PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE

The Definition Products In Science

(Fact, Concept, Principle, Law, And Theory)

Nama : Kafita Krisnatul Islamiyah

NIM : 15030194029
Class : PKU 2015

STATE UNIVERSITY OF SURABAYA

MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCE FACULTY
CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
2017
1. Fact
a. Fact is “an observation that has been repeatedly confirmed and for all
practical purposes is accepted as true.” (NRC, 1996).
Reference: National Research Council. 1996. National Science Education
Standards. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

b. Fact is “A truth known by actual experience or observation”. (Railsback,

2016)
Reference: Railsback, Bruce. 2016. What Is Science. 20 Februari 2017.
(http://www.gly.uga.edu/railsback/1122science7.html).
c. Fact is “statements that can be shown to be true or can be proved, or
something that really happened.”
Reference: Corvino, John. 2015. The Fact/Opinion Distinction. 20 Februari
2017. (http://www.philosophersmag.com/index.php/tpm-mag-
articles/11-essays/26-the-fact-opinion-distinction).
d. Menurut saya, Fakta adalah suatu hal atau peristiwa yang yang telah terjadi
(nyata) dan dapat dibuktikan melalui pengamatan dengan panca indera
secara langsung maupun dengan bantuan instrumen lain.

2. Concept
a. Concept is “Expresses an abstraction formed by generalization from
particulars.” (Kerlinger, 1973).
Reference: Kerlinger, Fred N. 1973. Foundations of Behavioral Research.
2nd ed. New York: Prentice Hall.
b. Concept is “The building blocks of theory. A concept is an idea expressed
as a symbol or in words. Concept in the natural science are often expressed
in symbolic form such as Greek letters (e.g., 𝜋) or formulas (s=d/t, where
s= speed, d= distance, t= time)” (Neuman, 1991).
Reference: Neuman, William Laurence. 1991. Social Research Methods:
Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. USA: Division of
Simon and Schuster.
 c. Concept is “"the search for and listing of attributes that can be used to
distinguish exemplars from non exemplars of various categories." (Bruner,
Goodnow, & Austin, 1967).
Reference: Bruner, J., Goodnow, J. J., & Austin, G. A. (1967). A study of
thinking. New York: Science Editions.
d. Menurut saya, Konsep adalah Generalisasi dari fakta-fakta atau suatu
abstraksi dari suatu ide dan gagasan yang menggambarkan ciri-ciri
Essensial.

3. Princple
a. Principle is “A method for interpreting our observation and turn them into
statements about the natural world.”
Reference: Totland, Williham. 2015.”The Difference between a fact and a
principle”. Http://quora.quora.com.

b. Principle is “A fundamental truth or proporsition that serves as the

foundation for a system of belief or Behavioral or for a chain of reasoning.
Reference: Wijeratna, Dayawansa, C. “The Differences between Principle
and theory.” 21 Februari 2017. Http://quora.quora.com.
c. Prisip adalah “rumusan atau generalisasi hubungan fakta dengan konsep
yang bersifat analitik bukan sekedar empirik.”( Moeslim, 2011).
Reference: Moeslim, K. 2011. Inilah Arti Fakta dan Teori dalam Sains.
d. Prinsip adalah “generalisasi tentang hubungan antara konsep-konsep yang
saling berkaitan.”(Srini, 1997).
Reference: Srini M. Iskandar. (1997).Pendidikan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam.
Jakarta: DIKTI
e. Menurut saya, Prinsip adalah Suatu pernyataan yang merupakan generalisasi
antara fakta dan konsep yang mampu menjelaskan suatu fenomena dari
suatu kejadian namun mencakup suatu hal yang terbatas.
4. Law
a. Law is “An empirical generalization; a statement of a biological principle
that appears to be without exception at the time it is made, and has become
consolidated by repeated successful testing; rule” (Lincoln et al., 1990).
Reference: Lincoln, R. J., G. A. Boxshall, and P. F. Clark. 1990. A
dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
b. Law is “A set of observed regularities expressed in a concise verbal or
mathematical statement.” (Krimsley, 1995).
Reference: Krimsley, V. S. 1995. Introductory Chemistry, 2nd Ed.
Brooks/Cole Publishing Co., Pacific Grove.
c. Law is “A descriptive generalization about how some aspect of the natural
world behaves under stated circumstances (NRC, 1996).
Reference: National Research Council. 1996. National Science Education
Standards. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

d. Menurut saya,
Hukum adalah suatu pernyataan singkat namun bersifat umum dan mampu
meramalkan tentang apa yang akan terjadi sebagai akibat dari sebuah sebab.
Hukum adalah suatu generalisasi antara variabel satu dengan yang lain yang
berkaitan dengan sebab akibat.

5. Theory
a. Theory is "A set of interrelated constructs (concepts), definitions, and
propositions that present a systematic view of phenomena specifying
relations among variables, with the purpose of explaining and predicting the
phenomena." (Kerlinger, 1973, p. 9).
Reference: Kerlinger, Fred N. 1973. Foundations of Behavioral Research.
2nd ed. New York: Prentice Hall.
b. Theory is "A scientifically accepted general principle supported by a
substantial body of evidence offered to provide an explanation of observed
 facts and as a basis for future discussion or investigation (Lincoln et al.,
1990).
Reference: Lincoln, R. J., G. A. Boxshall, and P. F. Clark. 1990. A
Dictionary of Ecology, Evolution and Systematics. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
c. Theory is "A well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural
world that can incorporate facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypotheses.”
(NAS, 1998).
Reference: National Academy of Science (NAS). 1998. Teaching About
Evolution and The Nature of Science. Washington, DC: The
National Academies Press
d. Menurut saya, Teori adalah suatu pengetahuan ilmiah yang mampu
memberikan penjelasan dari suatu hukum mengenai alasan mengapa suatu
peristiwa, gejala, atau fenomena terjadi ex; teori kinetik gas.