FLAT ROOF SYSTEM - commercial roofs

thermoplastic roofing (TPO - thermoplastic polyolefin)

TPO is a single-ply reflective roofing membrane made from polyprophylene and
ethylenepropylene rubber polymerized together.
TPO roofing systems are made of an especially durable material with a low-
temperature flexibility and a high-temperature tolerance, these roofs are
exceptionally resistant to ultraviolet, ozone and chemical exposure. TPO roofs can
be expected to have a lifespand of 20+ years, and also feature a high resistance to
fire, punctures, chemicals and high winds.

it is the same material used in making inner tubes of wheels

EPDM (ethylene propylene diene terpolymer) roofing

EPDM roofing offers superior durability and versatility, making it one of the
longest lasting types of cemmercial roofs available. EPDM commercial roofing
systems are also typically easier to install, maintain and repair than most other
types of commercial roofs.

PHOTOVOLTAIC SOLAR PANELS

As energy costs continue to rise and America looks towards green and sustainable
energy, many building owners are turning to solar energy roofing systems. PV solar
panels installed over a rooftop or used with glass, membrane and roof-mounted tile,
absorb sunlight and convert it to energy that can be used to power a building.
Although not in wide use, PV panel roofs offer great potential to conserve energy
and control skyrocketing costs

Green Roofs
Perhaps of all the types of commercial roofs available today, green roofing systems
have experienced the greatest surge in popularity in the last few years. Sedum
green roofs are typically flat roofs that are partially or completely covered with
vegetation and soil and planted over a waterproofing membrane. Green roofing
systems reduce the urban heat island effect by soaking up heat and also are found
to dramatically improve a roof�s insulation value � lengthening the lifespan of the
roof by as much as two to three times longer and saving on heating and cooling
costs.

Others
Beyond TPO and EPDM flat roofs, modified roofing is an option, which uses redundant
layers of roofing to create a durable weather-resistant surface. Similar to
modified roofing, built-up roofing is a viable commercial roof choice depending on
the roof�s sloop and complexities.

CLADDING
Is an exterior finishing system meant to protect the underlying structure (like
home) and provide aesthetically appealing finish.
1. stone cladding
2. timber cladding
3. weatherboard cladding
4. fiber cement cladding
5. brick cladding
6. vinyl cladding
7. metal cladding

WINDOWS
Windows allow natural light into buildings and also serve to ventilate rooms.
It can be designed to operate in various ways by arranging for the sashes to slide,
pivot or swing, by being hung on to one of the frame members.

TYPES OF WINDOWS ACCORDING TO THE METHOD OF OPENING

CASEMENT WINDOWS
The simplest consists of a square or rectangular window frame of timber or
metal with the window casement hung, hinged at one side.

SASH WINDOWS
-pivoted sash windows
-sliding sash windows

CURTAIN WALL

A curtain wall system is an outer covering of a building in which the outer walls
are non-structural, but merely keep the weather out and the occupants in.
-light weight wall systems installed outside of building structure
-the name derives from the idea that the wall is thin and hangs like a curtain on
the structural frame
-designed to resist wind and rain
-skin of the building

Stick Systems
* stick systems are often used on low to mid rise buildings
* fabricated as individual pieces and parts
* assembled and erected on the job site
* generally supported off of the face or top of the buildings floor structure

harvard university northwest lab

unitized system
* benefit greatly from repitition of form and extensive "shop" fabrication
* fabricated as individual units in shop environment
* erected on the job site with a minimum of additional field assembly required

cast concrete panel systems

* benefit greatly from repitition of form

cable net / point supported systems

* large expanses of glass

china cable net system ten storey atrium

point supported glazing system

*spider fitting

*** they are termed as curtain wall because they are out in front of a structure
hanging like a curtain.

ucsf lab san francisco

window wall

* gravity loaded between floors

* unitized, stick or a combination, referred to as a unit on a stick

glass fin wall system

* utilized glass as a structural element
* used to achieve a high degree of transparency
*generally used at main entries an d lobbies

huawei headquarter china

double wall systems
* ventilated double wall systems are assemblies consisting of 2 glazed walls often
separated by an air cavity
* designed to increase the use of fresh air and dayligh for the building occupants
* increase the overall energy efficiency of the building.
* motorized louvers on light sensors
* automatic dayligh control
* draws heat away from interior
* insulates interior during cooling season

internal components of curtain walls

* glass types annealed glass - breaks into large shards

* heat strengthened glass - heated after initial fabrication and cooled to induce a
layer of higher compression in the surface of the glass. twice as strong as
annealed glass and will break into small dice with some larger shards. not
considered safety glass into small shards and tempered
* fully tempered glass - heat treated after initial fabrication and cooled to
induce a layer of very high compression in the surface of the glass

curtain wall installation systems

* stick-built curtain wall system

- installed piece by piece at site
- system components are shop fabricated and shipped
- greater degree of on-site adjustments
- low shipping cost
disadvantages
too many loss parts and components on site
poor acoustics and thermal insulation
requires different trade men
more onsite labours required
longer onsite assembly time

unitized curtain wall system

-units are shop fabricated and pre-assembled
-units are desinged so that the horizontal and vertical members in adjacent units
interlock to form common mullions and rails
-lower degree of site adjustments
-have greater degree of quality control resulting from shop fabrication
-lower field installation cost
-ensure progress of project
-shorter construction period
disadvantages
-high skilled labours required
-high shipping cost
-need higher degree of protection of units during transportation
-requirement of expensive lifting equipments on site

*GOLDENBERG SYSTEM

FAKE CEILING
its used to conceal varied service lines-structural features, open pipes and
wiring, and air conditioning ducts.
it gives more options to use special lighting systems such as cove lighting, wall
washers, floating effects adn so on
falsce ceiling can be used to give thermal insulation for a given space
creates an effective sonic system especially in auditoriums, cinema halls or
recording studios

plastering and puttying

by plastering the walls and the ceiling they become even and their imperfections
are corrected os that they become smooth and geometrically straight and smooth
right angles are formed where the walls meet.
plastering covers all ducts for electrical, internet, alarm system, telephone and
other cables, as well as all heat and ventilation.

----We know that the beauty of every wall and ceiling lies in its beautiful
surface. After the wall is built from the respective building materials � bricks,
Ytong blocks, plasterboard, concrete, reinforced concrete, etc. what follows is its
plastering.

By plastering the walls and the ceilings they become even and their imperfections
are corrected so that they become smooth and geometrically straight and smooth
right angles are formed where the walls meet. Plastering covers all ducts for
electrical, internet, alarm system, telephone and other cables, as well as all heat
and ventilation, heating and air-conditioning links and pipes, if they pass through
some of the walls. The plastering of the ceiling is also very important because
after the fitting of the lighting fixtures every unevenness and imperfection of the
ceiling becomes quite obvious and it can upset the harmony even of the most
beautiful interior. Quality plastering is very important before painting the walls
or putting wallpaper. It is wrong to think that wallpaper would hide the
imperfections of the wall.

Plastering is done both in dry and wet rooms. According to its function plaster is
divided into leveling and finishing plaster. Leveling plaster fixes large
imperfections � cracks, holes, ducts for different cables, etc. and it forms the
geometrically straight edges of the walls. When the edges are very uneven, and in
order to avoid the crumbling of the edges where a lot of movement of people or
objects is expected (corridors, kitchens or public spaces), before beginning the
plastering, aluminum or plastic linear elements are put on the edges as they cover
the edges completely. After that the leveling plaster covers the elements. The
finishing plaster corrects small imperfections and scratches from the main
plastering.

There are a few main types of putty but the most popular and resistant in the long
term is paste cement.

Plastering and puttying are often used when doing repair works internally or
externally. They correct cracks and other cosmetic imperfections that have appeared
on the walls, ceilings and floors.
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PAINT
Paint is used both as a preservative and as a decoration principally for woodowrk,
steelworks and plaster, and is sometimes applied to brickwork.

Building Services (MEP)

Everything inside a building which makes it safe and comfortable to be in
--- A building must do what it was designed to do - not just provide shelter
but also be an environment where people can live and work. building services are
what makes a building come to life.

*MECHANICAL SERVICES
1. HVAC (Heating ventilation & air conditioning)
2. Refrigeration
3. fire protection
*ELECTRICAL SERVICES
1. electrical ht & lt power distribution
2. lighting
3. earthing & lighting protection
4. fire detection & alarm system
5. public address system - is an electronic soudn amplification and
distributino system with a microphone, amplifier and loudspeakers, used to allow a
person to address a large public
6. access control system - refers to security features that control who can
access resources in the operating system.
7. cctv system & monitoring system
closed-circuit television (cctv) video surveillance
8. building security system
9. building management system
or building automation system (bas) is a computer-based control system installed in
buildings that controls and monitors the building's mechanical and electrical
equipment
-the function is to control, monitor and optimize building services, such as
heating, ventilation, air conditioning, lighting, alarm systems, and certain
electrical appliances

*PLUMBING SERVICES
1. domestic water system
2. flushing water system
3. sewage water system
4. rain water system
5. sewage treatment plant
6. water treatment plant
7. all piping & sanitary fixtures that provide water for any use ( drinking,
cooking, laundry, etc.)