LITERATURE REVIEW

1.Twin Screw Extruder Machine

Basically in extrusion there is two type of machine which is single screw extruder
and twin screw extruder . The different between this two machine is the amount of
screw inside the machine where single screw has single or one screw while twin
screw extruder has two screw inside the machine .The operation of extruder usually
following the sequence of feeding, melting, mixing, reacting process , probably
venting, shaping follow the die shape such as profile and film, cooling and palletizing
[1].

Figure 1 : Cross section of single and twin screw extruder barrel

 Figure 2 : Extrusion process

Twin screw extruder is machine is used for compounding process of thermoplastic .

Twin extruder machine mostly has 4 part which is feeding of the extruder , conveying
of mass and entry into the die , flow through the die and exit from the die and
downstream processing [2] . It has 5 components that play their important role , which
is feed hopper is large funnel that hold the plastic material that in granules or pellets
shape and allow plastic material flow steadily into the barrel.Screw that in helical
shape that transport , heating , melting , and mixing material . Extruder drive works to
supplies power to the motor to rotate the screw and barrel is functioning to provide
heating and cooling process.For shaping process , extruder use die where the shape of
the die will determine our product shape.

Figure 3 : Twin extruder machine

 Twin screw is one of important component in twin screw extruder that used
to bring materials from feeding section to the compression section and metering
system before it extrude through the die . There is few type screw has been used
for extrusion process such as co-rotating or counter rotating , intermeshing or non
inter meshing . For co rotating , suitable for applications such as compounding,
mixing, devolatization and chemical reaction [3].While , for counter rotating , its
more suitable for PVC product such as pipe and film.Non intermeshing is center
line distance between the two screw is bigger than total addition of rotating
radius of the two screw [1]. It is better for mixing process and make suitable for
blending process . But for intermeshing , mostly it use for reactive extrusion
cause it has self wiping capability so that it can help to reduce the stagnancy
effect and this make it is the most used type of extruder [4] .

Figure 4 : Co rotating screw extruder

 Figure 5 : Counter rotating Twin screw extruder

For classification of twin extruder intermeshing extruder that use with co

rotating screw , speed for profile extrusion it will use low speed but for
compounding process speed use will be in high speed to make sure material can
mix well.For counter rotating , conical and parallel extruder would be use for
profile extrusion and it also use high speed extruder for compounding . But for
non intermeshing extruder , counter rotating and co rotating extruder is use equal
screw and not equal screw length [1].
 Figure 6 : Classification of twin extruder screw

2.Polypropylene Ethylene Copolymer

Polypropylene is one of important thermoplastic that commonly use in packaging ,

automobile and medical . Polypropylene ethylene copolymer is a semi crytalline
polymer materials that form from combination of polypropylene and ethylene[5]. It is
a block copolymer that use for commercial thermoplastic[6].
REFERENCES

[8]Chris Rauwendaal ; Polymer Extrusion ; Hanser publisher ; 2014 ; Page 25

[9]Mohammed Maniruzzaman ;Practical Guide to Hot Melt Extrusion : Continuous

Manufacturing and Scale Up ; Smithers Rapra Technology ; 2015 Page 19

[10]A. Shah,M. Gupta;Comparison Of The Flow In Co-Rotating And

Counter-Rotating Twinscrew Extruders ,ANTEC ; 2004 ; Page 443

[11]David B.Todd ; Practical Aspects of Processing in Intermeshing Twin Screw

Extruders ; ANTEC 1997 Plastics: Plastics Saving Planet Earth, Volume 1:
Processing ; 1997
[12] Yonggang Liu , Mohau Justice Piri , Anthony Ndiripo , Harald Pasch ; Chemical
composition separation of a propylene–ethylene random copolymer by high
temperature solvent gradient interaction chromatography ; Journal of Chromatography
A ; Elsevier B.V ; 2017 ; Page 23
[13]Lip Teng Saw , Du Ngoc Uy Lan , Nor Azura Abdul Rahim , Ab Wahab Mohd
Kahar , Cao Xuan Viet ; Processing degradation of polypropylene-ethylene
copolymer-kaolin composites by a twin-screw extruder ; Polymer Degradation and
Stability ; Elsevier Ltd ; 2015 ; Page 32