θ) expressed in polar coordinates is .

• the area enclosed by a parametric curve with endpoints is given by the

line integrals

(see Green's theorem)

or the z-component of
Area 4

Surface area of 3-dimensional figures

• cube: , where s is the length of the top side
• rectangular box: the length divided by height
• cone: , where r is the radius of the circular base, and h is the height. That can also be

rewritten as where r is the radius and l is the slant height of the cone. is the base area while
is the lateral surface area of the cone.
• prism: 2 × Area of Base + Perimeter of Base × Height

General formula
The general formula for the surface area of the graph of a continuously differentiable function where
and is a region in the xy-plane with the smooth boundary:

Even more general formula for the area of the graph of a parametric surface in the vector form where
is a continuously differentiable vector function of :
[1]

Area minimisation
Given a wire contour, the surface of least area spanning ("filling") it is a minimal surface. Familiar examples include
soap bubbles.
The question of the filling area of the Riemannian circle remains open.

See also
• Equi-areal mapping
• Integral
• Orders of magnitude (area)—A list of areas by size.
• Volume
Area 5

References

External links
• Area formulas [3]
• Conversion cable diameter to circle cross-sectional area and vice versa [4]

References
[1] do Carmo, Manfredo. Differential Geometry of Curves and Surfaces. Prentice-Hall, 1976. Page 98.
[2] http:/ / www. maa. org/ pubs/ Calc_articles/ ma063. pdf
[3] http:/ / www. math. com/ tables/ geometry/ areas. htm
[4] http:/ / www. sengpielaudio. com/ calculator-cross-section. htm
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