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Chapter 2
Fluid Statics
CLO2: Describe the concept of fluid statics in pressure
measurement and buoyancy force determination
m.moniruzzaman@petronas.com.my
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
Outline
• Definition of fluid statics
• Hydrostatic Equilibrium
• Barometric equation
• Pressure measurement: Principle and
devices
• Buoyancy
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
Learning Outcome
• At the end of this chapter, you should
be able to:
– Define the term “fluid statics”
– Calculate pressure using manometers
– Determine buoyancy force
– Apply the fluid statics principle to the
chemical engineering unit operations.
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
Fluid Statics
• Example:
– Water in a tank.
– Water in a lake (Water actually move very slowly in the
lake. However the movement of water relative to each other
is nearly zero that water is seen as “static”)
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
Pressure
It can be defined as a normal force exerted by a
fluid per unit area. It has the unit of Newtons per
square meter (N/m2) which is called a pascal (Pa)
Pgage
Pabs
Pvac
Patm
Patm
Pabs
Atmospheric Pressure
In Fluid Mechanics:
•Patm = 1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 14.7 psi
•Some devices uses 100 kPa (or 1 bar) as
atmospheric pressure.
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
Class Example 1
P1
P3 P4
P2 An element of fluid
Fluid
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest
• Fluid pressure at a point is the same in all directions (Pascal’s Law)
• In a fluid at rest the pressure intensities in a horizontal plane are equal
We can write,
Pz=0
Fig. Surface and body forces acting
on small fluid element.
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
P dP z=0
limit = = ─ ρg = ─ γ
z 0 z dz
x
W y
This is the basic equation of fluid statics,
Pz=0
called the Barometric equation
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
Example: water
2 2
dP dz P1 = Patm
1
1 1 z1 z
2
dz h
y
to yield 1
P2 P1 z 2 z1 z2 2 P2 x
or P2 P1 ( z1 z 2 )
or P2 P1 h Fig. Notation for pressure variation in a
fluid at rest with a free surface
Ps
z=h
Ps h
P
dP dz
0
Ps P h
P Ps h z=0 P
Class Example 2
Pbottom = Ps + h
50 kPa
= 50 + (12.34)(2)
= 74.68 kPa
2m
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
Class Example 3
Determine the pressure at the bottom of an open tank containing
water at atmospheric pressure.
Ps = Patm
Solution:
Assumption: 10 m
water is an incompressible fluid
Pbottom = Ps + gh
= Ps + (1000)(9.81)(10)
Compressible Fluid
Density change with pressure
Example; Ideal/perfect gases
dP PM
g …………….(1)
dz R uT
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
2 dP gM 2
1 P
R uT 1
dz
P2 gM w
ln ( z 2 z1 )
P1 R uT
gM w
P2 P1 exp z 2 z1
R uT
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
Pressure Measurement
• Objective:
•Understand the principles of
manometer
•Learn how to calculate pressure using
manometer
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
In measuring pressure:
A B
• Pressure • Pressure
increases as decreases as
one go one go
downward upward
• In calculation, • In calculation,
has to “plus” has to “minus”
the pressure the pressure
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
Measurement of Pressure
Barometer : (Mercury Barometer)
A barometer is used to measure atmospheric pressure
Patm
Since pressure exerted by mercury
vapor is very small, therefore, B
Mercury
Patm= γHgh
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
Piezometer tube
U-tube manometer
Inverted U-tube manometer
Inclined tube manometer
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
Piezometer Tube Manometer
The simplest manometer is a tube, open at the top, which is attached to
the top of a vessel containing liquid at a pressure (higher than
atmospheric) to be measured.
Patm
As the tube is open to the atmosphere the pressure measured
is relative to atmospheric so is gauge pressure
h1
Pressure at A = pressure due to column of liquid above A A
0 h2
PA = Patm + ρgh1 = ρgh1
This method can only be used for liquids (i.e., not for gases) and only when the
liquid height is convenient to measure. It must not be too small or too large
and pressure changes must be detectable
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
The “U”-Tube Manometer
Using a “U”-Tube enables the pressure of both liquids and gases to be measured
with the same instrument. The “U” is connected as in the figure below and filled
with a fluid called the manometric fluid. The fluid whose pressure is being mea-
sured should have a mass density less than that of the manometric fluid and the
two fluids should not be able to mix readily - that is, they must be immiscible.
Fluid density, ρ
D
h2
A
h1
B
C
If the fluid being measured is a gas, the density will probably be very low in
comparison to the density of the manometric fluid i.e., ρ man>> ρ. In this case the
term ρgh1can be neglected, and the gauge pressure give by
PA =ρmangh2
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
Measurement of Pressure Difference Using a “U”-Tube Manometer
If the “U”-tube manometer is connected to a pressurized vessel at two
points the pressure difference between these two points can be measured.
B
If the manometer is arranged as in the figure, then we say
Pressure at C = Pressure at D
Fluid density, ρ
PC = PD ………(1)
hb
E
PC= PA +ρgha ……. (2)
h
PD= PB +ρg(hb –h) + ρmangh ……(3) A
ha
C D
Combining equation 1, 2 & 3,
PA +ρgha = PB +ρg(hb –h) + ρmangh Manometric fluid density, ρman
or, PA-PB = ρg(hb – ha) + (ρman – ρ) gh
if the fluid whose pressure difference is being measured is a gas and ρ man>> ρ,
then the terms involving ρ can be neglected, so
PA-PB = ρman gh
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
Flow ρ
1 2
h
Prove that pressure difference
P1-P2= P = g h (ρman - ρ)
Manometer liquid,
(ρman)
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
h
Flow
At the upper part of the pipe,it does not require another manometer
liquid to measure P
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
Inclined-tube manometer
Fluid C
Liquid B 2
1 h3
b e
h1
a
h2 d
c L
Fluid A
Disadvantages
• Not for measuring larger pressure differences
• Some liquids are unsuitable for use. Surface tension can also cause errors
due to capillary rise; this can be avoided if the diameters of the tubes are
sufficiently large - preferably not less than 15 mm diameter
• Slow response; unsuitable for measuring fluctuating pressures.
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
Class example 1
A simple U-tube manometer is installed across an orifice meter. The manometer
is filled with mercury (specific gravity 13.6), and the liquid above the mercury is
carbon tetrachloride (specific gravity 1.6). The manometer reads 200 mm. What is
the pressure difference over the manometer?
Solution:
Pressure at X = pressure at X'
We can write,
P1 + ρCCl4g (a+h) = P2 + ρmerg h +ρCCl4g a
or, P1-P2 = ρmerg h - ρCCl4g h
=ghρwater (SG mercury- SG CCl4)
= 9.81x 0.2 x1000 (13.6-1.6)
= 23544 Pa
The pressure difference is 23544 Pa
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
Class example 2
The fluid shown shaded in the manometer is ethyl iodide with a specific gravity
of 1.93. The heights are h1 = 100 cm and h2 = 20 cm.
a) What is the gage pressure in the tank?
b) What is the absolute pressure in the tank?
Tank full h1
of air
h2
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
Pressure gage
Used where only a visual indication is
needed at the site where the pressure is
being measured.
Pressure transducer
Pressure is measured at a point, and the
value is displayed at another point.
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
Buoyancy
Objectives:
To derive the equation of buoyant force
To analyze the case of bodies floating on a
fluid
Use the principle of static equilibrium to solve
forces involved in buoyancy problems.
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
What is Buoyancy
When an object is submerged or floating in a static fluid the resultant
force exerted on it by the fluid is called buoyancy force.
b
• Consider a body with a
thickness, b is submerged in
a liquid of density, f.
P2
FB = W = fgVb = fVb
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
FB = W = bgVf = bVf
FB ρ f gVbody
mbody
ρf g
ρ
body
ρf
mbody g
ρ
body
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
Example
• A piece of irregularly shaped metal weighs 300.0
N in air. When the metal is completely
submerged in water, it weighs 232.5 N. find the
volume of the metal.
Solution:
FB = W = 300 – 232.5 = 67.5 N
FB W
ρ f gVbody,sub ρavg, body gVtotal
Vbody,sub ρ avg, body
Vtotal ρf
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
Example
• Determine the submerged depth of a cube of
steel 0.30 m on each side floating in mercury.
Given SGsteel = 7.8
SGHg = 13.6
steel
mercury
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
Solution
• FB = W
Example
• A solid block (SG = 0.9) floats such that 75% of its
volume is in water and 25% of its volume is in
liquid X, which is layered above the water.
Determine the density of liquid X.
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
Solution
• FB = W
bgVf = fgVb
Sink or Float
An object
with an
average
specific
weight less
than that of
the fluid
tend to float
because
W < FB
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
Sink or Float
An object
with an
average
specific
weight
greater than
that of the
fluid tend to
sink because
W > FB.
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
Sink or Float
An object
whose
average
specific
weight is
equal to that
of the fluid is
neutrally
buoyant.
Chemical Engineering Fluid Mechanics (CDB 1033) May 2015
End of Chapter 2