Professional Documents
Culture Documents
C. Garcia-Mateo
Spanish National Research Center for Metallurgy (CENIM-CSIC) Madrid, Spain
Octubre 2017
Colombia-Bogota
Crystal structure
Defects
Crystal structure
• Generals
• Ordering of atoms in solid is not random
(usually)
• Generals
• To represent the crystal structure different
types of cell can be chosen
• Single crystal
• Perfect atomic order
• Single crystal
Fluorita Niquel
Crystal structure
• Polycrystalline
Within a single crystal or grain, the crystal structure is not perfect. The
structure contains defects such as vacancies , where an atom is missing
altogether, and dislocations , where the perfection of the structure is
disrupted along a line.
• Solubility limit
• When the structure has a composition such
that is not stable, and atoms tend to re-order
in two phases, the solubility limit has been
reached.
• Phase diagram
fcc
bcc
orthorhombic
Steel (essentially Fe + C) Equilibrium
fcc
bcc
orthorhombic
Steel
Fe + C+ other elements
Closed g field
Open g field
Si, Al, P, Ti, V, Mo, Cr
Ni & Mn
g stabilisers
a stabilisers
HRºC/s
100-05ºC/s
CCT Diagrams
Continuous Cooling Transformation
T iso, t iso
HR ºC/s
CR ºC/s
4
TTT Diagrams
Temperature Time Transformation
• Stability of phases during isothermal decomposition of austenite
• Kinetics of the transformations
TgºC, tg s
T iso, t iso
HR ºC/s
CR ºC/s
4
TTT Diagrams
Temperature Time Transformation
• Kinetics of the
transformations
Type of Transformations
Atomic Mechanisms of Transformation
https://www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk/2008/Steel_Microstructure/SM.html
Major transformation products according to the atomic mechanisms of transformation
Atomic Mechanisms of Transformation
https://www.phase-trans.msm.cam.ac.uk/2008/Steel_Microstructure/SM.html
Atomic Mechanisms of Transformation
Atomic Mechanisms of Transformation
Atomic Mechanisms of Transformation
Diffusional
Displacive
Diffusionless
&Displacive
INDEX
Diffusional
Displacive
Diffusionless
&Displacive
H.K.D.H Bhadeshia. Bainite in Steels. The Institute of Materials (2001) London. 3d Edition
Some remarks
How the transformation takes place
g ab
Nucleation (thermodynamically speaking)
Under paraequilibrium* condition (only C diffuses)
g (g a ) p
G GN
*The concentration ratios of all elements but C should be equal in the bulk
material as in the retained austenite (g) and bainitic ferrite (a)
(xFe/xj)bulk = (xFe/xj)g
1
GN 3.5463T ( K ) 3499.4 J mol
C. Garcia-Mateo, H. Bhadeshia. Nucleation theory for high-carbon bainite, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 378 (2004) 289-292.
Growth (thermodynamically speaking)
Diffusionless growth
No change of chemical composition from the
parent phase to the product phase
Displacive Transformation
Austenite
Austenite
BCC/BCT
Ferrite
FCC Ferrite
Austenite
Shape change:
Deformation with large shear component (S) +
Reconstructive Transformation small
Interface
dilatation normal to the plane (d)
No atomic correspondence
Growth
Displacive Theory:
g (g a ) p
G GN
Temperature
MS BS g g a
G
Free energy/ J mol-1
G SB
g a
G
GNa
GN
a a
g
g0 g0 g0
g0 g0 g
0
a
g
Faces of bainitic plates provide new potential nucleation sites for autocatalytic
nucleation
Incomplete reaction phenomena
The shown process continues by successive nucleation of subunits until the C
concentration of the residual austenite reaches the value of the To curve.
This trend is known as the incomplete reaction phenomenon because the
transformation ends before the C concentration of austenite reaches the equilibrium
value.
Vb a d
Vb T
At transformation temperature
Cementite can then precipitate from the enriched austenite between the ferrite plates
and within the bainitic ferrite plates (both upper and lower bainite); the difference comes
from the competition between the rate at which cementite can precipitate from ferrite and
the speed with which C is partitioned from supersaturated ferrite into austenite.
a
g
gabq gab
q
At room temperature Bainitic ferrite +2nd phases g
a’
Attending to the phases present
q within and/or between ferrite plates
“Traditional”
0.4%C bainitic steels
a
q a
Lower bainite 0.11%C
a
Upper bainite
50 mm
Attending to the phases present
(1 to 6)
0.54 mm
0.3%C 1%C
Nanostructured bainite Carbide free bainitic
Low Temperature bainite steels
NANOBAIN, SuperBainite.....
Isothermal T = 200ºC
g a
a g
a
Attending to Different Morphologies
Martensite or M/A
Bainitic ferrite
High Temperature
Continuous cooling
Low Carbon steels
0.1% C
Attending to Different Morphologies
Lath/plate like bainite
1%C 0.3%C
a a a
plate g g
g
0.1 mm
About kinetics
is the time
T is the transformation temperature (Kelvin)
p, z ,Q´ and C4 are constants
-600
-1000 Mn
Cr
Mo
-1400
XC-1.5Si-1.5Mn-2.25Cr
-600
-1000
-1400
500
1%C-1.5%Si-1%Cr-XMn
Temperature ( ºC)
1.5ºC/s
400
300
200
100
0
1.E-03 1.E+00 1.E+03 1.E+06 1.E+09 1.E+12 1.E+15
Time (h)
Example of the TTT diagrams calculations as a function of the chemical composition.
About kinetics
Far more complex models exists on the literature describing the transformation
kinetics during isothermal treatment.
For carbide free bainites
Bhadeshia, Rees & Bhadeshia, Sigh & Bhadeshia, Opdenacker & Bhadeshia, Santofimia et all.
Nucleation rate
Autocatalytic nucleation
Ferrite
Ferrite
Austenite
Austenite
Reconstructive Transformation
Interface
Interface
No atomic correspondence
Reconstructive Theory: bainitic
No shape change with shear
ferrite forms by thermallycomponent
activated
atom movements and grows Possibleby the change
composition
migration of growth ledges on the
broad faces of the interface.
Ferrite
Ferrite
Note:
Displacive vs. Reconstructive. 70 Years of Controversy
Today it is accepted that bainite grows with a displacive mechanism i.e. as
plate-shaped (or lath-shaped) transformation product exhibiting an invariant plane
strain surface relief effect. But there is still much discussion on the diffusion
or diffusionless nature of bainite.
When it is stated that ferrite grows with a displacive mechanism, it does not imply
that it is also diffusionless. For instance, Widmanstätten ferrite forms with a
displacive but diffusional growth mechanism.
Diffusionless Theory: bainitic ferrite grows without any diffusion of carbon, and
carbon supersaturation is subsequently relieved by partitioning to austenite, or
through carbide precipitation.
Yang, J. R. and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshia (1987). Conference: Advances in Welding Science and Technology, AsM, Metals Park Ohio,
Rees, G. I. and H. K. D. H. Bhadeshaa (1994). Mater. Sci. Technol.
The role of inclusions on AF nucleation.
(a) Inclusion surface acts as an inert surface for nucleation and therefore large
inclusions are potent sites.
1. Presence of effective
Inclusions/precipitates within g.
Side effect
1. Presence of effective
Inclusions/precipitates within g.
Side effect
1. Presence of effective
Inclusions/precipitates within g.
Side effect
Garcia De Andres, C., C. Capdevila, I. Madariaga and I. Gutierrez (2001). Scr. Mater.
Diaz-Fuentes, M., A. Iza-Mendia and I. Gutierrez (2003). Metall. Mater. Trans. B
Acknowledgements
I am deeply grateful to
Prof. Francisca G. Caballero
Prof. C. Garcia de Andres
Prof. Mauricio Sierra
Prof. Carlos Bohorquez Avila
Prof. Ismael Marquez