List of countries and capitals with currency and

language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of sovereign states and dependent territories of the world by continent, displayed with their respective
national flags and capitals,including their respective currency and native language.

This list divides the world using the seven-continent model, with islands grouped into adjacent continents. The
continents are:

Africa
Asia
Europe
North America
South America
Oceania (a geopolitical region which includes the continent of Australia and the Pacific Islands)
Antarctica

In other models, Asia and Europe can be combined as Eurasia, while North and South America can be combined
as the Americas (for a detailed description of how the world is divided into continents, including different
models, see here).

There are sovereign states and dependent territories that can be considered to belong to more than one continent,
according to geographical, political, or historical criteria.

Contents
1 Africa
2 Asia
3 Europe
4 North America
5 South America
6 Oceania
7 Antarctica
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 External links

Africa
Main articles: Africa and List of sovereign states and Africa
 dependent territories in Africa
Further information: Geography of Africa

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories

in Africa with geographical data such as area,
population, and population density, see here.

Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most-

populous continent. At about 30.2 million km² (11.7 million
sq mi) including adjacent islands, it covers six percent of the
Earth's total surface area and 20.4 percent of the total land
area.[2] With 1.0 billion people (as of 2009, see table), it
accounts for about 15% of the world's human population.
The continent is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea to the 30,221,532 km2 (11,668,599 sq mi)
Area
north, both the Suez Canal and the Red Sea along the Sinai
Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, Population 1,032,532,974[1] (2011, 2nd)
and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The continent includes Pop. density 30.51/km2 (about 80/sq mi)
Madagascar and various archipelagoes. It has 54 fully
Countries 57 (list of countries)
recognized sovereign states ("countries"), 9 territories and
three de facto states with limited recognition.[3] Languages Languages of Africa
Time Zones UTC-1 to UTC+4
Africa, particularly central Eastern Africa, is widely accepted
as the origin of humans and the Hominidae clade (great
apes), as evidenced by the discovery of the earliest hominids and their ancestors, as well as later ones that have
been dated to around seven million years ago – including Sahelanthropus tchadensis, Australopithecus
africanus, A. afarensis, Homo erectus, H. habilis and H. ergaster – with the earliest Homo sapiens (modern
human) found in Ethiopia being dated to circa 200,000 years ago.[4] Africa straddles the equator and encompasses
numerous climate areas; it is the only continent to stretch from the northern temperate to southern temperate
zones.[5] The African expected economic growth rate is at about 5.0% for 2010 and 5.5% in 2011.[6]

Official
Flag Name Capital Currency
language

Algeria Algiers Budju Arabic

Angola Luanda Angolar Portuguese

Porto-Novo (official) West African

Benin French
Cotonou (seat of government) CFA franc
English
Botswana Gaborone Pula
Setswana
West African
Burkina Faso Ouagadougou French
CFA franc
Kirundi
Burundi Bujumbura Rupie
French
Central
 Central
Cameroon Yaoundé African CFA French
franc English
Cape Verdean
Cape Verde Praia Portuguese
escudo
Central
Central African French
Bangui African CFA
Republic Sango
franc
Central
French
Chad N'Djamena African CFA
Arabic
franc
Comorian
Comorian
Comoros Moroni Arabic
franc
French
Central
Congo (Congo-
Brazzaville African CFA French
Brazzaville)
franc
Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Yamoussoukro (official) West African
French
Coast) Abidjan (seat of government) CFA franc
Democratic Republic of
Congolese
the Congo (Congo- Kinshasa French
franc
Kinshasa)
Djiboutian French
Djibouti Djibouti
franc Arabic

Egypt Cairo Egyptian gineih Arabic

Equatorial Spanish
Equatorial Guinea Malabo Guinean French
peseta Portuguese
Tigrinya
Eritrea Asmara Tallero Arabic
English
Ethiopia Addis Ababa Birr Amharic
Central
Gabon Libreville African CFA French
franc
British West Mandinka
Gambia Banjul
African pound English

British West English

Ghana Accra
African pound Akan
Guinea Conakry Guinean franc French

West African
Guinea-Bissau Bissau Portuguese
CFA franc
Swahili
Kenya Nairobi Kenyan shilling
English
English
Lesotho Maseru Lesotho loti
Sesotho
Liberia Monrovia Liberian dollar English

Libya Tripoli Dinar Arabic

Malagasy Malagasy
Madagascar Antananarivo
ariary French
English
Malawi Lilongwe Kwacha
Chichewa
West African
Mali Bamako French
CFA franc

Mauritania Nouakchott Ouguiya Arabic

Mauritian
Mauritian Creole
Mauritius Port Louis
rupee French
English

Mayotte Mamoudzou Euro French

Moroccan Arabic
Morocco Rabat
dirham Berber
Mozambican
Mozambique Maputo Portuguese
metical
Namibian
Namibia Windhoek English
dollar
West African
Niger Niamey French
CFA franc

Nigeria Abuja Naira English

Overseas
Réunion Saint-Denis department of
France
Kinyarwanda
Rwandan
Rwanda Kigali English
franc
 French
Jamestown (Saint Helena)
Saint Helena
Saint Helena, Ascension Georgetown (Ascension Island)
pound English
and Tristan da Cunha Edinburgh of the Seven Seas (Tristan da
Pound sterling
Cunha)

Sao Tome and Principe São Tomé Dobra Portuguese

Senegal Dakar CFA franc French

Seychellois
Seychellois Creole
Seychelles Victoria
rupee French
English

Sierra Leone Freetown Leone English

Somali
Somalia Mogadishu Somali shilling
Arabic
Somaliland Somali
Somaliland Hargeisa
shilling Arabic
Afrikaans
English
Southern
Ndebele
Northern
Sotho
Pretoria (administrative/executive)
South African Southern
South Africa Cape Town (legislative)
rand Sotho
Bloemfontein (judicial)
Swazi
Tsonga
Tswana
Venda
Xhosa
Zulu
South
South Sudan Juba Sudanese English
pound
Sudanese Arabic
Sudan Khartoum
pound English
Mbabane (administrative) English
Swaziland Lilangeni
Lobamba (royal and legislative) Swati
Dodoma (official) Tanzanian Swahili
Tanzania
Dar es Salaam (seat of government) shilling English
 Togo Lomé CFA franc French

Tunisia Tunis Tunisian dinar Arabic

Swahili
English
Ugandan
Uganda Kampala Luganda
shilling

Moroccan
None Disputed territory between dirham See
None Western Sahara Morocco and the Sahrawi Arab Algerian dinar respective
Democratic Republic Mauritanian claimants
ouguiya
Zambian
Zambia Lusaka English
kwacha
English
Zimbabwe Harare various Shona
Sindebele

Asia
Main articles: Asia and List of sovereign states and
Asia
dependent territories in Asia
See also: Eurasia and List of sovereign states and
dependent territories in Eurasia
Further information: Geography of Asia

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories

in Asia with geographical data such as area, population,
and population density, see here.

Asia ( i /ˈeɪʒə/ or /ˈeɪʃə/) is the world's largest and most

populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and
northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total
surface area (or 30% of its land area) and with approximately
4.3 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human
Area 44,579,000 km2
population. During the 20th century Asia's population nearly
(17,212,000 sq mi)[7]
quadrupled.[9]
Population 3,879,000,000 (1st)[8]
Pop. 87/km2 (225/sq mi)
Asia is defined as comprising the eastwards four-fifths of density
Eurasia. It is located to the east of the Suez Canal, the Ural
river, and the Ural Mountains, and south of the Caucasus Countries 48 (list of countries)
Mountains (or the Kuma-Manych Depression) and the
Languages List of languages
Caspian and Black Seas.[10][11] It is bounded on the east by
the Pacific Ocean, on the south by the Indian Ocean and on Time Zones UTC+2 to UTC+12
the north by the Arctic Ocean.

Given its size and diversity, Asia – a toponym dating back to classical antiquity – "is more a cultural concept"
incorporating diverse regions and peoples than a homogeneous physical entity.[12] Asia differs very widely among
and within its regions with regard to ethnic groups, cultures, environments, economics, historical ties and
government systems.

Official
Flag Name Capital Currency
language
Pashto
Afghanistan Kabul Afghani
Dari (Persian)
Akrotiri and English
Episkopi Cantonment Euro
Dhekelia Greek
Armenia Yerevan Dram Armenian

Azerbaijan [Europe] Baku Manat Azerbaijani

Bahrain Manama Bahraini dinar Arabic

Bangladesh Dhaka Taka Bengali

Bhutan Thimphu Bhutanese ngultrum Dzongkha

British Indian Diego Garcia US dollar

English
Ocean Territory Overseas territory of the United Kingdom UK pound
Bahasa
Brunei Bandar Seri Begawan Brunei dollar
Melayu

Cambodia Phnom Penh Riel Khmer

Standard
China Beijing Renminbi (yuan)
Chinese
Flying Fish Cove
Christmas Island Australian dollar English
External territory of Australia
West Island
Cocos (Keeling)
External territory of AustraliaExternal Australian dollar English
Islands
territory of Australia
Greek
Cyprus [Europe] Nicosia Euro
Turkish
East Timor (Timor- Portuguese
Dili US Dollar
Leste) Tetum

Georgia [Europe] Tbilisi Lari Georgian

English
Hong Kong Special administrative region of China Hong Kong dollar
Chinese
Hindi
English
Tamil
Telugu
Malayalam
Oriya
Bengali
Assamese
Manipuri
Sikkimese
India New Delhi Indian Rupee
Mizo
Garo
Khasi
Jaintia
Kannada
Marathi
Bodo
Kokborok
Nagamese
Nefamese

Indonesia Jakarta Rupiah Indonesian

Iran Tehran Rial Persian

Kurdish
Iraq Baghdad Iraqi dinar
Arabic
Hebrew
Israel Tel Aviv New shekel
Arabic

Japan Tokyo Yen Japanese

Jordan Amman Jordanian dinar Arabic

Kazakh
Kazakhstan Astana Tenge
Russian
Kuwait Kuwait City Kuwaiti dinar Arabic

Kyrgyz
Kyrgyzstan Bishkek Som
 Russian

Laos Vientiane Kip Lao

Lebanon Beirut Lebanese pound Arabic

Portuguese
Macau Special administrative region of China Macanese pataca
Chinese
Kuala Lumpur (official)
Malaysia Ringgit Malaysian
Putrajaya (seat of government)

Maldives Malé Maldivian rufiyaa Maldivian

Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Tögrög Mongolian

Myanmar (Burma) Naypyidaw Kyat Burmese

Stepanakert
De facto sovereign state lacking general
Nagorno-
international recognition Armenian dram Armenian
Karabakh
Recognized by United Nations as de jure
part of Azerbaijan

Nepal Kathmandu Nepalese rupee Nepali

Nicosia
De facto sovereign state lacking general
Northern Cyprus international recognition Turkish lira Turkish
Recognized by United Nation as de jure
part of Cyprus
North Korea Pyongyang North Korean won Korean

Oman Muscat Rial Arabic

English
Pakistan Islamabad Pakistani Rupee
Urdu
East Jerusalem (claimed capital)
Ramallah (West Bank seat of
government)
Palestine Gaza (Gaza Strip seat of government) Israeli shekel Arabic
Territory occupied by Israel
State of Palestine (flag displayed)
proclaimed on territory
Filipino
Philippines Manila Peso
English
 Qatar Doha Riyal Arabic

Saudi Arabia Riyadh Saudi riyal Arabic

English
Chinese
Singapore Singapore Singapore dollar
Malay
Tamil

South Korea Seoul South Korean won Korean

Tskhinvali
De facto sovereign state lacking general Ossetic
South Ossetia international recognition Russian ruble Georgian
Recognized by United Nations as de jure Russian
part of Georgia
Sinhala
Sri Lanka Sri Jayawardenapura Kotte Sri Lankan rupee
Tamil

Syria Damascus Syrian pound Arabic

Taipei
De facto sovereign state lacking general
international recognition Standard
Taiwan New Taiwan dollar
Recognized by United Nations as part of Chinese
China.

Tajikistan Dushanbe Somoni Tajik

Thailand Bangkok Baht Thai

Turkey [Europe] Ankara Turkish lira Turkish

Turkmenistan Ashgabat Turkmen new manat Turkmen

United Arab
Abu Dhabi UAE dirham Arabic
Emirates
Uzbekistan som
Uzbekistan Tashkent Uzbek
(O'zbekiston so'mi)

Vietnam Hanoi đồng Vietnamese

Yemen Sana'a Yemeni rial Arabic

Notes
 The Russian Federation is classified as a European country by the United Nations Statistics Division. Russia is
historically the successor of the Grand Duchy of Moscow, a medieval state of northeastern Europe. The Russian
conquest of Northern Asia begins in the late 16th century. Today, most of the territory of Russia is in Asia, but
most of its population lives in the European part.

Europe
Main articles: Europe and List of sovereign states Europe
and dependent territories in Europe
See also: Eurasia and List of sovereign states and
dependent territories in Eurasia
Further information: Geography of Europe

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories

in Europe with geographical data such as area,
population, and population density, see here.

Europe ( i /ˈjʊərəp/ EWR-əp or /ˈjɜrəp/ YUR-əp[13]) is, by

convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising
the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally
divided from Asia by the watershed divides of the Ural and
Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black 10,180,000 km2 (3,930,000 sq mi)[n]
Area
Seas, and the waterways connecting the Black and Aegean
Seas.[14] Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the Population 739,165,030[n] (2011), 3rd)
north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, the Mediterranean Sea Pop. density 72.5/km2
to the south, and the Black Sea and connected waterways to 50 (list of countries)
Countries
the southeast. Yet the borders of Europe—a concept dating
back to classical antiquity—are somewhat arbitrary, as the Languages List of languages
primarily physiographic term "continent" can incorporate Time Zones UTC to UTC+6
cultural and political elements.

Europe is the world's second-smallest continent by surface area, covering about 10,180,000 square kilometres
(3,930,000 sq mi) or 2% of the Earth's surface and about 6.8% of its land area. Of Europe's approximately 50
states, Russia is by far the largest by both area and population, taking up 40% of the continent (although the country
has territory in both Europe and Asia), while the Vatican City is the smallest. Europe is the third-most populous
continent after Asia and Africa, with a population of 733 million or about 11% of the world's population.[15]

Europe, in particular Ancient Greece, is the birthplace of Western culture.[16] It played a predominant role in global
affairs from the 15th century onwards, especially after the beginning of colonialism. Between the 16th and 20th
centuries, European nations controlled at various times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania, and large portions of
Asia. In 1900, Europe's share of the world's population was 25%.[17] Both World Wars were largely focused upon
Europe, greatly contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century
as the United States and Soviet Union took prominence.[18] During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the
Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east. European integration led to the
formation of the Council of Europe and the European Union in Western Europe, both of which have been
expanding eastward since the revolutions of 1989 and the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.
 Official
Flag Name Capital Currency
language
Mariehamn
Åland Islands Autonomous region of Finland (recognized by Euro Swedish
international treaty)

Albania Tirana Lek Albanian

Andorra Andorra la Vella Euro Catalan

Austria Vienna Euro German

Belarusian Belarusian
Belarus Minsk
ruble Russian
Dutch
Belgium Brussels Euro French
German
Bosnian
Bosnia and Convertible
Sarajevo Croatian
Herzegovina mark
Serbian

Bulgaria Sofia Lev Bulgarian

Croatia Zagreb Kuna Croatian

Slovak
German
Polish
Bulgarian
Croatian
Czech Greek
Czech Republic Prague
koruna Hungarian
Romani
Russian
Rusyn
Serbian
Ukrainian
Danish
Denmark Copenhagen Danish
krone[a]

Estonia Tallinn Euro Estonian

Tórshavn Faroese Faroese

Faroe Islands Self-governing territory of the Danish Realm króna Danish
Finland Helsinki Euro Finnish
Swedish
Euro
France Paris French
CFP franc

Germany Berlin Euro German

Gibraltar Gibraltar
Gibraltar English
Overseas territory of the United Kingdom pound

Greece Athens Euro Greek

Saint Peter Port Pound English

Guernsey
British Crown dependency sterling French
Hungary Budapest Forint Hungarian
Icelandic
Iceland Reykjavík Icelandic
króna
Ireland Dublin Euro Irish
Douglas Pound English
Isle of Man
British Crown dependency sterling Manx

Italy Rome Euro Italian

Saint Helier Pound English

Jersey
British Crown dependency sterling French
Pristina
De facto sovereign state recognized by over 80 UN
Albanian
Kosovo member states Euro
Serbian
A United Nations mandate in Serbian territory was
put in place starting in 1999.
Latvia Riga Lats Latvian

Liechtenstein Vaduz Swiss franc German

Lithuanian
Lithuania Vilnius Lithuanian
litas
Luxembourgish
Luxembourg Luxembourg Euro French
German
Macedonian
Macedonia Skopje Macedonian
denar
Maltese
Malta Valletta Euro
English
Moldova Chişinău Moldovan Moldovan
leu
Monégasque
Italian
Monaco Monaco Euro
Occitan
English
Montenegro Podgorica Euro Montenegrin
Euro
US dollar
Netherlands Amsterdam Dutch
NA guilder
Aruban florin
Norwegian
Norwegian
Norway Oslo Bokmål
krone
Nynorsk

Poland Warsaw Złoty Polish

Portugal Lisbon Euro Portuguese

Romanian
Romania Bucharest Romanian
leu
Russian
Russia Moscow Russian ruble 27 others co-
official

San Marino San Marino Euro Italian

Serbia Belgrade Serbian dinar Serbian

Slovakia Bratislava Euro Slovak

Slovenia Ljubljana Euro Slovene

Spanish
Catalan
Spain Madrid Euro
Galician
Basque
Longyearbyen
Norwegian
Svalbard Special territory of Norway (recognized by Norwegian
krone
international treaty)
Swedish
Sweden Stockholm Swedish
krona
German
 German
Switzerland Bern Swiss franc French
Italian
Romansh
Tiraspol
De facto sovereign state lacking general international Russian
Transnistrian
Transnistria recognition Moldovan
ruble
Recognized by United Nations as de jure part of Ukrainian
Moldova
Ukrainian
Ukraine Kiev Ukrainian
hryvnia
Pound
United Kingdom London English
sterling

Vatican City Vatican City Euro Italian

Notes

Transcontinental countries in Europe and Asia, classified as West Asian countries by the United Nations
Statistics Division:
Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey.
In West Asia, but a member of the European Union: Cyprus.

North America
Main articles: North America and List of sovereign
North America
states and dependent territories in North America
See also: Americas and List of sovereign states and
dependent territories in the Americas
Further information: Geography of North America

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories

in North America with geographical data such as area,
population, and population density, see here.

North America is a continent wholly within the Northern

Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western
Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of
the Americas.[19] It is bordered to the north by the Arctic
Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and Area 24,709,000 km2 (9,540,000 sq mi)
south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South
America and the Caribbean Sea. Population 528,720,588 (2008, 4th)
Pop. density 22.9/km2 (59.3/sq mi)[b]
Countries 23 (list of countries)
North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square Languages List of languages
kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about 4.8% of the
planet's surface or about 16.5% of its land area. As of July Time Zones UTC-10 to UTC
2008, its population was estimated at nearly 529 million
people across 23 independent states. North America is the
third-largest continent in area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth in population after Asia, Africa, and
Europe.

Official
Flag Name Capital Currency
language
Overseas territory of the United
Anguilla The Valley
Kingdom

Antigua and Barbuda St. John's

Constituent country of the Kingdom of

Aruba Oranjestad
the Netherlands
Bahamas Nassau

Barbados Bridgetown

Belize Belmopan

Overseas territory of the United

Bermuda Hamilton
Kingdom

Bonaire Kralendijk Special municipality of the Netherlands

Overseas territory of the United

British Virgin Islands Road Town
Kingdom
Canada Ottawa
Overseas territory of the United
Cayman Islands George Town
Kingdom

Clipperton Island — Overseas territory of France

Costa Rica San José

Cuba Havana
Constituent country of the Kingdom of
Curaçao Willemstad
the Netherlands
Dominica Roseau

Dominican Republic Santo Domingo

El Salvador San Salvador

Self-governing territory of the Danish

Greenland Nuuk
Realm

Grenada St. George's

Guadeloupe Basse-Terre Overseas department of France

Guatemala Guatemala City

Haiti Port-au-Prince

Honduras Tegucigalpa

Jamaica Kingston

Martinique Fort-de-France Overseas department of France

Mexico Mexico City

Plymouth (official)
Overseas territory of the United
Montserrat Brades (seat of
Kingdom
government)
Insular area of the United States of
Navassa Island — America

Nicaragua Managua

Panama Panama City

Insular area of the United States of

Puerto Rico San Juan
America

Saba The Bottom Special municipality of the Netherlands

Saint Barthélemy Gustavia Overseas collectivity of France

Saint Kitts and Nevis Basseterre

Saint Lucia Castries

Saint Martin Marigot Overseas collectivity of France

Saint Pierre and

Saint-Pierre Overseas collectivity of France
Miquelon
Saint Vincent and the
 Grenadines Kingstown

Sint Eustatius Oranjestad Special municipality of the Netherlands

Constituent country of the Kingdom of

Sint Maarten Philipsburg
the Netherlands

Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain

Turks and Caicos Overseas territory of the United

Islands Cockburn Town
Kingdom

United States Washington, D.C.

United States Virgin Insular area of the United States of
Charlotte Amalie
Islands America

South America
Main articles: South America and List of sovereign South America
states and dependent territories in South America
See also: Americas and List of sovereign states and
dependent territories in the Americas
Further information: Geography of South America

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories

in South America with geographical data such as area,
population, and population density, see here.

South America is a continent located in the Western

Hemisphere, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a
relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere.[20][21]

It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the

north and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Area
17,840,000 km2
Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest. It is formed by twelve
sovereign states - Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, (6,890,000 sq mi)
Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and 387,489,196 (2011, 5th)
Population
Venezuela - the French Guiana, which is an overseas region
of France, and the Falkland Islands, a British Overseas Pop. density 21.4 per km2 (56.0 per sq mi)
Territory. In addition to this, the ABC islands of the Countries 12 (list of countries)
Netherlands may also be considered part of South America,
Languages List of languages
as well as Trinidad and Tobago. The South American states
that border the Caribbean Sea – Colombia, Venezuela, Time Zones UTC-2 to UTC-5
Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana – are also known as
Caribbean South America.
South America has an area of 17,840,000 square kilometers (6,890,000 sq mi). Its population as of 2005 has
been estimated at more than 371,090,000. South America ranks fourth in area (after Asia, Africa, and North
America) and fifth in population (after Asia, Africa, Europe, and North America). The word America was coined
in 1507 by cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann, after Amerigo Vespucci, who was the
first European to suggest that the lands newly discovered by Europeans were not India, but a New World unknown
to Europeans.

Official
Flag Name Capital Currency
language

Argentina Buenos Aires Peso Spanish

Spanish
Sucre (official)
Bolivia Boliviano Quechua
La Paz (seat of government)
Aymara

Brazil Brasília Real Portuguese

Chile Santiago Peso Spanish

Colombia Bogotá Peso Spanish

Ecuador Quito United States dollar Spanish

Stanley
Falkland Falkland Islands
Overseas territory of the United English
Islands pound
Kingdom
Cayenne
French Guiana — —
Overseas department of France

Guyana Georgetown Guyanese dollar English

Spanish
Paraguay Asunción Guaraní
Guaraní

Peru Lima Nuevo sol Spanish

Suriname Paramaribo Surinamese dollar Dutch

Uruguay Montevideo Uruguayan peso Spanish

Venezuela Caracas Bolívar fuerte Spanish

Oceania
Main articles: Oceania and List of sovereign states Oceania
 and dependent territories in Oceania
See also: Australia (continent) and Pacific Islands
Further information: Geography of Oceania

For a table of sovereign states and dependent territories

in Oceania with geographical data such as area,
population, and population density, see here.

Australia (UK /ˌoʊʃɪˈɑːnɪə/ or /ˌoʊsɪˈɑːnɪə/;[22]

US /ˌoʊʃiːˈæniːə/)[23] is a region centered on the islands of the
tropical Pacific Ocean.[24] Opinions of what constitutes
Oceania range from the coral atolls and volcanic islands of
the South Pacific (ethnologically divided into the subregions
Geopolitical Oceania
of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia)[25] to the entire
insular region between Asia and the Americas, including Area
17,840,000 km2
Australasia and the Maritime Southeast Asia.The term is
sometimes used more specifically to denote a continent (6,890,000 sq mi)
comprising Australia and proximate islands,[26][27][28][29] or
Population 387,489,196 (2011, 5th)
biogeographically as a synonym for either the Australasian
ecozone (Wallacea and Australasia) or the Pacific ecozone Pop. density 21.4 per km2 (56.0 per sq mi)
(Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia apart either from Countries 14 (list of countries)
New Zealand[30] or from mainland New Guinea).[31]
Languages List of languages
Time Zones UTC-2 to UTC-5

Official
Flag Name Capital Currency
language
Pago Pago
American English
Insular area of the United States of United States dollar
Samoa Samoan
America
Ashmore and
Cartier
Islands
— —
External
territory of
Australia
Australia Canberra Australian dollar None[c]
Insular area of the United States of
Baker Island —
America
Avarua English
Self-governing parliamentary New Zealand dollar Cook
Cook Islands democracy in free association with
Cook Islands dollar Islands
New Zealand Māori
Coral Sea
— External territory of Australia
Islands
Fiji Suva
French
Papeete Overseas collectivity of France
Polynesia
Insular area of the United States of
Guam Hagåtña
America
Howland Insular area of the United States of
—
Island America
Insular area of the United States of
Jarvis Island —
America
Johnston Insular area of the United States of
—
Atoll America
Kingman Insular area of the United States of
—
Reef America
Kiribati South Tarawa
Marshall
Majuro
Islands
Micronesia Palikir
Midway Insular area of the United States of
—
Atoll America

Nauru Yaren (seat of government)

New Sui generis collectivity (special

Nouméa
Caledonia collectivity) of France

New
Wellington
Zealand
Self-governing parliamentary
Niue Alofi democracy in free association with
New Zealand
Norfolk
Kingston Self-governing territory of Australia
Island
Northern
Insular area of the United States of
Mariana Saipan
America
Islands

Palau Melekeok
 Palmyra Insular area of the United States of
—
Atoll America
Papua New
Port Moresby
Guinea
Pitcairn Overseas territory of the United
Adamstown
Islands Kingdom
Samoa Apia
Solomon
Honiara
Islands
Nukunonu (main settlement, although
Dependent territory of New
Tokelau each atoll has its own administrative
Zealand
centre)
Tonga Nukuʻalofa

Tuvalu Funafuti

Vanuatu Port Vila Vanuatu vatu

Insular area of the United States of

Wake Island —
America
Wallis and
Mata-Utu Overseas collectivity of France
Futuna

Antarctica
Main article: Antarctica Antarctica
Further information: Geography of Antarctica

Antarctica ( i /æntˈɑrtɨkə/ or /ænˈtɑrktɨkə/)[d] is Earth's

southernmost continent, containing the geographic South
Pole. It is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern
Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and
is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14.0 million km2
(5.4 million sq mi), it is the fifth-largest continent in area after
Asia, Africa, North America, and South America. For
comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia.
About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages at
least 1 mile (1.6 km) in thickness.

Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest

continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the Area 14,000,000 km2 (5,400,000 sq mi)[32]
continents.[35] Antarctica is considered a desert, with annual Demonym Antarctican
precipitation of only 200 mm (8 inches) along the coast and
far less inland.[36] The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89 °C (−129 °F). There are no permanent human
residents, but anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered
across the continent. Only cold-adapted organisms survive there, including many types of algae, animals (for
example mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades), bacteria, fungi, plants, and protista. Vegetation where
it occurs is tundra.

Although myths and speculation about a Terra Australis ("Southern Land") date back to antiquity, the first
confirmed sighting of the continent is commonly accepted to have occurred in 1820 by the Russian expedition of
Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev on Vostok and Mirny. The continent, however, remained
largely neglected for the rest of the 19th century because of its hostile environment, lack of resources, and isolation.
The Antarctic Treaty was signed in 1959 by 12 countries; to date, 49 countries have signed the treaty. The treaty
prohibits military activities and mineral mining, prohibits nuclear explosions and nuclear waste disposal, supports
scientific research, and protects the continent's ecozone. Ongoing experiments are conducted by more than 4,000
scientists from many nations.

Antarctica is regulated by the Antarctic Treaty System, which defines it as all land and ice shelves south of 60°S,
and has no government and belongs to no country. However, the following territorial claims in Antarctica have been
made:

Argentina: Argentine Antarctica

Australia: Australian Antarctic Territory
Brazil: Brazilian Antarctica (unofficial)
Chile: Antártica
France: Adélie Land
New Zealand: Ross Dependency
Norway: Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land
United Kingdom: British Antarctic Territory
(Unclaimed: Marie Byrd Land)

Moreover, the following dependent territories are situated in the wider Antarctic Region:
 Official
Flag Name Capital Currency
Language
Bouvet Island
— — —
Dependent territory of Norway
Alfred Faure (Crozet Islands)
Port-aux-Français (Kerguelen
Islands)
French Southern Territories Euro French
Martin-de-Viviès (Saint Paul and
Amsterdam Islands)
Overseas territory of France
Heard Island and McDonald
Islands — — —
External territory of Australia
King Edward Point
South Georgia and the South Pound
Overseas territory of the United English
Sandwich Islands sterling
Kingdom

See also
List of countries and capitals in native languages
List of national capitals
List of currencies

Notes
a. ^ In the Faroe Islands the currency has a separate design and is known as the króna, but is not a separate
currency.
b. ^ This North American density figure is based on a total land area of 23,090,542 km2 only, considerably less than
the total combined land and water area of 24,709,000 km².
c. ^ English does not have de jure status.
d. ^ The word was originally pronounced without /k/, but the spelling pronunciation has become very common. The
"c" was originally added to the spelling for etymological reasons and then began to be pronounced. [33][34]

References

1. ^ "World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision" (http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Excel-Data/population.htm/)

United Nations (Department of Economic and Social Affairs, population division)
2. ^ Sayre, April Pulley. (1999) Africa, Twenty-First Century Books. ISBN 0-7613-1367-2.
3. ^ See List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa.
4. ^ Homo sapiens: University of Utah News Release: Feb. 16, 2005
(http://web.utah.edu/unews/releases/05/feb/homosapiens.html)
5. ^ Visual Geography. "Africa. General info" (http://www.visualgeography.com/continents/africa.html). Retrieved
2007-11-24.
6. ^ IMF WEO Oct. 2010 (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2010/02/pdf/c2.pdf). Retrieved 2010 October
15.