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NE W Y O R K

T HE N O R MA N W . H E NL E Y P UB LI S H I NG C O M PA NY
9. WEST 4 5m STREET
PREFA C E

IN co mpi l i n g t h i s bo o k of f o r mul a s, r ec i pe s
d pr o ce s se s, t h e E d i
an

to r ha s en d e a v or ed t o mee t th e pr a ct i ca l r e qu i r e me n t s o f t h e h o me a n d
w o r k sh o p— th e me ch a n i c , the ma n u f a ctu r e r , th e ar t i sa n , t h e h o u se wi f e ,

an d t h e g e n e r a l h o me wo r k e r .

I n a dd i ti o n t o ex e r c i si n g th e ut mo st ca r e in g h i s ma t e r i a l s
sel e cti n

fr o m co mpe t e n t so u r ce s , th e E d i t o r h a s a sol mo d i fi e d f o r mul a s whi ch


wer e o bv i o u sl y ill a d a pt e d f o r h i s n ee d s, bu t w e r e l
v a ua bl e i f a lt e r e d .

P r o cesse s f qu e st i o n a bl e me r i t h e h a s di sc a r d ed
o B y a dh e r i n g t o thi s .

pl a n t h e E d i t o r t r u st s t h a t h e h a s su c cee d e d i n pr e pa r i n g a r e po s
i t o r y o f u se f ul k n o w l e d ge r e pr esen t i n g t h e expe r i e n c e o f e xper t s i n
e ve r y br a n ch o f pr a ct i ca l a ch i e v e me n t M uch o f t h e ma tt er h a s be e n .

speci a l l
y t r a n sl a t e d f o r t hi s w o r k f r om f o r e i gn t e ch n o l o gi c a l pe r i o d
i ca l s a n d bo o k s I n th i s w a y th e E d i t o r h a s e mbo d i e d mu ch pr a cti ca l
. .

i n fo r ma t i o n o t h er w i se i n a c c e ssibl e t o mo st E n gl i sh -spe a k i n g peo pl e .

E a ch r e ci pe i s t o be r e ga r d e d as a ba si s o f e xpe r i men t , t o be mo d i
fi ed to su i t th e pa r t i cu l a r pu r po se i n h a n d , or t h e pe culi a r c o n d i t i on s
whi ch ma y a ff e c t t h e e xper i me n te r . C h e mi c a l s a r e n o t a l wa y s o f un i

fo r m r e l a t i v e pu r i ty an d st r e n gth ; hea t or c o ld ma y ma r k edly i n fl ue n ce


th e r e su lt obt a i n ed , an d l a ck of sk i l l i n t h e h a n dl i n g of u t en si l s an d
i n st r umen t s ma y so me t i me s c a u se f a i lu r e . I n a smu ch as a pa r t i cul a r
fo r mul a ma y n ot a l w a y s be ppl i ca bl e , t h e E d i t o r h a s
a th o u g h t i t a d
i
v sa bl e t o g i v e a s ma n y r eci pe s a s h i s spa ce w o u l d a ll o w un d e r e a ch
h e a din g I n so me
. i n st a n c e s a se r i e s o f fo r mul a s i s gi v e n w h i ch a ppa r
e n t ly diff e r bu t li gh tl y i n t h e i r i n g r e d i e n t s
s T hi s h a s be en d o n e o n .

th e pr i n ci pl e t h a t o n e o r mo r e ma y be c h o se n f o r th e pu r pose i n h a n d .

R e co gn i zi n g t h e fa ct th a t wor ks o f a s i mil a r c h a r a ct e r a r e n ot un

k n o wn , th e E d i t o r h a s e n d e a vo r e d t o pr e sen t i n t h e se pa g e s th e mo st
mo d er n me th o ds a n d for mul a s N a t u r a ll y , o l d r e ci pes a n d so —ca ll e d
.

t r a d e sec r e t s w h i ch h a v e pr o v en th e i r va l u e by l o n g u se a r e a l so
i n cl u d e d , pa r ti cul a r l y wh e r e n o n ot e w o r th y a d v a n ce h a s be e n ma d e ;
but th e pr i ma r y a i m h a s been t o mode r n i ze an d br i n g th e en ti r e wo r k
up t o th e pr e sen t d a t e .

TH E E D I TO R .

MA Y , 1 91 6 .
P A RTI A L L I S T OF A UT H O RIT I E S C ONS ULT ED

A pothecary , Th e . M aler Zei tung .

B erliner D r og Zei tung . . M etal larbei ter .

Br a ss Wor l d . M ining and S cientific Press .

Bri tish Journal o f Photograph y ,


N euest e E r fi n d u n gen un d Erfahrungen .

C hemical N ews . N ouvel les S ci en t i fi qu e s .

Chemiker Zeitung Repertorium . Oi ls , Colors , a n d D rysal teries .

C hemi sch Techni sche Fabrikant . Papier Zei tu n g


-
.

Chemi sche Zeitung . Parfumer D e r ,


.

C hemist —D ruggist . Ph a r ma ceu t i sch e Zei t u ng .

C omptes Rendus . Ph a r ma ceu t i sch e Cen tr a l h a l l e .

Cooley s Re ceipts Ph a r ma ceu t i sch e Era



. .

C osmos . Ph a r ma ceu t i sch e J ou rnal .

D ekorationsmaler D er , . Ph a r ma ce ut i sch e Journal Formulary .

D eutsche1 D r o g Zei tung . . Photo Ti mes .

D eutsch e Gol d schmiede Zei tung . Po l yt ech C en t r a lbl a t t


. .

D eutsche Handwerk . Pol yt N otizbl att


. .

D eutsche M a ler Zeitung . Popular S cience N ews .

D eutsche Topfer u n d Z i efl er Zeitung . Pottery G azette .

D i n gl er s Polytechnic J ournal Pract i cal D ruggist



. .

D rogi sten Zei tung . Revue C h r o n o me tr i qu e .

D ruggists Ci rcular R evue de l a D roguerie



. .

Engl ish Mechanic . Revue d e s P ro d ui ts Chimi ques .

F arben Zeitung . Revue In d ustrielle .

G ummi Zeitung . S cience , A rts a n d N ature .

Journal der Goldschmiedekunst . S cience Pratique .

J ournal of A pplie d M icroscopy . S eifensieder Zei tung , D er .

J ournal of the Franklin Institute . S eifenfabrikant , D er .

Journal S ociet y of Chemical Industry . S patula .

Journal S uisse d Ho r l oger i e S tei n der Weise n , D er



. .

K erami sche Rundschau . S udd A poth Zeitung


. . .

La N ature . Techni sch es C en t r a l bl a tt .

La S cience en Fami lle . Tech ni sche Run d sch au .

La V i e S ci en ti fi qu e '
. U hlan d s Techni sche Rundschau

.

Lack u n d Farben In d ustrie . Verzinnen V erzinken V ernickeln , D a s .

Legierungen . Werkmei ster Zeitu n g .

Le Genie Civi l . Wiener D rogi ste n Zei tung .

Le Praticien . Wiener Gewerbe Zeitung .

Leipziger Farber un d Z eugd r uck er Zei Zeitsch rift f i r d i e Ge sa mmt e K ohlen


tung . saure In d ustrie .
HENLEY S B OO K O F REC IPES

ABRAS I ON R E ME D Y
S e e C osmetics and O i ntments . Anili ne .

H d
m m
S ee Wines an d Li qu ors .

Anili ne hydrochl or a te 1 5 parts


Acid-Pr oofi n g Water q s , . 1 00 parts

An A ci d-Proof Table To p .
S ol uti on No 2 has not been cha n ged
.
,

1
except to arrange the parts per h un dred .

T h e method of a ppl i cati on is the same


.

Copper s ul phate 1 part except that after s ol ution N o 1 has dri e d .


,

Potassi um chlorat e . 1 part the excess o f th e sol uti on whi ch has dried
8 parts upon the s urface of the wood is thor
Boil until salts are dissolved . o ughly rub bed off before th e a p pli c a tion
'

o f s ol ut i o n N o 2 T h e black c ol or does
.

2
.

not a ppear at once but usually req u ires ,


Anil ine hydrochl orate parts . 3 a few hours before becom i n g eb ony
2 0 parts black . T h e linseed oil m ay be d il uted
O r if more readily procurable :
,
with turpe nti n e with out dis ad va nt a ge ,

6 parts and after a few a p l i ca ti o n s the s urface


Hydrochl oric aci d 9 parts will take on a d u l a nd n ot d i s pl ea s
50 parts “ i ng polish . T h e ta bl e tops a re e a sily
cleaned by washi ng with water or suds
By the use of a brus h two coats of so after a course of work is com pleted a n d ,

the a pli cati on of anoth er coat of o il


puts them i n excell ent ord er for a nother
uti o n N o 1 are a ppli ed while hot ; th e sec
.

ond coat as s oon as the first is dry T hen .

t w o coats of s ol uti on N o 2 a nd the wood .


,
course of work S trong aci ds or al kalies
.

allowed to dry thoroughly Later a .


,
when s pill ed if s oon wi pe d o fi’ h ave
, ,

coat of ra w li nseed oil is to be applied ,


scarcely a percepti bl e e ffect .

usi ng a cl oth i nstea d of a brus h i n order ,


A slate or til e top is expensi ve n ot only
to et a thi n ner coat of the oil i n its origi nal cost but als o as a d estroyer
,

Wood tops when pai nted


.

writer i n the J ou r n a l of A pl i ed of glassware


Mi cr osco py sta tes that he has us e d this
.
,

oil ed or pa r a ffi n e d have obj ecti ona bl e


,

method upon s ome ol d lab oratory tabl es features the latter es pecially i n warm
,

which had been finished i n the usual way ,


weather . O l d table tops after th e pa int ,

t h e wood havi ng been filled oil ed an d ,


or oil is scraped o ff down to the w ood ,

varnis hed After scra pi ng o ff the varnis h


.
take th e above finis h nearly as w ell as
down to the wood th e s ol uti ons were a p
,
the new wood .

plied a nd the res ult was very sa ti sfa c


, To Mak e Woo d Aci d a n d Ch lo rine
tory.
Proof — T ake 6 pounds of w ood tar and
After som e ex e r i me n ta ti o n s the for
.

1 9 pounds rosi n and melt them together


,

mula was m odi ed Wit hout materially i n an i ron kettl e after which sti r i n 8 ,
a ff ecti ng the cost and a pparently i n
, ou nds finely powdered brick dust .

creasi ng the resi stan ce o f the wood to the be da maged parts m ust be cl ea n ed
acti on of strong aci ds a nd al kalies The .
perfectly a nd dried w h er e u on th ey ,

modi fied formula foll ows : may be pai nted over with t e warm
reparati on or filled up and dra w n o fi’
1
heavi ng the fil m on the i nside
.
,

I ronsul phate
.

C opper s ul phate Protecti n g Ceme nt Aga i nst Aci d — A .

Potassi u m permanga pai nt to r o t e ct cem ent against aci d is


obtai ned b y mixi n g pure asbestos very
Water
,

,
q.s finely powdered with a th i ck sol ut i on o f
,
10 A D HESI VE S

s odi um s ilicate Th e s odium silicate .

m ust be as al kal ine as o ss i bl e T he .

asbestos is first r ubbe with small a.

q ua ntity of the sili cate until c ake i s , a

obtai ne d and then kept i n well cl osed -

vessels .For use this cake is si m pl y


thi nned with a s ol uti on of the silicate ,
Adh esi ves
which furnishes a ai nt two or three a p
pli cati ons of w hi c protect the walls of GLUE S
reservoirs etc aga i nst any acid solid . Ma nufa cture of Gl ue usual .
— I — The .
, ,

or li qui d T his mass may also b e em r o c e s s of removi ng the phos hate of


p
ii me from bones for l ue-mak i n g pur
.

pl oyed for ing a coati ng of sand


stone . poses by means o f di ute hydrochl ori c
aci d has the disadvantage that th e aci d
To Ma k e Cork s I mpermeable a n d cann ot b e regenerated Attem pts to u se
Aci d -Proof — Ch oose your corks care
.

.
sul phurous acid i nstead have s o far
fully T hen pl unge them i nto a s ol utio n
.

roved unsuccessful as even wit h the


of gelati n or com m on gl ue 1 5 parts i n , ,
arg e quanti ti es used the process is very
, ,

1 parts of glyceri ne a nd 5 0 0 parts of


,
2-
° ° sl ow According t o a G erma n i nventi on
water heated to 4 4 or 4 8 C ( 1 1 2 — 1 2 0 ° ° .

,
.

this di fficult with s ul phurous aci d ca n


a nd keep th em there for several be avoided y usi ng it i n aqueous s ol u
h ours . O n removing the corks which .

ti on under press ure T h e s ol ution of


s houl d be wei h te d d own i n the sol uti on
.

d ry the m i n t E t h e li me goes on ver


,
ra pi dl y it is
e s hade u ntil they are free
,

clai med and n o trou l es o me pr e c i pi


from all s urpl us m oisture T hey are n ow .
,

t a ti o n of cal ci um s ul phite takes pl ace


perfectly tight r e ta i n i n at the sam e
.

,
B oth ph os phate of li m e a nd sul h u r o u s
t i me the greater porti on 0 thei r e lasti city
aci d are re e n e r a te d from t he yes by
a nd s up l cn ess T o render them aci d
proof t e y shoul d be treated with a
.

si m l e d i sti lia ti o n .

,
I - B ones may be treated w ith suc
mi xture of vaseli ne 2 parts and pa r a fi i n e , ,
c e ssi ve quantities of c om bi ne d sul phur
7 parts heated to about 1 0 5 °
1 T his 4

ous acid and wate r from whic h the heat


.
,

second o peration may be avoi ded by of combi nation has been previ ous ] dis
,

a ddi ng to the gelati n sol uti on a littl e s i pa t e d the s ol uti on being r e m ove after
a mmoni um di chromate and afterwards ,

exposing the corks to the light each treatment before t he b one salts,

dissol ved therei n preci pitate a nd before


.

Li n i n g for A ci d Re ceptacles — Pl ates . the tem perature rises ab ove 74 F °


.

are forme d of 1 par t of brown sl ate 2 , U S Pat


. . .

of powdered lass a nd l of Portland , III — A patent rel ati ng t o th e process


.

cement the w ol e worked up with sili


, for treati ng ani mal si news preparato ry ,

cate of soda mol ded a nd d ri ed M ake


, . for the gl ue factory has been granted to .

a cement com o se d of grou nd slate and Fl orshe i m Chicago an d consi sts i n i m


, ,

silicate of s o a and smear the s urface mersin g ani m al si news s uccessi vely i n
for the li nin ; then while it is still pl astic , , petrol eu m or benzi ne to rem ove the outer
a pply the ates prepared as above de fleshy a n i mal ski n ; i n a h a r d e n i n or
scri bed n ste a d of these plates
. sla bs , preservi ng bath as boric a ci d or a u m
, ,

of glass or porcel ai n or similar substances or copper s ul phate ; a nd i n a n al kali ne


may be e mpl oyed with the sa me cement . bath to re move fatty matter from t h e
fi brous part of the si news T h e si news
ACACIA MUCILAGE OF are afterwards tanned a nd disi ntegrated
.

S ee A dhesives u nder M ucilages


.
.

Test for Gl u e — T h e m ore w a ter th e


ACID -PR OOF GLASS .

gl ue takes up s wel li ng it th e better it


S e e G lass , ,
.
is
. Four ounces of the gl ue to be exa m
ACI D -R E S IS TING PAINT i n e d are s oaked for about 1 2 h ours i n a
S e e Pai nt . cool lace i n 4 pounds of col d water If .

the g u e has dissol ved after this ti m e it


ACI D S SOLD ERI NG is of bad quality and of littl e val ue ; but if
,

S e e Sol ders .
it is coherent gelati nous a nd wei ghi ng
, .

ACI D S TAI NS FROM THE S K I N, TO d oubl e it is good ; if it weighs u p to 1 6


,

RE MOVE ounces it is very good : if a s m uc h a s


,

S e e C l ea n i n g Preparati ons an d M eth 20 ounces it may be call ed excellent


, .

o ds
To Pre vent G l ue fr om Cr a ck i n g — T o
.

ACID TEST F OR VI NEGAR prevent gl ue from cr a ck i u which i r e


S ee Vi negar .
quen tl y occ urs when gl ue a r ti cl es are
ADHESI VES ll

ex os ed to the he a t of a stove a little V — S oak 1 of good l ue i n a


o un d
ch p
.
,

oride of potassi um is added T his . uar t of water or a few h ours t e n m el t ,

prevents the l u e from becomi ng dry t e gl ue b heati ng it together with the


e nough to cracg
,

G l ue th us treated will u n a bso r be water then stir i n poun d ,

adhere to glass m etals etc a nd may , , .


, d ry white l ead an d whe n that i s well ,

also be used for pasti ng on l abels . mixed pour i n 4 fl ui d o u n c es of al cohol


Pre venti ng the Putrefactio n of S tron g and continue the boili ng 5 mi nutes l onger .

VL — S oak 1 poun d of good gl ue i n 1 15


Glu es — T h e fatty matter al ways e xisti ng
i n small quantity i n s heets of ordi nary pints of c ol d water for 5 h ours t he n a d d ,

3 ounces of zi nc sul phate and Q fl u i d


lue affects the adhesive properti es a nd
facilitates th e devel opment of bacteria ,
ounces of hydrochl oric acid a nd kee p
the mixture heated for 1 0 or 1 2 h ours at
,

and c o n se q u e n tl putrefactio n and de 1 7 5 to 1 9 0 F T h e gl ue rem ai ns l iqui d


° °

compositi on T e se i nconveniences are .

an d may be used for sticki ng a variety of


.

remedied by addi ng a s mall ua n ti ty of


caus tic soda to the diss ol ved g u e T h e materials .

VI I —A very inexpensi ve liq ui d gl ue


.

soda r e ve n ts decom positi on abs ol utely ; .

with t e fatty matter i t forms a hard s oa p m ay be prepared by first soaki ng a n d


which renders it harmless then d i ss o l vmg gel ati n i n twice its ow n
wei ght of water at a very e n tl e hea t ;
.

Li qu i d Gl u es . then add l a ci a l acetic a c i f i n wei ght


I
. 3 ou nces equal to t e weight of the dry gelatin .

G elati n s o un ce s I t s h ould be remembered however that , ,

Acetic aci d 4 ounces all aci d glues are not ge nerally a pplica
2 0 unces bl e.

Alum 3 0 grai ns VI II .
— G l ue parts 2 00
He a t together for 6 h ours ski m a nd , , D il ute
acetic aci d parts 4 00
ad d : D issol ve by the ai d of h eat a nd add :
I I — Alcoh ol l flui d o u n c e
Alcoh ol 2 5 parts
.

Brown gl ue N O 2 2 pound s
o o o o o o o o o o

, . .

Alum 5 parts
S odium carbonat e 1 1 ou nces
Water 3 5 pi nts I X —G l ue
. 5 parts
O il of cl ove 1 6 0 mi nims Calci um chl orid e 1 part
Water
.

1 part
D issol ve the s oda i n the water pour
the s ol u ti on over the dry l ue l et stand
,
X — S ugar of lead
. drach ms
,
Al um l } drach ms a

over ni ght or till th orough y s oa ked and drach ms


G u m arabi c
swell ed then heat carefully on a water Wheat flour c c c c c c c 1 av l b
When nearl y col d
,

bath until dissol ved


. .

stir in the oil of cl oves


.

.
Water q s , . .

By using white gl ue a fi ner articl e fit , , D issol ve the um i n 2 quarts of warm


for fancy wor k may be made ,
. water ; wh en co ( 1 mi x i n t h e flour an d ,

I l l — D issol ve by heating 6 0 parts of add the sugar of l ead and al um dissol ved
borax i n 4 2 0 par ts of water ad d 4 8 0 , i n water ; h eat the wh ol e over a sl ow fire
parts dextri n ( pal e yell ow ) and 5 0 parts ’

until it shows signs of ebullition L et it .

of gl ucose and heat carefully with con c ool a nd add e nough gum water to bri ng
,

ti n n ed stirring to com pl ete s ol uti on ;


, it to the proper consistence .

repl ace the eva porated water an d pour XI — D il ute 1 part of o fficial hos
ph o r i c aci d with 2 parts of water a n f n e u
.

t hr ough flannel .

T h e gl ue made in this W a y remai ns t r a li z e the s ol uti on with carb onate of


cl ea r quite a l ong ti me and o sse sses , am m oni um Add to the li qui d an equal
.

great adhesive power ; it als o ries very quantity of water warm it on a water ,

q uickl y but upon careless and extended


, bath a nd diss ol ve i n it su ffici ent gl ue to
,

heati ng ab ove 90 C ( 1 94 it is apt °


.
°
form a thick syrupy li qui d K eep i n .

to turn brown and brittl e . well stop ered bottles


- .

I V — Pour 5 0 parts of warm ( not h ot )


. XI I i sso l v e 3 parts of gl ue i n small
.

water over 5 0 parts of C ol o n e gl ue and i e ce s i n 1 2 to 1 5 of saccharate of li me .

all ow to s oak over night ext day the . y heati ng the gl ue dissol ves rapidly
,

s well ed gl ue is dissol ved with m oderate and remai ns li qui d whe n col d with out , ,

heat a nd if still too thi ck a littl e m ore


, , l oss of adhesi ve power A n d esi ra bl e .

water is added When this is done ad d


. , consistence ca n be secured y va r yi n
from 2 5 to 3 parts of crud e nitric aci d , the am ount of saccharate of li me T h i c .

sti r well and fill the li qui d gl ue in well


, gl ue retai ns its m u ddy col or whil e a thi n ,

corked bottles T his is a good li qui d


. s ol uti on becomes cl ear on sta ndi ng .

ste am gl ue . T h e saccharat e of li me is prepared by


12 A D HE S I VES

dissolvi ng 1 part of s ugar i n 3 parts of arts and water 1 5 parts Heat for 4-
,
8 .

°
water and after adding
, part o i the ours on the water bath to 8 0 C ( 1 7 6 °
.

wei ght of the sugar of slaked li me heat , T hus a syrupy li qui d is obtai ne d ,

i ng the wh ole from 1 4 9 to 1 8 5 F all ow ° °


.
, which is al l owe d to settle a nd is then
i ng it to macerate for several days s haki ng , decanted T his gl ue has n o u npl easa nt
.

it fre quently T h e sol uti on which has .


, odor and d oes n ot m ol d
,
.

the properties of m ucilage is then de , XI X — A gl ue possessi ng the adhesive


.

canted from the sedi ment . qualities of ordinary j oi ners gl ue but ’


,

XIII — I n a sol uti on of borax i n water


. constituti ng a pale yell ow li qui d which is
soak a o o d quantity of gl ue until it h a s rea dy for use without requ i ri ng heati ng
t h o r o u g l y i mbi bed the li quid Pour off . and possesses great r e sistance to da mp
the s urpl us s ol uti on a nd then put on ness is produced by treati ng dry cas ei n
,

the water bath and melt the gl ue C ool . with a dil uted b orax s ol uti on or wi th
down until the gl ue begins to set then , en o u h ammonia solution to ca use a
add drop by drop with agitation
, , , fai nt y al kali ne reacti on T h e prepara .

enough acetic acid to check the tendency ti on may be em pl oyed al one or mi xed
to soli di ficati on If after becoming .
, with li quid starch i n a ny proporti on .

quite col d there is still a tendency to


Glue for Cel l ul oi d — I — T w o pa r ts
,

s oli di ficati on add a few dro s m ore of . .

the aci d T h e li qui d s houl


,

be of the s hellac 3 parts 5 i r i t s of cam h e r and 4


, ,

parts strong alco o l dissol ve i n a warm


.

consistence of ord i nary m ucilage at a l l


ti mes place gi ve a n excellent gl uing agent to fix
,

wood tin and other bodi es to cell ul oi d


.

.
, ,
XI V — G elatin
. 1 00 parts .

T h e glue m ust be kept well corked up .



Cabi netma kers gl ue 1 00 parts .
II — A coll odi on sol utio n may be used
.
,
Alcohol 2 5 parts .
or an al coholic s ol uti on of fi ne cell ul oi d
Al um 2 parts s havi ngs .

Acetic acid 2 0 per


cent 8 00 parts Gl ue to Form Paper Pa d s .

S oak the gelatin and gl ue with the .I —G l ue 3 5 ounces


acetic aci d a nd heat on a water bath until G lyceri ne 8 ou nces
flui d ; the n add the al u m and alcohol .
Water a su fficient quantity , .

X V — G lue
. 1 0 parts Pour upon the gl ue m ore tha n en ough
1 5 parts water to cover it and let stand for several
S odi um salicylate 1 part .
hours then decant the greater o r ti o n of
,

the water ; a ply heat u ntil t e gl ue is


diss ol ved a n dadd the glyceri n If the
X VI — S oak 5 parts of Col ogne gl ue
.

in a n aqueous cal ciu m chl oride sol uti on , .

and heat on the water bath until mixt ure is too thick add m ore water
(1 ,

dissol ved replacing the evaporating ,


I I — G l ue
.

water ; o r slack 1 00 parts of li me with 1 5 0 Alu m o o o o o o o o o o o o

parts of h ot water diss ol ve 6 0 parts of ,


Acetic acid o o o o o o o 5
s ugar i n 1 80 parts of water a nd add 1 5 Alcohol 1 } ounces 1

Water
,

arts of the slacked li me to th e sol ution ,


6 5 ounces
eati ng the whol e to 7 5 C ( 1 67 °
.
°
M i x all b ut the al cohol digest on , a

Place asi de for a fe w days shaking from , water bath till the gl ue is diss olved all ow ,
ti me to ti me I n the cl ear s ugar li me .
-
to cool and add the alcohol
s ol uti on coll ected by decanting soak 6 0 I I I — G l ue
. 5 ounces
parts of gl ue and assist the s ol ution by Water 1 ounce
m oderate heati ng .
Calci um chl ori de 1 ounce
X VII — M olasses 1 00 parts diss ol ved
D issol ve the calciu m chl ori de i n the
.
, ,

i n 3 0 0 parts of water 2 5 parts of quick ,

li me (slaked to powder ) bei ng then water add the glue macerate until it is
, ,
,

sti rred in an d the mi xture heated to 1 67 ° thoroughly s oftened a nd then heat until ,

F on
. water bath with frequent stir
a
completely diss ol ved .

ri ngs . After settling for a few days a I V — G l ue


. . 2 0 ounces
.

large porti on of the li me will have dis G lycerine 5 ounces .

s ol ved a nd th e cl ear white thick s ol u


, , ,
S yrupy gl ucose 1 ounce .

ti on when deca nted behaves like rubber


, ,
T a nni n 5 0 grai ns .

s ol uti on a nd makes highly adherent a. C over the gl ue with col d water and let ,

c o a ti n stand over n i ght I n the mo r n i n pour


f
.

X V II bone gl ue 250
.
— D iss ol ve ,

o fl superfluous water throw the g u e on ,

parts by ,heating i n arts of water , m usli n and mani pulate s o as to get ri d


,

a nd ad d to the sol ution a r i u m pe r o x of as m uch m oisture as o ssi bl e then ut ,


i d e 1 0 parts s ul phuric acid (6 6 B ) 5 °
, .
i n a water bath a nd me t Add th e g yc .
A D H ESIVES 18

erine a nd syr a a nd sti r well i n Fi . mass has become quite uni f orm i nto fla t ,

nally dissol ve t e ta nni n i n the s malles t


, molds i n whi ch it s oli difies i nto very hard
,

quantity of water possi ble a nd add . ta blets of dark brown or blac k c ol or .

T his mixture must be used hot . For use these gl ue tablets are first s oa ke d
,

V . 1 5 ounces i n boili ng water a nd the n heated over a


G lycerine 5 ounces free fla me until the mari ne glue has be
Li nseed oil 2 ounces .
come thi nly li qui d T h e pieces to be .

l o un c e
gl ued are also warmed a nd a very durabl e
uni on is obtai ned
S oak
the glue as before melt ad d the
.

, ,

sugar and glyceri ne conti nui ng the heat I I I — C ut caoutchouc i nto s mall pieces
.

, ,

and finally ad d the oil grad ually under a nd dissol ve i n coal na phtha by heat and
constant stirri ng .
agitati on Ad d to this s ol ution pow .

T his must be used h o t .


d ered s hellac a nd heat the whol e con , ,

st a n t l y stirri ng until c om bination takes


Glue for Tablets place the n our it on metal plates to form
s heets Whe n us ed it m ust be heated to
.
,

I . Bl o u n ce s .

24 8 F a nd applie d with a brus h


°
G lycerine ounces 8 .
,
.

Water a s u ffi cie nt quantity


, .
Water -Proof G lues — I — T h e gl ue is . .

Pour upon the gl ue more tha n e nough put i n water till it is s oft a nd subse ,

water to cover it and let stand for several quently melted i n li nseed oil at moderate
hours then decant the greater portion of
, heat T his gl ue is a ffected neither by
.

the water ; apply heat until the gl ue is water nor by va pors .

diss ol ved a nd add the l yce r i n e I f th e


, .
I I — D iss ol ve a s mall quantity of sa n
.

mixture is too thick a d m ore water , .


darac and mastic i n littl e alcohol and a ,

II . 6 ounces a dd a littl e turpentine T h e s ol uti on is .

Al um 3 0 grai ns boile d i n a kettle over the fi re a nd a n ,

Acetic acid } ounce


4 equal qua ntity of a strong h ot sol ution of
Alcoh ol 1 } ounces 1 gl ue and isi nglass is ad ded T hen filter .

6 } ounces 7 through a cl oth while h ot .

M i x all but the alcohol digest on a ,


I I I — Water -proof gl ue ma
. als o be
water bath till the gl ue is diss ol ved all ow roduced by the si m ple a diti on of
p
,

to cool and a dd the alcoh ol i ch r o ma te of potassium to the li quid gl ue


III — G l ue
. .
sol uti on a nd s ubsequent expos ure to the
,

air.

Calci um chl oride .


IV .
— M i x gl ue as usual a nd the n a dd ,

D iss ol ve the calciu m chl ori de i n the


li nseed o il i n the r o po r ti o n of 1 art oil
water add the gl ue m acerate until it is t o 8 parts gl ue f it is desired t at the .

thoroughly s oftened an d then a pply heat


,
mixture remai n liqui d 5 ounce of nitric ,

until com l et e l y diss ol ved


,
aci d s houl d be added to every poun d of
I V — G u e 1 pou nd ; glyceri ne 4 oun ces ;
.

l ue T his will als o prevent the gl ue


.

rom souring
.
, ,

lucose syr u 2 tabl es poonfuls ; ta nnin .

g
1 0 ounce se warm and gi ve a n hou r
,
V In
. parts of rectified al cohol
-

to dry and set on the pads T his ca n be


,
diss ol ve 60 parts of sa ndarac a nd as
much mastic whereupon add 60 parts of
.

col ored with a ny anil i ne dye


white oil of turpentine N ext prepare a
.

.
,

Mari ne G lue M ari ne glue is a rod


.
-
rather strong gl ue s ol uti on a nd add about
uct consisting of shellac a nd ca o ut c o n e , the li ke qua ntity of isi nglass heating the ,

which is mi xed di ff erently a cco r d i n to sol uti on until it commences to b oil ; the n
.

the use for which it is re quire d he . sl owly add the h ot l ue sol uti on till a thi n
qua ntity of be nzol used as sol vent o v paste forms w h i c can still be filtered ,

erns the hard ness or s oftness of the g ue . through a cl oth Heat the s ol ution be .

I — O n e part Para ca outchouc is dis



. . fore use an d em pl oy li ke ordi nary glue .

sol ved i n 1 2 parts benzol ; 2 0 parts pow A con necti on effected with this l ue is
dered she l lac a re added to the s ol uti on , not dissolved by col d water an even
and the mi xture is carefully heated . resists h ot water for a l ong ti me .

I L —S tronger gl ue is obtai ned by dis


L
VI — S oa k . arts of C ol ogne gl ue
solvi ng 1 0 parts good crude caoutchouc i n col d water for 1 2 ours a nd i n a nother
in 1 20 parts benzi ne or naphtha which vessel for the sam e length of time 1 50
sol ution is poured sl owly and i n a fine parts of isi nglass i n a mi xture of la m
stream i nto 20 parts asphaltu m melted spirit a nd water T he n dissolve bot .

i n a kettle sti rri ng consta ntly a nd heat


, masses together on the water bath i n a
in Pour the finis hed gl ue after the suitabl e vessel thi nning i f necessary
sog
.
, , , ,

vent has al m ost eva porated a nd the with some hot water N ext add 1 00 .
14 AD H ESIVE S

parts of linseed oil varnish a nd filter hot stam s good gl ue is s oaked for 2 4 hours
,

t h r o u h li nen
v . i n so t water T h e water is poured o ff
. ,

VI P— O rdi nary gl ue is kept i n water


.

a nd the s wollen gl ue is melted a nd m i xe d .

until it s wells up without l osing its shape . with glyceri ne and a little sali cyl i c aci d .

T hus s oftened it is placed i n a n iron a nd cast i nto mol ds T h e d ura bility i s l n .

cruci ble without addi ng water ; the n add creased by pai nting the mass with a s ol u
li nseed o il according to the qua nti ty of ti on of ta nnin or better of bichromate , , ,

the g l ue a nd l eave this mixture to b0 1 l of potassium Pri nti ng rol l ers requ i re
.

over a sl ow fire until a gelati nous mass greater firm ness a nd elasti city T h e .

results S uch glue unites materials i n a


. mass for them once consiste d s ol ely of
very durable man ner It adheres firmly . gl ue and vinegar a nd their ma nufacture ,

a nd hardens quickly I ts chief a d v a n . was very di fficult T h e use of glyceri ne .

tage however consists i n that it neither


, , has re medi ed this a nd gives great elas ,

a bs orbs water nor all ows it to pass ti ci t y without adhesiveness and has r e ,

through whereby the connecti ng places


, m oved the liability o f m oldiness S w o l .

are of te n destroyed A little borax will . len l ue which has been su perficially
,

prevent putrefacti on . dri e is fuse d with glyceri ne and cast


VIII — Bi chromate of potassium 4 0
. i nto oil m ol ds S imilar mi xt ures are .

parts ( by weight ) ; gelatin gl ue 5 5 parts ; , used for casti n plaster orna ments etc , .
,

al um 5 parts
, D i ss olve the gl ue in a . a nd gi ve very s ar casts A mass con .

little water a nd add the bichromate of sisti n of gl ue a n glyceri ne is poured


potassium and the al um . over t e model in a box When the mol d .

I X — T his preparati on permits a n a h


. is removed it is pai nte d with pl aster out
,

so l ute l y permanent glui g of pieces of side a nd with boil ed oil i nsi de a nd ca n


card board even when they are moist
,

, then be used ma ny ti mes for maki ng r e


ened by water M elt together equal . prod ucti ons o i the model
parts of good pitch and utta -percha ; of
this ta ke 9 parts an d ad gto it 3 parts of Glue for Paper a n d M eta l — A l ue
which will keep well a nd ad here tigg
.

1t l y
,

boil ed li nseed oil an d 1 } parts of l i tharge 1 .

Place this over the fire and stir it till all is obtained by dil uti ng parts by
the i n gredie nts are i ntimately mixed .
weight of potato starch i n parts by
T h e m i xt ure may be d i l uted with a little
weight of water a nd addi ng 50 parts by
benzine or oil of turpenti ne a n d must be weight of pure nitric aci d T h e m i xture .

warm whe n used


,
is kept i n a hot pl ace for 4 8 hours tak i ng ,

care to stir frequently It is afterwards


.

Gl ue to Faste n Linoleum o n Iro n boiled to a thick and tra ns p arent consist


S ta irs — I —Us e a mixt ure of gl ue isi n
. .
,
e ncy dil uted with water if there is occa
,

glass a nd dextrin which diss olved i n


, ,
si on a nd the n there are ad ded in the
,

water a nd heated is given a n ad mixture ,


form of a screened powder 2 parts of sal ,

of t urpentine T h e stri ps pasted do w n .


a m moniac a nd 1 part of s ulph ur flowers .

m ust be weighted with boards an d brick Glue for Attach i ng Cloth S tr ips to Ir on .

on top until the adhesive agent has hard -


S oa k 500 parts of C ol ogne gl ue in the
ened .

eveni ng with clea n cold water i n a cl ea n


II — S oak 3 parts of l ue in 8 parts
.

vessel ; i n t h e morni n pour o ff th e water g


water add 5 part h yd r o c loric acid and
,
place the softened gl ue with out admix
,

it part zi nc Vi tri ol a nd l et this mixture ture of water into a cl ea n c opper or


bo xl several hours C oat the floor an d .

e na mel receptacl e which is put on a mod


the back of the li noleu m with this .

crate l ow fire (charcoal or stea m a ppa


,

Press the linoleum d own uniformly a nd ratus ) D uring the diss ol uti on the mass
.

fi rmly a nd w eight it for s ome ti me .

m ust be c o n ti n ua ll stirred with a wood


Glue for Atta ch ing Gl oss to Precious en trowel o r s pa t u a If the gl ue is too .

Metals — S a ndarac varnis h 1 5 parts ;


.
,
thick it is th i nned wi th dil uted s pi rit
, ,

mari ne gl ue 5 parts ; drying oil 5 parts ; , ,


b ut not with water As s oon as th e gl ue .

white l ead 5 parts ; S panis h whi te 5 , ,


has r e ached the b oili ng oi nt about 5 0 ,

parts ; turpenti ne 5 parts T riturate all to , .


parts of li nseed oil va r n i s ( b oiled oil ) is
form a rather h om ogeneous paste T his added to the mass with consta nt sti r r i n
When the l atter has been stirred up wefi
.

gl ue becomes very hard a nd resisting .


,

a dd 5 0 parts of powdered c ol o hony a n d


Elastic Gi n a — Although elastic gl ue is shake i t into th e m ass w i th stirrin g ,
le ss dura ble tha n rubber a nd W l ll not , s u bse uentl y removing the gl ue fro m the
sta n d m uc h heat yet it is chea per tha n , fire . n order to i ncrease the bin di ng
rubber a nd is not lik e rub ber affected
, , q ualities a n d to guard agai nst m oisture ,

by oil col ors Hence it is largely used .


it is well still to a dd a bout 5 0 parts of
for pri nting roll ers a nd sta mps For .
isi nglass which has bee n previ ousl y c ut
,
AD HES I VES 15

into narrow stri ps and laced well Natu ral Gl u e for Ce me n ti n Porcela i n
ar ge shel l
,

beaten i n a vessel i nto w ich enough


, ,
Cr ystal Gl ass , etc The .

s irit of wi ne has been c ured to cover s nails which are fo und i n vi neyards ha ve
ap .l When diss ol ved t e last —named , at the extremity of their body a small ,

mass is add ed to th e boiling gl ue with whitis h bladder filled with a substance "

constant stirri ng T h e adhesive a e a t . of greasy a nd gelati nous as ect I f this .

is now ready for use and is empl oyed o t , s ubsta nce extracted from t e bladder is
it bei ng advisa bl e to warm the iron als o . a pplied on the fragments of porcelai n or
Apply gl ue only to a s urface equivalent a ny body whatever whi ch are juxtapose d ,

to a si ngl e stri p at a ti me T h e stri ps are . by bei ng made to touch at all parts they ,

pressed d own with a sti ff brus h or a wad acquire s uch adhesi on that if one strives
of cl oth . to separate them by a bl ow they are ,

Glue for Lea th er or Car d boar d — T o .


m ore liabl e to break at a nother place
attach leather to cardboard diss olve than the cemented sea m It is necessary .

good gl ue (softened by s welli ng i n water ) to gi ve this gl ue s u ffi cient ti me to dry per


f e ctl y s o as to permit it to a cquire the
with a little turpentine and eno ugh water ,

in a n ordi nary gl ue pot an d then havi ng highest degree of strength a nd tena city .

made a thi ck paste with starch in the Belt Gl ue — A gl ue for belts ca n be


.

proporti on of 2 parts by weight of starch , prepared as follows : S oa k 5 0 parts of


o w d e r for every 1 part by wei ht of gelati n in water pour o ff the excess of
Sr y glue mix the c om pounds a n all ow
, ,

water a nd heat on the water bath With


,

, , .

the mixture to become col d before a ppli good sti r r i n add first 5 parts by , , ,

ca ti on to the ca rd board .
weight of g yc er i n e then 1 0 parts by
, , ,

For Woo d , Glas s, Card boar d , a n d a ll weight of turpenti ne a nd 5 parts by


, , ,

Articles of a Metallic or Mineral Ch a r weight of li nsee d oil varnish and thi n


,

a cter .
—T ake boiled linseed oil 2 0 parts
,
with water as required T h e ends of the .

Flemish gl ue 2 0 parts hydrated li me 1 5 ,


belts to be gl ued are cut o ff obli u el y and
parts powdered turpentine 5 arts al um warmed ; then the hot gl ue is a p i e d an d ,

the united a r ts 'a r e s u bj e cte to strong


, ,

5 parts acetic acid 5 parts i ssol v e the .

glue with the acetic aci d add the al um , .


pressure a l owi ng the m to dry thus for
,

then the hydrated lime and finally the 24 hours before th e belts are used .

turpenti ne a nd the boil ed li nseed oil Ch ro mi um Glue f o r Wood , Pa er a n d


,
T ri turate all well until it forms a h omo Cloth - I -( a ) O n e -half poun strong
. .

e n e o us aste a nd keep i n well cl ose d -


gl ue (any l ue if col or 1 8 immaterial
gasks . se li ke a ny other glue .
W hite fish gfue otherwise ) ; so a k 1 2 hours
,

Gl ue f o r Un i ti n g M etal s w ith Fabr i cs .


i n 1 2 fl ui d o u n ces of col d water ( b) O n e .

— Col o ne gl ue of good quality is s oaked quarter pound gelati n ; soak 2 hours in


g
and b 0 1l ed down to the consiste ncy of 1 2 fl ui d o u n ce s cold water (0 ) T w o .

that used by ca bi netmakers T hen a dd .


,
ounces bichromate of potassium dis
with constant stirring sifted wood as hes ,
sol ved i n 8 fl ui d o u n ce s boiling water .

until a moderately thick hom ogeneous ,


D iss ol ve ( a ) after s oaki ng i n a glue pot , ,

mass res ults Use h ot and press the


.
a nd add ( b) After ( a ) a nd ( b) are m i xed
.

pi eces well together duri ng the dryi n g .


a nd diss ol ved stir in ( c) T his gl ue is
, .

For tinfoil about 2 per cent of b oraci c e x c e e d i n l y strong a nd if the article ,

aci d should be added i nstea d of the wood ce me n t e be exposed to strong sunlight


as hes .
for 1 hour th e glue bec omes perfectly
,

water roof O f c ourse it is understood


Gl ue or Paste f o r Ma ki n g Paper
.
,

Boxes that t e exposure to s unli ght is to be


ma de after the gl ue is th oroughly dry .

Chl ora l hydrate 5 parts T h e one obj ecti ona bl e feature of this
G elatin white , 8 parts cement is its col or which is a yellow
G um arabic
,
2 parts brown . By s ubstituti ng chrome alu m
B oili ng water 30 parts i n place of the bichromate a n olive col or ,

M i x the chl oral gelatin and gum , , is obtai ned .

arabic i n a porcelai n c ontai ner pour the , II — Use a m oderately strong gelati n
.

b oili ng water over the mi xture a nd l et s ol uti on ( contai ni n g 5 to 1 0 per cent of


sta n d for 1 day gi vi ng it a vigorous stir
, dry gelati n ) to whi c h a bout 1 part of
,

ring several ti mes d uri ng the day I n . aci d chromate of potassi um i n s ol ution is
col d weather this is a pt to get hard and added to every 5 parts of e l a ti n T his .

stiff but this may be ob v iated by stand


, mixture has the pro er t y o becomi ng i n
i ng the c ontai ner i n warm water for a s ol uble by water t rough the action of
few minutes T his paste a d heres to a ny
. s unlight under partial reducti on of th e
s urfa ce whate ver . chromic aci d .
16 A D H E SIVE S

Fi r eproof Gl ue . Pour the mixt ure hot into the o peni n g , ,

Ra w linseed oil 8 parts .


of the heate d ha ndle a nd s hove i n the
G l ue or gelatin 1 part knife likewise heated .

Q uickli me 2 parts .
VIII — M elt s uffi cient black rosi n a nd
.
,

i ncorporate thoroughly with it one fifth i ts -

S oak the gl ue or gelatin i n the oil for M a ke


1 0 to 1 2 h ours and then melt it by gently
weight of very fine sil ver san d .

heating the oil a nd when perfectly flui d


,
the pestle h ot pour i n a littl e of the mi x
,

stir i n the quickli me until the whole


,
ture the n force the handl e well home
, ,

mass is homogeneous then s pread out i n a nd set asi de for a day before usi n _

l ayers to dry grad ually out of the sun s


,
’ I X — M ake a s mooth m oderate y s oft
.
,
,
aste with litharge a nd glyceri ne ; fill the
rays For use reheat the gl ue in a l ue
.

pot i n the ordinary way of melting g ue


,
hole i n the pestle with the cement and ,
.

firmly press the handle i n place kee ing ,

CEM ENTS .
it under press ure for three or fo ur ays .

Under this heading will be found onl y Cements for S tone — I — A n excell ent . .

cements for causi ng one s ubstance to a d cement for broken marbl e consists of 4
here to another Cements used prima . pa rts of gyps um a nd 1 part of finely
rily as fillers s uch as dental cem ents , , o w d e r e d gum arabic M i x in ti mately . .

will be found under Cements Putties , , hen with a col d s ol uti on of b orax make
etc . i nto a m ortarlike mass S m ear on each .

Cutlers ’ Ceme nts for Fi xi ng K n ife face of the parts to be j oi ned and fasten ,

Bla d es into Handles the bits of marble together I n the .

course of a few days the cement becom es


.

I — Rosi n
.
very hard a nd h olds very tena ci ously .

Beeswax T h e obj ect mende d s houl d not be touched


Plaster of Paris or for several days I n me ndi ng col ored .

brickd ust 1 pound marbles the cement may be give n the h ue


II — Pitch
. 5 pounds of the marbl e by ad ding the c ol or to t h e
Wood ashes 1 pou nd . borax s ol uti on .

T all ow 1 pound II — A cement which dries i n st a n ta


.

III — Rosi n 1 2 ; s ulphur flowers 3 ;


.
n e o usl y qualifyi ng it for all so rts of r e
,
, ,

i ron fi li n s 5 M elt together fill the


, .
,
pairi ng and only pr e se n ti n g the d i s a d
handl e w il e hot and insert the i n str u ,
va ntage o f havin g to be f r e sli l y prepare d
ment each ti me n o t w rt h st a n di n any s u bse
quent heati ng may be ma de as foll ows :
. ,

I V — Plaster of Paris is ordi narily


. ,

used for fasteni ng l oose handles It is .


I n a metal vessel or iron s poon m elt 4 t o
made i nto a m oderately thi ck paste with 5 parts of rosi n ( or preferably mastic )
water run into the hole i n the head of the a nd 1 part of beeswa x T his mixture .

pestl e the handl e i n s erted and hel d i n must be a p lied ra p i dly i t bei ng of a d
vanta e sl i g tl y to heat t he s urfaces to be
,

place till the cement hardens S ome add .

sand to the paste apd clai m to get better ,


unite wh i ch nat urall y must have been
res ults .
previ ously well cl ea ned .

V — B oil together 1 part of ca ustic soda III — S l aked l i me 1 0 pa rts ; chal k 1 5


.
, ,

parts ; ka oli n 5 parts ; mi x a nd i m me


.
,

3 parts of rosin and 5 parts of water till ,


,

h omogeneous a nd add 4 parts of plaster d i a t el y before use stir with a corres pond
of Paris T h e paste sets i n half an hour
.
i ng am ount o f po ta sh water glass
. .

a nd is but l ittl e a ff ected by water .


I V — Ce me nt o n Marble S labs — T h e
.

VI — E qual quantities of utta percha


.
whol e marbl e s l a b is thoroughly warm ed
a nd s hellac are melte d t o get er a nd well and lai d face d own u pon a neatly cl ea ned
stirred T his is best d one i n a n iron ca p
pl ani ng bench upon which a woole n cl oth
.

s ul e placed on a sa n d ba t h a nd heated i s spread s o as not to inj ure th e o li s h of


over a as furnace or on the top of a the slab N ext a pply t o the s ab very
.

stove he combi nation possesses b oth


.
hot weak gl ue and quic kly sift h ot plaster
,

hardness a nd t o u h n ess u a li ti es that c


, of Paris on t h e gl ue i n a thi n even layer
make it particularl y d esi r a l e in mend stirri ng the pl aster ra pidly into the a p
,

i ng m ortars a nd pestl es I n usi ng .


, plied gl ue by means o f a strong s patul a ,
the articles to be cemented should be s o that a uniform gl ue laster coati ng
warmed to about the melti ng poi nt of the is formed on the warm slab B efore this .

mixture and retai ned i n proper position has time to harden ti p the res pecti ve piece
u ntil cool when they are ready for use
, .
of furniture on the slab T h e fram e lik e .
,

VI I . wise w a r me d w i ll adhere very firmly to the


,
S ul phur . . slab after two days Besid es this proces s .
,

I ron fili ngs h a s the advantage of great clea nl i nes s .


A D H ESI VE S 17

V — The f oll owi ng is a reci pe used by


. T his cement is not attacked by water ,

marbl e wor k ers and whic h probably , heat a nd e tr ol e u m I f i n place of the


, .
,

c a n be used to a d va n ta e : Fl our of s ul plaster of aris zi nc white white l ead , , ,

phur 1 part ; h yd r o c l orate of a m


, or sla ked li me is used the ce me nt hard ,

m onia 2 parts ; iron fili ngs 1 6 a rts


, , . ens m ore sl owly .

T h e above s ubsta nces m ust be re uce d


to a powder and securely reserved,
To Faste n Brass u po n Glas s — B oil to
in cl osely sto pered vessels hen the gether 1 part of caustic s oda 3 parts of
cement is to b
. ,

e em pl oyed ta ke 2 0 parts ,
rosin 3 parts of gyps um a nd 5 arts of
, ,

very fine iron filings a nd 1 part of the water T h e cement made i n t is w a y


.

above powder ; mix them together with hardens i n about half a n hour hence i t ,

enough water to form a manageabl e m ust be a ppli ed quickly D uri ng the .

paste T his paste soli difies in 20 days


.
preparati on it shoul d be stirred con
st a n tl y All the ingredi ents used m ust
and becomes as hard as iron A reci pe .
.

for another cem e nt useful for j oi ning be i n a finely powdered state .

small pieces of marble or alabaster is as


Un iti ng Glass w ith Horn A s ol u
follows : Add if pi nt of vi negar to i pi nt .

ski mmed mil k ; mix the curd with the tion of 2 parts of gelati n in 20 parts water
whites of 5 eg 5 well beaten a nd s u ffi is evaporated up to one -sixth of its vol um e
,

cient po w d e r e quickli me sifted i n with


,
and 9 ; mastic diss ol ved i n 1} s irit ad ded
a nd some zi nc white stirre i n Th e
consta nt stirring s o as to form a paste .

putty is a p lied warm ; it dries easily


.

i and ca n be E
t resists water and a m oderate degree of
eat re t l ong ti me (2 ) M i x a .

gol d size with t e equal vol ume of water


.

VI —Ce me n t for Iron a n d M arble


. .
glass .

For fastening iron to marble or stone a


good cement is ma de as foll ows : T hi rty To Ce me n t Glass to Ir o n
parts plaster of Paris 1 0 parts iron filings , ,
I .

5 part sal am moniac mixed with vinegar Yell o w wa x .

to a fluid paste fres h for use . Vene tia n red . .

Ceme nt for S an d sto nes — O n e art .


M elt the wax a nd rosin on a wate r
s ul phur a nd 1 part rosi n are me ted bath a nd add under constant stirring t h e
, ,

separately ; the melted masses are mixed Venetia n red previ ously well dried S ti r .

and 3 parts litharge and 2 parts ground until nearly cool so as to prevent the Ve ,

glass stirred i n T h e latter i ngredients n e ti a n red from settl i ng to the bottom .


.

must be perfectly dry a nd have been , II — Portl a nd cement


. 2 ounces .

well pul verized a nd mixed previ ously . Prepared chal k 1 ounce


E qually good cement is obtai ned by Fi ne sa nd 1 ounce
melti ng together 1 pa rt pitc h and fi part S ol uti on of s odi u m silicate
wa x and mixing W i th 2 parts brickdust
, .
en o u h to form a semi
T h e stones to be cemented or be , h q ui paste .

tween the j oi nts o f whi ch the putty is to II I — Li t h a r


. 2 parts
be poured must be perfectly dry I f
, .
White
racti cable they s hould be warmed a
p Work i nto a asty conditi on by usi n
.
,

3 pa rt s bo xl e d p 1 part copag
i ttl e and the s urfaces to which the putty
i n se e d oil
,

is to adhere pai nted with oil varni s h ,

once or twice T h e a bove two formulae


.
varnish .

are of es pecial val ue i n case the stones Celluloi d Ce me n ts — I — T o mend brok .

are very much exposed to the heat of the en draughting triangl es a nd other ce ll u
s un i n s um mer as well as to cold rain
, , , l oi d articles use 3 parts al cohol a nd 4
,
and snow i n winter Experience has .
parts ether mi xed together a nd a plied to
s hown that i n these i nstances the above t h e fracture with a brus h until t e edges
menti oned cements gi ve better sa ti sfa c become warm T h e ed es are then .

ti on tha n the other bra nds of cement .


stuck together a nd left to r y for at least
,

Ce me n ts for Atta ch i n g Obje cts to 2 4 hours .

Glass .
II —Cam phor 1 part ; alc oh ol 4 parts
.
, , .

D issol ve and a dd equal qua ntity ( by


W ei ht ) of shell ac to this sol ution .

I I — I f firmness is desired i n utti ng


M elt together cell ul oi d on wood ti n etc the fo il o w i n
.

.
.
, , ,

To Atta ch Copper to Gla ss — B oil 1 glui ng agent is recom men ded viz ,

art of ca usti c soda a nd 3 parts of c o com pound of 2 parts shellac 3 parts ,

o ph o n y i n 5 parts of water a nd mi x with s irit of cam phor and 4 parts strong ,

th e li ke qua ntity of plaster of Paris . a cohol .


18 A D HE S I VE S

IV — S hella c ou nces 2 II —M i x
100 pa r ts fin el y o w der d
. . .
e
white litharge w ith 5 0 parts ry wh i te
i
i r i ts of camph or ounces 2
p
.

cohol 9 0 per cent 6 to 8 ounces


, . l ead , knead together 3 parts li nseed c i l
V — M ake a moderatel y strong glue or
.
varnish and 1 art copal varnis h i nto a
s ol ution of gel atin I n a dark place or .
firm d ough oat the si de to be attached
.

a dark room mi x with the above a small with t his removing the s uperfl uous ce
,

amount of concentrated s ol uti on of po t a s ment I t will dry qui ckly a nd become


.

siu m dichromate Coat the back of the .


very hard .

label which must be clea n with a thi n


, ,
III —C opal varnish
. 1 5 parts
l a er of the mixture S trongly press t h e .
Linseed -oil varnis h 5 parts
la el agai nst the b ottl e and keep the two Ra w turpentin e 3 parts
i n cl ose contact by tying with twi ne or O i l of turpentine 2 parts
otherwise Expose to su nli gh t for s om e
.
Carpenters gl u e di s ’
,

h ours ; this causes the cement to be i ns ol s ol ved i n water 5 parts


ubl e even i n hot water .
Preci pitated chal k 1 0 parts
'

VI —Lime
.
IV — M ast ic gum
. 1 part 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

White of egg
_

L ith a r e l ea d 2 pa rts
White ead
. ,

Plaster of Paris 1 part a a a a a a a a a

Water
.

. .
Li nseed oil 3 parts
Reduce the li me to a fine powder ; mi x M elt together to a hom ogeneous mass .

it wit h the white of egg by trituration ,


A ply h ot T o make a thorough a nd .

formi ng uniform paste D il ute with


a .
re i a bl e j ob th e l etters sh oul d be heated
,

water ra pi dly incorporate the plaster of


,
to at l east th e tem perature of the cement .

Paris and use the cement i m mediately


, . To Fi x Gol d Le tters , e tc , upon Gla ss . .

T h e surfaces to be cemented m ust first — I — T h e glass m ust be entirel y cl ean and


.

be m oisten ed with water s o that th e c c polished a nd the m edi um is pre pared i n


,

ment will readily adhere Th e ) i e c es the foll owi ng ma nner : O n e ou nce fish
must be firmly r ess e d together a n dkept
.

gl ue or i smgl a ss is diss ol ved i n water


i n t his positi on or a b out 1 2 h ours . so that the latter covers the gl ue When .

Ce me nti ng Celluloid a n d Har d-Rubber this is diss olved a quart of rectified s pi r


it o f wi ne is added a nd en ough water is
'

Articles — I — Cellul oi d articl e s can be


. .
,

mende d by making a mixture com poure d i n to make u p one-quarter th e


posed of 3 parts of al coh ol a nd 4 ) arts of whole T h e substance must be ke pt well
.

ether T h i s mi xture shoul d be ept i n


.
corked .

a
. well -c o rked bottl e and when cellul oi d ,
I I — T a k e {c quart of the best rum
.

a rticl es are to be mended the broken ,


and ou nce fis h gl ue whi ch is diss olved ,

su r faces are pai nte d over with the alcohol i n the former at a m o derate degree of
and ether mi xture until the s urfaces heat T hen a dd i qua rt distill ed water
.
,

s often : then res s together a nd bind and and filter throu h a pi ece of ol d li nen
T h e glass is lai d u pon a perfectly l e v e l
.

all ow to dry or at l east 2 4 h ours .

II — D i ss olve 1 part of gu m ca mphor


. table a nd is covered with this su bsta nce
i n 4 parts of alcohol ; diss ol ve a n e ual to the thickness of g inch usi ng a clea n »
,

wei ght of shell ac i n s uch stron ca m p or brush S eize the gol d leaf w ith a
.

sol uti on T he cement is app i e d warm poi nted object a nd place it s m oothly

and the parts united must not be dis upon the repared mass a nd it will be
attracted p the glass at once Af ter 5
,

t ur be d unti l the cement is hard Hard . .

rubber articl es are never mended to form minutes ho d th e gl ass sli ghtl y sl a n ti n
a strong j oi nt . so that the s uperfluous mass ca n run 0
III - M elt to ether e ual parts of
. a nd lea ve th e plate i n this positi on for 2 4
gu tta pe rcha an real as p altum T h e . h ours whe n it will be perfectl y d ry N ow
, .

cement is applied h ot a nd the broken , trace the letters or the desi gn o n a piec e
s urfaces r e ss e d together a nd hel d i n of pa per and perforate the li n es Wi th a
,

place w hi e cooli ng thic k needle ma kin the holes TH ; i nc h


apart T he n place the perforated pa per
.
,

S ign -Letter Ceme nts


.

.
up o n the s urface of the glass a nd sta mp
I — Copal va rnis h ,
. 1 5 parts .
the tracery on w ith powdered chalk The .

5 parts pa per pattern is the n carefully re m ove d


T urpen ti ne (s pirits ) 3 parts
,
.
a nd the accurate desi gn will remai n u o n
O i l o f turpenti ne 2 parts .

the gol d Th e outl i nes are now fill ed


.

Li q uefied gl ue 5 parts out Wi th a n oily gol d mass mixed with


M elt all together on a water bath until
,

a littl e c hrome oran ge a nd d il uted with


ell mi xed , a n d then add 1 0 parts slaked boiled oil or t urpentine Whe n all is
Fm
.

i e. d r y th e superfluous gol d is was h ed ofi


20 ADHES I VES

ta ch e d . T h e silicate s houl d be some the first s ol ution to the second mi x th or ,

what dil uted I t is sprea d on the glass


. oughly by a gitati on a nd then add th e
with a rag or a s mall sponge . s ol uti on of gum am m oni ac and sti r well
i n Fi nally put on the water bath and
JE WELERS
,

C EMENTS
.
'

.
keeping at a m oderate heat eva porate ,

Jewel ers a nd ol d smi th s


re ui r e for the wh ole down to 1 7 5 parts
the cementi ng of genui ne an col ore d
.
,

gems as well as for the placing of col


,
Ce me nt for Enamele d D ia l s — T h e .

ored foli o under certai n stones very ,


foll owi ng is a good cement for ena mel ed
a dhesi ve gl ui n age nts which must , ,
dials plates or other pi eces : G ri nd i nto
, ,

however be cc o r l ess
, I n this respect .
a fine powder 2 1; parts of da m mar ro snn
these are di sti nguished chiefly by the a nd 2 } parts of copal usi ng col orl ess ,

so -call ed dia mond cement and the regu


pieces if possi ble N ext a dd 2 pa rts .

la r jewelers ce ment D iamond c c



.
of Venetia n turpenti ne a nd enough 8 irit
ment is much esteemed by j ewelers for of wi ne s o that the whol e forms a t ick
cementing precious stones a nd corals ,
paste T o this ri nd 3 parts of the finest
.

but may als o be em pl oyed with a d zi nc white T e mass now has the .

vantage for layin col ored fluxes of c onsistency of r e pa r ed oil ai nt T o .

glass on white g ass T h e dia mond .


rem ove t he yel ow ti nge of t e cemen t
ce ment is of s uch a nature as to be abl e a dd a tri fle of Berli n bl ue to the zinc
to remai n for s ome ti me i n contact wi th whi te Fi nall y the whol e is heated u ntil
. ,

water with out becoming s oft It a d .


the spi rit of wi ne is dri ven off and a molt
heres best between glass or between pre en mass remains which is all owed to cool ,

c i o us stones I t is c om posed as foll ows a nd is h e t for use Heat the parts to be .

men te
.

I si ngl ass 8 pa r ts gum a mmoniac 1 pa rt , ,


ce

al ba num 1 pa rt s pirit of wi ne 4 rts


goak the isi ngl ass i n water with a mi x
, .

Wa tch -Li d Cemen t hardest ce .


— Th e
ture of a littl e spirit of wi ne and add the ment for fixi ng on watch lids is s hellac .

I f the li ds are exceedi ngly thi n the en


s ol uti on of the gums i n the remainder
ra vi ng will al ways press through Be
of the spirit of wi ne B efore us e heat
g
.

o r e ceme nting it on the i nsi de of the li d


,

the dia mond ceme nt a little s o as to ,

s ofte n it Jewelers cement is used for ’ i n order not to i nj ure the polis h it is ,

coate d with chal k diss ol ve d i n alc ohol


.

si milar purposes as is the dia mond c c ,

ment a nd is prepared from : I singlass whic h is first all owed to dry N ext melt .

mas ti c varni s h 5 par ts the s hellac on the stick heat the watch
( dry ) 1 0
,

lid a nd put it on After the e n gr a vi n


.

D iss ol ve t e isinglass i n very littl e water


.

addi ng s ome strong spirit of wine T h e .


,
has been done sim ply force the li d o ff an ,

mastic varnis h is prepared by pouri ng r e m ove the remai ning shella c from the
a mixture of highly rectified spirit of l atter by light ta ppi ng If this does not .

wi ne and benzi ne over finel y powdere d remove it completely lay the lid i n alco
mastic a nd diss ol vi ng it i n the s mallest h ol l ea vi ng it therei n u ntil all the shel
,

possi ble q uantity of liquid T h e two .


lac has dissol ved All that remai ns to be .

s ol utions of isi nglass a nd mas ti c are i n done now is to was h out the watch li d .

i in i t el y ground together i n a porcelai n


Efi Jew elers Ceme n t s — D iss ol e o n

G lue v

is
a water bath 50 of fis h gl ue in
Arme n ian Ce me n t — T h e celebrated a littl e 95 -per —cent alcohol a ddi n g ,

Armenia n ceme nt s o called formerly ,


parts by weight of gum a mmo ma c
, , .

used b T urkish a nd O riental j ewelers O n the other ha nd dissol ve 2 parts by , ,

general y for s etti ng precious stones


, ,
wei ht of mastic i n 1 0 parts by weight
, , ,

faci ng diamo nds rubi es etc is made , , .
,
of a cohol M i x the se two s ol uti ons a n d
.

as foll ows : preserve i n a well -corked flask For .

M astic gum 1 0 parts .


use it s u ffices to s ofte n it on the water
I si nglass ( fis h gl ue ) 2 0 parts
bath .

G u m a m moniac 5 parts .
C asei n Ceme nts .

Alcohol a bsol ute 6 0 parts .

Alc ohol 50 per cent , 3 5 parts .


I .
parts 5
1 0 0 parts p a r ts 95
D iss ol ve the mastic i n the abs olute Casei n s ufficie nt qua nti ty, .

al cohol ; diss ol ve by the aid of gentle , D issol ve the b orax i n water a n d i n


heat on the water bath the isi nglass i n
, , corporate enough casei n to produce a
the wa ter a nd add 1 0 parts of the dilute
, mass of the pro per consistency .

alcohol , N o w diss ol ve the a mmoniacum I I — Th e case i n is ma de feebly alka


.

i n the residue of the dil ute alcohol Add .


lin e by mea ns o i s oda or potas h l ye a n d
AD H ES IVES 21

the n subj e cted f or about 24 h ours to a Wa terproof Cemen ts for Gl a ss, S to n e


tem perature o f 1 4 0 F N e xt f oll ow °
. w are , Me ta l — I — M a ke a paste of
an d . .

the customary a d mixture s uch as lime . sul h ur sal a m monia c iron fili ngs a n d
, , ,

and water lass a nd finally to aecom , , bo x ed 0 11 .

pli sh a qui c ( er r esi n ifi ca ti o n s ubsta nces , II — M i x together d r y : Whiting 6


.
,
contai ni ng ta nni n are added For ta n .
pounds ; plaster of Pa ris 8 pou nds ; ,
nic a dmixtures to t he partiall y d i si n te sa nd 8 pounds ; litharge 8 pounds ;
, ,
grated casei n slight qua n titi es — about
, rosi n 1 pound M a ke to a paste wit h
, .

l per ce nt — o f gallic aci d cutch or , , copal varnish .

qu erci ba n n i c aci d a re em pl oyed T he .

I I I — M ake a paste of b oil e d oil 6


feebly alkali ne casei n cement contai n ,

ing tanni c aci d is used i n the well -known pounds ; co pal 6 pou nds ; litharge 2 , ,

manner for the glui ng together o f wood pounds ; wh i te l ea d 1 pound , .

I V — M ake a paste with b oile d oil


.

. ,

For Metal s — M ake paste with 1 6


. a. 3 ou nds ; brickd ust 2 pounds ; dry
ounces casei n 2 0 ou nces sla ked li me a n d
, , sla e d li me 1 pound , .

20 ounces of s and i n water , .


V — D iss ol ve 93 ounces of al um a n d
.

For Gla ss — I — D iss olve casei n i n a


. .
93 ounces of s u ar of lea d i n water to
concentrate d s ol uti on of borax .
concentration i sso l ve se paratel y 1 5 2
.

II — M ake a paste of casei n and


.
ounces of gum arabic i n 2 5 gall ons of
water glass .
water, a nd then sti r i n 62 } pounds of
flour T hen heat to a u niform paste
Pasteboar d a n d Paper Ce me n t — I
.

. .
with the metallic salts but ta ke care not ,

Let pure gl ue s well i n col d water ; pour to b oil the mass .

and press o ff the excess ; put on th e VI — For I ron a nd M arbl e to S ta nd i n


.

water bath a nd melt Paper or other .


Hea t — I n 3 ) ounds of water diss ol ve
material cemented with this is then first 1 pou n d water lass a nd the n 1
,
i mmedi ately before the cement dries
, ,
pound of borax i th the s ol ution .

submitte d to the a cti on of formal dehyde make 2 pounds of clay a nd 1 pou n d of


and dried T h e cement resists the acti on
.
barytes first mi xed dry to a paste .
, ,
of water eve n h ot
VI I — G l ue to Resist B oiling Water
.
,

II — M elt to ether equal parts of


.

D issolve se a r a t el y i n water 55 pounds


good pitch a n gutta percha T o 9 .
of In c an a mi xture of 4 0 pounds of
arts of this mass add 3 arts of boil ed bic r o ma te a nd 5 pounds of al u m Mix
p i n se e d oil a n d 1} pa r t i th a r ge The .
as wa nted .
.

heat is kept u p until with c onsta nt


V III ( Chi nese G l ue ) — D iss ol ve shel
,

stirring a n i nti mate u ni on of all the i n


,
. .

lac i n 1 0 ti mes its weight of a m monia


gr e d i e n ts has taken place T h e mix .
.

ture is dilu ted with a littl e benzi ne or I X — M ake a paste of 40 ou nc e s of


.

oil of tur cuti ne a n d a pplie d whil e sti l l dry slaked li m e 1 0 ounces of al u m and ,

warm . he cement is waterproof .


50 ou nces of white of egg .

I I I —T h e N a ti o n a l D r uggzst says
'

.
X — Alcohol
. parts
that experience with pasti ng or cement S a ndarac 60 pa rts
i ng parchment paper s eems t o s how M astic 6 0 parts
.

that about th e best age nt is casei n T urpenti ne oil 60 parts .

cement ma de by diss ol vi ng casei n in


D iss ol ve the ums i n th e alc ohol a nd
,

a saturated aq ueous s ol u ti on of b ora x


add the oil a n stir i n N o w pre pare
.

I V — T h e foll owing is recom mende d


.
.

for paper b oxes a sol uti on of e ual parts of gl ue an d


isi nglass by so a i ng 1 2 5 parts of eac h
,
Chl oral hydrate 5 parts i n col d water until it becomes saturated ,
G elatin white , 8 parts pouri ng a nd pressing off the resi due and
G u m ara bic
,

2 parts melting on the water bath T his s houl d .

B oili ng water 80 parts produce a vol u me of gl ue nearly e ual


M i x t he chl oral gelati n a nd gum , , to that of the s ol uti on of gums he .

arabic i n a porcel ai n conta i ner pour the , latter s houl d i n the mea n ti me have , ,

boili ng water over the mi xture and let been ca uti ously raised to th e bo ili n
stan d for 1 day gi vi ng it a Vi gorous , poi nt on the water bath a nd then mi xe ,

stirri ng several ti mes during the day . w ith the hot glue sol uti on .

I n col d weather this is apt to get hard I t is sai d that articl es united with
and stiff but this may be obvi ate d by
,
this s ubstance will sta nd the strai n of
sta ndi ng the contai ner i n warm water col d water for a n u nli mited ti me a nd ,

for a fe w mi nutes T his paste a dheres . it takes hot water even a l ong ti me to
to a n y s ur f ace whatever . a ffect it .
Q2 A D H ESIVES

XL— B urgundy i tch it i n 1 4 0 parts o f car bon bis ul ph i de th e


percga
,

G utta vessel be i ng laced on a water bath of


Pumice stone i n fi n e , 3 0 C ( 86
°
Further melt 1 0 arts
°
,

parts 3 of rubber wit h 1 5 of col o phony a n a dd ,

M elt the gutta percha very careful ly 3 5 parts of oil of turpen ti ne Whe n the .

a dd the ) u mi ce stone and lastly the rubber has been com pletel y d i ss olve d ,

pitc h a n d stir until hom ogeneous the two liquids may be m i xed T h e
,
.
.
,

Us e whil e stil l hot T his ce ment will .


resulti ng ceme nt m ust be kept well
corked
g
w i t sta n d water a nd dil ute mi neral .

a cr s . To Faste n R ubber to Wood .

M ake a cement by ma cerati ng Vi rg i n


LEATHER AND RUBBER CEM ENTS .
um ru bber or as pure rubber as ca n be
ha d cut i n s mall pieces i n j ust e nough
,

I — Use a melte d mixture of gutta


.
, ,

erc ha a nd ge nui ne as phalt appl i ed , naphtha or gasoli ne to c over it Let i t .

ot .T h e hard -rub ber goods m ust be stand i n a very tightly corke d or seale d .

kept pressed together until the cement ar for 1 4 da 8 or a s ufli ci e n t ti me to


'

has cooled . ecome diss o ved shaking the mi xture ,

II -A cement which i s e ff ective for


. daily .

cementi ng rubber to i ron and wh i ch i s II — D iss ol ve pul verize d gu m shellac


. ,

1 ounce i n 9 } ounces of strong a mmo ma


_

especiall val ua bl e for fasten i ng rub ,


1 .

ber ban s to bandsa w wheels i s made T his of cours e m ust be kept tightly
as foll ows : Powdered sh ellac 1 pa r t ; , c orked I t will n ot be as elastic as the
.

stron water of a m monia 10 pa rts Put first re aration


I I IP n s e together s hellac a nd gutta
.
, .

the s el l a c i n the am monia water a nd i

set it a way in a tightly cl osed jar for percha i n e qual weights .

3 or 4 weeks By that time the mixture.


I V - I ndia rub ber e e e e e e e
. 8 ounces
will become a perfectly l i qui d t r a n s pa r G utta percha 4 ounces
ent mass and is the n ready for use .
I si n lass 2 ounces
When a p lied to rubber the a m monia Bisu ph i d e of carbon 3 2 ounces
s ofte ns it ut it quickly eva porates leav ~

V — I ndia rubber
, ,

i ng the rubber i n the sa me condition as . 5 ounces


before T h e shellac cli ngs to the iron
.
- G um mastic 1 ounce 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

a n d thus forms a firm bond betwee n the


Chl oroform 3 ounces
i ron a nd the rubber . VI —G utta percha
. 1 6 ou nces
I I I — G utta percha white
. 1 drachm .
I ndia rubb er 4 ounces
Pitch 4 ounces
,

Carbon dis ul phide 1 ou nce .


O O O O O O O O O O O O O

S hella c 1 ounce
D iss ol ve filter a nd add , ,
Li nseed Oi l 1 ounce
I ndia rubber 1 5 grains Amalgamate by heat .

D iss ol ve .
VII — M i x 1 ounce of oil of turpentine
.

Cement for M eta l on Hard Rubber .


with 1 0 ounces of bisul phid e of carbon i n
I — S oa k good Col ogne gl ue and boil down
.
which as m uch gutta percha as possi ble
s o as to gi ve it the consi stency of j oi ners ’
has been dissolved .

gl ue a nd add with constant stirring


, .
, VIII — A mal ga mate by heat
.

e nough sifted wood as hes u ntil a homo G utta percha 1 00 ounces


ge n e o us m oderately thick mass res ults
, .
Venice turpenti ne 8 0 ounces
Use warm a nd fit the pieces well together
.

S h ellac 8 ounces
while d rying .
I ndi a rubber 2 ounces
H ow to Unite R ubber a n d Leather . Li quid storax 1 0 ounces 0 0 0 0 0

II — Roughen b oth s urfaces the leather


.
, IX —Amalga mate by heat
.

and the rubber with a sharp glass edge ; ,


I ndia r ub ber 1 00 ounces .

a pply to bot h a dil uted s ol uti on of gutta Rosi n 1 5 ounces


percha i n carbon bis ul phi de and let this , S hellac 1 0 ounces
s ol uti on s oak i nto the material T hen .
T hen diss olve i n bisu l phi de of carb on
press upo n each s urface a s ki n of gutta .

percha wof a n inch i n thickness between X — M ake the followi ng s ol uti ons se p
.
,
v

a r a t e l y and mix :
rolls T h e two s urfaces are now united
.

i n a press whic h s houl d be warm but not


, (a ) I ndia rubber 5 ou nces
hot T his m ethod s houl d a nswer i n all
. Chl oroform 140 ounces
cases in which it is applicabl e T he .
(b) India ru bber 5 ounces
other prescri pti on covers cases i n which Rosi n 2 ounces
a ess ca nnot be used Cut 8 0 arts of Venice turpenti ne 1 ounce
r uf h er i nto s m
. .

a ll pieces and is sol ve , O i l o f turpenti n e 20 ounces


AD HES I VES 23

Ce me n t for Pa t ch i n g Rubbe r Boots S hella c . 1 pound


a n d S h o es . Alcohol 1 pi nt
I — I ndia rubber
. fi n el , M i x and diss olve then ad d : ,

Castor oil t ounce


Rosi n
T h e castor oil prevents the cement
.

S hellac
from becomi ng hard and brittle
.

Carbon dis ul phi de .

,
A cement used to fasten bicycl e tires
q s to dissol ve .

may be made by m elti ng together at a


. .

T his will not only un ite leather to gentl e heat eq ual arts of 1 utta percha
leat h er i ndia rubber etc but will u nite and as phalt A pp y h ot Someti mes a
'

, , .
, . .

rubber to al most a ny substa nce .


small qua ntity eac h of sul ph ur a nd red
I I — Caoutch ouc finely cut 4 parts
.
, l ead is added (a bout 1 part of each to 2 0
I ndia rubber finely parts of cement ) .

cut l pa r t
Carbo n disul phi de 3 2 parts
Cements for Leather .

I — G utta percha
D iss ol ve the ca outchouc i n the carb on
.

S yrian asphalt pow


disul phi de add the rubber l et ma cer ,
,

ate a few days the n mas h W i th a palette


l

dered 2 0 parts

knife to a s moot h paste T h e vessel i n


,
Carbon disul phid e 5 0 parts
O i l of turpentine 1 0 parts
.

which the s ol uti on is made i n both


i nsta nces ab ove m ust be kept tightly Th e u tta ercha s hredde d fine is , ,

closed a n d s houl d have frequent agita


,
dissol ve i n t i e carbon disul phide a nd
ti ons .
tur e n ti n e oil T o the s ol ution add the .

III — T ake 1 00 parts of crude ru bber


.
as p alt a nd set away for several days ,

or caoutchouc c ut it up i n s mall bits , ,


or until the as phalt is diss olved T h e .

and diss ol ve it i n s u ffi cien t carbon bi s ul cement should have the consiste n cy of


phi d e ad d t o i t 1 5 parts of rosi n and
,
honey I f the preparati on is thi nner
.

1 0 parts of u m lac T h e user must .


tha n this let it sta nd open for a few , ,

not o verlook t e great i n fla mma bil ity and days Articles to be patched shoul d
.

e xc e e d i n l y volati le nature of the carbon first be washed with benzi ne .

bi s ul phi e . I I — G l ue
. 1 ounce
S tarch paste 2 ounces
Tire Ce me n ts .
T urpenti ne 1 drachm
I .
— I ndia rubber Water a s u ffi cient quantity , .

C hl oroform D issol ve the gl ue in su ffi cient water


ounce wit h heat ; mi x the starc h paste wit h
M i x th e i ndia rubber a nd chl oroform water ; add the tur e n ti n e a nd finally ,

together a n d whe n dissol ved the mastic


, , mi x with the glue w ile hot .

is added i n powder It is then all owed . I I I — S oa k for o n e day 1 pound of com


.

to stand a week or t wo before usi n mon gl ue i n e n o u h water to c over a n d


1 pound of i si n gI
,

II — T he following is reco mme n ed as


. a ss i n al e droppi ngs .

very ood for cementing pneumatic tires to T hen mix together a nd heat ently u n
bicycg e wheels til boili ng At this poi nt a d a little
.

S hellac 1 ounce ure tanni n a n d keep b oili ng for a n


G utta percha 1 oun ce hour I f the glue and isi nglass when
.

8 111 bur 4 5 grain s mixed are too thick a dd water This , .

Re lea d 4 5 grains cement s hould be used warm and the


o i n te d leather presse d tightly together
M elt together the shellac and gutta per
cha then add with consta nt sti rring the g or 1 2 hours .

sulphur and red lea d Use whil e hot


, ,
I V - A waterproof cement for leather
.

. .

caoutchouc or balata is prepared by , ,

III — Ra w gutta perc ha


. 1 6 ounces .
diss ol ving gutta percha caoutch ouc . ,
Carbo n bisul phi de 7 2 ounces .
benz oi n gu m lac mastic etc i n some
. , , .
,

Ea u de C ol ogne 2 g ounces .
convenient s olvent like carbon d i sul
T his cement is the s ubject of a n E n g hid e chl oroform ether or alcohol
lish patent a nd is recommended for p‘
,

I he best s olvent h owever i n the case of


, , .

, ,

atch i ng cycle a nd m otor ti res i n s ul a t gutta percha is carbon dis ul phi de and
p , , ,

in electric wires etc ether for mastic T h e m ost fa vora ble


gV —A good thick shellac varnis h with
. .
,

. proportions are as follows : G utta perc h a ,

which a s mall a mount of castor oil has 2 00 to 3 00 parts to 1 00 parts of the sol
been mi xed will be found a very excell ent vent and 7 5 to 85 parts of mastic to 1 0 0
,

bicycle ri m cement T h e form ula rec . . parts of ether From 5 to 8 parts of .

o mm e n d e d by Edel is as foll ows : th e former s o luti on are mi xed with 1


24 AD H ES IVES

part o f the latte r a nd the mi xt ure is , t hi ck paste with water o f pow d ere d
, ,

then boil ed on the water bath or i n a , iron 60 parts ; sal a mmo ma c 2 parts
, , ,

vessel fitted with a wat er jacket . and sul ph ur flowers 1 pa rt Use wh i le , .

V — M a ke a sol uti on of 2 00 to 3 0 0
. fres h .

parts of ca outc houc gutta percha i ndia , . I I —S ul phur flowers


. 6 parts ; dry ,

r ub ber benz oi n or si milar gum i n


, , , white lead 6 parts a nd powdered b orax , ,

parts of carbon dis ul phide chloroform 1 pa rt M i x by s i fti ng a n d ke as a


p0 use
e
, , .

ether or al coh ol a nd of this add 5 to 8


, , dry powder i n a closed ti n box . ,

parts to a sol uti on of mastic (7 5 to 1 25 make i nto a thi n paste with strong sul
parts ) i n ether 1 00 parts of equal vol ume ph u r i c aci d a nd press to ether i mme d i
ately T his cement wilgharde n i n 5
,

and boil together Use hot water as the . .

boiling agent or boil very ca uti ously on , days .

the water bath .


II I — G raphite
. 50 pounds .

VI — Forty pa rts of al umi nu m ace


.
Whi ti ng 1 5 pounds .

tate 1 0 B 10 parts of gl ue 1 0 parts


,
°
.
, , Litharge 1 5 pounds .

of rye flour T hese materials are e i ther


.
M ake to a paste with a b oiled oil .

t o be si multa neously mi xed a nd boiled


I V — M ak e a past e of white l ead a nd
,

or else the gl ue is to be diss olved i n the .

al umi num acetate a nd th e flour stirre d asbestos .

V — M ake a paste of litharge a nd l c


,

i nto the s ol ution T his is a n excellent


gyis
.

Re d l ea d may be a dded
.

cement for leather a nd is used i n so eri ne . .

called art work with leather an d with


,
als o does for stone .

VI —M ake a paste of b oil ed oil o f


,

leather a rticles which are made of sev .

eral pieces I t is to be a ppli ed warm


. .
equal pa rts of whi te l ea d pipe cl ay a nd , ,

black oxi de of man ga nes e .

R ubbe r Ceme nt for Cloth —T h e fol .


~
VIL — M a ke iron fil ings to a paste with
l owing form ulas have bee n recomme nded : water glass .

I — Ca outchouc 5 parts ; chl oroform


.
, , V I II — S a l a m m oniac
D iss ol ve a nd a dd gu m masti c
. .

3 parts .
S ul ph ur . .

( powder ) 1 part .
I ron fil i ngs
II - G utta percha 1 6 parts ; indi a rub
M a ke as much as is to be u sed at once
.
,

ber 4 parts ; pitch 2 parts ; s hellac 1


.

part ; li nseed Ol l 2 parts Reduce the


, ,
to a paste with a littl e water T his r e .

,
mark a pplies to both the foll owi ng dry
.

solids to s mall pieces melt together with


the oil a nd mi x well .
,
reci pes :
TI L— T h e foll owing cement for mend I X — I ron fili ngs
. .

i ng rubber shoes and tires will answer Lim e


si milar purposes Re d l ea d .

Ca outch ouc in shavi ngs 10


Al um
pa r ts S a l a m m oni ac
4 by
.

G u m turpenti ne 40 wei gh t X — Clay


. .

O il turpentine, enough .
Iron fili ngs .

M elt together first the ca outchouc and


rosi n then a dd the u rn turpenti ne a nd
, ,

when all is li q ue fi e ad d enough of oil Blac k oxide of


of t a r cuti ne to preserve it liqui d A .
manga nese 2 ounces
secon sol uti on is prepared by di ssol v XI — M ix :
.

i ng together : Iron fili ngs 0 0 0 0 0 0

Li me o o o o o o o o o o o

Caoutchouc S alt
C hl oroform
XI I — M i x
.

For us e these two sol Iro n fili ngs o o o o o o 1 40 ounces


Was h the hol e i n the rubber s hoe Hydra ulic li me 20 ounces
over with t h e cement then a piece of , S a nd n n n n n 2 5 ounces
li nen di p ed i n it is placed over it ; as S a l a m moni ac 8 ounces
s oon as t e linen adheres to the sol e the , Either of these last two mi xtures is
cement i s th en appli ed as thickly as r e
,
made i nto a paste with strong vi nega r
quired .
j ust before us e .

X I I I — M i x equal weights of zi nc
CEMENTS F OR M ETALS AND F OR AT
.

oxi de a nd black oxi de of manga n es e


TACHING VAR IOUS S UBSTANCES i nto a aste with water glass
TO METAL S
.

XI — C opal varni s h 15 rts ; h y


Ce me nts for Iro n — I — T o ma ke a
,
. . d r a te d li me 1 0 part s ; gl ue
, n erfs ( of
good cement f or i ron on i ron make a , si news ) 5 parts ; fat dryi ng oil 5 parts ;
, ,
A D H ES I VES 25

powdered turpen ti ne 3 pa rts ; essence of , cem e nt in a b ottl e cl osel y stoppered and ,

t urpenti ne 2 parts , D i ss ol ve the gl ue . when it is to be used place it i n hot ,

de n erfs o n the water bath a dd all the , water un til di ss ol ved .

other s ubsta nces a nd t riturate i n ti


mately
,
Ceme nts for Fa ste n i n g Porcel a i n to
Me ta I —I — M i x equal parts of al coh ol
.

XV — Copal varnish 1 5 parts ; o w


.
. .

( 9 5 per cent ) and water an d make a


,

dered turpe nti ne 3 parts; essence o tur ,


,

penti ne 2 parts ; powdered fish glue 3 paste by i ncorporating the li ui d with


3 00 parts of fi n el pul verized c al k a n d
, ,
v
parts ; iron fili ngs 3 parts ; ocher 1 0
2 50 parts of starc h
, ,

parts .

II -M i x finely powdered burned li m e


.

XVI — T o make a cement for cast iron


.
,

3 0 0 parts with powdered starch 2 5 0


.
,

ta ke 16 ounces ca st-iron borin s ; 2 ounces , ,

sal am moniac a nd 1 ou nce su phur M i x parts a nd m oisten the mi xture with a


,

well a nd kee ) dry


,

Whe n ready to us e
.

com o u n d of eq ual parts of water a nd


take 1 part of t hi s powder to 2 0 arts of alco 0 1 of 95 per cent until a paste
.

cast iron bori n s and mi x thoroughly i nto


-
results .

a sti ff pas te a di ng a l ittl e water III - Cement or pl aster ca n b e u sed


.

if the su r faces are s u ffici ently la r e ;


, . .

XVII — Li th a r cement is the bett er a rti cle whe n t e


B o il e d li n se e d oil
'

. c h eet may be exposed to m oisture or


s u j e cte d to much press ure A process .

which can be rec omm ended consists i n


Heat together u ntil of a uniform con mi ngli ng equal weights of chalk b ri c k ,

sistence a nd a pply warm dust cl ay and Rom a i n cem ent T hese


, , .

materials pul ve r iz ed and sifted a re i n


.

X VII I — A cement for iron which is


.
,

c o r po r a t e d with li nseed oil i n the pro


.

said to be perf ectly waterproof a nd fi r e


proof is ma de by worki ng up a mixture porti on of hal f a kil o of oil to 3 kil os of
of equal weights of red lea d and l i t h a r e the mingle d powder T h e Romai n or .

Roma nic ce me nt is s o desi gnated from


with glyceri ne till the mass is perfect y
homogeneous a nd has the consistency the district i n Fra nce where the cal ca
’ r e o us stone from whi ch it is prepared is
of a glazier s putty T his cement is
found i n consi dera ble qua ntity Al ‘
.

said to a nswer well eve r» for very large .

,
though its a dhesi ve ua l i ti es are n uques
t i o n e d there are undoubtedl y American
iron vessels a nd to be unsurpassa ble for
,

stoppin g u p cracks in large i ron pa ns of ,

s tea m p i p e s
cements equally as good .

IV — Acetate of l ead
.

. 4 6 } parts by ,

Ce me n t f or M e ta l , Gla s s , a n d Po r ce weight ; al um 4 6 5 parts by weight ; ,

lai n -A s oft all oy is prepared by mi xing


.
gu m arabic 7 6 parts by wei ght ; flour, ,

5 00 pa rts by weight ; water parts


from 3 0 to 3 6 parts of copper pr eci pi ,

t a te d i n the form of a fi ne brown powder


by wei ght D iss ol ve the acetate of lead
.

with sul phuri c a ci d of a s peci fic gravity


,
a nd the al u m i n a l ittle water ; on the
of i n a cast-i ro n or porcelai n m or
other hand di ss olve the gu m arabi c i n
water b o ur i n g for i nsta nce the 2
liters of b oiling water on the um arabic
tar a nd i ncorporati ng by sti rri ng with 7 5 , ,

parts of mercur the a ci d bei ng after


wards rem oved y was hi ng with water red uced to powder When t e um has .

I n from 10 t o 1 4 h ours the a malgam be diss ol ved a dd the flower put a on the
.

, ,

comes harder tha n ti n but when heated to fire and sti r well with a pi ece of wood ;
,

6 92 F it ca n b e kn ea ded like wa x
°
In
,
then ad d the sol uti on of a cetate of lea d
a nd the al um ; agitate well so as to pre
.
, .

this conditi on it is a pplied to the s urfa ce


_

vent a ny l umps from forming ; retire fro m


to be ce mented a n d will fix the m firmly
to ether on cooli n
,
the fire before all owi ng to boil T his .

i ssol ve 1 d r a c fim of um masti c i n 3 gl ue is used col d does not peel o ff and , ,

g i s excelle nt to make wood glass card


drach ms of s pirits of Wi ne I n a sep .

board etc adhere to metals


, ,

arate vessel c o n ta i n in water s oak 3


.
,

drachms of isi nglass hen thoroughly . Ce me n t f or Leath er a n d Iro n — T o


s oa ke d take it out o f the water and put face a cast-iron pull ey with l eather a ppl
it into 5 drach ms o f s pirits of wi ne T ake . acetic aci d to the face o f the pulley wit y
a i ece of gu m a mm oniacum the si n e of a brush which will rou hen i t by rusti n
ap a nd then when dr a pg
,

arge pea a n d gri nd i t u p fin ely W i th a y a ceme nt ma e


l ittl e s pi rits of wi ne a nd i si nglass u ntil of 1 pou nd of fi s g us a nd 5 pound of
it h a s dissol ved T he n mi x the whol e . com mon gl ue m elted i n a m i xture of ,

toget her wi th s u ffi ci e nt heat I t will be . al cohol a nd water T h e leather s h ould .

found m os t con veni ent to lace the the n be placed on the pulle y an d drie d
ve ssel on a h o t-water bath ce p this . under press ure .
26 A DHES I VES

Amber Ceme nts — I — T o s older to . . Aci d -Proof Ce me nt for Wood , Meta ls ,


gether two pieces of yellow a mber , e tc .
slightly heat the arts to be united and I — Powdered asbestos
moi ste n the m wit
. .

s ol uti on of ca ustic a.
G round baryta .

s oda ; then bri ng the two pieces together S odium water glass so -

quickly .
l u ti o n
I I — D iss ol ve i n a cl osed bottle 7 5
. Mix .

parts of cut u p ca outch ouc i n 60 parts of -


II .
—withsta nd h ot nitri c aci d the
To
chl oroform Add 1 5 parts of mastic and .
foll owin g is used :
l et the mixture sta nd i n the cold until all
S odi um water—glass s o
has diss ol ved .

III — M oiste n the pieces to be j oi ned


.
S a nd .

with caustic potas h a n d press the m to


gether whe n warm T h e uni on is s o .

Mix
perfect that no trace of the j uncture is
.

visibl e A concentrated al coholic s ol u


.
III Asbestos
— 2 parts
ti on of the rosin over the a mber sol ubl e S ul phate of bariu m 3 parts .

i n a l c o h o l is als o e m l oyed for this pur


S ilicate of sodi u m 2 parts


p ,

pose Another med i u m is a s ol uti on


. By mixi ng these i ngredie nts a cement
of hard a nd very finely powdered copal strong enou g h to resist the stronges t
i n pure s ul ph uric ether C oat both . nitric acid will be obtai ned .

fractures previousl y well cleaned with


, , IV If hot aci ds are d eal t with the
.
-
,

this s ol uti on a nd endeavor to combi ne foll owi ng mixture will be fou nd to possess
them i ntimately by tyi ng or pressi ng . still more resista nt powers :
I V — I n 3 0 parts by weight of co pal
.
S ilicate of s odi um ( 5 0 °

diss ol ve 3 0 parts by weight of al um i na B a u mé ) 2 parts


by means of a water bath Bathe the .
Fi ne sand 1 part
surface to be cemented with this elat As bestos 1 part
i n o u s li qui d b ut very slightly nite
the fractures a nd pr e ss the m together
, .

B oth thes e ce ments take a fe w h ours


firmly u ntil the mixture is dry to set If the cement is wanted t o se t
.

at once use sili cate of potassi um i ns tead


, ,

Aci d Proof Cements for S tonewar e


-
of silicate of s odi um T his mi xture will .

a n d G lass I — M i x with the aid of heat -


be i nsta ntly e ff e cti ve a nd possesses the
sa me power of resista nce as the other
. .

eq ual weights of pitch rosin an d plaster , ,


.

of Paris .
D irections for R epairi ng Broke n G lass ,
I I — M i x silicate of soda to
. paste a Porcelai n , Bric —a -Brac — Broken glass .
,

with grou nd glass . chi na bri e a-brac a nd picture fra mes


,
-
, ,

III — M i x b oiled oil to


. paste with a not to name casts require each a di ffer ,

chi na cl ay . ent ce ment — i h fact several di ff erent ,

I V — M i x coal tar to a paste with cements G lass may be bea utifully


.

mended to l ook at but sc ld o m so as to


.

pi pe clay . ,

V — M i x boil e d oil to a paste with


.
be safely us ed For clear glass the best .

q uickli me .
ce ment is isi n glass diss ol ved i n gi n Put .

2 ounces of i si nglass i n a cl ean wi de


VI — M i x with the ai d of heat : S ul ,

m outhed bottle ad d half a pi nt o f gin


.

ph ur 1 0 0 pounds : tall ow 2 pounds ; , ,


,

rosi n 2 pounds T hicken with ground


,
a nd set i n the s un until diss ol ved S ha ke .

,
we l l every day a nd before using strai n
.

glass .
,

through doubl e la wn s queezing very


V II — M i x with th e ai d of heat :
.

gently
,

Ro sm 2 pounds ; s ul phur 2 pounds ;


. .

.
,

brickdust 4 pounds , . S pread a white cl oth over t h e mend


VII I — M i x with the aid of heat 2
.
ing ta ble a nd s upply it with plenty of
o u n d s of i ndia rubber and 4 pounds of
clea n linen rags strong rub ber ba nds
E
, ,

oil e d oil T hicken with 1 2 pounds of an d narrow white ta pe als o a basi n of ,

tepi d water a nd a cl ea n s oft towel Was h


.

pi pe c l ay .
.

the broken glass very cl ea n especial ly


I X — Fuse 1 00 pounds of i ndia rub
.

al o n g the break b ut take care not to


,

ber with 7 pounds of tall ow T hen .

chi i t further Wet b oth broken edges


,

make to a paste with dry slake d li me a nd


.

wel w ith the glue using a ca mel s hai r ’


-
finally add 20 pounds of red lead .
pe ncil Fit the brea k to a nicety the n
.
,

X — M i x with the a i d of heat : Rosi n


,
.
, sli p o n rubber bands l ength and cross
2 4 pound s ; red ocher 8 pounds ; boil e d
;
, wise every way they will hold If they
, .

Ol l 2 po unds ; plaster of Paris 4 p oun d s


, , . will not h ol d t r ue as upon a ste m med
28 AD H E S IVE S

o r cel a n , i
etc which are to be used to fluid being careful not to l et it come to
hol d strong aci ds a mixture of asbestos
.
, ,

,
a b oil as this i nj ures its a dhes i ve prop
,

e wder water glass and an indiff erent pow e r ti e s (the same may be said i n re ard

der ( perma nent white sand etc ) is rec


, ,

, ,
. to gl ues a nd gelati ns of all ki nds ) is .

o mme n d e d T o begi n with asbestos ,


s ol ve the gums i n the al cohol a nd ad d
the sol uti on to the gel ati n after r e mo v
.

powder is made i nto a pulp with three


or four ti mes the qua nti ty ( weight) of a i ng the same from the water bath and ,

s ol uti on of soda water glass ( of 3 0 °


letti ng it cool down t o a b out 1 6 0 F °
.

T h e sa me is exceedingly fat a nd S tir well togeth er or mi x by agitation .

pl astic b ut is not very well suited for


,
T h e foll owi ng precauti ons m ust b e
worki ng as it shri nks too much and
,
observed : 1 B oth s urfaces to be j oi ned .

cracks when drying By an additi on of m ust be abs ol utely cl ean free from dust ,

dirt grease etc 2 Where the cement


. ,

fine writing sand of the sa me weight , , . .

as the asbestos used the mass can be ,


is one that requi res the a pplication of
made less fat s o as to obviate shrinking , , heat befor e use the obj ects to be united ,

without detracting from the plasticity . shoul d also be h ea ted to a poi n t a t l ea st


S mall vessels were molded from it a nd a s h i gh a s the mel ti n g poi n t of th e ce men t .

dried i n the air to be tested afterwards ,


. O therwise th e ce ment on a plication is,

Put i n water the hardened mass becomes


,
chilled a nd c o n se q u e n tl y f a i s to make a
s oft agai n a nd falls apart Brought i nto . lasting j oint 3 T h e thi nner the layer . .

contact however with very strong min


, , of cement the stronger the j oi nt ; avoi d ,

eral acids it becomes e ven firmer a nd


, therefore usi ng too m uch of the bi nding
,

withsta nds the li qui d perfectl y C on . material C over both surfaces to be


.

ce n t r a t e d nitric aci d was kept i n such united coa pt them exactly a n d press
, ,

s mall vessels without the mass bei ng together as cl osely as possi bl e I n this .

visibly attacked or a nythi ng penetrating ma nner the thi nnest possibl e lay er is
it T h e acti on of the aci d manifestly
. secured 4 Bi nd the pa rts securely to
. .

has the e ff ect that silicic acid is set free gether and let remain without l oosening
,

from t h e water glass i n excess which , or attempti ng to use the articl e for 2 or
cl ogs up the pores entirely and con 3 days or l onger A li ui d ce ment a o .

tributes to the l utation Later on the .


, quires its full stre ngth on y after e v a po r
mass cannot be dissol ved by a r e water ation of the flui ds used as s ol vents and ,

a ny more T h e mass is als o i i gh l y fi r e


. this ca n occur only from the i nfinitesimal
roof O n e of the mol ded bodies ca n
. line of exposed s urface .

e kept gl owi ng i n a B unsen gas flame


V — Li qui d Por celai n Ceme n t — Fish
for ab out half a day after treatment with .

aci d with out slaggi ng in the least For l ue 2 0 parts ; gl ass acetic aci d 2 0 parts ;
, ,
,
eat together until the mass gel a h n i z e s
.

many purposes it ought to be wel come


to have s u ch a mass at ha nd I t cannot on cool i ng .

VI — T ake 1 ou nce of Russia n isin


.

be kept ready for use however as it .

hardens a fe w hours after being pre


, ,
glass cut in s mall pieces and bruis e
, ,

pared ; ii otas h water glass is used i n well ; then ad d 6 ounces of warm water ,

stead o f t e s oda c o m o si ti o n this i n


,
a nd leave it i n a warm place for from .

durati on takes pl a ce sti l more quickly


,
24 to 4 8 h ours Eva porate the r e .

su l ti n g sol ution to about 3 ounces


.

I V — Ce men t f or G lass , Porcelai n , etc


.

. . N ext diss ol ve ounce of mastic i n 4


I si nglass ( fis h gl ue ) 50 parts ounces of al coh ol and add the masti c ,

G u m a m moniac 4 parts s ol uti on to the isi nglass i n s mall quan


G u m mastic 2 parts tities at a ti me conti nuing the heat a nd ,

Al cohol 95 per cent 1 0 parts s tirri ng well Whil e still h ot strai n the .

Water q s
w
,

, . .
li i d through m usli n .

S oa k the isinglass i n col d water over II — For optical gl asses Ca nada bal
.
,

ni ht or u ntil it has become swoll en and sam is em pl oyed the two pieces being fir m ,

sog l y pressed together


,

t throughout I n the m orning throw After a whil e espe .


,

c i a l l y by h umi dity pu nctures will form


.

o ff a ny s uperfluous flui d a nd throw the , ,

isin lass on a clea n towel or other coarse a nd the glass is separated by mist of a

cl ot a nd ha ng it up i n such a way that varying reflexes whil e i n certai n climates ,

a ny free resi dual water will drai n a way the heat will melt the balsa m For all .

other glass articl es which requi re only


.

Upon doing this thoroughly de ends i n


a great measure the strengt h of the sim ple treatment s uch as knobs of covers
,
, ,

cement When the gelati n has becom e


,
l ates etc silicate of potash is excel
, .
,

ent
.

th oroughly drained ut it i nto a flask .

or other contai ner p ace it i n the water , VIII — G lass Ce me n t.


— D iss ol ve in 1 50
ba th a n d he at care f ully until it becomes parts o f acetic acid of 96 per cent , 1 00
A D H ESI VES 29

parts of gelati n by the use of heat and , M i x the l ea d a nd l i th a r e thoroughl y ,

add a m m oni um bichromate 5 parts , . and the oil a nd copal i n t e sa me man


Whe n
lgl t
n l s gl ue m ust be kept away from the ner and preserve separately
, .

i i . needed for use mi x i n the proporti on s


,

IX .
- White gl ue parts . 10 indi cated ( 1 5 0 parts of th e powder to 4
Pota ssium bichromate parts 2 parts of the li quid ) a nd knead well to
parts ether A pply to the edges of the glass
.
,

T h e gl ue is diss ol ved i n a o r ti o n of
i nd the broken parts together and let ,

the water by the ai d of heat t e bichro stand for from 2 4 to 4 8 h ours .

,
X VI — T o reu nite pl aster articl es dis
mate i h th e remai nder a nd the li quids
.

mixed the mixing being d one i n a feebly


,
s ol ve s mall pieces o i cell ul oid i n ether ;
,

lighted l ace an d th e mixture is the n i n quarter of a n h our decant a nd use


a ,

k e t i n the dark
,
th e pasty deposit which remains for
I t is applied i n feeble
s mearing the edges of th e articles I t
.

lig t being r el i que fi e d by gentle heat


.

, ,
dries ra pidly a nd is i nsol ubl e i n water
and the glass the fr a ht ur e d i e c es bei n
.

tightly clam ped together is t hen expose


,

, XVII — To Men d Wed gwoo d Mortars


. .

to a stron g l i ght for s ome time By this .


— I t is easy enough to m end m ortars s o

exposure t h e cem ent becomes i ns ol uble . that they ma be used for making em ul
T his is wat e rpro of ce ment for glass sions a n’ d o t i e r light work which does

X — D ia mon d Glass Ce ment — D i s


not tax their strength too m uch B ut .

a mended m ortar will hardly be abl e to


. .

sol ve 1 0 0 parts of fis h gl ue i n 1 50 parts stand the force required for powderi ng


of 90 per cent alcohol a nd add with con ,
hard s ubstances A good cement for
sta nt stirri ng 2 0 0 parts of powdered
.

,
mending m ortars i s the foll owi ng :
rosi n T his cement must be preserved
.

i n abs ol utel y tight bottles as it s olidifies a — G lass flour el utriated


. 1 0 parts .

very quickly .
Fl uors par powdered ,

’ ‘ and el utriated 20 parts


XI — l o u nite obje cts of crystal di s S ilicate of s oda 6 0 parts
sol ve 8 parts of ca outc houc and 1 0 0 arts
of gu m mas ti c i n 60 0 parts of ch oro B oth glass and fl u o r s ar must be i n
form . S e t asi de hermetically cl osed , ,
the fi nest possible con i ti o n which is ,

for 8 days ; then a pply with a brush ,


best d one by s ha kin each i n fine pow
cold .
der with water a l owing the coarser
,

particles to deposit a nd the n to pour o ff


XI I — To ma k e a tra n spare nt ceme nt ,
.
the remai nder whi ch hol ds the finest
for gl ass , digest together for a week i n ,

particl es i n s uspensi on T h e mi xture


the col d 1 ou nce of i ndia rubber 67
.

,
must be made very ra pidly by quic k
ounces of chl oroform an d 4 0 ounces of ,
sti rring a nd when th oron h l y mixed
mastic .
,

must be at once appli ed his is said


XIII -A mixture of tra umatici n a
.

to yiel d a n excellent cement


.

,
.

s ol ution of ca outchouc in chl oroform ,

and a concentrated s ol uti on of water b —Freshly burnt plaster


.

of Paris
glass make a ca ital cement for unit Freshly b urnt lime
in
g articles of g ass N ot only is the
White of egg s u ffici ent
.

{
ai nt very strong but it i s tra nsparent
seither changes of tem perature nor
.
. ,
,

Reduce the first two ingredients to a


moisture aff ect the cement .
very fine powder and mi x them well ;
XI V — A tra ns arent cement for pe r
.
m oisten the two surfaces to be u nited with
cel e i u is pre pare by diss ol vi ng 7 5 parts a s mall qua ntity of white of egg to make
of i ndia rubber cut i nto small pieces , , them adhesi ve ; then mi x the powder very
in a bottl e c ontaining 60 parts chl oro rapidly with the white of egg a nd apply
form ; to this add 1 5 parts green masti c .
the mixture to the broken surfaces I f .

Let the bottle sta nd i n the col d until the the are large two pers ons should do this
each a pplying the cement to one portion
, ,
in r e d i e n ts ha ve bec ome thoroughly dis .

s o ved .
T h e pi eces are then firml y pressed to
X V — S om e preparations resist the s e
.
ether and l eft undisturbed for several
ti on of heat a nd moisture a sh ort ti me , a s T h e less ce ment is used the better
.

but generally yiel d very quickly T h e .


wi l the articles hol d together .

foll owi n g cement for glass has prove n .c — If there is no objection to dark
most r e S i sta n t to liqui ds and heat : col ored cement the very best that can
,

S il ver litharge parts be used is probably marine gl ue T his .

White lead 50 parts is made thus : Ten arts of caoutchouc or


B oil ed linseed oil 3 parts . i ndia rubber are i sso l ve d i n 1 2 0 parts
C opal varni sh 1 part of benzine or petrol e um na phtha with ,
80 A D HE S I VES

the a i d o f a gentl e heat When the se . I —


. Asbestos 2 pa rts
.

luti e n is com plete which s ometi mes ,


Bari um s ul phate 3 parts
r equires from 1 0 to 1 4 days 20 parts of , S odi u m sili cate 2 part s .

asphalt are melted i n an iron vessel and By mixi ng these i ngredi ents a ce m e nt
the ca outc houc s ol uti on is poured i n very strong en o u h to resist the strongest
sl o wly i n a fine strea m a nd u nder con nitric aci d Wi 1 be obtai ned If hot ac i ds .

ti n n ed heating until the mass has be , are dealt with the foll owi ng mixture will
,
c ome hom o e n e o u s a nd n ea r l all the be found to possess stil l m ore resistant
s ol vent has een driven o ff t is then .
powers :
poured out and cast i nto greased ti n I I — S odi um silicate
. 2 parts .

m olds It forms dark brown or black


.
l pa r t
c a k es which are very hard to break
,
.
Asbestos powder 1 part
T his ce ment requires consi dera bl e heat
to melt it ; a nd to prevent it from be ing B oth these cements take a fe w h ours
b urnt it is best to heat a capsul e conta i n t o set If the ceme nt is wanted to set at
.

i ng a pi ece of it first on a water bat h unti l once use potassi u m silicate i nstea d of
,

the cake s oftens a nd be ins to be l i qui d sodiu m sil i cate T his mi xture will be
.

I t is then carefully wi pe sdry and heated


.

i nstantly eff ective and possess es t h e ,

over a naked fla me u n der consta nt stir ,


same power of resista nce as the other .

ring up to about 3 0 0 F T h e‘ed ges of Pa ri sian Ce me n t — M i x 1


°
. .
art of . .

t he art i cl e to be mende d s houl d if poss i , fi nely ground glass powder 0 t a i n ed ,

ble als o be heated to at l east 2 1 2 F


,
°
.
, by l evigation Wi th 3 arts of fi n e l po w
,
s o as to ermit the ce ment to be a dered z i nc oxid e ren ered peri ce y free
plied at e i s ur e and with care T e .
from carbonic aci d by calci nation B e .

thi nner the cement is applied the better si des pre are a sol ution of 1 part by ,

it binds .
weight 0 borax i n a very s mall qua ntity
,

Mee r s chau m Cemen ts — I — I f the ma . .


of hot water a nd mi x this with 50 parts
t er i s l is genuine ( natural ) meerschau m of a h i ghl concentrate d zinc chl orid e
a lasting j oint ca n be made between the s ol ution 0 to s peci fic gravity .

parts by proceeding as foll ows : Clean a As is well known the mixture of thi s ‘

cl ove O r two of garlic (the fresher the powder with the liqui d i nto a s oft uni
better ) by r e mo v mg all the outsi de hull form paste is accom plished only i m m e
of s kin ; throw i nto a little mortar and d i a tel y before use T h e i nd urati on to.

mash to paste Rub this paste over


a .
‘ a stonelike mass takes place withi n a
each s urface to be united a nd oi n quick few minutes the a dmi xture of bora x
Bri n the arts as closely together
,

ly reta rding the solidificati on s ome wha t


as possible an faste n i n this o si ti o n
. ,

.
T h e pure white col or of the powder may
Have rea dy s ome bo il i n fres mil k ; be ti nted with ocher manga nes e etc , , .
,

lace the a r ticl e i n it an conti nue the a ccording to the shade desired .

oili ng for 30 mi nutes Remove and . S tro n g Ceme n t Pour over well .

l e t cool sl o wly If properly done this


.
, washed a nd cl ea ned casei n 1 2 5 parts of
makes j oi nt that will sta nd any ordi
a boil ed linseed oil a nd th e sam e a m ou nt
nary treat me n t a nd is nearly i n visible ,
.
of castor oil B oil S tir acti vely a n d
For com positi o n use a ce ment made of
. .

, add a s mall a m ount of a saturated a que


q uickli m e rubbed to a thick crea m w ith
, ous sol ution of al u m ; rem ove from the
al b umen fire and set aside After a whil e a mil ky
gI — M i x very fine meerschaum sh a v
eg .
.

.
l ooking flui d will sepa rate and rise T his .

i n gs with albu me n or dissol ve casei n i n s houl d be poured off T o the resid u e .

water glass sti r finely o wd e r e d magne


, a dd 1 2 0 o f rock ca ndy s yrup a nd
sia i nto the mass a n use the cem e nt , 6 part s 0 fparts
de xt ri n .

at once T his hardens quickly


A Ch ea a n d E xcel l en t Ce me n t — A
. .

Asbesto s Ceme n t -G round asbestos . cheap a n exc el l ent cement i ns ol uble ,

may be made into a cement which will after dr i n i n water petroleu m oils
carb on is ug
, , ,
stand a high degree of heat b simply phi d e etc very hard when , .
,

mixi ng it with a soluti on of so ium sil i dry a nd of very con si derabl e tensil e
cate . By s ubsequen t treatment with a strength is composed of casei n and
,

s ol uti on of calci um chloride the mass s ome tannic—aci d com p ound as for i n , ,

may be ma de i nsol uble sil icate of cal , stance calciu m tann ate a nd is pre pare d
,

ci um bei ng f o rmed
,

. as follows
A ce me nt sai d to stand a high degree First a tanni n s olution is r e pa r e d
e i ther by diss ol vi ng a tan ni n sal t or by
,

of heat a nd to be s uitable for cementi n ,

gl ass o r ce l a i n or other v essels i ntende


, , e xtraction f rom vegeta ble s ources ( as
to ho] cor r osi ve a ci d s, is t hi s o n e : barks fr o mcertai n tr ees . t o w hi c h
AD H ES IVES 31

is a dded clear lim e water ( obtai ned by A qua r i um Ce men ts .

filteri ng milk of li me or by letti ng the ,


I — Li th a r e
.

mil k sta nd until the li m e s u bsi d es ) until Fi ne w ite sand


n o further pre ci i ta ti o n occurs a nd red ,
Plaster of Paris .

litmus aper n u ed i n th e fluid is Rosi n i n fi ne pow


turne d l ue p r ‘ ,
he i qui d is now sepa der 1 ounce
rated from i ts r e ci pi ta te either by de ,
Li nseed oil enough , .

c antati on or o t e r Wi se a nd the r e ci pi , D rier e nough , .

tate is d ried I n operati ng wit large


M i x the first three ingredients ad d


.

quantiti es of the s ubsta nce this is d one ,

s u fli ci e n t li n seed oil to make a hom ogene


,

by passi n a strea m of atmos pheri c


a i r throu g 1 the sa me T h e l i me tan
‘ ous paste a n d the n add a s mall qua ntity
,

of drier T his shoul d stand a fe w hours


.

nate obta i ned thus is the n mi xed with .

cas ei n i n proporti ons runni ng from 1 : 1 '


before it is used I t is said that glass
.

oi n ed to iro n with this ce ment will


up to 1 1 0 and the mixture t h o r o u bl y
,

dried is milled i nto t h e consistency o the


,
rea k before it will com e l oose .

finest powder T hi s powder has n ow .


IL — Lit h a r e 1 ounce
.

only to be mi xed with water to be ready Fi n e w ite sand 1 ounce .

for use the consistency of the prepara


,
Plaster of Paris 1 ounce .

tion depending upon the us e to which M anganese borate 2 0 grai ns .

it is to be p ut .
Rosin i n fi ne pow ,

3 } pounds
Uni vers al Ce ment — T ake gum arabi c . , Li nseed var n is h oil ,

1 00 arts by weight ; starch 7 5 parts by


, , , enough .

weig t ; white sugar 21 parts by weight ; , , I I I — T ake equal parts of flowers o f


.

camphor 4 parts by weight D iss ol ve


, , .
s ul ph ur am m oni u m chloride and i ron
, ,
the u rn arabic i n a little wate r ; als o fili ngs and mi x thoron h l y with boile d
diss o ve the starch i n a litt le wa ter Mi x
,
.
li nseed oil Finally a d e nough white
.
,
and add the su a t a nd camphor B oil .
l ead to f orm a thi n paste .

on the water bat until a paste is forme d


I V — Powdered grap h ite 6 pa r ts
whi ch on coating will thicke n . .

,
S laked li me 3 parts
, .

Ce me nt for I vory — M elt to ether .


B ari um 8 parts
equal parts of gutta percha an d or i n a r y Li nseed varnis h oil 7 parts .

itch Th e p i eces to be u nited have to V — S i mpl y mi x e qual parts of white


Be warmed
. .

. a nd r ed lea (i wit h a little kettle -boiled


linseed oil
C ement f or Bel ts — M i x 5 0 parts by
.

S u bstitute f o r Ce me nt on Grinde r
,

weight of fis h gl ue with e ual parts of


whey and aceti c aci d Tdi e n add 50 D isk s — A good substitute in place of
,
.
.

parts b weight of garlic i n paste for m


, ,
gl ue or various ki nds of ceme nt for fast
e nin e mery cl oth to t h e dis ks of gri nd
ers ofthe G ardner t pe is to heat or war m
'

and bo the whole on the water bath .

At the sa me ti me ma ke a so l uti o n of '

1 00 parts by weight of gelati n i n th e


, ,
the disk a nd a pp y a thi n e o a ti n of
same qua ntity of wh ey a nd mix both ,
bees wa x ; then put the emery cl ot i n
liqui ds T o the wh ol e ad d finall y 50
.
, ,
place a nd allow to set and cool unde r
parts by wei ht of 90 -per cent alcohol
, ,
- press ure .

and after fi tr a ti o n a cement is o b


, , K n o ck e n pl o mbe — 1f 1 part of thym ol .

ta i n e d whi ch ca n be readi ly a pplied wi th be mixed with 2 parts of i odoform we


a brus h and possess es extra ordi n ary obtai n a s ubstance that retains i ts fl ui d
binding qualiti es .
ity d own to 7 2 C °
I f the .

tem perature be carrie d down to 6 0 C °

Ce men t fo r Ch e mi cal Apparatus


.

.
( 1 40 °
F ) it s uddenly becomes s olid a n d
M el t together 20 parts of gutta p ercha
.

,
hard If i n its li quid c onditi on this
.
, ,
1) arts of yel l ow wa x a n d 3 0 parts of
h
s e ac .
, s ubstance b e mi xed i n timately with a n
e qual quantity of cal ci ned b one it forms ,

a cement that ca n be m ol ded or kneaded


S i ze Portla n d Ceme n t
O ver T he .
i nto a ny shape that at the tem perature ,
best size to use on Portla nd cement of the b ody ( 9 8 °
,

becomes as hard as
molding f or wall pa per woul d ord inari ly stone a fact that s uggests man y useful
be gl ue a nd al u m S i z e put on th i n and ,

purposes to whic h the mixture ma y be


pound
1
warm ma de in proporti on of
put
,

of gl ue and sa me weight of a u m d i s
.

sol ved i n separate pails , t h en pour e d to Ce me n t fo r Gen er al Use — T ak e gu m


get h er . a rabic, 1 00 pa rts, by w ei ght ; starch 75 ,
32 A D H ES I VES

parts by weight ; white s ugar 2 1 parts by , ,


come as hard as wood T h e Chi nese pai nt .

weight ; cam phor 4 parts by weight , , .


their h ouses with “ shio liao a nd glaze "

D iss ol ve the gu m arab i c i n a littl e water .


thei r Barrels with it i n wh i ch they tra ns ,

O n the other hand diss ol ve the starch ,


port oil a nd other greasy s ubsta nces .

als o i n s ome water When this is d one .

LUTES
a dd the s ugar an d the cam phor and put
.

i n a water bath B oil until a aste is L utes al ways c onsist of a menstruu m


formed which must be rather t hin be
.

,
a nd diss ol ved or s us pend ed solids and ,
,

ca use it will thicken on cooling .


the m us t not be attacked by the ases
an li qui ds comi ng i n contact with t em .

S tro n g Ceme nt — Pour over well . I n s ome cases the constituents of the l ute
washed a nd cl eaned casei n 1 2 ) pa rts react to form a m ore strongly adheri ng
of b oiled linseed oil and the same am oun t mass .

of castor oil put on the fire a nd brin T h e c onditi ons of appli cati on are i n
to a boil ; stir actively an d a dd a s malg
, ,

brief :
a mount of saturated a ue o us sol uti on (a ) He a ti n the com positi on to make
it pl asti c until firml y fixed i n place
a

of al um ; re m ove from t e fire an d set .

aside After sta nding a whil e a milky


.
( b) Heating the surfaces .

l ooking flui d will separate at the bottom (0 ) Applyi ng the l ute with water or a
and rise to the top T his s houl d be . volatile s olvent which is all owed to vola,

poured o ff a nd to the resi due add 1 2 0 ti li ze .

parts of rock-candy s yrup a nd 6 parts of (d ) M oisteni ng the s urfaces with w a


dextri ne . ter oil etc (the menstruu m of the l ute , , .


itself ) .

S yn d eti co n — I S la ke 1 00 parts of
(6 ) Applying the l ute i n workabl e con
. .

burnt lim e with 50 pa rts of water pour dition a nd the setti ng taki ng pla ce b y ,

o ff the s upernata nt water ; next diss ol ve


chemical reacti ons ,
.

6 0 parts of l um p s ugar i n 1 6 0 parts of


(f) S etting by hydrati on .

water ad d to the sol uti on 1 5 parts of th e )


-
S etti ng by oxidati on
(lghese pri nci ples will be found to c over
, .

slaked li me heat to 7 0 or 8 0 C ( 1 5 8 to
,
° °
.
°

1 76
°
and set aside sha ki ng fr s nearly all cas es .

q uently Fi nally diss olve 5 0 to 60 parts


.
Jo mts s houl d n ot be ill —fi tti n g de ,
of gen uine C ol ogne gl ue i n 25 0 parts of pendin g u pon the l ute to do what th e
the cl ear s ol uti on .
pi pes or other parts of the a pparatus
II — A s ol uti on of 1 0 parts gum ara
.

s houl d d o I n m ost cases one art of .

bic an d 3 0 pa rts of s ugar i n 100 parts of the fi tti n s h oul d overlap the ot er s o ,
s oda water lass .
as to ma e a s mall am ount of the l ute

III A o t s ol ution of 50 parts of
.
effecti ve and to kee p the parts of the a p
C ol ogne gl ue i n 60 a rts of a 2 0 per cent -
paratus rigi d as a l uted j oi nt
-
is n ot ,
aqueous cal ci um-ch o r i de s oluti on s uppose d to be a partic ul arly stron g one .

IV — A sol uti on of 5 0 parts of C o


,
.
b ut rather one qui ckl y appli ed e ff ecti ve ,
l ogn e gl ue i n 6 0 parts of ace tic aci d whil e i n plac e a n d eas i l y re moved
.

V — S oa k isi nglass ( fish bladder ) i n


.

.
Ver m oderate a m ou nts of the l ute
acetic aci d of 7 0 per cent until it s wells u p shoul be use d a s large a m ounts are ,
,
then rub it up a ddi ng a li ttl e water dur
,
likel y t o devel op cracks be rubbed o fl’
,

, ,
i ng the process .
etc .

“ hi A cl assificati on may b e gi ven as fol


S o Li ao ”— Under this na me the .

C hi nese man ufacture a n excellent cc l ows


ment which takes the place of gl ue and ( 1 ) Plaster of Paris ,
.

with which gyps um marbl e porcelai n ( 2 ) Hydraulic cement


, , ,
.

stone a nd stoneware can be ce mented


,
(3 ) Cl ay .
.

I t cons ists of the f o l l o wi n pa rts ( by (4 ) Lime .

wei ght ) : S laked o w d er e lime 64 (5 ) Asphalt and pitc h ,


.

art s ; powder e d a um 6 pa r ts ; a nd ( 6 ) Ros in ,


.

res h well strai ned bl ood 4 0 parts


,
( 7 ) Rub ber , .
.

T hese materials are stirred th oroughly ( 8 ) Linsee d oil .

u ntil a n i nti mately bound mass of the ( 9) Casei n a nd al bumen .

co n si st e n c of a m ore or l ess stiff sal ve ( 1 0 ) S ilicates of s oda a n d o xyc h l o


i s o bta i n e I n paste form this mass is ride cem ents .

used as cement : i n a li ui d state it is ( 1 1 ) Fl our a nd starch .

e mpl o e d for painti ng a l s orts of a rti ( 1 2 ) M iscellaneous i ncl udin g c ore ,

cl es w i ch are to be rendered waterproo f com pounds .

and d ura b l e Card board covers which


. I Plast e r o f Pa ris is of c ourse ofte n , .
, ,

a r e c oated w ith it two or three ti mes be use d al one as a paste which quickl y , ,
AD H ESI VES

f or gas and wood distillation


S Ol l O l D e S , and casei n c ompositions which are very ,

retorts etc and si milar places where


, .
,
stron and useful but will be described ,

quickness of setting is requisite It is . e l se w ere .

more often however used with some , ,


Formulas
fibrous material to give it greater stren gth .
( 1 ) Li me and b oiled oil to sti ff mass .

Asbestos is the m ost com monly used (2 ) Clay etc b oiled oil to sti ff
,
.
,

material of these as it will stand a high ,


mass .

temperature When that is not s o i m .

V Asph alt a n d Pitch - T hes e sub


portant straw pl ush tri mmi ngs hair
, , , ,
.

sta nces are use d i n lutes s omewhat inter


.

etc are used as binders whil e broken


.
, ,
cha ngeably As a rule pitch makes the
stone glass and vari ous mi neral sub
.
,
, ,
stron er l utes T a r is s om eti mes used
stances are used as fillers but they d o
.
,
,
but e ca use of the light oils a nd fr e
not add anything t o the strength .
,

quently water contain ed it is not so


,

T hese l utes seem to be pa r ti c ul a r l y sui t


, ,

able for oil va pors a nd hydrocarb on good as either of the others .

As halt diss ol ved i n ben z ol is very


gases .

nsefu for uniti ng gl ass for ph otographic


Formulas : microscopical an d other uses Als o .
,

( 1 ) Plaster a nd water .
for co a ti n wood concrete etc where , , .
,

(2 ) Plaster ( wet ) a nd asbestos .


the m elte asphalt woul d be too thi ck
( 3 ) Plaster ( wet ) an d stra w .
to c over well Benz ol is the cheapest
.

(4 ) Plaster ( wet ) and pl us h tri m s ol vent that is satisfactory for this pur
mi ngs .
pose as the only one that is cheaper
,

(5 ) Plaster ( wet ) a nd hair .


woul d be a petrole um na phtha which ,

( 6) Plaster (w e t ) an d broken stone , d oes not dissol ve all the constitue nts of
etc .
the as phalt For waterproofing wood
.
,

11 Hyd rauli c Ce me nt
. C ement is . brick concrete etc
, melted as phalt
, .
,

used either al one or with sand asbestos , , al one is m uch used but when a little ,

etc T hese l utes are s uita bl e for nitric


. para ffi ne is a dded it i m proves its water
acid When used with s ubsta nces s uc h
,

roofing qualities a nd in particular cases


poile d oil i s als o a dded to advantage
.
,

as rosi n or sul ph ur ce ment is r o ba bl y , .

empl oyed because it is i n s uc a fine Form ulas :


state of divisi on and used as a filler and 1 Refined lake as phalt
. .

not because of a ny powers of setting by


2 Asphalt 4 parts
hydration
.

Pa r a fli n e 1 part
.

Formulas :
3 Asphalt 1 0 parts
( l ) Cem ent — neat .
.

Pa r a ffi n e 2 parts
( 2 ) Cement and asbestos .

(3 ) Cement a n d sa nd .
B oiled oil 1 part

III Clay — T his m ost fre quentl y e n


. .
Any of these may be thi nned with hot
ters into the compositi on of l utes as a benz ol or tol uol T ol uol is l ess volatil e
.

filler but even the n the very finely divi d


,
than benz ol and about as chea p if not ,

ed conditi on o f certai n grades renders cheaper the stra w -col ored grades being
,

it val uable as it i ves b ody to a li quid ab out 2 4: cents per gall on .

such as linseed o il which u nless sti ff


, ,

, ,
Exa m ples of s o called stone cem ent -

ened woul d be pervi ous to a gas the


, ,
are :
clay i n all cases bei ng neutral T hus .
,
8 parts
for l uting pi pes carryi ng chl ori ne a stiff ,
6 parts
paste of clay and m olasses has been sug l pa r t
ested by T heo K ell er i n D i e S ur r oga te
gut i t s oon gives way
. ,

. 5 . parts 8
Formul as : Rosin parts 7
( 1 ) Clay a nd li nseed oil . parts 2
(2 ) S ame usi ng fire clay ,
. S tone powder part 1
(3 ) Clay a nd m olasses .
T hese com positions are used to unite
( 1 ) I s suita ble for steam etc ; ( 2) for , .
slate slabs and stoneware for dom estic ,

chlori ne and (3 ) for oil va pors


,
.
engi neeri ng and chemical purposes Va
, .

IV Li me is used i n the ol d l ute known


. r i o u s rosin and pitch mixtures are u sed

as utt y which consists of caustic lim e


, for thes e pur poses and the proporti ons ,

an linseed oil Freq uentl y the li me is . of thes e two i ngredients are deter mi ned
replaced by chal k a nd china clay b ut , by the consistency desi red S ul phur and .

the lime s houl d be i n part at l east caus , , stone powder are added to prevent th e
tic s o as to form a certain am ount of
, formati on of cracks sul hur acti ng chem ,

l ime soa p Li me is a ls o use d in s ilicate


. i ca l l y a nd s tone po w e r mecha n icall y .
34 A D H ES I VES

Where the l ute woul d come i n c ontact i n l utes b ut its price makes i ts
sti t u e n t ,

with acid or vapors of the same li me , use very li mited .

stone s houl d not be the powder used ,


L eather Ce me nt
ot h erwise it is a bout the bes t Wa x is a
.

1 As phalt
useful i ngredient to kee p the c om posi .

Rosi n
tion fro m getti ng brittle W i th age
G utta percha
.

A class of l utes under this general


grou i n that are m uch used are so Carbon dis ul phi de .

calle g ”
mari ne gl ues ( q T hey .
T o stand acid v apors :
m ust be tough and e lastic When used . 2 Rub ber
. 1 part
for calking on a vessel they m ust expand Li nseed oil 3 p a rts
a nd contract with the tem perature a nd Fire clay 3 parts
n ot crac k or come l oose .
3 Plai n R ubber Ce me n t — C ut the
.

Form ulas : crude rubber i n s mall pieces a nd then


6 Pitch . 3 pa rts ad d the s ol vent Carb on dis ul phide is
.

S hellac 2 parts the best benz ol good a nd m uc h cheaper


, ,

Pure crude rubber 1 part but gasol ine is ) r o ba bl y m ost extensively


7 Pitch 1 part used becaus e o fi ts chea pness .

make corks a nd wood i m


.

l pa r t 4 To
.

R ubber
s ubstitute 1 part p ervious to steam a nd water soak them ,

i n a rubber s ol uti on as a bove ; if it is


T hese a re used by melti ng over a desired to protect the m from oil va pors
burner use gl ue c om positi on
,

( S e e S ecti on I X )
.

. .

VI R osin , S h ellac , a n d Wa x
. A .

strong cement used as a stone cement


, ,
VIII Li nsee d Oi l — T his is one of the
. .

i s:
most ge nerally useful s ubstan ces we have
1 8 parts for l uti ng purposes if a bs orbe d by a por ,

ous s u bsta nce that is i nert


.

T urpe n tine part 1


Formulas : 1 Chi na clay of general .

utility for a que ous va pors .

It has little or no body a nd is used i n ,


Li nseed 0 1 1 of general utility for aque
thi n layers .
o us va ors
For nitri c a nd hydrochl ori c acid p .

2 L i me
. forming the well - known
va pors : putty .

2 Rosin . 1 pa rt Linseed oil formi ng the well - known


l pa r t putty .

Fire clay 2 parts 3 Re d or white l ea d a nd li nseed oil


.
.

S ul phur gi ves great hard ness an d T hese mixtures become very strong
permane ncy to rosi n l utes but this com when set a nd are best dil uted with o w
positi on is s omewhat brittle
,

. dered glass clay or gra phite T h er e


,
P , .

G ood waterproof l utes of this class are al m ost a n endl ess num ber of lutes
are : usi ng metallic oxid es a n d li nsee d oil A .

3 Rosin . 1 part very good one n ot getti ng as hard as,

those containi ng lead is : ,

Powdered stone 2 parts 4 O xide of i ron a nd li nseed o il


.
.

5 parts IX Casein Albume n , a n d Gl ue


.
,
l pa r t T hese i f properly m a de bec ome very
, ,
T ur
cutine 1 part tough a nd te nacious ; they sta nd moder
C ha k etc 8 to , . . 1 0 parts ate heat a nd oil va pors but not acid ,

For a s oft air-tight paste for grou nd vapors .

glass s urfaces :
5 l pa r t
.

i
1 F nel y powdered case
.
12 arts
l pa r t S laked li me 50 arts g
6A stron ce ment without body
.

for metals (o t er tha n copper or all oys


of sa me ) porcelai n a nd glass is made by
, ,
, ,
Fi ne
Water to thick u sh
5 0 parts

very strong cement which sta nds


m .

l etti ng 1 art of finely powdered s hellac m oderate heat i s the foll owing
stand wit 1 0 parts of a m m onia water 2 Casei n i n very fine
.

until sol uti on is e ff ected .


Beca use of its toughness ,
Rubbed u p with sili
elasti c i ty a nd resista nce t o alterative
,
cate of soda 3 parts
i n fluen ces , r ubbe r is a very use f ul co n A stron g l ute for general purposes ,
36 AD H ES I VES

II —D iss ol ve in hot water a su fficient


.
s ufficient size a nd warm until it becomes
q ua ntity of dextrine to bring it to the li quid a nd if necessary or a dvi sa ble th i n
consistency of honey T his forms a . Wi th water .

stro n g a dhesi ve paste that will keep a I X —S tir up 1 0 parts of dextr i ne Wi th


.

l ong ti me uncha nged if the water is not ,


s ufficient water to make a thick broth .

allowed to evaporate S heets of paper . T hen over a light fire heat a nd ad d 2 5


, .

may be prepared for extempore labels parts of sodi um water glass .

by coati n g one side with the paste an d X — D iss ol ve 5 parts of dextri ne 1 11


.

all owing I t to dry ; by slightly wetting water a nd add 1 part of al um .

the gum med si de the la bel Wl l l a dhere ,


Faste ni ng Cor k to M eta 1 — I n fasten .

to glass T his paste is very useful i n the


.
i ng cork to iron a nd brass even when ,
o ffi ce or laboratory .

these are lacquered a good seali ng wax ,


III — Pour over
. parts of dextri ne containi ng sh ella c will be fou nd to serv e
4 50 parts of s of t water and stir the mix the purpose nicely Wa x prepared with
.

ture for 1 0 minutes After the dextrine .


rosi n is not s uita ble T h e cork s urface.

h a s a bs orbed the water put the mixture ,


is pai nted with the melted s eali ng wax .

over the fire or prefera bly on a water , , ,


T h e s urface of the m etal is heated with
bath a nd heat with lively stirring for
, ,
a s pirit fla m e entirely free from s oot ,
5 mi nutes or until it forms a light mil k
,
u nti l the se a li n wa x melts whe n pressed
like liquid on the s urface of which lit
,
upon the meta lic surface T h e wax is .

tle bubbles begin to form a nd the liqui d held i n the fla me until it burns a n d it is
is a p a r e n t l y beginning to boil Do .

then a pplied to the hot s urface of the


,

not al ow it to come to a boil Re m etal T h e cork surface pai nted with


.

move from the fire a nd set in a bucket


.

sealing wa x is n o w hel d i n the fla me and


of cold water to cool o ff When col d .
as s oon as the wa x begi ns to mel t the
,

a dd to every parts of the s ol ution cork is pressed firmly on the m etalli c s ur


51 arts glyceri ne and as much salicylic face beari ng the wa x
aci as W l l l stand on the tip of a knife
.

blade If the s ol uti on is too thick thi n


.
,
To Paste Cel luloi d o n Woo d , Ti n , or
it with water that has been boiled an d Leath er — T o attach cell ul oi d to wood
. ,

coole d o ff again D o not add any more . ti n or leather a mixt ure of 1 part of
, ,

glyceri ne or the s ol ution will never set . s hellac 1 part of s pi rit of ca m ph or 3 to


, ,

I V — S often 1 7 5 parts of thick dex


. 4 parts of alcohol and spirit of camphor
tri n e wit h col d water and 2 5 0 parts of is well a da pted i n which 1 part of ca m
,

boiling water added Boil for 5 minutes . phor is diss olved without heati ng i n 7
a nd then a dd 3 0 parts of dil ute acet i c parts of s irit of wi ne of s pecific
acid 3 0 parts glycerine and a drop o r
, , gravity a di ng 2 parts of water
, .
r

t wo of cl ove oil
To Paste Paper S igns o n M et a l or
.

V — Powder coarsely 4 0 0 parts dex


.

tri ne and diss ol ve i n 6 00 parts of water Cloth — A piece of gutta percha of the
.

Ad d 2 0 parts glyceri ne a nd 1 0 parts gl u


.

sa me size as the labe l is lai d u nd er t h e


cose a nd heat to 9 0 C ( 1 95 ° ° l atter a nd the whol e is heated If the .

heating ca nnot be accom plis hed by means


.

VI — S tir 4 0 0 parts of dextrine with


.

of a s pirit l a m p t h e l a bel s h oul d be i roned


w ater a nd thin the mass with 200 parts
m ore water 2 0 parts glucose a nd 1 0 down under a protecti ve cl oth or a per
parts al uminum s ul phate
,

Heat the
,
i n t h e sa me ma nner as woole n goo s are
ressed T his method is als o very use
.

who l e to 90 C ( 1 9 5 F ) i n the water p


° ° .

u l for attachi ng pa per la bels to mi nerals


. .

bath u nti l the W hole mass becomes clear


.

a nd liquid . Paste for Fasteni n g Leather , O il cloth ,


VII — Warm 2 parts of dextri ne 5
.
, or S im i lar S tu ff to Table or D esk Tops ,
parts of water 1 part of acetic acid 1 . , e tc — Use the sa me paste for l eather as
.

part of alcohol together with occasional , for oilcl oth or other goods but moisten ,

s ti rri ng u nti l com plete s ol ution is a t


a the l eather before applying t he paste .

ta i n e d . Prepare the paste as foll ows : hi m 2 }


VIII .
— D issolve
by the aid of heat 1 0 0 pounds of good wheat fl our with 2

parts of b uil ders gl ue i n 2 0 0 parts of ta bles poonfuls of pul verized gu m ara


wate r add 2 parts of bleached shellac bi c or powdered rosi n a nd 2 ta bl e
dissol ved previously in 50 parts of alcohol . s poonfuls o f pul verized al u m i n a cl ea n
D issolve by the aid of hea t 50 parts of dex d i s h with water enough to make a u ni
trine m 50 a rts o f water a nd mi x the two formly thi ck batter ; set it over sl ow
s ol utions b
, a

y stirri n g the second sl owly fire a nd sti r conti nuously until t h e aste
i nt o the first S train the mixture t h ro u gh
. is u niform a nd free from l u m ps hen .

a cl ot h into a shall ow dish and let it the mass has become s o stout that the
ha rd en Whe n nee de d cut o ff a piece of
. w ooden spoon or s ti ck wil l sta n d i n i t
A D H ESI VES 37

u right it is ta ken from the fire a nd


, Pa ste That Wi l l No t Mol d — M i x o o d .

p aced i n another dish and covered s o white flour with col d water i nto a t ic k
that no ski n will form on top Whe n . paste . Be s ure to stir out all the l u m ps ;
cold the tabl e or desk top etc is
, , .
, the n ad d boili ng water stirri ng all th e ,

covered with a thi n coat of the paste the , time u ntil thoroughly cooked To 6 .

cl oth etc carefully l aid on a nd sm oothed


,
.
, quarts of this ad d J; pound light brown
from the ce nter toward the edges with s ugar a nd ounce corrosi ve s ubli mate ,

a rolli n pin T h e tri mmi ng of ed es is . diss ol ved i n a littl e h ot water When the .

a cc o mp i s h e d when the paste has ri e d . aste is cool add 1 drach m oil of l avender .

T o s mooth out the l eather after pasting a , his paste will keep for a l ong ti me .

wool e n cl oth is of the best service .

Pastin g Woo d a n d Car d boa rd o n


To Paste Paper o n S mooth Ir on . M eta l — I n a littl e water diss ol ve 5 0 parts
.

O ver a water bath diss ol ve 2 00 parts by , of l ead acetate a nd 5 parts of al um I n .

weight of gelati ne i n 1 50 parts by weight


, , , a nother receptacl e diss ol ve 7 5 parts of
of water ; whil e stirri n g a dd 5 0 parts by , um ara bic i n arts of water .

weight of acetic a ci d 50 parts al co


, , nto this um arabic s o ut i o n pour 5 00
-

hol a nd 50 parts by weight of pul ver


, , , arts of our stirri ng consta ntly a nd
, ,

i z e d al um T h e s pot upon which it is


.
eat grad ually to the boiling oi nt .

desired to attach the aper m ust first M ingle the s ol ution first re pare with
be rubbed with a bit of n e emery paper .
the second s ol uti on I t s oul d be kept .

Paste for Af fi xi n g Cloth to Metal .


i n mind that owi ng to the l ea d acetate
, ,

this preparation is poisonous .

2 0 parts
S ugar .1 0 parts Agar Agar Paste — T h e a gar agar is .

Zi nc chl oride 1 part .


broken up s mall wetted with water an d , ,

1 0 0 parts expos ed i n a n earthenwa re vessel to the a o


tion of ozone pumped u nder press ure into
M i x the i ngredients a nd stir until a the vessel from the o z o n i z i n a pparatus
e r f ec tl y s mooth liq uid res ults entirely
. .

flee from l umps then warm gradually ,


About a n h our of this bl e a c es the agar
agar and makes it freely s ol ubl e i n boil
until the li qui d thickens
ing water when s ol uti ons far m ore con
.

To Fi x Paper upo n Polis h e d M etal . ce n t r a t e d than has hitherto been o ssi bl e

D issol ve 4 0 0 parts by weight of dextri ne , , ca n be prepared O n cooli ng t e sol u


.
,

i n 600 parts by weight of water ; add , , ti ons assume milky a ppeara nce b ut
a ,

to this 1 0 arts by weight of gl ucose , , , form no l umps a nd are readily reliq ue


and heat a most to b oiling . fi e d by heati ng If the sol ution is com
.

Al bume n Paste — Fres h egg al bume n .


pl et el y eva porated as of course ha ppens ,

is recom mended as a paste for a ffi xi ng when the a dhesi ve is all owed to dry after
labels on b ottles It is sai d that labels .
use it lea ves a firmly hol di ng mass whic h
,

put on with t hi s s ubsta nce and well is i nsol ubl e i n col d water Am ong the .

dried at the ti me will not l oosen even uses t o which the preparati on ca n be
when bottl es are put i nto water a nd l eft
,
applied are the d r e ss mg of textile fa brics
there for some time Alb umen d ry is .
,
a nd paper sizing a nd the production of ,
,

al most proof agai nst mol d or ferments .


photographic pa pers as well as the o r ,

As to cost it is but littl e if any higher d i n a r y uses of a n a dhesi ve .

than gum arabi c the white of one egg , S tro ngl y A dh esi ve Paste — Four pa rts .

bein g s u ffi cient to attac h at least 1 00 gl ue are s oaked a few hours i n 1 5 arts


medi um -sized l abels . cold water and moderately beate till
,

Past e fo r Parch me nt Paper - T h e best .


the s ol ution becomes perfectly cl e a r ,

agent is made by d i ss o l v mg casein i n a when 6 5 parts boili ng water a re a dded ,

saturated aq ueous s ol uti on of b orax .


while stirring I n an other vessel 3 0
.

parts boil ed starch are previ ously stirre d


Me d ical Paste — As an adhesive age nt .
together with 2 0 parts col d water s o ,
for medici nal purposes Professor Reihl , that a thin milky liquid without l um ps
,
of L eipsic recommends the viscous s ub
, results . T h e b oiling gl ue sol ution is
stance contai ned i n the white mistletoe .
poured in t o this while sti rring consta ntly ,
I t is largely present i n the b erries a nd and the whole is kept boiling a nother 1 0
the bark of the pla nt ; it is called visci n , minutes
and ca n be produced at one tenth the -

price of caoutchouc S ol utions i n ben .


Paste for Ti ssue Paper .

zine may be used like th ose of ca o ut (a ) Pul verized gum ara


chouc without causi ng any irritati on if bic
applied mixed with medici nal remedies White s ugar .

to the s kin . B oiling water .


38 A D H ES I VES

( b)C omm on l aundry acid a ppl y heat with c onstant sti rri n g
,

starch 1 bounces until the mixture thickens ; when nea rly


C ol d water 3 fl ui d o un ce s cold ad d the oil of cl oves T h i s pa ste .

M ake into a batter an d pour into will ha ve a pleasant smell will n ot attract ,

Boiling water 3 2 fl ui d o u n c e s flies a nd can be thinned by th e a dd i ti on


,

M i x (a ) with (b) a n d keep i n a wide ,


of cold water a s needed .

mouthed b ottle II — D issol ve 4 ounces al u m i n 4


.

Whe n cool add as


.

quarts hot water


Waterproof a n d Aci d proof Pastes
.

.
m uch flour as will make it of the us ual
I — C hromi c acid
. 2 } parts consistency ; then sti r i nto it } ounce a

S tronger ammonia 1 5 parts owdered rosi n ; next add a littl e w a ter


p
.

S ul phuric aci d } part 1


in which d ozen cl oves have been
a

C uprammonium s o steeped ; then boil it u ntil thick as m us h ,


l uti o n stirring from the b ottom a l l the ti me
Fine white pap er
. .

.
T hi n with warm water for use .

II — I si nglass
. s uf fi cient
, a
Pre se r vati ves f or Paste — Vari ous a n .

quantity t i se pti cs are em pl oyed for the preserva


Acetic aci d 1 part
.

ti on of fl our paste m ucil age etc B oric


Water
.

7 parts
, ,
.

a nd salicyli c acids oil of cl oves oil of , ,

D issol ve s u fficient isi ngl ass in the mix sassafras a nd s ol uti on of formal dehyde
,

ture of acetic aci d a nd water to make a are a mong those whi ch ha ve given best
thi n mucilage .
service A dura bl e starch paste is pro
.

O n e of the s ol utions is applied to the d u ce d by a ddi n g s om e b ora x to the


s urface of one sheet of pa er a nd the other water used i n maki ng it A paste from .

to the other s heet a n they are then , 1 0 parts ( weight ) starch to 100 parts
pressed together .

( weight ) water with 1 per cent borax


I II — A fair knotti ng varnish free
.
a dded will kee p ma n y weeks while wi th ,

from sur l us oil is by far the best a dhe 0 ut this additi on it will s our a fte r si x
sive for fiit i n g labels es pecially on metal , days I n the cas e of a glui ng m aterial
.
'

s urfaces It dries i nstantly insuri ng


.
, prepared from starch paste an d j oiners ’

a s peedy j ob an d i mmediate packi ng if , gl ue b or ax has als o de monstrated its pr e


,

needful without fear of derangement


, .
servi ng qualities T h e s ol uti on i s made .

I t has reat te nacity a nd is not only , by mixing 1 0 parts ( weight ) starch i nto
a bs olute y da m p proof itself but is actu~
, a paste with water a nd ad di ng 1 0 parts
ally re pellent o f m oisture to which all ,
( weight ) gl ue s oa ked i n water to the hot
water pastes are su bject It costs m ore s ol uti on ; the a dditi on of fl, art ( weight )
of bora x to the s ol uti on will ca use it to
.
,

but the ad diti onal expense is often i n fi n i


t e si ma l com pared with the pl e as ure o f a keep for weeks It is equal to the best
.

satisfactory result l ue but s houl d be warme d a n d stirred


gef o r e use
.

Bal k an Paste .
.

Pal e gl ue Boar d -S iz i n g A cheap sizing for


White l oaf suga r
.

rou h weath er -beaten b oa rds may be


ma g
,

Powdered starc h e by diss olvi ng s hellac i n sal sod a


White d ex trine . a nd a ddi ng s om e heavy-bodie d pigment .

Pure glyceri ne T his size will stick to grease s pots Lin .

Carbolic aci d ounce . seed oil ma y be ad ded if desire d Lime .

Boiling w a ter 3 2 ounces water an d l i nseed oil make a good heavy


Cut up the gl ue and steep it i n a} pin t S i z i ng b ut hard to s rea d
, T hey are .

boili ng water ; when softened melt i n a us ually used half a nd alf th ough thes e

,

sa ucepa n ; a dd sugar starch and dex , , proporti ons may be varied s omewha t
trine a nd lastly the glyceri ne in which
, ,
R i ce Paste —M i x the rice fl ou r with
carb olic aci d has been mixed ; add r e .

col d W ater a nd boil it over a ge ntle fir e


ma i n d e r of water and b oil until it thick ,
.

unti l it thickens
,

T his paste is q uit e


e ns Pour i nto jars or bottles
.

. .

wh i te and bec om es tra ns parent on d r y


Permane n t Paste . ing I t is very a dherent and of great Use
.

1 — Wheat flour
.
~
1 pound
for ma ny purposes .

Water col d
.

, 1 uart Ca sein Pa ste —A s ol uti on of ta nni n


4 ui d r a chms
.

prepared from a bark or from c o mm er


,
N itric a ci d .

Bori c aci d 4 0 grai ns C l a l tan n i n is preci pi tated with li me


,

O i l of cl oves 2 0 mini ms water the li me bei ng a d ded until th e


,

M i x the flour b oric acid an d water , , , s ol uti on j ust turns red lit mus pa er bl ue .

t he n strain t he mi xture ; a dd t h e n i tr i c T h e su pernatant li quid i s then e e a n te d .


A D H ES IVES 59

and the preci ita te is d ried w ith out a rti N o w stir i n ( a ) a nd necess a ry (c) a nd, if ,

fi ci a l heat he res ulting calci um tan


. contin ue boili ng unti l the paste thi cke n s
nate is then mi xed according to the pur , into a semitrans parent m ucilag e afte r ,

pose for which the a d he sive is i nte n ded which stir i n s ol uti o n (b) T h e a bove .

ma k es a very fine paste for w a ll pa per


,

with from 1 to 1 0 ti mes its weight of d r y .

casei n by gri nding i n a mill The a d


V Elastic or Pl iable Paste
.

h esi ve c om pound is s ol ubl e i n water ,
. .

etrol eum oils an d car bon bis ul phide ( a ) 4 ounces comm on starch
p
, , .

t is very stron g a nd is a pplied i n th e ,


2 ounces white dextrine
form of a paste with water .
1 0 fl u i dou nces c ol d water
(b) 1 ounce borax
PAS TES F OR
PAPERHANG ERS .
3 fl ui d o u n c e s glycerine
64 fl u i d o u n ces ( 5 gallon ) boiling
I — Us e a chea p rade of rye or w h eat
flour mix th o r o ughi y with col d water to water
.

about the c onsist e ncy of dough or a little ,


Beat to a batter th e i ngredients of ( a ) .

thinner being careful to remove all


,
D issolve the b orax i n the boili ng water ;
l umps ; s tir i n a ta bles o o n f ul of pow then ad d the glycerine after which pour ,

dered al um to a q uart o fl our then our ,


(a ) i nto s ol ution (b) S tir until it becomes .

i n boili ng water stirring ra pidly unti the


,
transl ucent T his paste will not crack
.
,

flour is thoroug h ly coo k ed Let this cool a nd being very pliable is us ed for pa per , ,

before usi ng a nd thi n with col d water


, .
cl ot l eather a n d other material where
,

flexibility is re quired .

1 1 — Ven e ti a n Paste
. .
VI — A paste with which w all pa per
.

(a ) 4 ounces white or fi s h gl ue Ca n be a ttached to wood or mas o n ry


ad hering to it fi r mly i n s pite of d a mp
,
8 fl ui d o u n c e s col d water
( b) 2 fi ui d o u n ce s Venice tu r pentine ness is r e pa r e d as usual of rye flour to
,
.
, , ,

(c) 1 o u n d rye fl our which o w e v e r a r e added aft er the boil


, , ,
1 6 ui d o u n ces ( 1 pi nt ) c ol d w ater i n g S Qparts by Wei ght of goo d linseed
o i f varnish a nd 8 5 p a rts
, , ,

(d ) 64 fl ui d o u n c es (i gall on ) boili n g by wei ght of »


, ,
water turpenti ne to every 500 parts by weight , .

S oak the 4 ounces of In c in the col d


water for 4 hours ; disso ve on a wat e r VI I — Pa ste for Wall Paper — S oak 18
. .

bath (gl ue pot ) a nd whil e hot stir in the


,
ound s of bol us ( b ole ) i n water after it ,

Venice tur e n ti n e M a ke up (c) into a .


as been beaten i nto s m a ll fra gments ,

batter free rom l um s a n d pour into an d pour off t h e s u pernata nt wa ter .

S tir briskly a n d fi n a l y a d d the gl ue s o


,
B oil 1 0 o unces of gl ue i n t o gl u e water ,

l uti o n T his makes a very strong paste ,


'

.
mi x it well with th e so ft en e d b ol us a n d
a nd it will a dhere to a painted s urface 2 pounds plaster of Paris and st r ai n
,

owing to the Venice turpenti ne i n its through a sieve by mea ns of a bru sh .

com p osition .
T hi n t h e mass with water to the consist
ency o f a thi n paste Th e paste is now .

I I I — S tro n g
. Adh es i ve Paste .
ready fo r use It is no t only much .

( a ) 4 pou n de r fl o ur
e cheaper tha n other vari eti es but has the ,

5 gall on co ( 1 w ater advantage over t hem of ad heri ng better


( b) 1 ) gal l ons boilin g water to whitewashed walls a nd es e ci a ll y ,

(0 ) 2 oun ces pul veri zed rosi n such as h ave been repeatedly coa e d over
M ake ( a ) i nto a batter free from l um ps ; the ol d coati ngs whi ch were not thor
then pour into (b) B oil if necessary , and
.
oughl y r e m oved For ha n gi n g fi n é wall
pa pe r this paste is l ess co mmendable
.

while hot stir i n t he pulver i zed r osi n a


a s i t for m
,
little at a ti me T his paste is exceed .
s a w hi te col o r with which ,
i n gl y strong and will stick heavy wall

, the pape r might easil y bec ome s oil ed if


paper or thi n l eather I f the pa ste be
gr eat care is not exercised i n a ppl yin g
.

too thic k thi n with a l i ttle hot water ;


, it. I f the fi n e wall paper is m ou n ted on
never thi n paste with col d water .
gr ound paper h owever it ca n be t ec e m
, ,

I V —Fl o ur Pa ste
.
'

.
mended for pasti ng the groun d pa per o n
( a ) 2 pou n ds wheat flou r
the wall .

3 2 fl u id o un ce s ( 1 quart ) col d wate r


(b) 1 ounce alu m LABEL PASTES
4 fi n i d o u n ce s hot wate r Pastes to A fii x La bel s to Ti m— L a bel s
(0) 96 fl uid ounces ( 5 gall o n ) boili n g sepa r a te from ti n because th e pa st e be a

water C omes too dry S o me m oistu r e i s pr e“


Work the wh eat fl our i n t o a batter free
.

suma bly al w a ys present ; but more i s


f rom l um ps with the cold wate r D i s~ . r equi red to ca use conti n ued a d hesion i n t h e
ol v e th e al u m as desi gnated i n (b) . case of ti n than where the contai ne r i s of
40 AD H ES I VES

glass Paste may be kept moist by the


.
VII — G u m arabic 50 parts ; gl y c e r :
. ,

a ddition of calciu m c hl ori de which is ,


i ne 1 0 parts ; water 30 parts ; l i q S tl bl l
, ,
.

stro ngly h ygr o sc o i c or of glyceri ne , . c h l orat 2 parts .


,
.

T h e foll owi ng o r mul a s for pastes of VIII — B oil rye flour a nd strong gl ue
.

the ty pe i ndicated we re proposed by L eo water i nto a mass to whic h are a d de d fo r ,

Eliel : pa r ts o o d li ns eed-oil varni s h 3 0


,

I —T ragaca nth
arts a nd 0 1 of turpentine 3 0 pa rts
i bis mi xture furnis hes a gl ui n agent
F
.

.

Acacia
which it is clai m ed eve n re n ers the
.

, ,

G lyceri ne .
label s proof agai nst being l oosened by
Water s u fficient to
,
m oisture .

IX — Pour 140 pa rts of distilled cold


make 2 pi nts .

water over 1 00 parts of gum ara bi c i n a


.

D iss ol ve the gums i n 1 pi nt of water ,


wide necked bottl e a nd diss ol ve by f r e
-

strai n a nd a dd the i n which


the thym ol is su spe n ( g
i
, ,
q uent shaking T o the s oluti on which . ,
ed ; sha
l ycer neke well a n d . is ready after standin g for ab out 3 days ,
a dd s ufficient wate r to ma ke 2 p i nts .
ad d 1 0 parts of glyceri ne ; l ater 2 0 parts of ,
T his separates on standi n but a si ngl e
s hake mi xes it su fficiently g
,
dil uted aceti c acid a nd finally 6 parts of ,
or use .
al uminu m s ul hate then s tr ai ning it ,

II -Rye flour
. 8 ounces through a fi n e ai r sieve .

Powdered acacia 1 ounce .


X — G ood gl ue is sai d to be obtained
.

G] 2 0 unces by dissol vin g 1 part of powdered sugar


O i of cl oves 4 0 drops i n 4 pa rts of s oda water glass .

B ub the rye fl our and acacia to a. XI — A gl ue for b ottl e labels is pre


.

s m ooth as te with 8 ounces of col d water ; pared by di ssol vi n borax i n water ;


strai n through chees e cl oth a nd pour , s oa k gl ue i n thi s s o uti o n an d diss ol ve
i nto 1 pint bf b oili ng water a nd cont i nue , th e 11 0 by boilin g1
Carefull y d rop as .

the heat u ntil as thic k as desired When . m uc aceti c a ci d into the s ol uti on as
nearly col d add the glyceri ne and oil of will all ow it t o remai n thi n on cooli ng .

cl oves . L abel s a ffi xe d with this a gent a dhere


I I I — Rye flour
. 5 parts . .
firmly and d o not becom e m ol dy i n da mp
Venice turpen ti ne 1 part .
cellars .

Li qui d gl ue 8 s ufficient quantity , .


XII — D issol ve s om e l sI D gl a S S i n aceti c
.

Ru b u p th e flour with the turpenti ne


acid an d brus h the l a bels over w ith it .

T here will be n o cause t o com pl ai n


a nd then a dd s uffici ent fres hly prepare d
gl ue l ue or gelatine diss ol ved i n water of their comin g o ff n or of stri king ,

t o ma e a sti ff paste T his paste dries .


throu h the pa er T ake a wide .

sl owly .
m out ed b ottl e 5 ab out two-thirds with ,

commercial a ceti c acid an d put i n as much ,

I V -D extrine
. 2 parts .
isi nglass as the li qui d will h ol d and set ,

Aceti c aci d 1 pa r t .
a s1 d e in a w a rm place until com pl etel y
Water 5 pa rts diss ol ved When col d it sh oul d form a
.

Al cohol 95 per cent 1 part


,
Jelly . T o use it l ac e th e b ottl e i n h ot
D iss ol ve the d extrine and acetic aci d water T h e c or s h oul d b e well -fi t
.

i n water by h e a ti n together i n the water ti ng a nd s meare d with vas eline or m elted


bath a nd to the s o uti o n add the alcohol
, .
pa r a fi n e.

V — D extri ne
. 3 pounds Ho w to Pa ste Label s Brush on Ti m—
2 ounces over the entire back of the la bel w ith a
5 drachms fl our paste fol d th e l a bel l oosely by
Water
,
3 pi nts 2 ounces
. .
sticking both ends together with out
D issol ve th e b ora x in the w ater by creasing the center a nd throw t o one ,

w armi ng then a dd the dext ri ne a nd gl u


, si de u nti l this process has been gone
cose a n d conti nue to heat gently u ntil
, throu h w i th the whole l ot T h en unf ol d .

diss ol ved . each ab el a nd place it on th e ca n in the


Another variety is made by diss ol vi ng re ular manner T h e paste ought n ot .

a chea G hatti gum i n li mewater but it , to e thicker tha n ma pl e syru p When .

kee s a dly . of this consistency it s oa ks throu gh th e


I -Ad d tar a ric acid to thic k flour
. t label and ma kes it plia bl e a n d i n a c on
paste T h e paste is t o be boiled until
. d i ti on to be easily rubbed i nt o p osi ti on .

quite thick a nd the aci d previ ously dis


, , I f th e paste i s too thi ck it d ries quic k ly ,
sol ved i n a littl e water is added the pro , , a nd d oes n ot s oa k throu gh the l a bel suf
porti on bei ng ab out 2 ou nces to the pi nt fi ci e n tl y After the l abels have b ee n
.

of paste . placed u pon the cans the latter must be


A D H E S I VES 41

kept a part u ntil dry I n putting the . O nly col d Water must be used a nd be ,

aste upon the labels i n the first pl ace fore usi n g the mucilage all w hitish
p
, ,

o ll o w the method of placi ng the dry l u mps (wh i ch are pa rticles of u ndiss ol ved
labels over one a nother back sides u p , ,
gum ) s houl d be pi cked out or else th e
with the ed e of each j ust protruding over m ucilage strai ned T h e ti me of s ol uti on
.

the edge 0 the one beneath it s o that , ca n be consi dera bly s h ortened ( to a fe w
the fingers may easily gras p the la bel hours ) by acidifyi ng th e water i n whi ch
after the pasting has been d one . the gum is pla ced with a littl e s ul phuri c
D ru ggi sts ’ Label Paste — T his aste or oxalic ac i d ; b ut as the res ulta nt muci
when car e fully ma de is a n a d mi r a b e one
. .
,
l age woul d c ontai n traces of their pres
for label use a nd a very littl e will go a
,
ence such a ci ds are n ot per missibl e
,

l ong way :
,
when the gu m dragon m ucil a ge is to be
-

used for m ounti ng photo r a ph s


Wheat flour G lycerine a nd u m ara b
.

4 ounces .
i c m ake a very
Nitric aci d 1 drachm good adhesi ve 0 a flui d nature suited
Boric aci d 10 rains to mountin g h otogra phs ; a n d alth ough
O i l of cl oves 5 r o ps glyceri ne is p ygr o s c o pi c by itself s uch ,
Carb olic acid 5 drach m tendency to abs orb m oisture is checked
S tir flour and water together mixing , by the reverse nature of the gum a ra bi c ;
thoroughly and a dd the other ingre
, consequently a n ideal flui d m ucil a ge is
d i e n ts
. After the stu ff is well mixed , produced T h e pro o r ti o n s of the s ev
.

heat it watchi ng very carefully a nd r e


, eral i ngredients are t ese :
moving the instant i t sti fi e n s .
G u m arabic genuine ,

To Att a ch Glas s Labe ls to Bottles ( gum acacia n ot ,

Bass ora gu m)
.

M elt together 1 part of rosin and 2 parts .

of yell ow wax a nd use while warm , .


B oili ng water
G lyceri ne pure
Photo graphic M ounta nts (see also
, .

Photograph y ) — O wing to th e nature of First dis sol ve the u m i n the water ,

and then stir i n the g yc e r i n e a nd all ow


.

the diff erent pa pers used for pri nting a ll d ébr i s from the gu m to d eposit before
,

photographs i t i s matter of extreme


, a
usi ng T h e foll owin g adh e sive com
i mporta nce to use a m ountant that shall
.

not set up decom positi on i n the coating pou nd is als o one that i s free from ch em
i cal reacti ons a nd is s uited for photo
of the pri nt For exam pl e a m ountant
.
,
gra phi c purposes :
,

that exhi bits aci dity or al kalinity is i n


juri o n s with m ost va rieti es of pa l er ; a nd Water 2 pi nts
i n photography the foll owing fb r mul a s G u m dragon pow ,

for pastes mucilages etc have there


, , .
,
dered 0 0 0 0 1 ounce
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

fore been sel ected with regard to th ei r G u m a ra bic genui ne 4 ou n ces


,

abs ol ute i m munity from setting up de Glyceri ne . 4 ounces


compositi on i n the print or changi ng its M i x the gum arabic with half the w a
tone i n any way O n e of th e us ual .
ter and i n the remainder of the water
,
mountants is rice starch or else rice water .
diss ol ve the gum dragon When both .

T h e latter is b oil ed to a thi ck jell y , s oli ds are dissolved mix them together , ,
strai ned and th e strai ned mass used
, a nd the n stir i n the glyceri ne .

as an aggl uti nant for attachi ng photo T h e foll owi ng paste will be found a
gra hi c pri nts to the m ounts T here is useful mountant :
not p
.

ing of a n inj uri ous nature whatever


i n this m ountant neither is there in a G u m arabic genui ne 1 ou nce ,

mucilage made W i th gu m dragon Rice starch .1 ounce


White sugar o o o o o o o o 4 ounces
.

T his gum ( als o called gum traga


canth ) is usually i n the form of curls Water q s , . .

l eaf um ) whi ch take a l ong ti me


, D iss ol ve th e gum i n j ust su ffi cient
to roper y diss ol ve i n water — several water to c om pl etel y diss ol ve it th en add ,

wee s i n fact — b ut d uring the past few


,
the sugar a n d wh en t h at has c o mpl etel y
,

years there has been put on the market a d iss ol ved sti r i n th e starch paste a n d ,

powdered gu m dragon which d oes n ot then boil the mixture until th e starch is
occupy s o many days i n diss ol vin g T o . properly cooked .

ma ke a mucilage r o m gum dragon a A very strong sti ff paste for fastening


,

very l arge vol um e of water is required . card board m ounts t o fram es w ood a n d , ,

For exam pl e 1 ounce of the gum either


, , other materials is prepa re d by ma ki ng
l eaf or powder will s well u p and co n, a b owl of starch paste in th e u sual way ,

vert 1 gall on of water i nto a thi ckis h a nd then a ddi n g 1 o u nce of Ve n ice tur
mucila ge i n the cour se of 2 o r 3 wee ks .
p enti ne per
pound of paste and boi l , ,
42 A D HES I VE S

in g a nd stirring the mixture u n til t he the n all o w to cool a n d mi x i n the al co h ol , ,

th i c k t urpenti n e has beco me well i ncor ad di n a few dro of oil of cl ove s


Perha ps one o t he most us eful c om
.

orated Ve ni ce tur c uti ne stirred i nt o


flour paste a n d bo i l e w ill als o be foun d
.
.

pounds for pho tographic purposes i s that


a very a dhesive cement for fa ste n i n r e pa r e d as fo ll ows : S oa k 4 o unces of
card board stra wboard leatheret t e a n
, , , hard gel a tine i n 1 5 ounce s of wate r for a
ski v er leather to w ood or metal ; but few ho urs the n melt the gelat ine by
, .

o wing to the resi no us nature of the Venice heating it i n a gl ue pot until the s ol uti o n
t urpenti ne , s uch p a stes are not s uita bl e is quite clear an d free from l um ps sti r ,

for mounting ho to gr a phi c pri nts T h e i n 65 fi ui d o un ces of col d water s o that


foll owi ng ha lf doze n com pounds are
.

- it is free from lu mps a nd pour i n the ,

s uita ble mou n ta nts to use with sil ve r boiling hot s ol ution of gelati ne a nd con
-

pri n ts : ti n u e stirri ng and if the sta rc h is not ,

Al cohol a bs ol ute , 1 0 ounce s . com pl etely c ooked boil u the mi xture ,



G elati ne good , 1 ounce for a fe w mi nutes until it bl ows being ,

G lycerine } to 1 ounce
. . 1 careful to k ee p it well stirre d s o as n o t
S oa k the elati n e i n water for a n hour to burn ; whe n cold ad d few drops of
or two un tif it is c om ) l e t e l y softene d ;
a

ca rbolic aci d or som e ess e ntial oil as a n


take the gelati ne out o f the water a nd , antise ptic to pre vent the c om poun d from
all ow it to drai n a nd put it i nto a , d e composi n g or b ec omi ng sou r .

bottl e a nd pour al cohol over it ; add the A usef ul ho to ra ph i c m ucila ge which


is ve ry l iq uid:is o b
,

glycerine (i f the gelati ne is s oft use ,


ta i ne d by mi xmg equal
only 1} ounce ; if the gelati ne is har d use , b ul ks of gum ara bic a n d gu m d r a on - -

1 o unce of the glyceri ne ) then melt the muci l ages of the sa me consistence he .

mixture of these m ucilages will be con


,

gelati n e by sta ndi ng th e bottle i n a vessel


of hot w ater and sh ake up very well
, . s i d e r a bl y thinner tha n either of them
For use remelt by heat T h e alcohol
, . when al one .

prevents the pri nts from stretching or As a n aggl uti na nt for general use i n the
coc k l ing as they are a pt to under the
, , studio t he foll owi ng is recommen ded :
,

i nfluence of the gelatine .


Dissol ve 2 ounces of g um ara bi c i n 5
I n the fol l owing co mpound however , , o unces of wa ter a n d for e very 2 5 0
parts ,

only s u fficie nt alcohol is used to serve as of the mucila ge ad d 2 0 parts of a s ol u


a n a ntise ptic a nd prevent the a ggl ut i
, ti o n of s ul p hate of al um i nu m pre pared ,

nant from decom posing : D issolve 4 by diss o lvi ng 1 part of the s ul phate i n
ounces of photogra phic elati ne i n 1 6 2 0 parts of wa t er ( com m on al um s ho ul d
ounces of water ( first s oa ing t he gela n o t be used only the pure al u mi num ,

s ul phate be cause com m on al u m is a


.

ti n e therei n for a n h our or two un til it is


mixture of s ul phates a nd us ually con
,

complete ly s oftened ) then re move the ,

ta m
,

gelati n e from the water all ow it to drai n , , i n a te d with iron salts ) Th e addi .

a nd put it i nto the bottle a n d pour the , tion of t h e s ul pha te s ol uti on to t he


alcohol over it a nd put i n the glyceri ne u m muc il a ge renders the latter less
gygr o sc o i c a n d practically waterproof
,

(if the g e lati ne is s oft use only 5 ounce ; , , ,


if t he gelati ne is hard use 1 ou n ce of the , bes i des ci n g very ad hesive to a ny
glyceri ne ) then melt the gelati ne by
, materials particularly th os e exhi biting a
, .

standing the bottl e i n a vessel of hot s mooth s u rface


water a nd s hake u p well a n d mi x thor
,

oug h ly For us e remelt by heat T h e M UCI LAG ES


mxi
. .
,

alcohol prevents the r i n t from stretch For A Labels to Gl a s s a n d Oth e r


ing or cockli ng up un der t h e i nfluence of
n
Objects he m ucil a ge is made by
the gelati ne . S i mply pour i n g over the gu m eno ugh
T h e foll owi ng paste aggl utina nt is one wat e r to a littl e m ore tha n cover it a n d ,
that is very perma nent a nd useful for all the n as the gumswells a ddi ng more wa te r
,

from ti me to ti me i n s mall porti ons until


,

pi i r oses re qui r ed i n a phot o gra phi c ,


stu i o : T a ke 5 pints of water 1 0 ounces , the m uci lage is brought to s uch con
of a rro wroot 1 ounce of f elatine a nd a S i ste ncy that it may be easily s p r ead with

} pi n t ( 1 0 fl ui d o u n ce s) of al cohol a n d
, ,

a
, the brus h T h e m uci l age k e e ps fairly
proceed to combi ne th e m as foll ows
.

well wi th out the a d diti on of a ny a n ti v

M a ke arrowroot i nto a thick crea m wit h se tic


p
.

a li ttle of the water and i n the remainder , I—T .


r a ga ca n t
of the water s oak the gelati ne for a fe w Acacia .

h ours after which melt the gelati ne i n


, T hym ol . .

the water by he a ting it add the arr ow G lyc e ri ne


root pa ste and bri n g the mixture to the
,

Water s u ffi cie n t to


.

boil a n d a l low to bOil for 4 o r 5 mi n utes


,

.
2 pi nts
44 A D H ESI VE S

parts by weight of flour a nd heat sl owl y


, , , through whos e a perture th e th e r mo m
to boili ng stirring the while Let it cool
, . eter is thrust I n order to perm i t the
.

s ome what a nd mix with it the s ol ution


, va pors to esca pe the cork is grooved ,

contai ning the lead acetate a nd al um , l engthwise al ong t he peri phery .

stirring the m well together


AI R B UBBLE S I N G EL A TI NE :
.

Preser vati o n of Gum S oluti on Put a .


-
S e e G elatine .

s mall piece of ca mphor i n the mucilage AI R , EXCL US I O N O F , FR OM S OL U


bottle Ca m ) hor vapors are generated
whic h kill a l i the bacterial germs that TI ONS :
.

S ee Photogra phy
have entered the bottle T h e gum mai n .
.

tains its a dhesiveness to the l ast drop . AI R -P UR IFYING .

O zo n a ti n e i s a fragrant air purifyin g -

AD ULTERANTS IN F OODS : prepa ration consisting of dextrogyrate


S e e Foods .

turpentine oil scente d with slight quan


AD UR O L D EV EL O PER tities of fra grant oils .

S e e Photogra phy . ALA BAS TER CLEAN ING :


S e e Cleaning Pre parati ons an d M eth
[ES CO -QUINI NE : o ds .

S e e Horse C hestnut .

ALBATA M ETAL :
AGAR AGAR PASTE S e e All oys .

S e e Adhesi ves .

AGATE , BUTTONS OF AR TIFICI AL .

Prepare a mi xture or frit of 3 3 parts ALB UM EN IN UR INE , D E TECTI O N


of quartz sa nd 6 5 arts calciu m phos , OF .

phate a n d 2 parts 0 pot as h T h e frit


, .
,
Pa t e i n (Ph a rm Z ei t )
recom m en ds the
. .

which has bee n reduced by heat to the foll owing test for al bum en i n urine :
fusing oint is fi n e l ground intimately
mingle d with a s ma l ua n t i ty of kaolin
, ,
D issol ve 2 5 0 grams of citric aci d i n a
s uffi cient quantity of water a dd en ough
and pressed i n mol ds w ich yiel d button a m m onia t o n e utrali ze the n 50 grams
,

,
s ha ped masses T hese masses after hav .
,
of al cohol a n d finally en ough wate r to
i ng bee n fired are given a transparent ,
,

make 1 liter T o the aci d ( or aci dulated )


glaze by a ny of the well -known processes
.

.
urin e one -tenth its vol um e of the a mmo
,

AGATE (I MITATI ON) nium —citrate sol uti on ma de as a b ove is


S e e G e ms Artificial , .
added an d th e wh ole heated in the usual
,

manner T h e a p e a r a n ce of th e faint
est turbi dity is sai gto in dicate with pos
.

AGING OF S ILK
S ee S il k .
i ti v e certainty the presence of al b umen .

AGI NG , SI LV ER ALB UM EN PAPER :


AND GOL D
S ee Ph otography
S e e Plati ng
.

ALB UM EN PAS TE :
AI R BATH .
S e e A dhesives .

T his air bath is e mpl oyed i n cases


in which u on dryi ng or heating sub Al coh ol
stances aci pva pors aris e becaus e the
,

walls of the bath are not attacked by After the ma n u scr i t of thi s b ook was
the m For the prod ucti on of the drying
.
ready for the press o n gr e ss passed the ,

a pparatus ta ke a flask with the botto m bill which has since beco me a law whereby ,

burst o ff or a bell jar tubulated a bove .


the prohibitive tax on industrial or de
T his is placed either upon sa nd bath a nature d al cohol is re m ove d S o i m por .

or upon as b e stos a per previously lai d , tant is this legisl ati ve meas ure that the
u pon piece of s e et iron T h e sa nd
a .
Editor has deeme d it wise to inse rt an
bath or the s heet iron is put on a tri pod , article on the sources of al cohol a n d the
s o that it can be heated by means of a man ufacture of alcoh ol from far m ) rod
burn e r pl aced underneath T h e sub . u cts. Because the first porti o n o f the
stance to be dried is l aced i n a glass or book was i n type whe n th i s step was de
o r cel a i n dis h whic h is put under the , c i de d upon the E ditor was co m pelled to
,

ell jar a nd if desired the drying dish


, relegate to a later page a monogra ph
may be h ung on the tri pod For regu .
which should properl y ha ve a ppea re d
latin g the te mperature the tubul ure of here T h e reader will fi n d the matter
.

the Ja r is cl osed with a pierced cork , on alcoh ol referred to under the hea ding
ALCOHOL 45


S irit ; l ike wise meth ods o f den a tur in g D issolv e the oil s i n th e spi ri t a nd a d d !I

an p
C

a list o f denaturants . th e a myl acetate T h e m i xture serve s .

ALCOH OL , DIL UTION OF for d e stroyi ng the bad odor of d e n a t ur


S e e T ables .
i ze d s pirit i n distilling Use 50 parts of .

the perfume per parts of S pi rit


Al coh ol , Tests f or Absol ute — Th e
.

committee for the compilati on of the S oli d Al cohol — I — Heat . parts of .

G erma n Arznei buch esta blishe d the fol denaturized alc ohol ( 90 per cent ) i n a flask
l owing tests for the determi nati on of a b of d ouble the ca pacity on the water bath
s olute al cohol : to a bout 1 4 0 F a nd then mi x with 2 8 to
°
.
,

Absolute alcohol is a cl ear col orl ess vol , , 3 0 parts of well -dri ed ras ped Ve netia n ,

atile readily i mfla mma bl e li qui d which


,
s oa p a nd 2 arts of gu rrl lac After r e .

burns with a faintly l umin ous fla me .


pe a t e d sha ( i ng com plete diss ol ution
,

Abs ol ute al cohol has a peculiar od or a , will take place T h e s ol uti on is put
.
,

burning taste a nd does not a ff ect litmus


, whil e still warm i nto metallic vessels , ,

paper Boiling point


. S pecific
, cl osi ng th em u p at once a nd all owi ng the
gravity , to O n e hundred mixture to cool therei n T h e a d mi x .

parts contai n to arts by vol ture of u m lac eff ects a better preserva
tion a n ti als o prevents the eva porati on of
,

ume or
,
to parts y weight of , ,

alcohol . the al coh ol O n li hti ng th e s olid s pi rit


.

Abs ol ute al coh ol s houl d ha ve n o for the s oa re mai ns be ind .

e i gn smell and s houl d mi x with water II . mara dine is a trade na m e for


without cl oudiness . solidified alco 0 1 It consists of alc oh ol .

After t he ad mixture of 5 drops of sil a nd gun cotton col ored with mal achite ,

ver-nitrate s ol uti on 1 0 cubic centi meters ree n I t a pears i n the market i n the
orm of s ma ii cubes
.
,

of absol ute al cohol shoul d not become .

turbid or col ored even on heating .


Alco h o l i n Fe r me n te d Beers — Ex pe .

A mi xture of 1 0 cubic centi meters of r i e n c e has s ho wn t h at 1 5 pound of suga r


absol ute al cohol a nd cubic ce nti meter to 1 gall on of water yields ab out 2 per cent
of potash lye eva orated down to 1 cubic of proof spirit or ab out 1 per cent of a b
,
centi meter s houl n ot exhibit a n odor of sol ute alcohol Beyond this a m ount it is
.

fusel oil after s upersaturati on with dil ute not safe to go if the l egal li mit is t o be
,
s ul phuric acid .

observed yet a i nger beer brewed with


,
Five cubic centi meters of sul phuric
acid carefull y covered in a test tube 4 pound per gal on of s ugar woul d be a
, , ,
very wis hy-washy compound a nd there
with a stratum of 5 cubic ce nti meters of is little d oubt that a much l arger q ua ntity
,

absol ute alcoh ol sh oul d n ot form a rose


,
is generally used T h e m ore s ugar that .

col ore d z one at the surface of contact ,


is used — u p to l } or 1 } pounds per gall on
even on standi ng for some time .
— the better the dri nk will b e a n d t he
T h e red col or of a mi xture of 1 0 cubi c m ore customers will relis h it ; but it will
centi meters of a bs ol ut e al cohol a nd 1 “ ”
be as strong as la er a nd contai n per
cubic ce nti meter of potassium -perma n haps 5 per cent of alco 0 1 which will ma ke
ga me te s ol uti on sh oul d not pass i nto “
it a nythi ng but a tempera nce drink ”
,

yellow before 2 0 mi nutes .


Any maker who is usi ng as much as even
Abs ol ute al cohol s houl d not be dyed pound of s uga r er gall on is b ou nd to
by hydroge n s ul phi de water or by a que get more s pirit t a n the la w all ows .

O US a mmon i a .
M eanwhil e it is s carcely accurate t o t e rm
Five cu bic centi meters of abs ol ute a l ginger beers etc non -alcoholic
, .
, .

cohol s houl d not lea ve behi nd a weighable


residue a fter eva porati on on water bath . Al coh ol D eo d or i zer .

Absol ute Alco h ol —I f gel atine be sus


. Alcohol 1 6 0 ounces
pende d i n ordi nary alcohol it will absorb Powdered quickli me 30 0 grains . .

the water b ut as it is ins ol uble in alcoh ol Powdered al um 1 50 rai ns


1 } drachms
.
,

that s ubsta nce will remain behi nd a nd , S pirit of nitrous ether


thus neari abs ol ute alcohol will be o b
ta i n e d wit out distillatio n .
M i x the li me and al u m i n ti ma t el by
tr ituration ; add the alcohol a nd s ak e
Per fu me d D en aturi ze d Al coh ol .
well ; the n add the s pirit of nitrous ether ;
East I ndia le m on oil parts set aside for 7 days a nd filter through
M irba ne oil . parts
a nimal charcoal
Cassia oil 5 0 parts
.

Cl ove oil 7 5 parts D enatu rize d Alco h ol — T here are two .

L em on oil 1 0 0 parts general classes or degrees of denaturizing ,

Amyl acetate 500 parts


.
vi z
.
, the com pl et e a nd the i n co m
“ ” “

S pirit ( 95 per cent ) parts . pl ete acc ording to the purpose for
,
46 A L C O HO L

which the al cohol s o denaturized is to be ferme n ta ti o n co n tain only a s mall qu a n


'

tity of un deco mposed s uga r a n d gum


,

ulti matel y used ,

S o me of
.

I — C omplete denaturization by the


. varyi ng fro m 1 to 5 per cent .

G er ma n syst e m is accomplished by the


“ .

these are highly hopped or b i tter ed ,

additio n to every 1 00 liters (e qual to 2 6 5 the furthe r to prom ote their preserv a ti on
gall ons ) of s pirits : duri n g tra n sit a nd ch a nge of t e m per
a ) Two a n d one ha lf l i t e r s of the sta nd ature M i ld or s weet al es on the con
5
-
. ,

ar d enaturizer made of 4 parts of , t r a r y a re l ess accentuated by l engthened


,

wood alc ohol 1 part of pyridi n e ( a nitro , fer mentation a nd abou nd i n sa cch a r i ne
,

genous base obtai ned by distilli ng bone an d gu m my matter T hey are there . ,

oil or coal tar ) with t h e addition of 5 0 fore m ore nutritious thou h l ess i n t o x
, ,

gra ms to eac h li ter of oil of la ve nder or i ca ti n g than those previous y referred to


, .

ros emary . I n brewing the finer kinds of al es pa l e ,

( b) O n e a nd one fourth liters of the - malt and the best hops of the current
ab ove “ sta nda rd ” a nd 2 liters of benzol seas on s growth a re al wa ys e mpl oyed ;

with every 1 0 0 liters of al cohol . a nd when i t is desi red to prod u ce a liqu or


I I — I ncom plete denaturization — i e
. . .
, possessing little col or very great atten ,

s u ffi cient to prevent alcohol from being ti on is ai d to their s el ecti on With the .

d runk but not to dis qualify it from use


,
sa me 0 jcet the boili ng is c ond n oted with
,

for various s pecial purposes for which , more tha n the us ual preca uti ons and the ,

t h e wholly de naturized s pirits woul d be ferment a ti on is ca rried on at a s omewhat


una vaila ble — is accomplis hed by several l ower temperature tha n that com monl y
methods as foll ows the qua ntity a nd , all o w ed for other varieties of beer For .

nature of eac h s ubsta nce iven being ordi n ary al e intended f o r i mmediate use
, ,

the prescri bed dose for ca c 1 00 liters the malt may be all p a le ; but if the li quor ,

gall ons ) of s pirits : be bre wed for keepi ng a n d i n warm ,

( 0 ) Fi ve liters of wood alcohol or 5 weather when a sli ght col or is n ot o bj e c


,

l iter o f yr i d i n e . t i o n a bl e one fi fth or even one fou r th of


,
-
,
-

(d ) w e n ty liters of s ol ution of shellac , a mber malt ma y be a d va n ta e o usl y -em


containi ng 1 part gu m to 2 parts alcoh o l pl o yed Fro m4 33 to 6 poun s of hops is
.

of 90-per cent purity Alcohol for the


- . the u a n ti ty com monly used to the one
manufacture of cell ulo i d a nd pegamoi d fo urt of malt for ordi nary al es ; a nd 7 ,
“ ”
is denaturi zed . ou n ds to 0 pounds for keeping al es
1 .

(6 ) By the additi on of 1 kil ogra m of he pro portions however m ust gr eatl y , ,

ca mphor or 2 liters oil of turpe ntine or depend o n the i ntended q uality a nd de


1 liter benzol to each 1 0 0 liters of s pirits
} . scription of the brewi n g a nd the peri od
Al coh ol to be used in the ma nuf a cture that will be all owed for i ts maturati on .

of ethers al dehyde agaricin white l e a d


, , , , T h e stronger varieti es of al e us uall y
bromo sil ver gelati nes photogr a phic
-
c ontai n” from 6 to 8 per cent of “abs ol ute
pers a nd plates el ectrode plates c o 8i:
,

, , al cohol ; ordi nary strong al e 4 § t o 6 per ,

di on salicyli c aci d a nd salts a niline


, , cent ; mil d ale 3 to 4 per cent ; a nd ta ble ale
, ,

chemistry and a gr eat number of other


, 1 to 1 4 pe r cent (ea ch by vol ume ) ; t o ge th
pu r po s es is denaturized by the addition
, er with s om e un decom posed saccharine ,

0 f gum my a nd e xtractive matter the bitter


, ,

(f) T e n
liters sul phuric ether or 1 , a nd narcotic princi ples of th e h op s ome ,

pa rt of benzol or i part oil of turpentine , , acetic aci d formed by the oxidati on of


or pa rt of ani mal oil . the al coh ol a nd very s mall a n d variable
,

For the manufacture of var n ish e s a n d qua n tities of mi neral a n d saline matter .

i nks al cohol is denaturize d by the a ddi O rd inary al e —wort ( prefera bly al e )


suffi cient to prod uce 1 barrel i s sIo w l y
,
ti on of oil of tu rpe nti ne or ani mal oil , ,

and for the prod uction of s oda s oaps by b oiled with about 3 ha ndfuls of hops ,

the a dditi on of 1 kil ogra m of castor oil .


and 1 2 to 1 4 pou nds of crush e d groat s ,

Alcohol for the producti on of lanolin is until the wh ol e of th e s ol ubl e matter of


pre ared by ad d i ng 5 liters of b e n zine to the l atter is extracted T h e resulting
e a cp
.

hectoliter of s pirits .
l i quor after bei ng run th rough a coars e
,

stra i ner and become l uke warm is fer


ALE .
m ont o d with 2 or 3 pi nts of yeast ; a nd
,

as s oon as the fer mentati on is at its


,
T heal e of the m odern brewer is man
uf a ct u r e d in several varieties which are , hei ht is either cl osely bu nged u p for
,

determined by the wa nts of the cons umer dra t or 18 a t once put i nto strong stone
a nd the partic ular market for w hich it ware bottl es which are th en well corked
,

is i nte nded T h us the fi n e r k i nds of


.
. a n d wire d .

B urton East I ndia B avarian and other


, , , White al e is said to be very n utritious ,
like al es having undergone a tho r ou gh
, thou gh a pt to prove l a xa tive to th ose u n
A LL OYS 47

accustomed to its use I t is drunk in a . s hown by the h om ogeneity and superi or


state of e ff ervesce nce or lively fer me nt a qu a lity of many all oys i n whi ch the con
tion ; the gl ass or cup co ntai ning it being s ti t u e n t m etals are i n atomi c proporti on .

kept in constant moti on when removed , T h e variati on of the s pecific gravity and
from the m outh until the whol e is con
,
melting points of all oys from the m ea n
su med i n order that the thi cker portion
, of thos e of their component metals als o
may not s ubside to the bottom . a ff ords strong evid e nce of a chemical
change having ta k en place T hus all oys .
,

ALE , GING ER generally melt at l ower tem peratures tha n


S ee Beverages . their separate metals T hey als o usuall y .

poss ess more tenacity a nd hard ness tha n


ALFENI D E M ETAL t he mea n of thei r constituents .

S e e All oys .
M a tt hi esse n found that when weights
are s us pended to s pirals of h a r d d r a w n
ALK ALI , HOW
~

TO D E TECT
wire made of copper gold or plati nu m ,
S e e S oa ps
, ,
.
they become nearly straighte n ed whe n
ALK AL OID S , ANTID OTES TO : stretched by a moderat e weight ; b ut
S e e Atropi ne .
wires of e qual di mensi ons com posed of
cop per tin ( 1 2 per cent of ti n ) sil ver
-
,

plat i nu m ( 3 6 per cent of pl ati nu m ) a nd ,

All oy s gol d -copper ( 8 4 per cent of c opper ) scarce


l y undergo any perma nent cha nge i n form
No general rul es ca n be given for , when s ubj ected to tensi on by the sa me
all oyi ng metals All oys differing greatly
.
wei ht .

i n fusibility are com monly made by he sa me chemist gives the foll owing
adding the m ore fusi ble o n es either i n a proxi mate res ults u pon the t e nacity
op
,

the melted state or i n s mall portions at a certai n metals a nd wires hard -drawn
ti me to t h e other m elted or heated to
,
through the sa me ga uge ( N o 2 3 ) .

the lowest possi ble te m e r a t ur e at which Pou n d s


a perfec t uni on will ta e place betwee n Copper breaking strai
, 2 5 — 30
them T h e mixture is us ually effected
.
T i n breaki ng strain
, under . 7
under a flux or s o me material that will
,
Lead breaki ng strain
, u nder 7
promote liquefacti on a n d preve nt vola T i n lead ( 2 0 % lead )
-
ab out 7
t i li z a ti o n a nd unnecessa ry exposure to T i n copper ( 1 2 % copper )
-
ab out . 7
the air T h us i n mel ti ng lead a nd t i n Co ) e r ti n ( 1 2 % ti n )
-
about 8 0 — 90
G old ( 1 2 % ti n )
.
,

together for s ol der rosi n or tall ow is , . 2 0— 2 5


thrown u pon the s urface is rubbed with G ol d copper
-
copper ) 7 0 —7 5
sal a m mo n iac ; a nd i n com bi ni ng s ome S il ver copper ) 4 5— 50
metals powdered cha rcoal is used for
, Platinu m copper ) 4 5 —50
the sa me ur po s e M ercury or qui ck
.
S ilver plati nu m (3 0 % platinu m )
-
. 75 — 8 0
sil ver com i nes with ma ny m etals i n the
cold forming AMA LG AM S or easily fusi bl e
, , On the other han d the mall eability , ,

all o s ductility and power of re sisti ng o xygen


Afl o ys generally possess c h a r a ct e r i s
,

of all oys is e n e r a l l y di mi n is hed The


all oy forme d of two brittl e m etals is
.

tics unshared by thei r component metals .

T hus , co pper a n d zinc form brass , al ways brittl e ; that of a brittle a nd a d ue


which has a different density hardness , , tile metal generally s o ; a nd even two
,

and col or from either of its constituents . d uctile metals s ometi mes unite to for m
Whether the metals tend to unite i n a brittle com pou nd T h e all o ys formed .

atomic pro o r t i o n s or in a ny definite of metals havi ng di fferent f us mg poi nts


ratio is sti u ndetermined T h e evi . are us ually mall e abl e while col d a n d
dence a ff orde d by the natural all oys of brittl e while h ot T h e acti on o f the a i r
.

gol d a nd sil ver a nd by the phenomena


,
on all oys is e n e r a l l y less tha n on t h ei r
accompa nyi ng the cooli ng of several si mple meta s unl ess the former a re
,

all oys from the state of fusi on goes far , heated A mixture of 1 art of ti n and
.

to prove that s uch is the cas e ( Rud 3 parts of lea d is scarce y acted on at
berg) . T h e s ubject is however one of , , comm on temperatures ; b ut at a red h eat
considerabl e di fficulty as metals a nd ,
it readily takes fire a nd conti nues to ,

metallic com pounds are generally s ol u burn for s ome time like a piece of ba d
bl e i n each other a nd u nite by si mple
,
turf I n like ma nner a m i xture of ti n
.
,

fusion a nd c ontact T hat they do n ot . a nd zi nc whe n strongly heated de


, ,

c om bi ne indi fferently with each other ,


c om oses both moist air a nd stea m wit h
but exercise s pecies of elective a fli n i ty
a ra pi ity .

not dissi mila r to othe r bo d ies is cl ea rly , Th e s pe ci fic gravity of all oys is rar ely
48 A LL O YS

the arithmetical mean of that o i their s houl d be i n excess as s ome of it will be ,

c onstituents as com monly tau ht ; a nd l ost a nyway


S ome all oys as cop er a nd z mc
.
,

i n ma ny cases considerable con e n sa ti o n . 2 , ,

or expansion occurs When there is a


.
copper a nd arsenic may e formed by ,

strong a ffi nity between two metals the ,


exposing heated plates of the l east fus 1
density of their all oy is generally greater bl e metal to the va por of th e other I n .

tha n t h e cal culated mea n ; and vice versa ,


maki ng brass i n the large way th i n plate s ,

as may be s een i n the foll owi ng table : of copper are diss olved as it were i n , ,

mel ted zi nc until the proper proporti ons


ALL OYS H AVI N G A D EN S ITY have been obtained .

G reater tha n the M ea n of their C o n sti t . 3 T h e surface of all oxidiza ble metals
u e n ts : s h oul d be covered with s ome protecting
C opper a nd bism uth , agent as tall ow for very fusi bl e ones
, ,

Copper a n d palladium , rosi n for lea d a nd ti n charcoal for zi nc , ,

Copper a nd tin , copper etc ,


.

C opper a nd zinc , . 4 S tir the metal before casting and


G old and antim ony , if possible when casting with a white , ,

G ol d a nd bis muth , wood stick ; this is m uch better for the


G ol d and cobalt , purpose tha n a n i ron rod
G ol d a nd tin , . 5 If possible ad d a s mall portion of ,

G ol d and zinc , ol d all oy to the ne w I f the alloy is r e .

Lead a nd anti m ony , quired to make s harp castings and


Palla dium and bis muth , stre n gth is n ot a very great obj ect the ,

S il ver a nd anti m ony r o po r ti o n of ol d all oy to the new s hould

b
,

S ilver a nd bis m uth , e increased I n all cases a new or .

S ilver a nd lead , thor oughl y well cl ea nsed crucibl e should -

S ilver and tin , be used .

S ilver a nd zinc .
T o obtai n metals an d m etallic all oys
L ess tha n the M ean of their Constituents : from their com pounds s uc h as oxides , ,

s ul phi des chl or i des etc a process lately


G ol d and cop per
.
, , ,
,
patented makes us e of th e reducing
G old and irid i um ,
qualiti es of al u mi nu m or its all oys with
G ol d a nd iron ,
magnesium T h e fi nely powdered ma
G ol d a nd lead
.

,
t er i a l ( e g chromic oxi de ) is pl aced in a
G ol d a nd nickel
. .
, v
,
cruci ble mixed with al u min um oxide
G ol d and sil ver
.

,
T h e mixture is set afi re by mea ns of a
Iron a nd antim ony ,
s old ering i pe or a b urni ng mag n esium
Iron a nd bis muth ,
wire a nd t e desired reacti on ta kes place
Iron a nd l ead
.
,
,
For igniti ng one may als o em pl oy with
N ickel a nd arsenic ,
,
adva ntage a s pecial pri mi ng cartridge
S il ver and copper ,
consisti ng of pul veriz ed al umi num to
T i n a nd antim ony ,
which a littl e magnesiu m may be mixed
T i n and l ead
,
,
a nd peroxid e of magnesia which is
Ti n a nd palladium ,
,
s ha ped i nto balls a nd l ighted with a
Zi nc a nd a ntim ony .

magnesiu m wire By suitabl e a dditions .

Co mpoun d ing Alloys — C onsiderable to the pul verize d mixture all oys con ,

experience is necessary to i ns ure s uccess ta ini ng al umi n um magnetis m ebro , ,

i n compou nding all oys es pecially when , m i um manganese copper i ron boron
, , , , ,

the metals em ployed vary greatly i n S i licic acid etc are obtained , .
, .

fusibility a nd volatility T h e foll owing .

are rul es supplied by an experienced ALUMI NUM ALL OYS .

work man : M H Pe ch e u x has c ontrib ute d to the


l M elt th e l east fusibl e oxidi za ble
. .

C o mptes Re n d u s from ti m e to ti me the


.
, ,

a nd volatil e first and then add the others , ,


,

h eated to their poi nt of fusi on or near it results of his i nvestigati ons into the all oys
of al umin um with s oft metals a n d th e
.

T hus if it is desired to make a n all oy of ,


,

exactly 1 part of copper a nd 3 of zinc it foll owing constitutes a bri ef s u m mary of


,
1118 observations :
will be im possi ble to d o s o by putting
proporti ons of the metals i n a cruci ble Lea d — When al u min um is melted
.

a nd exposi ng the whol e to heat M uch . and lea d is ad ded i n proporti on greater
of the zi nc w oul d fly o ff i n va por before tha n 1 0 per cent the m etals s e parate on ,

the copper was melted First melt the .


, cool i ng into th ree l ayers — l ead al um i ,

copper a nd add the zi nc whic h has bee n , nu m and between the m a n all o contai n
,

melted in a nother crucible T h e zin c . . i n g from 9 0 to 9 7 per cen t of a u mi n u m .


ALLOYS 49

T h e all oys wi th 93 95 and 98 per cent have , , per a t ur eof casting b ut are readil y a t ,

densiti es of an d re tacked by aci ds concentrated o r d i l ute


, ,

s pe cti ve l y a nd melti ng points near that a nd by potassi um hydroxi de s ol uti on -

m
.
,

of al u in um T heir col or is like that . T h e filed all oys beha ve like those of tin ,

of al uminum but the y are less l ustrous , . b ut still m ore markedly .

All are mall ea bl e eas i ly cut softer than M a gnes i u m


, ,
T hese
were obtai ned

aluminum an d have a granular fracture .

with 66 68 a nd 85 per cent


73 , 77 ,
.
,

O n remelti ng they become s omewhat , ,

richer in lead through a tendency to of al uminu m a nd densities ,


,
T hey a re b rittle with
li quation T hey d o not oxidize i n moist
.

lar e gra nular fracture silver w h ite fil e -


,

w e fi ta ke a good polish an d have m elt


air nor at their melting poi nts
, T hey .
, ,

are attacked i n the col d by hydrochloric , ,

and by strong sul phuric acid with evo ing poi nts near that of al umi n u m .

l uti o n of hydrogen an d by strong nitric


,
Being viscous when melted they a r e dif ,
,
fi c ul t to cast a n d when sl o w l cool ed
form a gray s pongy mass whic h cannot
acid when h ot ; strong s ol ution of po ,

t a ssi u m hydroxide als o attacks the m ,

be remelted T hey do not oxi dize i n


.

T hey are without action on distille d


.

water whether col d or hot air at the ordi nary te mperatures bu t ,

b urn readily at a bri h t-red heat T hey


.
,

Zinc — Well d e fi n e d all oys were o h


.

.
-
are attacked vi o l e n t y b a cids a nd by
ta i n e d corres onding to the formulas
, potassi um -hydroxide s o uti o n d e co m ,
Zn a Al , Zn e A Z n Al , Z n Al g, Z n Al s , pos e hy drogen peroxi de an d sl owly de ,

Z n Al 4 , Z D Al e , Z D Al l o , ZIl Al l g . T heir com pose water even i n the col d .

melti ng poi nts and densities all lie be


tween th ose o f zi nc a nd al umi num a nd Ti n , Bis muth , a n d M a gnesiu m — T h e .
,

those containing m ost zinc are the hard action of water on these all oys j ust r e
est T hey a r e all diss olved by col d
.
ferred to has been recently dem onstrated
hydrochl oric aci d a nd by hot dil ute nitric on a larger scal e 5 to 6 cubic centi meters
,

acid Col d concentrate d nitric aci d a t of hydro e n bavin been obtai ned i n 2 0
mi nutes mm 2 c u i c centi m e ters of the
.

tacks the first three a n d col d dil ute aci d ,

the first five T h e Z n sAl Z n Al e Z n Al m


.
’ filed tin all o T h e bis m uth all oy yiel d
, , ,

and Zn Al m are only slightly a ff ected by ed more h y rogen tha n the ti n all oy an d ,

cold potassi um -hydroxi de s ol uti on ; the the ma n esi u m all oy m ore than the hi s
others are strongly attacked o ta ssi u m ,
muth a l oy T h e oxygen of th e d e c o m
.

o se d water unites with the al uminu m


zincate an d al umi nate proba l y being .

arger qua ntities of h drogen are o h


t a i n e d from cop e r -s ul phate s ol uti on
formed .

Ti n — A filed rod of ti n al umi num all oy ,

apart from the e c o mpo si ti o n of this


-
.

pl unged i n col d water gives o ff for s ome s ol ution by preci pitati on of c o per at the
minutes bubbles of gas c omposed of ,
expense of the m etal a l l o y e with the
'

hydrogen an d oxy en i n expl osive pro


porti ons An un fi fe d rod or a fil ed rod
al uminum T h e all oys of al umin um
.

.
,
with zinc a nd l ea d d o n ot deco mpose
of either al uminum or ti n is without ,
pure water but d o decom pose the water
,
action though the u n fi l e d rod of all oy
,
of copper -s ul phate s ol ution an d m ore ,
will act on b oili ng water T h e fil ed rod .

sl owly that of zi nc-s ul phate s ol ution


,

,
of all oy i n fai ntly aci d s ol ution of cop
.

,
Al uminu m is a m etal whose properties
per or zi nc s ul phate becom es covered ,
are very ma t e r i a ll influ enced by a pro '

po r ti o n a tel y s ma l f ad diti on of copper


with a deposit of copper or zi nc while ,

M
.

bubbles of oxygen are given o ff . .

All oys of 99 per cent al u min u m and l per


Pe ch e ux beli eves that the metals are truly
cent of copper are hard brittl e an d bl ui sh ,
all oyed only at the s urface an d that fili ng ,
in col or ; 95 per cent of al u min um and 5
,

lays bare a n al m ost infinitel y numerous er cent of co per give a n all oy w h ich can
seri es of j u ncti ons of the two metals
which heate d by the fili ng act as ther
,
be h a mmer e b ut with 1 0 per cent of cop
r the metal ca n n o l onger be worked
, ,

mo co upl es gsith 80 per cent a nd upward of co er


.

B i s muth — B y the method used for


. are obtai ned all oys of a beautiful ye ow
lead bis muth alloys were obtai ned con
, col or and these mixtures c ontaining from
, ,

tai ni ng 75 85 88 a nd 94 per cent of , , , 5 to 1 0 per cent of alu mi num and from 9 0


al umi num with densities , to 95 per cent of copper are the genuine ,

a nd res pecti vely T hey were . al umin um bronzes T h e 1 0 er -cent a l .

son orous brittl e fi n el grai ned a nd l oys are of a pure gol den -yel ow col or ;
hom ogeneous S i lver w fiite a nd with
, ,

,
-
, Wi th 5 per cent of al u min u m they are
meltin g points betwee n those of their con red dish yell ow like gol d heavily all oyed
,

s ti t ue n ts but nearer that of al umi num


, . with cop er and a 2 per-cent admix
,
-

T hey are not oxi dize d i n air at th e te m tur e is 0 an al most pure copper red .
50 A LL OY S

As the proportion of co pe r i n creases ,


by a n all oyage of 7 8 parts o f go l d a nd 2 2
the brittl eness is di mi n i s ed a n d alloys With plati n u m a ol d

, parts al uminu m .

containi ng 1 0 per cent and less of aluminum col ored all oy is obta i n ed ; Wi th palla mm
ca n be us ed for i ndustrial purposes the ,
a copper colore d one ; a nd W i th cobalt
-

best consisti ng of 9 0 per cent of copper and a nd nickel one of a yell ow col or Ea sfl y .

1 0 of al u mi nu m T h e hardness of this . fusible m etals of the col or of al uminum


a ll oy a pproac h es that of the general ive white all oys M etal di ffi cult of .

bro nz es Whence its na me I t ca n be


’ ’

. . us i o n s uch as iri diu m os mi um tita


, , ,

st retch ed out into thi n sheets between ni um etc a pea r i n a bn or mal tones of
roll ers worked under the ha m mer and
.
, ,

, , color throng s uc h a ll o ya ge s .

shaped as desired by h e a t i n g or pr ess ure


i n po vve r f ul stam pi ng pre sses

On ac .
,
Alumi nu m-Brass — Al u rn i n u m 1 per .
,

cou n t of its hard ness i t takes a fi n e pol cent ; s pecific gravity tensil e strength , ,

ish a n d i ts pec uliar t ee n ish -gol d col or 40 .Al umi num 3 per cent ; s pecific grav ,

resembles that of gol dall oye d with cop Th e last


,
ity , tensile s trength 6 5 , .

per a nd sil v er together .


named is h arder tha n the firs t .

All oys wi th a still gre ater proporti on of Al umi mJm-Copper —


'

M inikin is prin

c i pa ll y al uminu m with a s mall percent


.

c opper a pp r oac h this m et a l m or e a n d


more nea rly i n th eir ch a ract er ; t he col or a ge of copper a nd ni ckel It is all oyed
of a n all oy for i nstanc e com
.
'

pos ed of , , by mixing the al umin um and c opper ,


9 5 per cent of co p e r a n d 5 per cent of al l u
"

mi n tr m ca ri be disti ngui s hed from a r e


then ad di ng th e nickel It resembles .

,
palladi u m a n d is very strong
gold only by di r ect com a ri so n a n t h e
.

metal is very h a rd a m als o very ma l Al umi nu m S i l v er — I


,

,
S il ver 3 pe r . .
,

l e a bl e .

cent; 9 7 per cent A h and


so me col or
.

Electrical Con d uc ti vity of Al umi n u m


.

II — A silver al uminu m that is easily


All e ys — D uri n g three ye ar s expo sur e to
.
' ‘

wor k ed i nto vari ous articl es contains


t he a tm o sph ere co pe r al umi n um all o ys ,
-
about one-fourth sil ver and three —fourths
i n o ne test gradual y dimini sh ed in con
of al umin um
d ucti v ity in pi o po rti On to the amount of
.
' ‘

co pper they conta ined Th e nickel coppe r Al um i n u m -Ti m— B o urbon m


'

et a l is

-
.

al umi n um all oys whi ch S how suc h r e ‘

com posed of equ a l parts o f al u min um “

ma r k a bly i n creased tensile strength as


,

and tin ; it s ol ders rea dily


c om pa red with Go d Co m me rcial alu mi
.

n u m co n si d e r a b y d i mi n i s xe d 11 tota l c o n Al u mi nu m -Tu ngste n — A n ew metal



"

O n the othe r a nd the man


.

all oy consisti u of al u min u m an d t un g


.

d u cti vi ty
'

ga nese c opper a l u m
.
,

i n um alloys s uffered
- sten is used of ate i n Fran ce i n the con
c om a r a tl ve l y littl e dimi n ution i n t o ta structi on of conveya nces es pe cial ly car
é
'

c o nd ii cti vi ty a nd one o f the mr eta in e


,

r i a ge s bicycle s an d m otor vehicles


'

c omparative y high tensil e str ength I t


, , .

"

.
T h e French call it a rti n i u m; t h e com
wa s tho ugh t that a n e xa mi nation of positi on o i the ne w a l o y varies accordi ng
th e str uct ure of t h ese al l oys by ai d o f to the purposes for wh i ch it is used It

mi croph otogra phy might throw som e


.

is c o ns i dera bly chea per tha n al uminum


, ,

light on th e gr eat d iff e r ence whic h exists al m ost as li ght a n d has a greater resist
betwe en S o m
,

e of their physical pro per ance T h e stre n gth is state d at 3 2 to 3 7


.

ti es F or i n s t n e e a ni ck el -c opper a lu kil ograms per sq uare milli meter


"

m i n u m a ll o y 1 a s ti m
. .
,

es the tensil e
strength of ordi n ar y co m me rci al al umi Al
umi n u m Zi nc
Zi nc 3 per befit
- —

al u m
'
. .
l
,

n um Un der a m
i num 97 per cent Very d uctile
. a gnifi cation of 8 00 ,

wh i te and harde r than al umi n u m


.
,

diameters practic ally n o structure coul d , .

be d is covered C onsi deri ng t h e r e


'

. AMALG AMS
m ark a bl e crystalli n e st ructu re exhibited S e e Fusi ble All oys
' ‘

by Ordi n a ry co m mercial al u minu m nea r


th e s urfa ce of a n ingot when al l owed to
'
An ti -Fr i ctio n Beari ng or B a bbi tt Met
a l s — T hese all oy s are us ua l ly sup orted by
,

so l idify a t a n o rdinar ra te the Wa nt of


~
.
p
s truct ure i n these a l oys m ust be attrib
'
,
be a r i ngs of br ass , i nt o Whi ch it is o u r e d
a f ter they hav e bee n tinn ed a n d ca te d
ute d to the pro ces s of dra wing do wn
‘ "

,
.

T h e i n f e r e n ce i s th at the gre a t di ff er and put togethe r with a n exact m od el of


en ce which exists betwee n thei r te nsil e the axl e or oth er worki n g pi ece l a sti c
cl a y b e i n g pre vi ou sl y a plied p ,

stren gths a n d other q u aliti es i s no t d ue p th e


'

in
'

to variati on in structure usual manner as a l ute or outer m ol d ,

S oft gun met a l i s a ls o ex cell ent a n d is


.
.
'

Color e d Alle ys of Alu mi nu m A pur mu ch used for b eari n gs T hey al l be


,
.
-
.

pl e sci n ti l l a ting is prod uced come less h eat e d i n wor kin g th an th e


' "
52 AL L O YS

n ine a i ts Used for the bel ls of re pea t


, 2 sel do m uniform through its w h ol e s ub
1 wa es . stance ; nor ca n the S pecific gravi ty from
— M elt to ether copper 1 00 parts a ny given porti on of i ts const i tuent met
tin 25 mrts gfter being cast i nto t he
; ,

als be exactly calc ulated o w mg to the


r e q ui r e ci o bj e e t it s houl d be made red
.
,

,
many i nterfering circumsta nces Th e .

hot a nd then pl unged i mmediately into


,
nearer this uniformity is a pproached or , ,

col d water i n order to i mpart to it the in other words chemical co mbination is ,

req uisite degree of sonorous ness For . complete the m ore d urable and fi n er ,

cymbals an d gongs . toned will be the bell I n general it is .


,

XII — M elt together copper 8 0 parts ;


.
,
found necessa ry to ta ke a bout one-tenth
tin 2 0 pa rts
, Whe n col d it has to be
. m ore metal tha n the wei ht of the i n
ha mmered out w ith frequent an nealing . te nded bell o r bells i n or er to allow for
, ,

X ML — C opper 7 8 parts ; ti n 2 2 parts ; , ,


waste a nd sco r i fi ca ti o n duri ng the opera
T his is s uper i or to the former a nd i t ca n ,
tions of fusi ng a nd casting .

be rolled out For tam -tams a nd gongs


. .

BI S MUTH ALL OYS


XI V — M elt together co per 7 2 parts ;
.

.
,
Bis muth poss esses the unus ual q uality
ti n 2 6 to 5 6 parts ; iron
, part Us ed .
of expa nding i n c ooling It is there ,
i n making the bells of orna mental French
.

fore i ntrod uced i n many all oys to red uce


,
clocks .
or check shri nkage i n the mol d
Castin s i n bell metal are all more or
.

For delicate casti ngs and for taking


l ess britt e ; a nd when recent have a , ,
i mpressi ons from dies m edals etc va
,

, ,
color varying from a dark ash -gray to
.
,

ri o n s bis muth all oys are i n use wh ose


grayish -white which is darkest i n the ,
com o si ti o n corresponds to th e foll ow
,

m ore cuprous varieti es i n which it ,


ing gures :
turns s omewhat on the yell owi s h -red or I II III I V
bl uis h-red T h e larger the r o po r ti o n
.
Bism uth 6 5 2 8
of copper i n th e alloy the ceper a nd ,
Tin 3 2 I 3
graver the tone of the bells formed of L ea d l 3 3 l 5
it . Th e ad dition of tin iron or zi nc
Clich é Metal — T his all oy is com
, , ,

ca uses them to give out their tones s harp V .


— .

er Bis muth and lea d are als o often


.
posed of ti n 4 8 pa rts ; lead , bis ,

used to modify the tone which each ,


m uth 9 ; a nd a nti mony
, I t is es ,

e ci a l l y
well a da pted to dabbing roll ers
metal a ff ects di ff erently T h e additi on
of a nti mony a n d bis muth is frequentl y
.

p _

or printi ng cotto n goods a nd as it pos ,

made by the founder to ive a more crys sesses a considerabl e degree of hardness ,

ta lli n e grai n to the a l o y All these .


it wears well .

VI 7 -For filli ng out defective l aces i n


conditions are h owever prejudicial to p
.

, ,

the s onorous ness of bells a nd of very ,


metall i c castings a n all oy of bi s muth 1 ,

d oubtful utility Ra pi d r e fr i cration .


part a nti m ony 3 l ea d 8 ca n be a d
, , ,

va n ta ge o usl
increases the s onorous ness of a l these y used .

all oys Hence M D Ar e et recommends


. .

VII — For Ce me n ti n g Glas s — M ost
.
.
“ ”
that the pieces b e heated to a cherry of the cements i n ordi nary use are dis
red after they are cast a nd after having , s ol ved o r at least s oftened by petro
, ,

been s uddenly pl unged into col d water , l eum .


An all oy of lea d 3 parts tin 2 , ,

that they be submitted to well -regula ted b i s muth melting at 2 1 2 F is not °


.
,

press ure by skillful ham meri ng unti l they a ff ected b petrol eum an d is t herefore
very nsefuyfor cementing la mps made of
, ,

ass ume their proper form ; after whi ch they


a re to b e again heated a nd all owed to cool metal and glass combi ned .

sl owly in the air T his is t h e meth od .

LI POWITZ ’ S BI S MUTH ALL OY


ad opted by the Chi nese with their gongs ,
S e e Cad mi u m All oys
etc a casing of s heet iron being em
.
,
.

ployed by the m to s upport a nd protect B RASS .

the pieces d uring the expos ure to heat . I n general brass is co m pose d of t wo
I n a general way howeve r bells are th i rds co per a nd o ne third zi nc b ut a
l i ttle l ea I or ti n is s ometi mes a d va n t a
-
, , ,

formed and com l e te d by si m pl e casting .

T his is necessar i y the case Wi th all very geons as the foll owing :
,

large bells Where the quality of their


.
I — Re d copper 6 6 pa rts ; zi nc 3 4
.
, ,

tones is the chief object sought after the ,


parts ; l ea d 1 part , .

greatest care s houl d be ta ke n to use com I I — Cop er 6 6 pa rts ; zi n c 3 2 pa rt s ;


.
,

me r ci a ll y pure copper Th e presence


,

.
ti n 1 part ; ead 1 pa rt
, , .

I II — C opp er
of a ver little lead or any similar metal parts ; zi nc
greatly lesse ns the sonorous ness o f this
.
, ,
pa rts ; l ead pa rts ; ti n ,pa rt , .

all o y ; while that of silver increases it .


Br as s-Al umi n um —A sma ll a ddition of .

T h e s pecific gravit y of a large h el l is al um i num to brass to 8 per cent) great


A LL OYS 53

l y i n cr e a es its h a rd n ess d el I II — T w o varieties o f excellent q ual


asticity
i
an ,
.

and this s l o is als o easily worked f or a ny i ty a r e the product of the Rosthorn fac
purp ose ” rass co n ta i n i n 8 per cent of t ory i n L ower Austri a — c opper
al umi n u has the va l u a bF
m
, ,

e
property of parts ; zi nc iron , Als o ,

I V — Englis h sterro metal ( G e d ge s




being but slightly affected by aci ds or gases . .

A larger percentage of al umi num makes all oy for s hi p s heathi ng ) copper 60 , ,

the brass brittle I t is to be noted that . parts ; zi nc iron , ,

alumi num brass decreases very materi T h e great val ue of this all oy lies in its
ally i n vol um e in casti ng a nd the casts , strength which is equal ed only by that
,

must be cooled sl owly or t hey will be of the best steel As a n ill ustrat i on of .

brittle It is a n all oy easily made a nd


.
, this a wrought -iron pipe broke with
, a

its l ow price combined with its excellent


, press ure of 267 atm os pheres while a ,

qualities woul d seem to ma ke it i n ma ny


, si milar pi pe of sterro metal withstoo d the
cases a n a dvantageous s ubstitute for the enormous press ure of 7 63 atm os pheres
expensive phosphorous bronze . without cracki ng Besides its remark .

Bristo l Brass (Prince ’s M etal ) — T his .


a ble strength i t possesses a high degree ,

alloy which possesses pro perties si milar


,
of elasticity a nd i s therefore particular
, , ,

to those of French brass i s prepared i n l y s uitabl e for purposes which re uire


, q
the followi ng proporti ons : t he combi nation of t hese two qual i ties ,

I II II I s uch as the construction of hydraulic


cylinders It is well known that thes e
.

cyli nders at a certa in press ure begin to


, ,

Particular care is re quired to prevent s weat that is the i nteri or press ure is s o
, ,

the zi nc from evaporati ng duri ng the fus great that the water permeates through
ing a nd for this ) ur po s e it is customary the ores of the steel With a sterro .

to put only half o fit i nto the first melti ng meta cylinder the pressure ca n be con
,
,

si d e r a bl y increased without a ny mois


,

and to add the remai nder when the first


mass is li quefied ture bein perceptibl e o n the outside of
the cyl i n er
.

Brass -Iro n (Ai ch ’s Meta l ) — T his is


.

.
S terro meta l ca n be made eve n m ore
a variety of brass with a n ad mixture of hard and dense if required for s pecial ,
iron which gives it cons iderable degree
, a
purposes but this is effected rather by
,
of tenacity It is es peciall y adapted for
.
mecha nical ma ni pulation tha n by a ny
purposes which re qu i re a hard a nd at chan e in the che mical com position If
the same time tenaci ous metal Analyses
, .

, .
rolle or ha m mere d i n heat its strength ,
of the various ki nds of this metal sho w is increased a nd it ac nires i n addition
an exceedingly high degree of tenacity
, , ,
considerabl e variation i n the proportions .
.

Even the a mount of iron to which the , S pecial care must be taken however i n
hardeni ng e ffect m ust be attrib uted ma y
, ,

, ha m mering n ot to overheat the metal ,


vary withi n wi de li mits with out materi as i n this case it woul d becom e brittl e a nd
ally modifying the tenacity which is the might crack u nder the hammer S terro .

essential characteristic o i this all oy .


metal is especially suitable for all the
I — Th e best variet y of Ai ch s metal

.
purposes for whic h the s o called red -

consists of copper 60 parts ; zi nc , , metal has been i n the past al m ost ex


iron , T h e predom i nating quality of el usively used Axle beari ngs for ex .
,

this all oy is its hardness which is clai med , ample made of ster r o metal have s uch
,
to be not i nferi or to that of certai n kinds excell ent qualities that ma ny machine
of steel It has a bea utiful gol den -yell ow
.
factories are now using this material
col or a nd is sai d not to oxi dize easily a
, , entirely for t h e purpose .

val uabl e propert y for articl es exposed to


the acti on of air a nd water . Cast Bras s — T h e various articles of
II — Copper
. parts ; zinc , , bronze s o called statuettes cl ock cases
, , , ,

iron , T h e permissible variati ons e tc


. made in Fra nce where this i nd ustry
, ,

i n the conte nt of i ron are from to 3 has attained great perfecti on and exte n
per cent . sive proporti ons are not in many cases , ,
,

S terro meta l may pro erly be co n si d genui ne br o rfze b ut fine cast brass F 0 1 , .

ered in con necti on wit Ai ch s metal ’ ’


l owi ng are the com positions of a few .

mixtures of metals m ost frequentl y us ed


. ,

since its constitue nts are the sa me a nd


its r o per ti e s very si milar T h e princi pal .
by French ma nufacturers :
di erence betwee n the two meta ls is C opp er Z in c Ti n Lea d
that sterro metal contai ns a m uch larger
a mount of iron T h e com positi on of .

this all oy varies considera bly with d if


fe r e n t ma nufacturers .
54 ALL OYS

T heir speci a l adva n tage is that they er cent o f zinc are mall eabl e T here i s
p ,
.

can be r eadily cast worked with fil e a nd ,


I n a dditi on a sec ond grou p of s uc h a l
,

chi sel and easily gil ded


, . l oys with
,
er cent o f c opper a nd _

To Cast Yello w Brass -I f good clea n


per cent 0 zi nc w h i c h are also ,

mallea ble i n heat


.
, ,

yell ow brass sand castings are desire d .

T h e preparation of thes e all oys r e


,

the brass s hould not co n tai n over 3 0 per


cent of zi nc T his will ass ure a n all oy of quires c onsiderable e xperi e nce a nd i s ,
.

good col or a nd one which w ill run free b e st accomplis hed by melti ng the metals
and clean T i n or l ead may be added together i n the usual man ner a nd heati n g ,

the fused mass as strongly as possible


.

without affecting the property of casti ng .

clean A mixture of 7 pounds of copper It m ust be covere d with a layer of char


,
coal dust to prevent oxi dati on of the zinc
.

3 pounds of s pelter 4 oun ces of tin a n d


.

T h e mass becomes thinly flui d a nd a n


, ,

3 ou n ces of lea d makes good casting a.


,

all oy an d one which will cut free a nd is i nti mate mixture of th e c onstituents is
strong I f a stronger all oy be desired e ff ected S mall pieces of the sa me all oy
.

,
are thrown i nto the li qui d mass until it
.

m ore tin may be a dded but 4 ounces is


usually s u fficient I f th e a ll o y be too
,
n o l onger sh ows a reflecti ng s urface ,

when it is cast i nto i ngots i n iron m olds


.

hard reduce the proportion of ti n .


.

T h e i n ots are pl u nged i nto water while


,

Leaf Brass — T his all oy is als o call ed


.
still re h ot and acqui re by this tr eat
-
,

D utch gol d or i mitati on gol d leaf , It .


ment a very h igh d egree of ductility T h e
is made of copp e r
.

to parts ; , alloy properly pre pared has a fibrous


, ,

zin c, to Its col or is ale or fracture a nd a redd i s h yell o w c ol or -

bright yel low or greenish a c co r ing t o


S h eet Brass ( For S h eet an d Wire )
,

the pro o r t i o n s of the metals It has a n .


.

u n us ua degree of ductility .
I n the pre paration of brass for the manu
facture of wire a n es pecially pure qual
Mal l e a bl e Brass — T his metal is a f .
,

ity of copper m ust be us ed ; with out this


f e cte d l ess by sea water tha n pure c opper
,
,
all efforts to produce a s uita bl e quality of
a nd was formerly much us ed for s hi p brass will be i n vai n T hat pure copper
s heathin g an d for making nail s a nd
.

,
is i ndis pe nsa bl e to the manufacture of
rivets wh i ch were to come i n conta ct with good ductile brass may be see n f rom the
sea water At the present day it has
.
,

great diff erence i n the com positi on of the


l ost m uch of its i m porta nce si nce all the ,
various kinds all of which a ns wer their
l a rger shi ps are made of steel It is .
,

purpose b ut contai n widel y varying


usually com posed of copper 6 0 to 62 ,
,

quantities of copper and zinc T h e fol


p a rts ; a n d zi nc 4 0 to 3 8 parts It i s
.

, .

l o wing ta bl e s hows the c om positi on of


someti mes called yell ow metal or M untz ,
s ome excellent q ualities of brass s uitabl e
metal ( calle d after its i nventor ) a n d is ,
for ma ki ng s heet a nd wire :
prepared with certai n preca utions di ,

r e c t e d towa rd obtai ni ng as fine grai n a

as possi ble experience having s hown ,


B r a ss S h ee t— S o urce L ea d Ti n
that only a fi n e grained all oy of uni f orm -

d ensity ca n resist the action of the sea Jema ppes .

water evenly A metal of uneven den


'
.
S tolberg .

ty will wear i n holes T o obtai n as .


R omilly . .

uniform a grai n as possi ble s mall sa m , R osthorn ( Vienna ) .

pl es taken from the f used mass are cool ed Rosth orn ( Vienna ) .

i ck l y and exami ned as to fracture If R osth or n ( Vi enna )


tq p
.
.

e
y d o n ot s how the desired uniform I serl oh n R omilly
gra i n s ome zinc is a dded to the mass
, .
L ii d e n sc h e i d
After it has er me a t e d the whol e mass ,
( Brittl e ) .

a fres h sam p e is ta ken and tested this , He ge r mti h l .

bei ng conti nued until the desi red result O ker


is reached It is scarcely necessary to
.

B r a ss Wir e
remark that consi derable ex perience is
required to tell the correct com o si ti o n Augsb urg
of the all oy from the fracture T e ma ss .
N eustadt .

is finally poured i nto m ol ds a nd r o l l e


col d. M alleabl e brass ca n be w o r k e g N eustadt
N eustadt
.

w a rm li ke iron being d uctile i n heat a


, , , N eusta dt .

valua bl e quality .

( G ood q uality )
Experi ments with mall eabl e brass ( Brittle )
show that all all oys contai ning u p to For wire an d sheet
per cen t of copper a nd up to
.
A LLOY S 55

As th e ab ov e fig ures sh ow the per ,

centa e o f zinc i n the diff erent kinds of


br a ss i es b etween 2 7 and 84 Recently .
,

alloys containin a s om ew h at larger


quantity of zinc g ave been used it ha v ,

ing been f o und that the toughness an d


d u cti li t of the brass are increased there
by wit out injury to its tenacity Al
, .

l oys containing up to 3 7 per cent of zinc


possess a high de ree of ductility i n the
c l d and are wel g ada pted for wire a n d
s lq
,

e et .

Gil d ers ’ S h eet Bra ss — C opper 1 part ; ,

zinc 1 part ; tin


, part ; lead 115 part , , .

Very readily fusi bl e a nd very dense .


10 .

Wh i te B ras s — Birmi ngha m platina is


an all oy of a pure white al m ost sil ver ,

white col or remaining una ff ected by ,

tolerably l ong expos ure to the atm os


here Unfortunatel y this all oy is s o
.
Britannia meta l is prepared by m elti ng
the copper al one first the n a ddi ng a
.

rittle that it ca n rarely be sha ped ex ,

cept by casting I t is use d only i n the part of the ti n a nd the w h ol e of the a n


ti mo n y T h e heat can then be quickly
.

ma n ufacture of buttons T h e all oy is


.

oured into m ol ds gi vi ng rather sharp


.

modera ted as th e mel ti ng oint of the


,

p new all oy is m uch l ower t a n that of


i mpressi ons and all owing th e desi gn on
the button (letters or coat of arms ) to c opper Fi nally the rest of the ti n is
.
,

stand out r o mi n e n tl y with careful a dded and the mixture stirred consta n tl y
,

stam ping he co m o si ti o n of this for some ti me to make it thoroughly


.

alloy als o kn own by t e nam e of plati h omoge n eous .

num lead is as foll ows : An alloy which bears a resem bla nc e


,

I II
to Britan nia metal is As h berry m etal ,

4
for which t h ere are two formulas
16
II I .
—Zinc 80 parts ; copper 10 parts ;
, ,

iron , 10 parts .

B RITANNI A M ETAL .
N ickel
B ritannia m etal is an all o y consisti ng
pri n ci pally of ti n an d a nti mony M any .
B R ONZES .

vari eti es contai n only these two metals , The co mpo sn i o n of bronze m ust be
and may be considered si m l y as ti n eff ect ed i m mediately before the casti n
hardened with a nti m ony w liil e others , for bronze ca nnot be h e t i n store rea y
conta i n i n addition certain ua n titi e s of repared I n forming t e all oy the r e
p
.
, , ,

copper s ometi m es lead an occasi on


, , r a ct o r y c om c u nd copper is first melted , ,

all y th ough rarel y o n account of its cost


, , separ a tely t e other metal s ti n zi nc
, , , ,

bismuth Britanni a m etal is al ways of a


. etc .
, previ ous] heated bein g then ,

sil very-white col or with a bl uis h ti nge , , added ; the who e is then sti rred a nd the
and i ts hardness makes it ca pable of casti ng carried o ut with o ut l oss of ti me .

taking a high polis h which is not l ost , T h e process of forming th e all oy m ust be
through expos ure to the air N inety pe r . effecte d q uickly s o that there may be n o
,

cent of ti n an d 1 0 per cen t of antimony l oss of zinc ti n or lea d through oxid a


, ,

gives a com positi on which is the best for ti on and als o no interrupti on to th e
,

many purposes es eci a ll y for casting as , , flow of metal as m etal added after an ,

it fills out the m ol s well a nd is readily , i nterval o f ti me will not combi ne e r


fusibl e I n some cases where articl es
. , f e ctl y with th e metal alrea dy poure in .

m a de f rom it are to be subjected to con I t is im portant there f ore to ascertai n


, ,

stant wear a harder all oy is re quired, . the spe C i fi c weights of the metals for ,

I n the proportions i ven ab ove the metal the heavier metal will nat ural ] tend t o
si nk to the b ottom a n d t he il ghter to
,

i s i nde e d m uc h arder th a n ti n but ,

woul d still soon give way under usage . coll ect at the top O nl y i n this way .
,

A tabl e is a ppended gi vi ng the c o m ,


an d by vigorous sti rring ca n th e c u m ,

position of s ome of the varieties of Bri pl e te bl ending of the two meta l s be


ta n ni a me tal a n d their S pecial na mes , s ecured I n adding the zinc great ca r e
. ,
56 A LLO YS

must be taken t h at the latter sinks at all o s with ti n an d zi nc bron z e brass , ,

once to the level of th e co per otherwise etc I t ca n be cast ex ec l e n tl y ca n be


a consi derable portion w i p
. ,
,

1 be volatilized fi led well an d turned , possesses a n ex


before reachi ng the copper When the . t r a or d i n a r y hardness an d fir mness and ,
.

castin gs are made t hey m ust be cooled ,


attai ns a high degree of c l ish ; i t is
as qui ckl y as possible for the compo ,
mallea ble a nd for cable n the latter .

h e nts of bronze have a tendency to form quality are fou n e d a p l i cati ons which
separate all oys of vari ous compos 1ti on ,
were formerly ne ver t p ought of viz ,

thus prod ucing the so called ti n s pots - . forged works of art for decorati ve pur
T his i s m uch more likely to occur Wi th a poses .An all oy of 95 parts alumi num
sl ow tha n with a sudde n cooling of the and 5 pa rts copper is use d here T he .

mass .
tech ni cal worki ng of bronze is not mate
r i a ll y di ff ere nt fro m that of i ron Th e
An ne a li ng Bro n ze — T his process is
.

.
metal es eci a l l y i n a hot condi ti on is
worked li ke iron o n the anvil with ham
, ,
more particularly e mpl oyed i n the prep ,
aration of all oys used i n the man ufacture mer a nd chisel only that t he tempera
of cymbals gongs bells etc T h e alloy
, , , .

ture to be maintai ned i n f o r gi n lies


,

is naturally br i ttle and ac quires the ,


between da rk a nd li ht cherry re If
properties essential to th e purpose for the arti cl es are not or ge d in one pi ece
which it is intended only after casting .

and the putting together of the separate


Th e i nstruments are plu nged i nto col d pa rts becomes necessary ri veti ng or ,
water whil e re d-hot ha mm ered r e , ,
s ol deri ng has t o bc res orted t o B esides .

heated a n d sl owly cool ed when they


, ,
f o r gi n al umin u m bronze is well suited
become s oft a nd sonorous T h e all oy .

for em o ssi n which is not surprising con


of cop er a nd ti n has the peculiar prop
er ty t h
s i d er i n g the i gh percentage of co per .

at whereas steel becomes hard


,
After finishin g the i eces t h e meta can
throu h cooling this mi xture when be toned i n ma n i fo d ways by treatment
,

cool e ds uddenly becomes n oti cea bl y soft


, ,

,
with aci d
a nd m or e mallea bl e T h e all oy is
.

I I — C opper 8 9 to 9 8 per cent ; al u


.

heate d to a dark-red heat or i n the cas e


.
,
, ,
mi num a nd ni ckel l to 2 per cent Alu .

of thi n articles to the m elting oint of


,
mi num an d nickel change i n the o posite
,

l ead a nd then pl unged i n col water


,
.

way that is to say i n i ncreasi ng tp e per


T h e all oy may be ham mered without
, ,

centage of nickel the a m ount of alu


s plitting or brea king .
mi num is decreased by the equal quan
Al umi num Bron ze —T his is prepared . tity I t s houl d be b orne in mind that the
.

b melting the fi nes t copper in a cruci b est rati o is al umi nu m per cent ;
by
,

e and addin the al umi num T h e . ni ckel l to , per ce nt at m ost I n .

c o er is c ool e thereby to the thickly pr e pa r i n th e all oy a de oxi dizing agent


fl ui (ppoi nt but at the m oment of the i s adde viz phosphorus to er
per cent T
,
.
,

comb i nation of the two metals so m uch , cent ; magnesi um to he .

heat is released that the alloy bec omes phosphorus sh oul d al ways be added in
white h ot and thinl y fluid Al umi num . the form of ph os ph orous copper or phos
bronze th us pre ared is us ually brittle , phor al umi n um of exactly determined
a nd ac u i r es i ts est qualities only after percenta ge I t is first a dded to th e
.

having een rem elted s everal ti mes I t . c opper then the al umin um and the
,

may be remarked that i n order to obtai n , nickel a nd fi nall y the magnesium the
, ,

a bronze of the best quality o n l the very , last na med at the m oment of li qui dity ,

purest copper m ust be used ; wit a n -in i e are a dmixed .

ri or quality of copper all labor is wasted , . II I — A gol d bronze containing 8 to


.
,

Al uminum bronze is not affected by ex 5 per cent al umi num ; s pecific gravity ,

po sur e to the air ; a nd its bea utiful col or to Ha n ds ome gol den color .

ma kes it very s uita ble for ma n ufa ct ur T h i s all oy oxi di zes l ess on h eati ng than
i ng vari ous ornam ental articles incl ud , cop er and iron an d is therefore espe ,

i ng cl ock cases door knobs etc, , . C i s l y a da pted for l ocom oti ve fi r e bo xes
Al uminum bronze wire is alm ost as a nd s pindles etc , .

strong as good steel wire and castings , I V — A steel bronze conta i ning on an
.

made from it a re alm ost as hard as steel y average per cent al u mi num (i n cl ud
iron ; its resista nce to bendi ng or sag ing 1 er cent sili ci u m ) ; s peci fic gravit
ging is great .
ery d uctil e a nd tough b ut sli htly ,

I — A good form ul a is 9 0 t o 95 per cent


. el asti c ; hence its use is excl u de d w ere .
of al uminu m and 5 to 1 0 er cent of co p W i th larg e dema nds upon tensio n and
per of gol den col or w h i c keeps well i n
, , pressure no perma nent c ha n e of f orm
,

the ai r Without s oon becoming dull a nd


, m ust ensue T his is c ha nge by work
.

c hanging c ol or li ke pure copper an d its i ng such as rolling dra wi n g etc E8


, , , .
A LLO Y S 57

peci a ll y use f ul where i n f rangibility is de become very thinl y flui d a nd will ive ,

sired as i n machi nery ordna nce etc


, , , . fine castin s whic h ca n ea sil be wor ed
At high tem peratur e th i s bronze loses its with the fi e an d chisel T e best pro .

elasti city agai n . porti ons seem to be from 1 0 to 1 8 per


V —T his con tains
. per cent al u cent of zinc a nd from 2 to 4 per cent
minum a n d 1 i to 2 per ce nt silici um I ts . of tin I n poi nt of hard ness statua ry
.
,

use is advisable i n cases where the metal bronze holds a n i ntermediate positi on
is to possess a good elasti city eve n i n , between gcuni ne bronze a n d brass ,

the cast state an d to retai n it after , bei ng h a r d er an d tougher than the latter ,

bei n worked in red heat b ut not s o much s o as the former


Vi — An a ci d b ronze containing 1 0
. .

, S ince statuary bronze is used rin


per cent al umi nu m ; s peci fic gravity , ci pa ll y for a rtisti c pur oses m uc de ,

Especially serviceable to resist ends u pon the col or is ca n be vari e d


p
.

oxidati on and the acti on of acids . rom pal e yell ow to orange yell ow by
VII — D iam ond bronze containi ng
.
, slightl y varying the content of tin or
1 0 per cent al umi num a nd 2 per cent .
zinc whi ch m ust of course still be kept
, , ,

silici um S pecific gravity


. Very , between the limits i ven a bove T o o .

hard ; of great firm ness b ut brittle , . m uch ti n makes the a loy brittle an d dif
fi c ul t to chisel ; with too much zi nc on
Ar t Bro n z es (S e e also Al uminu m
,
.

Bronzes and Ja anes e Bronzes under the other hand the warm tone of col or is ,

this ti tle ) — I opper 84 parts ; zi nc l ost a nd the bronze d oes n ot a cquire a


,

fine ati na
. .
, ,

1 1 a rts ; ti n 5 parts
.

T e best pro o rti o n s for statuary


.
,
— C opper 9 0 part s ; zi nc 6 parts ; , ,
bronze are very e fi n i tel y known at the
ti n 2 parts ; lead 2 parts
,

III — Copper 65 parts ; zi nc 80 parts ;


,
present day ; yet it s ometi mes happens
tin 5 parts
.
, ,
that large casti ngs ha ve n ot the ri ght
chara cter T hey are either d efecti ve i n
.
,

IV — Cop r 90 parts ; ti n 5 par ts ; zinc


.

4 parts ; l e a g l part f
. , ,
c ol or or they d o not ta ke on a fine patina
, ,

or they a re d i fi cul t t o chisel T hes e


.

V — Copper 8 5 parts ; zinc 1 0 parts ;


.

tin 3 parts ; lea d 2 parts


, ,
phenomena may be due to the use of
i m pure metals — containing oxi des iron
.
, ,

VI — C opper 7 9 parts ; zinc 23 parts ; , ,


.

tin 3 parts ; lead 2 parts


, ,
l ead etc — o r to i mproper treatm ent of
, .

, , .

the all oy i n melting With the m ost .

S tatu ary Bro n ze — M a ny of the a n . careful work possible there is a co n si d ,

tique statues were made of c unine e r a bl e loss i n meltin — 3 per cent at the
bronze which has a dva ntages fo r this
g
, very least an d s ometi mes as much as 10
, .

purpose b ut has bee n s uperseded i n


, T hi s is d ue t o the large proporti on o f
modern ti mes by mixtures of m e ta l s zinc a nd it is evi dent that i n c o n se
, ,

conta i ni ng besides copper a nd ti n — the


, q u e n c e of it the nature of the all oy will
,

cons tituents of real bronze — a u a n ti ty be di ff erent from what might be ex e ct e d


of zinc the all oy thus formed being
, from the quantiti es of metal s use i n its
really a n i nterm ediate product between ma nufacture .

bronze and brass T h e reas on for th e . I t has been remarked that slight vari
use of suc h mi xtures li es pa rtly in the a ti o n s i n com positi on q uickly change
co mparative cheapness of their r o d uc the col or of the all oy T h e foll owi ng .

tio n as compared with genui ne ronze , ta bl e gives a series of all oys of di ff erent
a n d ) artly i n the ur po se for which the col ors s uitable for statuary bronze :
metal is to be us e d? A th oroughly good
,

statuary bronze m ust become thi nly flui d C o lo r


i n f usi ng fill the m olds out sh a r pl all ow
,

of bein easily worked with the l e a nd ,

m ust ta e o n the b eauti ful green coati ng 4 Reddish yell ow


30
cal led pati na after b ei ng exposed to the ,
5 O ra n ge red
00
air for a short ti me . 3 O range red
92
G enui ne bronze h owever strongly ,
5 O range red
00
heated d oes not become thin e nough to
,
3 O range yell ow
63
fill out the m ol ds wel l an d it is als o ,
O range yell ow
di fficult to obta i n hom ogeneous cas ti n s O range yell ow
fro m it B rass al one is als o too thickg
. y 3 1 5 O ran ge yell ow
fluid a n d n ot hard e n o u h for th e r e
,
4 0 00 Pal e orange
quired fine chiseli ng or c asi n g of the 2 0 76 Pal e yell ow
finished object All oys contai n i ng zinc . 3 0 00 Pal e yell ow
and tin i n additi on to copper ca n be
, , 2 49 Pal e yell ow
prepared i n s uch a ma nner that they W i ll
58 A LLOYS

Pe rh aps the m ost sa ti s fact o ry bronz e fore to re move oxyge n a n d al s o i nd i rect


,

me tal is the a l loy used i n Fra nce for more l y to des troy occl ud ed gas a n d s ul ph ur .

tha n a century It contai ns per . A b r onze is s o met i mes m ad e W i t h an


cent o f c o per ; per cent o f zi nc extra high per ce n ta g o i bos phorus
; hi s a l oy i s made
,

namely 6 per cent


,
, .

er cen t 0 ti n and per cent of l ead ;


Somewhat mor e zi nc is ta ken f or articl es
.
, ,

s o as to have phosphorus i n co n veni ent



form for us e a nd the process of ma nu


.

t o be g il ded . ,

B i s uth Bron ze — C 0 pper. 5 2 parts ; .


facture is as follows : Ninety pounds
nicke 80 parts; zi nc 1 2 a rts ; lead 5 of copper are melted under charcoal in
parts ; bi smuth ; 1 pa rt
, ,

or m etall i c
‘ _
a N o 7 0 crucible which holds about
. ,

mirrors l a m p refle ct ors et c


.

2 00 ounds o f metal when f ul l ; 1 1


poun s of ti n a re add ed a nd the m
.
, ,
et al is
Gun Br dn z — S ee Ph os phor B ronz e
'

all owed to become h ot T he crucibl e is


under this tit e
.

.
then remove d fr om the furna ce a nd 7
— The r in

g gg
iv n
f
ow conta i n a a ? eae i p ounds o p
i n th e f ol l owi ng
hos phorus a r e i n troduced

which grea tly improves the patina The in


ma n n er : A S gal lon -

.
ston e j a r half f ull of d il ute sol u ti on
,

gnedi cn ts and the ra tio of their parts for sev of bl ue vitriol i s weighed T hen the
er al sorts of moder n Japa nese bronze follo w:
, .

weights are increased 7 pounds and


I —C o per ;
,
per ce nt ; ti n hos phorus i n sticks a bout 4 inches
per cent ; p p
.
,

ea d per cent
g is a dde d till the s cales balance
, .
on
II — C opper
. per ce nt ; ti n ,
, agai n T h e phos phorus i s left i n this
.

per cent ; l ead per c ent ; zi nc,


, s ol uti o n ha lf a n hour o r l ong e r the phos ,
per cent
ph o r u s b ei ng given c o a ti n of cop er
d
.

l I I — Copper
,
. per cent ; tin , , s o that it may be ried a n expose to
per cent ; l ead per c ent ; zi nc
, ,
the a ir with out i gniti n g Have ready .

pe r cent a a n a bout 3 0 i nc hes s quare and 6


S ometi mes a little a nti mony is a dded i n cp es dee p containi ng about 2 inches of
,
j ust before casti ng a nd s uch a com posi ,
w a ter O v er the water is a wi re nettin g
.
,
ti on w o ul d be represented m ore nearl y whi ch is laid l oos e on l edges or s u ports
by t his f orm ula al ong the i nn er si des of the pa n n the
I V — C opper
.

. per cent ; ti n , ,
ne tti n is bl otting a nd on this the
p
phos g lai (p
,
per cent ; zw o per cent ; lea d
, , l orus is atoerd r y when taken
per c ent ; a nti m on y per cent , .
out o the bl ue -vitriol s ol uti on T h e pa n
For i mitation Japa nes e bronze , see
.

als o has a li d whic h ca n be ut down in


Plating under Bronz i ng .
case of ignition o f the ph o sp orus
Ma ch i n e Bro n ze —I — C opper 8 9 pe r
.

. .
, T h e ph os phoru s i s n ow ready fo r
c ent ; ti n 1 1 per cent
, .
i n tr o ducti on i nto th e metal T his is
II —4 Cop per, 8 0 pe r cent ; ti n 1 6 per
.

.
, d one by mea ns o f a cu p-s ha pe d instrua
cen t .
ment called a retort or ph osph o r i ze r
. .

Ph osph or Emma — Ph osphor br o nze O n e man hol ds the retort on th e rim of


is bronze contai nin g va r yi n a m ounts t he cruci ble in a horizontal position A
of phosphorus from a fe w E
.

un d r e d t h s
'

, seco n d ma n ta kes a b out three pieces of


o f l per cent to 1 or 2 per cent B ron ze . phos ph orus a nd throws th em i nto the
contai ni ng si mply cop er a nd tin is very retort T he first ma n then i m mediately
'

pl unges the mout h o f the r etort below


.

liabl e to be defecti ve rom t he presen ce


of o xygen ; s ul phur or occl ude d ga ses t he s urface of t he m etal be f ore the phos;
'

, .

O gen causes the metal to be spongy ph o r us has a chance to fall o r flow out
x
a n ywea k S ul ph ur a nd bccl u d e d gases
.

O f c ourse the h os p h orus i m mediatel y


melts a nd a ls o p
.

cause or o si ty, O xygen ets into the egins to volatilize As


metal rp
l .

y ab so r pti o n from t e a i r I t ca n . the phos horus comes i n contact w i th


be el i minated by a ddin g to the metal the me ta it combi nes with it T his
so me t h i n
.

which c o mbi nes with the oxy process i s conti nued till all the 7 pounds
ge n and t en fi uXes o ff S uch d eoxidiz ers
'

.
of ph osphorus has been put i nto the metal .

are zi nc a nti mo n , al uminum ma n , T h e metal i s the n poure d into sla bs about


ga nes e silico n a n phos phor us S ul 3 i nc hes by 4 i n ches by 1 i nc h thick T h e
metal i s s o ha rd that a greater thickness
, , .
.

ph ur a nd occl u ded gases ca n b e cli mi


h ated by melti n
gth e metal exp osing it to

, w oul d ma ke i t di ffic ul t to brea k i t up


When fi n i sh ed the metal c ontains by
.

the air a nd letti ng it th us a bs orb s om e


, ,

a nalys i s 6 per cent o f ph os ph orus When


,
oxyg en whic h the n b urns the s ul ph u r
.

, , .

a nd ga s T h e o xygen ca n the n b e t e h os phor us i s t o be a dded to met al a


_

p
.
,
m oved by a ddi n g one o f th e a bove i tt l e of th s hardener is e m pl o e d
i y
men ti o n e u d e d xid i Zei s T h e i mportan t
.
'
. C opper i s a s oft d uctil e metal with i ts, ,
us e of phos p h orus i n bron ze is, there mel ti ng pa i n t at a b ou t F M ol .
60 AL L O YS

not any hotter tha n is needed . T hen known for m ore tha n fifty ye a r s i t 18 onl y ,
.


a dd 1 0 r ounds of hard ener ( made as ”
of late that the m ode for prepari ng phos .

e v i o u siy described ) an d stir well


r Re phor bronze has been perfected It l s .

p
.

m ove from furnace ski m off the char ,


n ow ma nufacture d i n ma ny l ocal i ti es .

c oal cool the metal with gates to as l ow Besides its a cti on i n red uci ng the oxides
,

a te m perature as is consistent w ith get diss olved i n t he all oy the hos horus ,

ting a good casting stir w e l l a a m and exerts an other very materia in neneo
pour T h e m ol ds for “
, ,

1 18 k m upon the properties of t he bronze T h e


n

.
of work .

are faced with pl umbago .


ordinary bronzes consist of mi xtures in
T here are several firms that make which the c opper is reall y the only crys
phosphor -bronze b e ari ngs with a com t a l li z e d constituent si nce the ti n crys ,

positi on si milar to the a bove o n e a n d ,


t a ll i z e s with reat di ffi culty As a con .

m ost of them or perhaps all ma ke 1t by


, ,
.

se quence o f t is dissi milarity i n the na


mel ti n the m etals a nd then chargi ng ture of t h e t wo metals the all oy is not ,

with p o sph o r us to the extent of to so soli d as it woul d be if b oth were crys


l per cent B ut som e m etal from all
.
t a ll i zed T h e ph osph orus causes the
.

brands contains occl uded ga s S o that .


ti n to crystalli ze a nd the res ult is a more
,

after s uch metal is cast (i n ab out two h omogeneous mi xture of the two metals .

mi nutes or so) the m etal will ooze or If enough phos ph orus is ad ded so ,

s weat out through the gate and s uch a ,


that its presence ca n be detected in the
casti ng will be found to be o r o us B ut .
fi n ished bronze the latter may be con ,

not one such experience wit metal ma de si d e r e d a n all oy of crysta l lized phosphor

as described ab ove has yet been found .


ti n with co per I f the content of phos .

T his practical poi nt s houl d be heeded , ph o r i s stil more i ncreased a art of the
O
,

viz that pig hos phor bronze s houl d be copper com bines with the p os horus
brought to the s pecifications that the
. ,
,

an d the bron ze « the n conta i ns e si d e s ,

metal sh oul d have shrunk i n the ingot copper a nd tin com ounds of crystal ,

m ol d i n c oolin g as shown by the con ,


l i z e d copper ph o sph i e with ph os phide
cave s urface o f the u pper side and that of ti n T h e stren t h a n d te nacity of the
bronze are n ot fes se n e d by a larger
.
,

it s houl d ma ke a casti ng i n a sand m ol d


without risi ng i n the gate after being a mount of phos ph orus an d its hardness ,

poured .
is considera bl y in creased M ost phos .

In beari ng metal occl uded gas is very ,


phor bronzes a re e qual i n this respect to
objectionabl e beca use the gas in trying
, ,
the best steel a nd s ome eve n surpass it
,

to free itself sh oves the very hard cop


,
i n general properties .

per ti n com pound ( which has a l ow


- T h e ph os ph orus is a dded to the bronze
melti ng point an d remains li quid after i n the form of copper ph os phide or phos
the copper has begu n to set ) into s pots , phi d e of ti n the two being s ometi mes
,

and thus causes hard 5 ots i n the metal . used together T hey m ust be s e ci a ll y
.

Ph os h orus is very a n ge r o us to ba n pre ared for this purpose a n d t e best ,

dle a n there is great ris k from fire with


,
met ods will be here given C opper .

it s o that many woul d n ot care to handle


,
ph os phide is pre pared by heati ng a mix
the phos phorus itself B ut ph os ph or . ture of 4 parts of s u per ph os phate of lime ,

copper containi ng 5 per cent of phos 2 parts of gra nul ated c o per a nd 1 part
p ,

ph o r us a nd phos hor ti n contai ni ng 2 to of finely pul verized c oal 1 11 a cruci ble at a


7 per cent of p p
,

o s ph o r u s an d several , temperature n ot too high T h e melted .

other s uch alloys ca n be obtained i n the c opper phos phi de contai ni ng 1 4 per cent ,

market It ma be sugge ste d to those of phos ph orus separates on the bottom


who wis h to ma ke phos li o r bronze but
.
,

, of the cruci ble .

do not want to handl e p o sph o r u s itself , T i n ph os phi de is prepared as foll ows :


to make it by usi ng the proper a mounts Place a bar of zi nc i n a n a u e o u s sol ution
of one of these hi gh phos phorus all oys . of ti n chl ori de T h e ti n wil b e separated
.

I n usi ng ph os ph orus i t is only necessary i n the form of a s ponge -li ke mass Col .

to use enough to th oroughly deoxidi ze l ect i t a nd put it i nto a cruci bl e upon


, ,

the metal say ,per cent M ore tha n . the b ottom of whi ch sticks of phos phorus
this will make the metal harder But not , have been pl a ced Press the ti n tightly .

a ny s ounder . i nto the crucibl e a nd expose t o a en tl e


,

Phos phor bronze is not a s pecial ki nd heat . C onti nue the heati ng until ames
of all oy but any bronze ca n be made
, of burni ng ph os ph orus are n o l onger
i nto ph os phor bronze ; it is i n fact si m , , observ ed on the crucibl e T h e pure tin .

ply a deoxi di zed bronze produced under , ph os ph i de i n th e form of a c oarsely


,

treatment with phos phorus compoun ds . crystalli ne mass ti n -w h ite i n col or will , ,

Although the e ffect of phos phor us i n be found on the b ottom of the crucibl e .

i mprovi n g the qu a lity of bronze has been T o pre pare the ph os ph o r bro n ze th e ,
A LL O YS 61

alloy to be treated is melte d i n the usual I for axl e beari n gs I I a n d I I I for ,

way and s mall i e ces o f the c opper phos


,
_
harder and s ofter axl e beari ngs I V to ,

phi d e and ti n p o sph i d e are a dded . VIII for railroad pur poses I V es e ci a ll y ,

Phosphor bronze properly prepared , , for val ves of l ocom oti ves V a nd I axl e ,

has nearly the sa me melti ng poi nt as that bearin s for wagons VI I for connecti ng ,

of ordinary bronze I n cooli ng how .


, rods I I I for pist on rods i n hydraulic
,

ever it has the peculi arity of passi ng


, presses .

directly from the l i qui d to the s olid state ,

without first becom i ng thickl y flui d I n .


S teel Bronze — C opper .
, 60 ; ferro
a melted state it retains a e r f e ctl y bri ht manga nese ( contai ni ng 7 0 t o 80 per cent
surface whil e ordi nary ronze i n t is
,
ma nga nese ) 4 0 ; zi nc 1 5 , , .

condition is al ways covered with a thi n S il i co nBro nze — S ili con si milarly to .

film of oxide .

phosph orus acts a s a deoxidizi ng agent


,

,
If phos i hor br nze is kept for a l ong ,

time at tli e melti ng poi nt there is not


o
a nd the bronzes produced under its
,
i nfluence are very ductil e a nd elasti c d o
a n y loss of ti n but the am ount of phos
,
,
not rust a nd are very stro n g On ac
pho r us is slightly diminis hed
, .

count o f these qualities sili con bronze


Th e most val uable properties of phos
is much used for t e l e gr a h a nd tel eph one
phor bronze are its extraordi nary te wires T h e process 0 manufacture is
I t ca n be roll ed
.

n a ci ty and strength .
,
si milar to that of ph os ph or bronze ; the
hammered and stretched cold an d its
, ,
silicon is use d i n the form of copper sili
strength is nearly double that of the best cide S ome good silico n bronzes are
ordinary bronze I t is principally used
.

as foll ows :
in cases where great stre n t h a nd power
of resistance to outward i n fiu e n ce s are r e
quired as for i nstance i n obj ects whic h
, , ,

are to be exposed to the acti on of sea water .

Phosphor bronze co n ta i n i n a bout 4


er cent of ti n is excell ently we 1 a da pted
or sheet bronze With n ot more tha n 5
. S un Bro n ze — T h e all oy call ed su n
.

er cent of tin it ca n be us ed forged


, , ,
bron ze contai ns 1 0 parts of al u mi nu m ,

or firearms S even to 1 0 per cent of


. 3 0 to 5 0 parts of copper a nd 4 0 to 6 0 ,

tin gives the greatest hard ness a nd s uc h ,


parts of cobalt T h e mixture kn own by.

bronze is especially s uited to the manu the name of metalli ne has 2 5 er cent of
facture of axle beari ngs cyli nders for ,
al u minum 3 0 of copper 1 0 0 iron an d
, , ,

steam fire engi nes cogwheels a nd i n , , ,


3 5 of cobalt T hes e all oys m elt at a point
.

general for parts of machi nes where


,
a pproaching the melting poi nt of c opper ,

reat stren th and hardness are re ui r e d are tenaci ous d uctile a nd very hard
ghos hor r On z e if exposed to t e ai r
. , , .

, ,
To bi n Bron ze —T his all oy is nearly
soon eco me s c overed with a beautiful .

closely adhering pati na a nd is therefore


,
si milar i n com positi on a nd properties to
,
D elta metal
well adapted to purposes of art T h e .

amount of phosphorus added vari es


from to per cent accordi ng t o C opper 6 1 2 03
.

the purpose of the bronze T h e com


,
Zinc
position of a number of ki nds of phos
.

Tin cccc cc
phor bronze is given bel ow : Iron .

L ea d
S il ver
Cop
T in Zi n c L ea d
Phospho
per rus
T h e all oy marke d I V is s om eti me s
called deoxi dized bronze .

Vi ol et col ored bronze is 50 parts cop


-

per and 5 0 parts anti mo ny .

CAD MIUM ALLOYS :


S e e als o Fusi bl e All oys .

Li po wi tz ’ s
Allo y — I — T his all oy is . .

com pos ed of ca dmi um 3 parts ; ti n 4 ; , ,

bis muth 1 5 ; a nd lead 8


, T h e si m pl est , .

m eth od of pre arati on is to h e at th e


metals i n s map l pieces i n a crucibl e
, , ,

stirring constantly as s oon a s fusi o n ,


63 A LLO YS

begins with a s ti ck of hard wood T h e


,
. pa rts ; bis muth 7 T hi s l ike the pre , . ,

stirring is im rta n t i n order to prevent ,


cedi ng ca n be used for s ol deri ng i n hot
,

t he metals w ose S peci fic gravity va ri es , water .

c onsiderably from bei ng deposited in , X — Cad mi um all oy ( m el tin g point


.
,

layers T h e all oy s oftens at 1 40 F a nd


.
°
. 3 00
°
Ca dmi um 2 pa rts ; tin 4 ; lead , , ,

melts com l et el y at 1 5 8 ° F T h e col or . 2 . T his is a n e xcellent s oft s old er with a ,

is sil very w ite with a l uster li ke polished ,


melting poi nt ab o ut 8 6 degrees bel ow that
sil ver a nd the metal ca n be bent ha m
, , of l ea d a n d ti n al one .

mered and turned T hes e properties


, .
Cadmium Al l o w i th G ol d , S il ver , a n d
would make it val uabl e for many pur Co ppe r — I — G o d 7 50 pa rts ; sil ver 1 66
. .
, ,
poses where a bea utiful a ppeara nce i s of parts ; cadmi u m 8 4 pa rts A mall eabl e
s e ci a l i m o r t a n ce b ut on account of
.
,

, a nd ductile alloy of green col or .

t e co usi crabl e amount of ca dmium II — G ol d 7 5 0 parts ; sil ver 1 25 a rts ;


.
, ,
a nd bis muth which it contains it is , a nd cad mi um 1 25 parts M a l l e a b e and , .

rather ex e n s i ve a nd therefore li mited , d uctil e all oy of yell owis h -green h ue .

i n use asts of s mall a ni mals i nsects


.
, , I I I — G ol d 7 4 6 pa r ts ; sil ver 1 14
.
, ,

li zards etc have been prepare d from, .


, parts ; copper 97 parts ; a nd cad mi um , ,
i t which were e qual i n s har ness t o
, 4 3 parts Li kewis e a m all ea bl e and
.

the best gal va noplastic work laster of .


d uctile all oy of a peculiar green shade .

Paris is poured over the a nimal to b e All th es e all oys a re s uitabl e for lating .

cast a n d after sharp dr ing the ani mal


, ,
As regards their producti on ea c must ,
i s removed a nd t he mo ( 1 filled up with be carefull y melted to ether from i ts
L i po w i t z s metal

T h e m ol d is placed .
i ngredients i n a co v er e crucibl e lined
i n a vessel of water a nd by heating to , with coal d ust or i n a r a phi te cruci ble , .

the boili ng poi nt the m etal is m elted a nd N ext the all o h as to e remelted in a
,
d eposited i n the fi nest i mpressi ons of the gra phite cruci l a with charcoal ( or rosin
mol d .
powder ) and bora x If i n s pite thereof .
,
T his all oy is m ost e xcell ent for s ol der
,

a consi dera bl e porti on of the cad mium


i n g ti n lea d Britannia metal a nd nickel
, , , , s houl d have eva porate d the all oy must ,
b ei n es pecially ada pted to the last two be r e fus ed once m ore w ith an addi ti on of
meta s on account of its sil ver white -
cadmi u m .

c ol or B ut here agai n its c ostliness t e


.

vents its general us e and chea er a l oys ,


ALLOYS F OR C A S TING C O INS , M E
po sse ssi n the sa me r o pe r ti e s ave been D A LLI ONS , ETC .

s ought n cases w ere the silver white


.
-
All oys which ful fill the requi rements of
color and the l ow me l ti n point are not the medalist a nd ca pable therefore of , , ,

of the first i mporta nce t e all o 3 gi ven , re prod uci ng all deta il s a r e the foll owi ng ,
b l o w may very well be used i n t e place
0 pt i .
Ti n
'

3
I II
6 pa rts
II .
—Cad mi u m all oy ( melti ng poi nt , L ead 13 8
°
1 70 Cad mium 2 par ts ; ti n 3 ; lead , , , Bis m uth 6 14
11; bis muth 1 6
III — A s oft all oy s uita bl e to take i m
, .

I I l — Cad mi u m all oy ( melti ng point


.
,
.

1 67 °
Ca dmi um 1 0 pa r ts ; ti n 3 ; lead , ,
pressi ons of woodc uts c oi ns meta ls en , , ,
,
8 ; bis muth 8 , .
gravin s etc a nd whic h m ust melt at
, .
,

Cad mi um all oys ( m el ting point 2 03 ,


° a l ow egr e e of heat is m ade out of h is ,

m uth 3 arts ; ti n I i parts ; l ead 2 }


, , ,

I V V VI parts ; a n worn-out type 1 part , .

C adm i um 1 1 1 parts A ci d - roof Allo y — T his all oy is char


a cter i z e pb
. .

Ti n .
2 3 1 i ts power of w astin g the
Bis m uth . 3 5 2 a ct i on of a c i ds a n d is therefore es peci ally
,

VI I —A very fus i bl e all oy melti ng at a da pted to maki ng c ocks pipes etc , , .


,

wh i ch are to c ome i n c ontact with aci d


.
,

com posed of ti n 1 or 2 pa rts ;


.

1 50 °
F is
flu i ds I t is c om ose d of copper zi nc
.
, ,

l ea d, 2 or 3 ; bi s m uth 4 or 1 5 cad mium p


.
, ,

l or 2
, ,
l ead ti n iron n i ck el c obalt a nd a n
, ,

ti mo n y i n t h e foll owi ng proporti ons


, , ,

W
,
VI II —
ood s all oy melts between ’

C opper
.

1 4 0 ° a nd l 6 1 5 F I t is com posed of .
°
. pa r ts
l ead 4 parts ; ti n 2 ; bis muth 5 to 8 ;
,
.
, ,
L ea d
cad m i um l to 2 I n col or it resem bl es , .
Ti n
platin um a nd is malleabl e to a ce rtai n
,
I ron
e xtent
Nickel
.

I X —Ca dmi um all oy ( mel ti ng poi nt


.
, Co balt
l 79 5 .
°
Cadmi u m 1 pa rt ; lea d 6 , , An timony
ALL O YS 63

Meta l — C oppe r 40 parts ; zi nc


Al bata o si ti o n , have considerabl e strength an d
iia r d n ess With a n i ncreas e i n the qua n
. , ,

32 parts ; a nd nickel 8 parts , . .

Alfe n i d e Metal — C opper 6 0 parts tity of the iron the hard ness i ncreases ,

zinc 3 0 ; nickel 1 0 ; traces of iron


. ,
b ut the s olidity is l es sened A copper ;

, , .

and iron all oy of considerable stre ngth ,

Ba th Metal — T his all oy is used e s . and at the sa me ti me very hard i s ,

peci a lly in En la nd for the manufacture made of copper 66 parts ; iron 3 4 , , .

of teapots an i s very popular owi ng to, T hese alloys a c quire on ex posure to ai r , ,

the fine white col or i t pos sesses I t . an ugly col or i ncl ini ng towa rd bl ack ,

takes a high polish and articles mad e , and a re therefore not ada pted for arti
from this alloy acquire i n the course of cles o f artt .

time u on only being rubbe d with a


,
Co er Nick el -A M orrell of N e w
w hite c oth a perma n e nt silver l uster , .

Y ork as obtai ned a patent on a nickel


. . ,

T h e compositi on of Bath metal is c o p ,

c o per all oy which he cl aims is val u


per 55 parts ; zi nc 4 5 parts
, , .

ab e on account of its noncorrosi ve


Bau d oi n Me tal — T his is com posed o f .
qual i ti es therefore maki ng it desirabl e
,

7 2 parts of copper of nickel of , ,


for s hi ps boiler tubes an d other uses
, ,

co balt 1 of zinc ; i per cent of al umin um


,
where the metal comes m uch i n conta ct
may be added .
with water T h e process of m aking the
.

metal is by s melting ore contai n ing sul


CASTING COPPE R phi d e of nickel and copper a nd bese m ,

e r i z i n g the res ultant matter T his is


Ma ch t s Yellow Metal — I — T his all oy
’ .

C onsists of 3 3 parts of c opper and 2 5 of


. .

cal ci ned in order t o obtain the ni ckel


zi n c I t has a da r k gol den -yell ow col or a nd copper in the f orm of oxides T h e .

.
,
latter are red uced i n reverberati ng fur
great tenacity a nd ca n be f o r ed at a ,
nace with carbon or the like s o as t o
red heat properties which ma e it e s
,
prod uce a n all oy which prefera bly con
, ,

pe ci a ll y su i table for fine castings tains 2 parts of nickel a nd 1 part of


II — Yellow — C opper 67 to 7 0 parts ;
.

. .
,
copper
zinc 3 3 to 30 parts
, .
.

III —Red -Copper 8 2 parts ; zi n c


.
~
. , ,
D elta M etal .
—An
all oy widely used for
1 8 par ts . making parts of machi nery and als o ,

Copper Ar se n i c — Arsenic i mparts to for arti stic pur os es is the so —called


D elta metal
,

i i s is variety of brass
.

a
copper a ver fine white C ol or and makes ,
.

hard ened with iron ; s ome man ufacturers


it very ba r a n d brittle Before G er
a d d s mall qua ntiti es of ti n and l ead ;
.

man s il v er was known these all oys were ,


also i n some cases nickel T h e foll o w
someti mes used for th e ma nufacture of ,

ing a nalysis of D elta metal (from the fac


, .

such cast arti cles as were n ot to come i n tory at D ii ssel d o r f ) will s h o w its us ual
contact with iron When ex posed to the .

com position
air they soon l ose their whiteness and
,

take on a brownis h shade O n account .

of th i s as well as th e pois onous character


, 11 II I IV
of t he arsenic they are very littl e u se d ,

at the present ti me All oys of co pper .

a n d ar se nic are best p r e pare d by press i ng C opper .

fir ml y into a crucibl e a mixture of 70 Zinc


parts of c op per a n d 30 of arseni c (the L e ad
Co pper t o be us ed i n the form of fi n e Iron . .

sha vin gs ) a n d fu si n this mi xt i i r e i n a.


M anga nes e
f urnace with a go o d r a ught under a N ickel tra tra f
,

Cov er of gl a ss .
ces . ces .
Phos ph orus tra
Copper I ro n — T h e all oys of copper .
068
and i ron are littl e used i n the i ndustries
of the pr es e nt day b ut it woul d seem ,

that i n earli e r ti mes they were fre quently I is cast II h a m mered I II rolled
. , ,

prepa r ed for th e pur ose of givi ng a con and I V hot sta m pe d metal D elta
-

l e degree of hardnes s to coppe r;


.

sid e r a b metal is pr oduced by heating zinc very


for in a n tique cas ts , con sisting r i n ci strongly i n cruci bles (to a bou t 1 6 0 0 °

pa lly of copper we re ul a r l y fin l arg e and addi ng ferromanga nese or s piegel


quanti tie s of iron wh i cli lea ds to th e su p
,

, eis en ,r o d uci n g a n all oy of 95 per ce n t


positio n that they were adde d i nte nti on zinc a n 5 per cent of iron C opper a n d .

a ll brass a n d a very s ma ll a m ount of co pper


Th e se al l o ys . wh e n o f a c ertai n co m phos phate are als o a dded .
64 A LLO YS

Go n M eta1
s onorous metal for
.
—A Vo gel ’ s Co mpos i ti on Fil es .

cym ba s gongs a nd ta m ta ms consists


, ,
- 111 IV V
of 1 0 0 arts of copper with 2 5 parts tin . C opper .

Ignite t e piece after it is cast a nd pl unge Tin .

it i nto col d water i m mediately . Zinc .

L ead 7 0 8 0
Pro d u ctio n of Mi na rge nt — T his all oy .

consists of copper 5 00 parts ; nickel , ,


VI — Another all oy for c om pos 1 ti on
.

3 5 0 ; tungsten 2 5 a nd al umi num 5 T h e


, , , .
fil es i s co per 8 parts ; ti n 2 ; l l C 1 a nd , ,

, ,

metal obtai ned possesses a ha nds om e lea d 1 ,


use d under a cover of b orax .

white c ol or a nd greatly resembles silver .


EAS ILY F US IBLE OR PLAS TIC AL
Mi n o f o r — T h e s o called M i n o fo r metal - L OY S .

( T hese have a fusi ng poi nt usu ally


.

is com posed of cop er ti n anti mony Z i nc , , , ,

a nd iron i n the fol owing proporti ons : bel ow 3 0 0 F ) °


.

I II ( S e e als o S olders ) .

4 I R ose s A lloy
. Bis m uth 2 parts ;

.
,

66 lead 1 part ; ti n 1 pa rt M elting poi nt


, , .
,

200 F
°
20 .

9 II D arcet Al l oy — T his is c omposed of


. .

1 8 parts of bis muth 5 of l ead and 3 of tin , , .

It melts at 1 7 6 F T o i mpart greater °

M inar ent a nd M i n o fo r are s ome ti mes


.

fusibility —!1g a rt of mercury is added ;


used i n ugland for purposes in which the the fusi ng i s t he n l ow ered to 1 4 9 F
,
°

ordi na ry B ritannia metal 2 parts ti n a nd


.

,
1 11 — N ewton all oy m elts at 2 1 2 F °

1 part a nti mony might equally well be


.
,
,
a nd i s c o mpose d of 5 parts of bismuth 2
e mp l oyed ; the latter s urpasses both of of l ead a nd 3 of ti n
,

t he m i n beauty of color b ut they are on


.
,

the other ha nd harder ,


,

.
,
I V — W oo d ’s M etal
. .

Ti n . 2 parts
R etz A llo y .
—T
his all oy which resists , Lead 4 parts
t he corrosi ve action of alkalies a nd acids , Bis muth 5 to 8 parts ”

is composed of 1 5 parts of copper ,


T his silvery fi n e grai ned all oy fuses ,
of ti n , of lead a nd 1 of anti mony , .
between 1 5 1 a nd 1 6 2 F and is ex ° °

It ca n be utilized i n the manufacture of c e ll e n t l y ada pted to s ol deri ng .

recei vers for which porcelai n a nd eb o


,
V — Bis m uth 7 parts ; l ea d 6 parts ;
.
, ,
nite a re us ually e mpl oyed .
cad mi um 1 part M elti ng poi nt 1 8 0 F
, .
°
,

R u o l tz M etal T his com prises 2 0 .


.
VI — Bis muth 7 to 8 parts ; l ead 4 ;
.
, ,

rts of sil ver 5 0 of copper 3 0 of nickel tin 2 ; ca d mi u m 1 to 2 NI e l t i n g point


a
phese proportions may however vary
. , .
, , , ,

, , . 1 4 9 to 1 60 F
° °
.

Ti ssi e r ’ s Metal
all oy contai ns .
— T his Oth er easil y fus i ble alloys
arsenic is of a beautiful tombac red
,
VII VIII IX
col or an d very hard Its compositi on
, . L ea d . 2 3
varies a great deal b ut the peculiar all oy ,
T in . 2 3
which gi ves the na me is com posed of Bis muth 1 1 1
copper 9 7 parts ; zi nc 2 parts ; arsenic
, , ,
M elti ng Point 258 F .
°
. 2 83
°
311
°

1 or 2 It ma y be considere d
. brass a
Fusible Allo ys for Electri c In sta lla
with a very high percentage of copper , tions — T hese all oys are e mpl oyed in
.

a nd hardened by t he addition of arsenic .


el ectri c i nstallati ons as c urrent i nter
It is s ometi mes used for a xl e beari ngs , r u pt e r s S erving as c ond uctors on a
.

b ut other alloys are eq ually s uitable for short l ength of c ircuit they melt as soon ,

this purpose and are to be preferred on


, as the curre nt becomes too strong Fol .

account of the absence of arse nic whic h , l owing is the c om positi on o f s ome of
is al ways da ngerous .
these alloys .

FILE ALL OYS — M any copper -tin a l

m
.

F u si n g
l o s are em ployed for the mak i ng of files B ls d
w hich i n d i sti nction from the steel files
, ,
t
z‘p
er
re
Lea d Ti n
mu t h iiii m
r i

are designated com position files S uc h .

all oys have the foll owi ng com positions : I 2 03 ° F . 2 50 5 00 500


Ge ne va Com pos i ti o n F i les . II 1 93 ° F . 3 97 53 2 71
I II I II . 1 68 ° F . 3 44 94 500 62
62 1 53° F . 2 60 14 8 5 22 70
20 V . 1 50° F . 249 1 42 501 108
10 VI . 1 4 5° F . 2 67 136 5 00 1 00
8
A LL OY S 65 .

T hese all oys a re pre are d by melting about F A corres pondi ng qua n
1 40
°
.

the lead i n a steari ne ath a nd a ddi ng tity of the molte n a malga m is the n poured
successi vely an d d uring the cooli ng
, , i n and the mol d m oved ra pi dly to a n d
first the cadmiu m ; sec ond the bism uth ;
, ,
fro s o that th e all o is thro wn a a i n st the
,

third the tin I t is a bs ol utely necessary


,
. si des all over T e shaki ng s oul d be .

to proceed i n this ma nner si nce these , conti n ued u ntil it i s certai n that the amal
metals fuse at te m er a t ur e s ra ngi ng a m has s olidified When the m ol d
gas cooled o ff it is taken a part and
.

from 850 F (for l ea °


to 55 1 F (for
.
°
.

tin )
. the sea ms removed by mea ns of a s harp
knife I f the operati on is carri ed on
Fus i ble S afety Allo ys for S team .

correctl y a chasi ng of the cast mass be


Boilers .
,

comes unnecessary since the all oy fills ,

out the finest depressions of the m ol d


with the greatest s harpness .

Ama l ga m for Plaster — Ti n 1 part ; .


,

bis muth 1 ) art ; mercury 1 part M elt


the bis mut h and the ti n together a nd
.
, ,

whe n the two metals are i n fusi on ad d


the mercury while sti r r i n For use ,

rub up the a malgam with a i ttl e white of


OOO OO and brush like varnis h on the a

ooo oo ter articles


ooooo
.

Plasti c M etal Com positi o n — 1 C opper . .

oxi de is reduced by mea ns of hydro ge n


or copper s ul phate by boiling a s ol uti on
of the sa me i n water with some zi nc fili ngs
i n order to obtai n entirel y pure c opper .

O f the copper powder obta i ned i n this ma n


Lipowitz Metal T his a mal ga m is pre .
- ner 20 30 or 3 6 parts b wei ght accord
, , , , ,

pared as foll ows : M elt i n a dis h ca d , i ng to the de gree of ba r n css desi red for
mium 3 parts by weight ; ti n 4 parts ;
, , ,
the compositi on (the greater the quantity
bismuth 1 5 parts ; a nd lead 8 parts
, , , of copper used the ha rder will the composi
adding to the alloy while still i n fusi on , ,
tion become ) are thoroughly m oistene d ,

2 pa rts of quicksilver r e v i o us l y heated i n a cast iron or porcelai n m ortar with


-

to about 2 1 2 F T e a mal a mation °


. s ulphuric aci d of s pecific gra vity ;
roceeds easily a nd s mooth y T h e 70 3 arts by weight of mercury are t h e n
p a d cie d to this
. , ,

i qui d mass i n the dish which s h oul d aste the whole being con ,

Whe n all the copper


,

be taken from the fire i m mediately upon sta n tl y stirre


the introduction of the mercury is stirred , has been thoroughly a malgamated with
until the contents soli dify While Li po . the mercury the sul phuric aci d is washed ,

witz alloy softens already at 1 4 0 F a nd °


. out agai n with boiling water a nd i n 1 2 ,

fuses e r fe ctl y at the a malga m has hours after it has become cold the com
a stilFlower fusi ng poi nt which lies , positi on will be s o hard t hat it ca n be
aro und 1 4 3 2 F °
. polished I t is i mpervious to the a cti on
.

T his a mal ga m is e xcellently ada pte d of dil ute acids alcohol ether an d b oil , , ,

for the product i on of i mpressions of ing water It contai ns the sa me s pecific


.

various objects of nat ure direct i m "

, r a v i ty alike i n the s oft or the ha rd con


,

pressi ons of leaves a nd other delicate , iti ou When used as a cement it ca n


.
,

parts of plants having been made with its at any ti me be re ndered s oft a nd plasti c
aid which i n poi nt of sharpness are
, , i n the f o ll o w i n ma nner : If a pplied
equal to the best plaster casts a nd have while hot and p astie to the deoxi dize d
a very pleasi ng a ppearance T h e a mal . s urfaces of two pieces of m etal these ,

ga m has a silver-white col or and a latter will u nite s o firmly that i n ab out 1 0
fine gloss I t is perfectly bo n sta n t
. or 1 2 hours the metal may be s ubjecte d
to a t mo s ph e r i c i n fl u e n ce s T his a mal

. to a ny mecha nical process T h e prop .

gam has als o bee n use d with good suc e t ties of this c omposition render i t
cess for the maki ng of s mall statuettes very useful for various purposes a nd it ,

and b usts which are holl ow and can be


, forms a most eff ecti ve cement for fine
readily gilt or bronzed by electro -depo metal articles which ca nnot be s ol dere d
sitiou T h e producti on of s mall sta tues
. i n fire .

is successfully carried out by making a II — Bis muth


. parts ; l ead 3 ; ti n , , ,

hollow gyps um mol d of the articl e s to


be cast a n d h eati ng t h e mol d e venl y to II I All oy d Ho mbur g

, .
Bis m uth ,
66 A LL O YS

3 parts ; lead 3 ; ti n 3 T his all oy is , , . l am pblack and tabl e sal t ha ve been


fusi ble at 2 5 1 F an d is of a silvery °
thrown It is now rea dy for wash i n
i n cl ea n water an d dryi ng i n u n so i l e g
.
.
,

white It is e mpl oyed for re prod ucti ons


.

of medals . sa wd ust It is of the greatest im portanc e


.

I V All oy Valenti ne Ros e — Bism uth


. , that the s urface to be gil ded s houl d a p
4 to 6 parts ; lead 2 parts ; ti n 2 to 3 parts ear of a pal e yell ow ti nt all over If it
ge too s mooth the gol d will n ot take hold
. .
, ,

T his all oy fuses at 2 1 2 t o 2 50 F


° °
.

V All oy Rose p ore — Bism uth


. 2 .
,
easil y an d if it be to o d ull it will require
,

parts ; l ead 2 ; t i n 2 T his all oy fus es


, , . too much gol d to cover i t .

at 1 99 F °
.

T h e remai nder are plasti c all oys for GO LD ALL OYS


reprod ucing cuts medals coins etc , , , Colore d G ol d A1 ys — T h e all oys of .

VI — Bis m uth 4 parts ; lead 2 pa rts


.
, ,
gol d with copper ave a reddis h tinge ;
tin 1 part
,
.
those of gold with sil ver are whiter and ,

VII — Bis muth 3 parts ; lead 3 pa rts ;


.
, , a n all oy of gol d sil ver an d c opper to , ,

tin 2 parts gether is disti nguished by a r e e n i sh


M an ufacturers of gol d ware
.
,

VIII — Bismuth 4 par ts ; lead 2 parts ;


.
, ,
tone .

tin 2 parts
, .
make us e of these different col ors one ,
I X — Bism uth 5 parts ; l ead 2 parts ;
.
, , piece being frequently com posed of
tin 3 parts
,
.
several pi eces of varying col or Bel ow .

X — Bis muth 2 parts ; lead 2 parts ;


.
, ,
are give n s ome of these all oys with their ,
ti n 2 part s
,
.
c ol ors
Qu i ck - Wate r — T hat the a mal ga m .

may easily take hol d of bronze objects Go l d S i l v er C o ppe r


a nd remai n there it is customary to ,

cover the erfectl y cleansed and shining


arti cle wit pa thin coat of m ercury which ,
I . .

is us ually aecom li s h e d by di pping it i nto II . .

a s o call ed quic k water bath


- - .
I II . .

In the form of mi nute gl ob ul es the IV . .

merc ury i m mediately se parates itself V . .

from the s ol uti on and clings to the bron ze VI . .

obj ect which thereu pon resents the VI I . .

a ppeara nce of being l a te with sil ver .


VIII . .

After it has been we l ri nsed in clean IX . .

water the a mal a m may be evenly and X . .

with out d i fli c ufty a pplied with the XI


,
. .

s cratch brush .
XI I . .

T his q ui ck -water ( i n reality a s ol uti on XII I . .

of mercurous n itrate ) is made in the sim ,


XI V . .

XV
pl e st man ner by taki ng 1 0 parts of mer
. .

c ury a nd pouri ng over it 1 1 parts of X VI . .

n itric aci d of a s peci fic gravity eq ual to


no w let it stand until e very pa rt
of the mercury is diss ol ved ; then while ,
Nos 1, I I II I and I V are reen gol d ;
.
, ,

stirring vi gorously a dd 54 0 parts of ,


N o V is pal e yell ow ; N o s V VII and
. .
,

water T his s ol ution must be kept i n


. VI II bright e ll o w ; N o s I X a nd X pale .

cl osed flas ks or b ottles to prevent i m red ; N o s X a nd X 11 bri ght red ; N o s


. .

purities s uch as d ust etc from falli ng


, , .
, XIII XI V a nd X V gray ; while N o
, , .

i nto i t . X VI ex h i bits a bl uis h ti nt T h e finished .

T h e preparatory work on the object gold ware before bei ng put u pon the ,

to be gilded consists mainl y i n cl eansing market is subjected t o a s pecial treat


,

it from every trace of oxi dati on Fi rst .


, m ent, c o n sisting either i n the si m ple
it must be well a nnealed by placi ng it i n p i ckl i ng or in th e so call ed col oring -
,

a bed of gl owi ng coal care being e xer , wh i ch operati on is c ond ucted es pecially
c i se d that the heating be uniform . W i th all oys of l ow degree of fineness the
When cool ed this piece is pl un ged i nto
,

, obj ect bei ng to give the layers super a.

a highly dil uted s ul phuric -aci d bath i n fi c i a l layer of pure ol d .

order to diss ol ve i n a measure the oxide . T h e presence 0 sil ver consi derably
N ext it is di pped i n a 36 ° nitric aci d bath -
, m od i fies the col or of gol d and the je w el ,

of a s peci fic gravit equal to and er makes use of this property to obtain


brushed o ff W i th a o n g brus h ; it is n ow all oys of vari ous sha d es Th e foll owin g .

di pped i nto n i tric a Ci d i nto wh i ch a littl e proporti ons a r e to be obser ved vi z ,


68 A LL O YS

ri n bei ng k e t up till they melt Fi . I 11


nal y the cruci l e is covered a nd the mass C opper c cccc cc cc
is kept i n fusion 3 5 minutes and the same , Zi nc
bein re moved t h e metal is poured into , Ti n
m ol 3 a nd is the n ready for use T h e
, .
has a fi ne yell ow c ol or and was
It ,

all oy thus mad e is said to be fi n e grained -


, formerly m uch used i n making buttons
malleable takes a high polish a nd does
, , a nd press ed arti cl es res em bling gold .

not easily oxi diz e .


Later all oys however s urpass it i n col or , , ,

II — A n i nventi on
. a te n t e d i n G e r , an d it has fall en s ome what i nto disuse “
ma ny covers a m etal i c all oy to take
, , O n e variety of M a nnheim gold so ,
the place of gol d which even if exposed , , called contai ns , parts of brass
for s ome ti me to the action of a m m onia ( com positi on 3 C u , 1 Zn ) to 1 0 of copper
cal a nd aci d vapors does n ot oxidi ze or , a nd of zinc .

lose its gol d col or It can be rolled a nd


worked li ke gol d and has the a ppeara nce Mosai c G ol d is a n all oy com . T his
-

of e n ui n e gol d without contai ni ng the pose d — W ith slight deviati ons — o f 1 00


sl i g test a dmixture of that metal The arts of copper an d 5 0 to 55 of zinc It
ha s a bea utiful col or cl osely resembling
.
.

all oy consists of cop per a nd anti mony i n ,

the approximate rati o of 1 00 to 6 a nd is ,


that of gol d a nd is disti nguished by a ,

prod uced by addi n to m olten copper ,


very fine grai n whi ch makes it especially ,

as s oon as it has r e a c ed a certain degree s uita bl e for the ma n ufacture of castings ”

of heat the sai d pe r ce n t a e of a ntimony


, .
whic h a re afterwards to be gilded T h e .

When the anti m ony has i k e wi se melted best m eth od of obtai ning a thoroughly
a nd entered i nto i nti mate uni on with the h om ogene ous mixture of the two metals
copper s ome charcoal ashes magne
, ,
is first to put into th e cruci ble one -half
sium a nd li me s par are adde d to the mass
,
of the zinc to be used place the cover ,

when the latter i s still i n the cruci ble .


u pon it a n d fuse the mi xture under a
,

III A lu mi n u m G ol d
. T his all oy .
,
cover of bora x at as l ow a tem er a tur e
called N uremberg gol d is used for ma k ,
as possi bl e Ha ve ready th e o t er half
.

i n g chea p gol d ware a nd is excell ent for ,


of the zi nc cut into s mall i e ce s and ,

th i s purpose as its col or is exactly that of


,
heated al m ost to m elti ng a n when the ,

pure gold a nd does not change i n the air


, .
contents of the cruci ble are li quid throw
Articl es ma de of N urem berg ol d need it i n s mall porti on at a ti me stirring
, a ,

no gildi ng a nd retai n their co or under


,
constantly to effect as i nti mate a mi xture
the h a rdest u s a e ; even the fracture of o of the metals as possible .

this alloy shows th e pure gol d col or T he .


O re i deor O ro i d e (Fre nch G ol d ) — T h e
‘'

composition is usually 90 parts of cop so -called French gold when polis hed so , ,
per , of
g ol d a nd of al uminum , .
cl osely resem bl es genui ne gol d in color
I V — Im i tati on gold ca pabl e of bei ng
.
,
that it ca n scarcely be disti nguished fro m
worked a nd drawn into W i re consists of ,
it Besid es its bea utiful col or it has the
.
,
9 50 parts c opper 4 5 alu mi num a nd 2 to , ,
val uabl e properti es of bei ng very ductile
5 of sil ver .

a nd tena ci ous s o that it ca n easily be


V — C h r ys o ch a l k is si mila r i n com
,
.

sta m ped i nto a ny d esired s ha e ; it also


position to M a nnhei m gol d : takes a hi h polish It is requently .

I II used for t e ma nufacture of s poons ,

forks etc but is uns uita bl e for th i s pur


, .
,

pose o n a ccount of the large a mount of


c o pper c ontai ned i n it ren dering it i a ,

In col or it resembl es gol d b ut quickly , j ur i o u s to health .


T h e directi ons for .

l oses its beauty if exposed to the air on ,


prepar i ng this all oy va ry greatly T he .

account of the oxi dation of the copper . products of s ome Paris factories show
I t ca n h owever be kept bri ht for a l ong
, ,
the f o llowing c om positi on '

time by coating of col or ess varnis h


a
, I II II I
which excludes the air a nd prevents Copper . 90
oxidation C h r y so ch a lk is used for
. Zi n c 10
most of the ordi nary i mitations of gold
o

. Ti n
Cheap watch chai ns a nd jewelry are I ron
ma nufactured from it and it is widely ,
A s pecial receipt for ore i de is the fol
used by the manufacturers of i mitation l o w mg :
_

bronze ornaments .
I V —7 M elt parts of c opper and 1 00
M a nnhei m G ol d or Si mi lor — M a nn
.

.
add W i th c onstant stirri ng 6 parts of
hei m gol d is com posed of copper zi nc
,
,

. .
, , magnesi a of sal a m m onia c
, of ,
a nd ti n i n proportions a bout as foll ows :
, l i me a nd 9 of crud e tartar S ti r again
, .
A LL O YS 69

thoroughly an d ad d 1 7 parts of gr a n u
,
s on that the two m etals are actually
lated zi nc a nd after mixing i t Wi th the
,
wel ded by the rolli ng a nd als o beca us e ,

copper by vigorous sti r r i n keep the alloyed gol d is al ways used which is ,

all oy li quid for one h our hen care . m uc h harder tha n pure gold T h e pure .

fully remove the scum an d pour off the gol d of el ectro lati ng is very s oft T h e
compositi on 0 ps om e varieties of tal mi
.

alloy .

gol d are here given I t will be see n that


Pinch beck —T his was first ma n ufa c
.

.
the content of gold varies r e a tl y and
t ur e d in Engla nd I ts dark gol d c ol or ,

is the best i mitati on of gol d all oyed with


.

the dura bility of the all oy w i l of course , ,

copper Being ver d uctil e it ca n easily c orres pond to this T h e all oys I I I I I I .
, ,

be roll e d out into t hin plates which ca n


.
,
a re genuine Paris tal mi gol d ; I V V an d , ,
,
VI are el ectroplated i mitations ; an d
be given any desired sha pe by stam pi ng .

VI I is a n all oy of a wron g composition


I t does not readily ox i di ze a nd thus
,

fulfills all the requirements for ma king


,
to which the gol d d oes not adhere firmly
cheap jewelry which is its pri ncipal use , . Co pper Zin c Ti n I ron G ol d

Copper .
1 .

Zinc II .

I II . 0 9

IV '

Zinc
Brass
Palla d ium Gol d — All oys of gol d cop
i
.
,
VI - s4 s
per sil ver a nd palladiu m have a brown

, , .

i sh r ed color and are n e a r l


- as hard as iron .
VII . 1 1
Th e are sometimes ( a though rarely )
use for the bearings for the axles of the Ja pane se All oys —

Japan s ome In
wheels of fine watches as they invite little ,
s pecialti es i n metallic all oys are i n use of
friction a nd d o not rust i n the ai r T h e .
which the com position is as foll ows :
composition used i n the S wiss a nd Eng S h a d k e consists of copper with from 1 to
lish watch factories consists us uall y of 1 0 per cent of gol d Articles made from .

gold 1 8 parts copper 1 3 parts sil ver 1 1 , , ,


this all oy are lai d in a pickl e of bl ue
and palladiu m 6 .
vitriol al um a nd verdi gris until they
, , ,

ac u i r e a bl uish black col or -

Tal mi G ol d
.

na me of tal mi gol d .
— T he .ui s hi -bu-ichi is an all oy of copper
-

was first a pplied to articl es of j ewelry , c ontai ning 3 0 to 5 0 per cent of sil ver I t .

chains earrings bracelets etc brought


, , , .
, possesses a peculiar gray shade .

from Paris a nd distinguishe d by bea u , M o k u me consists of s everal com posi


tiful workmanshi p a l ow price an d ti ons T hus a bout 3 0 gol d foils en
u i n e ) are welded together with sha g
, , .
,

great dura bility Later when this a l .


, ke ,

loy had acquired a consi derable reputa _


copper sil ver and gui shi -bu ichi and
, ,
- -

tion articl es were i ntroduced under the


, pierced T h e pierced holes are after
.
,

same name b ut which were reall y made , firmly ham meri ng together th e plat es ,

of other metals and whi ch retained their , filled u p with the a bove na med pickle -
.

beautiful gol d color only as l ong as they T h e finest Ja pa nes e brass consists o f
were not used T h e fine vari eti es of tal mi . 1 0 parts c opper and 8 pa rts zinc a nd is ,

gold are man ufactured from brass cop , call ed si a c h u T h e bell metal kara ka ne
.

per o r tombac covered with a thi n plate


, ,
.
is composed of copper 1 0 parts tin 1 0 ,

of gold combined with the base by roll


, arts iron , part a nd zi nc parts , .

ing under strong press ure T h e plates


, . he c opper is first fused then the r e ,

are then rolled out by pa’ssi ng through mai ning metals are a dded i n rotati on .

rollers and the coati ng not onl y acqui res


,

considerabl e density b ut adheres so , GER MAN SI LV ER


ARGENTAN OR .

closely to the base that the m etal will T h e com position of this all oy varie s
keep its bea utiful a p e a r a n ce for years .
considerably b ut from the a dj oin ed fi
,
Of late many art i c es of tal mi gol d
, ures an average may be found w h i c ,
have been in troduced wh ose gol d coat will represent a pproxi mately the n ormal
, ,
ing is prod uced by el ectropl ati ng and ,
c o mpO S i ti o n :
is in man cas es s o thi n that hard
rubbing will bri ng through the col or of Copper 5 0 to 66 parts

the base S uch articl es of cours e are Zi nc 1 9 to 3 1 parts


Ni ckel 1 3 to 1 8 parts
. , ,

not dura ble I n genuine tal mi gol d th e . ,

coati ng even though it may be thi n a d


, , T h e properties of th e di ff ere nt kinds ,

heres very cl osely to the base for the rea ,


such as their col or d uctility fusi bi lity , , ,

70 A LLO YS

etc vary with the proportions of the


.
,
of resistance to the acti on of dil ute a ci ds ,

si ngl e metals For making s poons forks one of i m ost valua bl e properties
f
.
. , ,

cups ca ndlesticks etc the most s u i ta ble L ead ma es it m ore fusi ble ; ti n acts
s o mewhat as i n bronze m aki ng it denser
, , .
,

proportions are 5 0 arts of copper 2 5 of , ,

zi nc a nd 25 of nic el T his metal has . a nd m ore res onant a nd ena bli ng it to ,

With iron or man


,

a bea utiful bl ue -white col or a nd does , ta ke a hi her o li s h .

not tarnish easily . ga nese t e a l oy is whiter but it be ,

G er ma n sil ver is someti mes s o brittl e c omes at the sa m e ti me m ore refractory


that a s oon if all owed to fall u pon the
, a nd its tendency toward brittl eness is
floor w-i I brea k ; this of cours e i ndicates
. , , increased .

faulty co m o si ti o n B ut the followi ng .

S UB STITUTE S FOR G ERMAN S IL


tabl e will s ow how the character of the
VER
alloy cha nges with the varyi ng percent .

age of the metals composi ng it : T here are many formulas for all oys
which clai m to be s ubstitutes for G er
C opper Zi n c N i ck el Qua l i t y ma n sil ver ; but no one of the m has yet
I . 8Finest quality
3 5 4 .
become a n arti cle of general com merce .

II . 8Bea utiful b ut 6 , It will be s u fficient to n ote these ma


refractory .
t e r i a l s bri efly givi ng the c om position of
,
III 8. 3 O rdi nar y , the m ost i mportant .

readily fus
i ble .
Nic k el Bro n ze -T his is prepared by
.

Fi rst u a l i ty fusin together very hi hly purified


ni ckeg e r cent ) wit gco per
22 .

11 S econ quali ty .
tin , ,

6 T hird quality .
a nd zi nc A ronze is prod uce contain
.

i ng 2 0 per ce nt of nickel light-colored ,

Th e foll owing analyses i ve further a nd very hard .

particulars i n regard to di ercut ki nds


of G erma n silver : Bismuth Bro n z e .

I II III IV
Co p
F or sh ee t Z in c N i ck e l 30 9

1 . H
15 . 1 C
20 . 21 O
nnnn nn 1
I is hard a nd very l ustrous s uita ble ,

for la m p reflectors a nd a xle bearings ; I I


is hard res ona nt a nd not affected by
, ,

sea water for parts of s hi ps pi pes tele


, , ,

gra ph wires a nd pia no stri ngs ; I I I and


,

I V are f or c ups s poons etc , , .

M an ga n e s e Ar ge n ta n
C opper
N ickel
Zi nc
M a nga nes e
C opper -with 1 5 per
,

cent ph os phorus 3 to 5
Readily cast for obj ects of art .
.

N ickel
T ungsten
In s ome ki nds of G erma n sil ver are C opper
found va rying ua n ti ti e s of iron man , Ar zoi d .

ga nese ti n an very frequently lead


, , , opper pa rts
added for the pur Jose of c hangi ng the Zi nc
properties of the a liO or chea pening the
.

N ickel
cost of production But all these metals .
Tin 4 035
have a detri mental rather tha n a bene L ea d 3 54 4
fi ci a l effect u o n the ge neral character of
.

S il ver
the all oy a n pes peciall y l essen i ts power
white al m ost d uctil e s uited for
, ,
, arti sti c purposes .
AL L O Y S 1

Pet r a -Ar gen ta n . Har d lead is made of lead ,


84 part s ;
70 0
,
. par ts antim ony 1 6 parts , .

Nickel S h eet Meta l Al lo y .

Zi nc 5 5
Ti n part s 35
Cadmi um
m L ead par ts 2 50
.

Rese bles sil ver ; worked li ke G erman C opper parts


silver .
Zi nc . part
Bro n ze -M a nga nese 1 8 per
S il ve r . ,
T hi s all oy has a fine white col or a nd ,

cent ; al uminum per cent ; silici um , ,


ca n be readily r o l l e d i nto thi n s heets .

5 per cent ; zinc 1 3 per ce nt ; copper , ,


For that reas on it is well a da pted for
per cent T h e electric resista nce of sil
.
li ni n tea chests a n d for the prod ucti on
ver bronze is greater tha n that of G e r of to acco a nd chocolate wra ppers T h e .

man silver hence i t ought to be highly ,


cop er a nd zi nc are used i n the form
suitable for rhe osta ts .
of n e shavi ngs T h e all oy shoul d be .

i m mediately cast i nto thi n plates which ,


Instr ume n t Allo ys — T h e foll owi ng . can the n be passed through rolls .

are s uitabl e for hysical a nd optical i n


str u me n ts metap
lic mirrors tel escopes
, , ,
MAGNETIC ALLOYS .

etc All oys which can be magnetized m ost


I — C opper 6 2 parts ; ti n 3 3 parts ;
.
, , strongl y are c om posed of copper ma n ~ ,

lead 5 parts
, . ganese a nd al um i num the quantities o f
,

I I — Copper 8 0 ; a nti mony 1 1 ; l ead 9


.
, , , . ma nga nese a nd al um i num being pro
III — C opper 1 0 ; ti n 1 0 ; a nti mony
. , , , porti onal t o their atomic weights to
1 0 ; lead 4 0 , . or a bout 2 to T h e ma xi mum
I V - C opper 3 0 ; ti n 50 ; silver 2 ;
.
, , , magnetization i ncreas es ra pi dly with
a r se n i c, l . i ncrease of manganese but all oys con ,

V. — Copper 66 ; ti n 3 3 , ,
. tai ning m uch manga nese a re e xce e d i n gly
VI — Copper 6 4 ; tin 26
.
, , . brittle a nd can not be wrought l b .

VII — S teel 90 ; nickel 1 0


.
, , . highest practicable proporti on of ma n
VIII -Plati nu m 60 ; co per
.
~
, , 40 . ga nese a t prese nt is 24 per ce nt .

I X — Plati num 4 5 ; stee 55


.
, . T hese magnetic all o s were studied by
X — Platinum 5 5 ; iron 4 5
.
, , . Hensler Ha upt a nd tarck a nd G u m
, , ,

XI — Platinum 1 5 ; steel 8 5
.
, , . lich has recently exami ne d them at the
XII — Plati num 20 ; copper
.
, , 79 ; ar Ph sik a l i sc h tech nische Reichsanstalt
"

se n i c , l . wit very remarkabl e a nd i nteresting r e


XI I I .
— Plati num , 62 ; i ron , 28 ; gold , s ul ts .
T he two all oys examined were c om
XI V — G ol d , 48 ; zi nc , 52
. . posed as foll ows :
X V — S teel 5 0 ; rh odi um 5 0
.
, , . All oy I — C opper . per cent ; ma n ,

X VI .
- Plati num , 12; iri diu m 88 , . ga nese ,
per cent ; alumi num 1 5 per ,

X VII .
—C opper , ti n zinc , , 2 . cent ; l ea d per cent with traces of iron
, ,

a n d silicon .

LEAD ALL OYS . Al l oy I I — C opper er ce nt ;


.
,

Th e foll owi n g all oys pri nci pally lea d , ,


manga nese per cent ; a " minum
, ,

are used for vari ous purposes per cent ; l e a d per cent with , ,

traces of iron a nd sili con .

Bibra Allo y — T his contai ns 8 arts of . All oy I I coul d be worked without dif
bismuth 9 of tin a nd 3 8 to 4 0 0 lea d
, , .
fi cul ty but all o I w a s s o brittle that it
,

Metalli c Co ffi n s — T i n , 4 0 parts ; lea d broke under the amm er A bar 7 inches .

4 5 parts ; copper , 1 5 parts


,
l ong a nd 1 i nch thick was obtained by
.

gri ndi ng T his broke i n two d uri n the


.

Plates for En gra vi n g — I — L ead 8 4 . .


,
meas urements but fortunately wit out , , ,

parts ; antim ony 1 6 parts , .


i nvali dati ng them S uch a material is .

II — Lea d 8 6 parts ; a ntim ony 1 4


.
~
, ,
e vident] uns ui ted to practical uses .

parts . The e h a vi o r of magneti c all oys at


I I I — L ead 8 7 parts ; a ntim ony 1 2
.
, ,
high tem peratures is very peculiar Al .

part s ; co per 1 part , . l oy I is i ndifferent t o tem perature cha n


IV ead 8 1 parts ; a ntim ony 1 4
.
, , ges w hi c h scarcely a ff ect its magnetic
, '

parts ; tin 5 parts , .


properties but the behavior of alloy II is
,

V — L ead 73 part s ; a nti mony 1 7


°
.
, ,
very differ ent Prol onged heatin g to 2 3 0
.

parts ; zi nc 1 0 parts , .
F produces a great i ncrease i n its ca pa
.

VI — Ti n 5 3 parts ; lead 43 part s ;


.
, ,
bi l i ty of magneti zati on which after 5 4 4 , ,

antim ony 4 parts . .



hours heati ng rises from to ki l o
,
72 A LL O Y S

auss a pproaching the strength of all oy


,
wi nd furnace a nd s ubj ected t o a stron g
B ut when all oy I I is heated t o 3 2 9 °
white heat T h e oxi de of ma nganese i s
.

F its ca pability of magnetizati on fa i ls


.
,
completely reduced to ma nga nese whi ch ,

agai n and the material s uffers perma nent at once combines with the copper to form
i nj ury which ca n be partly but not
, ,
a n all oy I n order to pre vent as far as
. ,
,

wholly cured by r o l o n ge d heati ng


,
.
possi bl e the access of a i r t o the fus i ng
,

Another singu ar phenomenon was mass it is ad visa ble to cover the cruci ble
,

exhibited by both of these all oys When . with a li d which has a n a perture i n the
a bar of i ron is magneti zed by a n e l ectr i c center for the es ca pe of the carbonic
current it acquires its full magneti c oxide formed d uri n g the red ucti on .

When the red ucti on is com plete and


,

strength al most i nsta nta neously on the


cl os ure of the circuit T h e magnetic . the metals fused t h e li d is rem oved and ,

all oys on the contrary d o not attai n


, ,
t he contents of the cruci ble stirred with
their full magnetization for several mi n a n iron rod i n order t o ma ke the all oy ,

utes I n s ome of the experiments a


. as homogeneous as possibl e By r e .

grad ual i ncrease was observed even after pe a te d remelting of the cuproma nganese
the current had bee n flowin five mi nutes a consi dera bl e q ua ntity of the ma n
In magnetic strength ag
.

l oy I roved ganese is reconverted i nt o oxi de ; it is


far s uperi or to alloy II whi o pcon
,

, therefore a dvisa ble to ma ke the casts


,

t a i n e d smaller proportions of manga directly from the cruci bl e When poured .

nese an d al umi num All oy I showed . out the all oy ra pidl y s oli di fies a nd re
, ,
»

mag n eti c stren ths up to kil ogauss , se mbles i n a ppeara nce good G erman
while the hi est magnetization o h sil ver Another reas on for a voidi ng r e
.

t a i n e d with a l o y II was only kil o melti ng is that the cruci bl e is strongly


ga uss B ut eve n all oy I I may be called
. attacked by the cu proma n ga nese and ,

strongl y magnetic for its maxi m um mag , ca n be use d but a fe w ti mes .

n e ti z a ti o n is a b out one tenth that of good - T h e best kinds of cu proma nga nese
wrought iron ( 1 8 to 2 0 kil oga uss ) or , contai n between 1 0 a nd 3 0 per cent of
one sixth that of cast iron ( 1 0 to 1 2
-
ma nga nese T hey ha ve a beautiful .

kil oga uss ) All o y I is nearly equal i n


. white col or are hard tougher tha n cop , ,

magnetic properti es to nickel which ca n , per a nd can be work ed under the ha m


,

be magneti z e d up to a bout 5 kil oga uss . mer or with rolls S om e va ri eties of .

MANGANES E ALL OYS cuproma nga nese which are es pecially


val uable for technical purposes are gi ven
Manganese bronze is bronze de a
bel ow :
pr i ve d of its oxi de by a n ad mixture of I II III I V
manganese Th e manganese is used as
.
Copper 75 60 65 60
copper ma nga nese containing 1 0 to 3 0 M a nganese 25 25 20 20 .

e r cent ma nga nese a nd adde d to the


pronze to the am ount of to 2 per ce nt .
Zi nc 15 5.

M a n ga nese Copper — T h e all oys of . N ickel


copper with ma nganese ha ve a bea uti Ma n gani n —This
is a n all oy of copper
~

ful sil very col or considera ble ductility


, ,
n i ckel
.

a nd ma nga nese for el ectri c r e


,

great hardness and tenacity a nd are ,


si st a n ce s
,

more readily fusi ble tha n ordi nary


.

bronze A S pecial chara cteristic is that


.
MIR R OR ALL OYS
they exactly fill out the m ol ds with , Amalga ms for Mir rors .
— I — T i n , 70
.

out the formati on o f bl owholes an d pre ,


parts ; mercury 3 0 parts , .

sent no di ffi culties in casti ng . II — For curved mirrors


.
T i n 1 part ; .
,

C uproma nganese is s uita bl e for many l ead 1 pa rt ; bis m uth 1 part ; mercury 9
, , ,

urposes for which nothi ng else but parts


p
.

ronze can adva ntageously be used and ,


I I I — For glass balls
.
Ti n 8 0 parts ; .
,

the cost of its producti on is n o greater mercury 2 0 parts , .

tha n that of gen uine bronze I n pre . I V — M etalli c cement C opper 30


.
.
,

aring the all oy the copper is used i n the


, parts ; merc ury 7 0 parts , .

orm of fine grai ns obtained by pouri ng ,


V — M irror m etal — C opper 1 00 parts ;
.
.
,

melted copper into col d water T hese . ti n, 5 0 parts ; C hi nes e copper 8 parts ; ,
c o er gra i ns are mixed with the dry l ead 1 part ; a ntim ony 1 part
,
, .

on e of manganese and the mixture put , Re fl ector Metal s I . .

into a cruci ble hol din g a bout 66 poun ds .


C opper 3 5 parts ; pl ati nu m 6 ; Z i nc 2 ;
,
,
Enough s pace must be left i n the cruci ti n, arseni c 1 O n account of the , .
,

ble to all ow a thi ck cover of charcoal , ha rd ness of this all oy it ta kes a very ,
as the ma nga nese oxi dizes casil Th e h i gh pol i s h ; it is i m pervious t o the e ff ects
cruci bl e i s placed i n a well ra wing of the weather a nd is therefore re ma rk ,
A LL O Y S 73

abl y well a da ted to the ma nufacture PALLADIUM ALL OYS .

of mirrors for n e optical i nstruments .


I — An all oy of palladi um 24 parts
.
,
II . Zi nc 20 parts ; sil , gol d 8 0 is white hard as steel unchange
, , ,
ver 8 0 parts abl e i n the air and ca n like the other
II I —C opper
.
,
, ,
. parts ; ti n , , all oys of palla di um be used for dental ,
parts ; arsenic part , .
pur os es .

I V —C opper 64 parts ; tin 3 2 parts ;


.
, , I — Palla di um 6 parts gol d 1 8 sil , ,
arsenic 4 parts , .
ver 1 1 a nd copper 1 3 gives a reddis h
, ,
V — Copper
. pa rts ; lea d
, , brown hard a nd very fi n e -graine d
, ,
parts ; a nti m ony parts , .
all oy s uitabl e for the beari n gs of pivots
,
VI . C opper parts ; , i n cl ock works .

ti n
, parts ; zinc parts ; arsenic , , Th e all oys of m ost of the other plati
parts .
num m etals s o called are littl e used o n
S pe culu m Metal — All oys consisti ng
, ,

. account of their rarit y a nd costliness .

of 2 parts of co per a nd 1 of ti n ca n I ri di um an d rhodi u m gi ve great hardness


be very brillia nt y polis hed a n d will , to steel b ut the comm ercial rhodi um
,

serve for mirrors G ood s pecul um metal . a nd iri diu m steel s o call ed frequently , ,

shoul d have a very fi n e grai ned fracture -


, contai ns n ot a trace of either T h e all oy .

shoul d be white a nd very hard the high , of iridi u m with os mi um has great hard
est de gree of polis h de pendi ng u pon thes e ness a nd resistance a n d is recom men de d
qualiti es A c om positi on t o m eet these
. for pi vots fine i nstruments a nd poi nts
, ,

requirements m ust contai n at l east 35 to of s hi p com passes .

3 6 per ce nt of copper Attem pts have


frequently been ma de to i ncrease the
.

Pallad iu m S il ver — T his all oy com . ,

hard ness of speculum metal by a dditi ons posed o f 9 parts of palla di u m a nd 1 of


sil ver is used al most excl usi vely for den
of ni ckel a nti m ony and arsenic
, With , .
,

tal purposes and is well suited to the


the exce pti on of nickel thes e s ubstances ,
ma nufacture of artificial teeth as it d oes
,

have the effect of ca usi ng the metal to not oxidi ze An all oy eve n m ore fr e
,

lose its high l uster easily any co n si d


.

,
quently used tha n this consists of lati
e ra bl e quantity of ars enic i n particula r
nu m 1 0 parts palla di u m 8 a nd go d 6
havi ng this eff ect
.
, ,
.

T h e real s pecul u m metal seems to be Palla d iu m Beari n g Metal — T his all oy .

a combi nati on of the form ula C U 4 S II ,


is extre mel y hard a nd is used i nstea d of ,

composed of copper per cent ti n ,


je wel bear i n s i n watches I t is com .

An all oy of this nat ure is s ome posed o f pa l a d i um 2 4 parts gol d 7 2 , ,

times s eparated from ordna nce bronz e sil ver 44 copper 9 2 , .

by i ncorrect treatment causi ng the s o ,


PLATINUM ALL OYS
called ti n s pots ; but this has not the pure
.

white col or whic h disti nguishes the s pec Plati num has us ually bee n all oyed
ulum metal contai ning with silver i n gol ds mith s work 2 parts ’

per ce nt of ti n .
,

By i ncreasi ng the percenta ge of co per sil ver to 1 of plati n um bei ng taken to



the col or grad ually shades i nt o yel ow ; form the fa vorite plati n um silver .
"

with a l arger a m ount of ti n i nto bl ue I t .


T h e object has been to produce a n all oy
is da ngerous to i ncreas e the ti n too m uch ,
havi ng a white a ppeara nce which can be ,

as this cha nges the other pro e r ti e s of the o li s h e d an d at the sa me ti m e has a


all o a nd it becomes too E
,

r i ttl e to be
ow melti ng poi nt I n additi on to t h is .

lati nu m all oy the foll owi ng are well


wor c t; Bel ow is a tabl e s h owi ng diff er
ent com positi ons of s e c u l u m metal T h e pn own :

I — A mi xture of 7 parts plati nu m with


.

sta ndard all oy is u n o u bt e dl y the best .


.

3 parts iri di u m T h i s gi ves to platinum


A
i i"
.
i
C opper Ti n Zin c di? x the hardness of steel which ca n be still ,

further i ncrease d by taking 4 parts of


iri di um .

I I — A n all oy of 9 arts lati num a n d


.

1 part iri di um is use by t e French i n


the manufacture of meas uri n g i n str u
2 . ments of great resisti ng power .

C om poun ds of copper nickel ca d , ,

N ickel mi um and tungsten are als o used i n the


,

constructi on of part s of watc hes ; the lat


te r acquire consi dera bl e ha rd ness with
out becomi ng magnetic o r rusti ng like
steel .

O l d Ro ma n I l I — For this purpose a c om pound of


.
74 A LL O YS

parts lati num 1 8 parts co pper , , i te d


application T h ose which contai n .

parts ca mi um a nd 1 8 parts n i ckel , from 5 to 1 0 per ce nt of plati n um are


is m uch recommended . use d for s heet a nd wire i n the ma nu
I V — Very ductil e plati num - copper
. facture of artificial teeth .

all oys have als o bee n ma de e g the s o , . .


,
Plati n um-G ol d Al loys f o r D e n ta l Pur
c a ll ed C ooper gol d consisti ng of 3 parts
poses
,

plati n um a nd 1 3 parts c opper which is ,


.

al most e qual to 1 8 -carat gol d i n regard


to col or finis h a nd d ucti lity If 4 per
, , .

cent of plati nu m is take n these latter ,

all oys ac ui r e a rose -red col or while a ,


8
ol den -ye l ow col or ca n be produc e d by
a rther a ddi ng from 1 t o 2
pe r cent ( i n Pl a ti n um S il ver — An additi on of plat .

all 5 to 6 per cent ) of plati num T h e . i num to sil ver makes it harder b ut als o ,

last-na me d all oy is extensively use d for more brittle a nd cha nges the white col or
,

orna me nts li kewise all oy V , . to gray A n all oy which contai ns only


.

V — T en parts plati nu m 60 parts


.
, a very s mall percentage of plati num i s
nickel a n d 2 2 0 parts brass or 2 parts
, , noticeably dark e r i n col or than pure
plati num 1 part nickel a nd sil ve r r e
, sil ver S uch all oys are prepa red u nder
.

s pe c ti ve l y 2 arts brass a nd 5 parts


, , the na me of pl a ti n g o n ti tr e containing ,

co per ; t his a s o gi ves a gol de n -yell ow betwee n 1 7 a nd 3 5 per ce nt of plati


co or . num T h e y a re almost e xcl usi vely used
.

VI — For ta ble ute nsils a favorite all oy


. for dental purposes .

is compose d of 1 part plati num 1 0 0 parts ,


I mi ta tio n Plat i n um — I — Brass 1 00
nickel a n d 1 0 pa rts ti n Articles mad e . .
,

parts ; zi nc 65 pa rts
.
,

of the latter all oy are i mpervious to a t , .

I I —B rass 1 20 parts ; zi nc 7 5 parts


mo sph e r i c action a nd kee their polis h .
,

III — C opper 5 pa rts ; nickel 4 p a rts ;


, .

for a l ong ti me Pure w ite platin um .


, ,

zinc 1 5 parts ; a nti m ony 1 pa rt ; l ea d 1


.

all oys have for s ome time bee n used i n , , ,

de ntal work a nd they have also proved part ; i ron 1 part ; ti n 1 part
, , .

serviceabl e for j ewel ry . Coo per ’ s Pen M eta l — T his all oy is .

VI I — A mixture of 3 0 parts latinum


.
, es pecially well a da pted t o the ma n ufa c
1 0 parts gol d a nd 3 parts si ver or 7 , , ture of pe ns on a ccount of its great hard
,

parts p l ati n um 2 parts gol d a nd 3 parts , , ness elasti city a nd power of resistance
, ,

sil ver . to atm os heric i nfluences a n d woul d ,

VI II — For e nameled articl es : Plati


. certai nly ave s u persede d steel if it were
n um 3 5 parts ; sil ver 6 5 arts
, First , .
possible to produce it more chea ply than
f use the S i l ver the n a dd t e plati num , I S the case T h e c om posi ti ons most ft c
.

i n the s pongy form A good s ol d e r for .


que ntly use d for pe n metal a r e copper
this is plati num 8 0 pa rts copper 20 1 part plati nu m 4 a n d sil ver 3 ; or

, , , ,
parts . co per 2 1 plati nu m 50 a nd sil ver 3 6
, , .

I X — For pens : Plati num 4 parts ;


.
, ens ha ve bee n ma n ufa ctured con ,
silver 3 parts ; copper 1 part
, , .
sisting of several s ecti ons eac h of a dif ,

f er e n t all oy s uite d to the s pecial purpos e


Pla tin um G ol d — S mall quanti ti es of
,

. of the part T hus for i nsta nce th e .


, ,
platin u m c ha nge the characteristics of si des of the pe n a re ma de of the elastic
gol d i n many res pects With a s mall
j
.
composition ust descri bed ; the u pper
percentage the col or is n o ti ce a bl lighter part is of a n a l oy of sil ver a nd pl ati num ;
tha n that of pure gol d a nd the a l oys are , a nd the poi nt is m a de either of mi nute cut
extremely elasti c ; all oys containing more rubies or of a n extre m el y ha rd all oy of
tha n 2 0 per ce nt of pl ati n um h owever , , os mi um a n d iri di um j oi ned to the bod y ,

al most e ntirely l ose their elasticity T h e .


of the pe n by m elti ng i n the fla me of
melti ng poi nt of the plati num -gol d all oy the oxyhydroge n bl owpi pe Th e price of .

is hi h a nd all oys contai ni ng 7 0 per ce nt s uch pe ns made of ex e n si ve materials


of pIa ti n u m ca n be fused only i n the
,
,

a nd at th e c ost of great ab or is of c ours e ,


flame of o xyhy droge n gas li ke plati nu m , exceed i ngly high b ut their e xcell e nt ,
itself All oys with a smaller percentage
.
q ual i ti es re a y the extra ex ense T hey .

of plati n um ca n be pre pare d i n furnaces , are not i n t e least a fl e ctc by a ny ki nd


but require the strongest white heat .
of i n k are m ost dura bl e a nd ca n be use d
,

I n order to avoi d the chance of a n i m


,

consta ntly for years without s h owi ng a ny


perfect all oy from t o o l ow a te m perature , S i gns of wear .

i t is al ways safer to fuse the m with the T h e great hard ness a n d resistan ce to
o xyh yd r o e n fla me T h e all oys of l at .
the atm osphere of C ooper s all oys make ’

i num a n gold have a s ome what i m th em very s uit abl e f or ma nuf acturi n
g
76 A L L O YS

richer tha n the outside whic h c h i ll s ,


wearing well but s oon l ose their beau ,

first ; while with a less pe rcentage tha n tiful white col or a n d ta ke on a d i sagree
7 2 per cent the ce nter of the bar will be a bl e s ha de o f yell ow li ke poor brass ,
.

poorer a nd the outside richer tha n the T h e sil ver contai ned i n the m ca n be
average T his characteristic of sil ver regai ned only by a la borious rocess
which is a great dra wback to t p
. ,

copper all oys is known to metall urgists ei r use



as segregation .
i n c oi nage T h e c ompositi on of the .

When nickel is a dded to the sil ver and S wiss fractional coi ns is as foll ows :
copper several good all o 5 may be
formed as the foll owi ng I len ch com
l
, 20 cen I Q cen
,
'
times ti mes
positi ons 15
I II II I 50
S il ver 38 40 20 OOOOOOO OO 25
C opper 3 7—4 2 8 0—4 0 4 5—55 o o o o o o o o o o o 10
N ickel 2 5- 80 2 0—3 0 2 5 —35
Mo u sset’s All o y — C op er
.

sil ,
T he whitening of all oys of sil ver an d
.

ver zi nc nic el T his


copper is best accom plis he d by a nneal ,

all oy is yell owis h with a reddis h ti nge


, ,

i n g the all oy until it turns black on the


,

but white on the fracture d s urface I t


s urface Cool i n a mi xture of 2 0 parts by
.

. ,
ranks next after Arge nt-Ruolz whi ch
weight of conce ntrated s ul phuric aci d to
,
als o contai ns s ometi mes certai n qua
,

pa rts of distille d water a nd lea ve ti es of zi nc a nd i n this case may be


therei n for s ome ti me I n la ce of the .

cl ass ed t o ether with the all o y j ust de


,

s ul phuric acid 4 0 parts 0 potassiu m ,


s cri be d h e foll owi ng all oys ca n be
bis ul phate m ay be used per pa rts .

rolle d i nt o s heet or dra wn i nto wire


of li qui d Repeat t he process if n e ces
.

sary .
I II I II
34
Cop er , S il ver a n d C a d miu m Alloys .
42
— Os miu m a d ded to silver all oys ives
8
great flexi bility a nd ductility wit out , 16 3 16 10 8
a ff ecti ng the white col or ; thes e proper
ties are val ua ble i n the ma nufacture of Japa n e se (Gray) all oy is Si l ver — An .

sil ver -plated ware a nd wire T h e pro .


prepared i n Ja pa n whic h c onsists of
e q ua l
ortions of the metals vary i n these a l parts of c opper a n d sil ver an d
p
,

o s S ome of the most i mportant vari w h ich i s gi ve n a bea utiful gray col or b
y .

boili ng i n a s ol uti on of al u m to w hi c
eti es are give n bel ow . ,

copper s ul phate a n d verdi ris are a dded


S il ver Copper Ca d mi um
.


T h e so call ed m okum ” a s o a Ja pa nes e
-
,
I . . 980 15 5 alloy is prepared b y placi n thi n plates
,
II . . 95 0 15 35 of gol d sil ver copper a nd t e all oy j ust
, , ,
III . . 90 0 18 82 describe d over eac h other a nd stretch
IV . . 860 20 180 i ng them under th e ham mer T h e cross .

V . . 66 6 25 3 09 secti ons of the thi n pl ates obtai ne d i n


VI . . 6 67 50 284 thi s way s how the col ors of the di ffere nt
VI I . . 5 00 50 4 50
metals which give the m a peculiar
,

I n [ preparing thes e all oys , the great stri ped a ppeara nce M oku m i s pri n .

volati l i ty of cad mi um m ust be take n c i pa ll


y used for decorati ons u pon gol d
i nto acco unt I t is customary to pr e
. a nd S i l ver articles .

pare first the all oy of silver a nd copper


Sil ver - Zi nc — S il ver
,

a nd a dd the ca dmium which as in the a nd zi nc have .

, ,

case of the all oys of sil ver a nd zinc must ,


great a ffinity for eac h other a nd all o s ,

be wra pped i n pa per After utti ng it of these t wo m etals a re therefore easi y


? made T h e requi re d q ua ntity o f zinc
.

i n the mass is qu i ckly stirre d a nd t h e .


,
w rapped i n pa per is thrown i nto the
,

all oy poured i m mediately i nto the m ol ds .


,

T his is the s urest way to prevent the melted a nd strongly heated sil ve r th e ,

N o l a ti l i z a ti o n of the ca dmi u m .
mass i s th oroughly stirred with a n iro n
rod a nd at once poure d out i nto m ol ds
, .

S i l ver , Co per , Nic k el , a n d Zi nc Alloys . All oys of sil ver a nd zi nc ca n be obtaine d


- T hes e al oys from the metals con wh i ch are both ductile a n d fl exible
, An .

ta i n e d in the m may be cha racterized as


.

, all oy cons i sti ng of 2 arts of zi nc a nd 1


a rge nta n or G erman sil ver with ce r a of S i lver cl osel y r e se n i les silver i n col or
Wit h a l arger pr o
,
ta i n percentage of sil ver T hey ha ve . a nd i s q ui te d u ctil e .

orti on of zmc the all oy beco mes br i ttl e


_

bee n used for makin s mall coi ns as i n _

p
,
.

the ol der coi ns of w i tz e r l a n d Bei n . n prepari ng the all oy a s ome what l ar er ,

q uite ha rd they have th e a dva ntage 0


, qu a n ti ty of z i nc m ust be take n tha n t e
'
A LL O YS 77

finis h ed all oy is i ntended to contai n as a


'

smal l am o unt al ways volatil i zes . Ti n


Imi ta ti o n S i l ver are a Allo ys — T here .
L ea d
number of all oys c ompose d of different Bis m uth
metals which rese m ble silver a nd ma y
,
A nti m ony
, ,

be br i cfl menti oned here . TI N AL LOYS


I . arne s metal is com posed o f ti n ’

Al lo s for D e n ti sts ’ Mol ds a n d D ie s .

10 parts bism uth 7 an d cobalt 3 , It , . —I cr y hard Ti n 1 6 part s; anti


is white fi n e—grained but quite di fficult
. .
,
, ,
mon y 1 part ; zi nc 1 art
, , .

to fuse .
I I —S ofter than t e for mer Ti n 8
I I — T on ca s metal contains copper 5
.
’ .
,
.
parts ; zi nc 1 art ; anti m ony 1 part
, , .

parts nickel 4 ti n l l ea d 1 iron 1


, , , , , , III -Very ard
. T i n 1 2 parts ; a n .
,
zinc 1 a nti mony 1 It is ha rd di ffi cult
, .
, t i mo n y 2 parts ; copper 1 part
, , .

to fuse not very d uc til e a nd cannot be


Ca dmi um All o y, abo ut th e Har d nes s
, ,

recommended .

I I I — T r a bu k metal c ontains ti n
.
of Zin c —Ti n 1 0 parts ; anti mony 1 part ;
.
, ,

nickel anti mony 5 bis m uth 5 , .


cad mi u m 1 part , .

I V — T o ur u n -L eonard s metal is com


.

Ti n -Lea d — Ti n is one of th os e metals
.

posed o i 5 00 parts of ti n a n d 6 4 of bell which is n ot at all s uscepti bl e to th e


metal .
acti on of acids whil e lead on th e other , ,
V — S i l v e r o i d is a n all oy of co pper
.
, hand is very easily attacke d by them
, .

ni ckel tin zi nc and lead


, , , .
I n s uch all oys conseque ntly used for
VI — M i nargent
, ,
. C opper 1 0 0 parts ; .
, cooking utensil s the am ount of l ea d ,
nickel 7 0 pa rt s ; t un gste n 5 pa rts ; a l u m ust be li mi ted a nd s h oul d pr operly n o t
'

, , ,
minu m 1 pa rt , .
excee d 1 0 or 1 5 er cent ; but cases have
VII — N i ckel 23 pa rts ; aluminum
.
, , been k n own i n w i ch the so-call ed tin con
5 part s ; copper 5 parts ; iron 65 parts ; , , t a i n e d a third part by weight of l ead , , .

tun sten 4 parts , .


Alloys c o n ta i n i n g from 1 0 to 1 5 er
I II — Arga so i d Tin
. l ead .
, , cent of lea d have a be a uti f ul white co or ,
copper nickel , , are c onsi dera bly harder tha n pure ti n ,
zi nc , i ron trace , .
a nd much chea per M any all oys of ti n .

S OLD ERS a nd l ea d are very -l ustrous a n d are used ,

S e e S ol ders .
f or sta e j e welry a n d mirrors for r efl e c t
i n g the i gh t of lam ps e tc A n es pecially , .

STEEL ALL O YS bri lliant all oy is called Fa hl u n bril


S e e als o S teel .
liants ”
. I t is used for stage j e w el r an d
For Lo co moti ve Cyli n der s — T his mix .
consists of 2 9 parts of ti n a nd 1 9 0 le a d .

ture consists of 2 0 per ce nt ste e l castings I t is poured i nto m ol ds faceted i n the


,

ol d steel S pri ngs etc ; 2 0 per cent N o 2 , . .


same wa y as diam onds a nd when seen ,

coke iron a n d 60 per cent scra p , Fro m .


by arti fici al li ght the e ff ect is that of dia ,

this it is state d a good s oli d m etal ca n be m onds O ther all oys of ti n a n d lea d are
.

obtai ned the castin s bei ng free from,


em pl oyed in the m a nufa cture of toys .

h oneycombi ng a nd n i shi n g better tha n T hese m ust fill the m ol ds well a n d ,


,

the ordi na ry ca st-i ron mixture over which m ust also be chea p a nd there fore as ,
,

it h a s the a dva ntage of 2 4 per cent great much as 50 per cent of l ea d is used .

er strength Its constituents are : S ili .


T oys ca n als o b e made from ty e meta l ,

con , ma nga nese ph os ph orus wh i ch is even c hea per tha n t e all oys
, ,

s ul phur com bi ned carbon of ti n a nd l ead b ut has the disa dva ntage
,
, ,
of readily breaking if the art icl es are
ra ph i te , sharpl y bent T h e all oys of ti n an d
Ni c el
s t eel is com pose d of ni ckel 3 6 .

per cent steel 64 per ce nt .


l ead give ver y good casti ngs if s harp iron ,
,

T ungste n steel is crucibl e steel Wi th


.
or brass m olds are used .

5 to 1 2 per cent tu ngsten .


L ead 1 9 part s
Ti n 2 9 pa rts
S TEREOTYPE METAL .
T his all oy is very bright and possesses
L ea d parts 2 a perma ne nt sheen I t is well ada pted .

parts 3 for the ma ki n g of artificial gem s for


Bis m uth parts 5 stage use I t i s custom e r in carryi n
out the process to sta rt wit two parts 0g
.
.

Th h °
e melti ng oi nt of t is all oy is 1 96
p
F . T h e all oy i s rather costl y becaus e ti n an d one a rt of l ead T i n is added .

of th e a m ount of bis muth wh i ch i t until a sam p e drop which is all owed to


T h e f oll owing mi xture s are
.

c onta i n s . fall upon a n iron plate forms a mirror .

ch ea per : T h e a rti fici a l gems are produce d by


78 A LL OYS

di pping i nto the molten all oy pieces of I V Q ue n s


. Metal — Ti n 9 parts ; lea d

, ,

glass cut to the r o er s ha e T h e ti n . 1 part ; a nti m ony 1 part ; b i s m uth 1 art


p, , .

coati ng of meta w ich a eres to the Type M e ta l — An all oy wh i ch i s to


.
.

glass cools ra pid ] a n d a dheres tena serve for type metal m ust be rea di ly
ci o usl y O utward y thes e a r ti fi C i a l gems
. cast fill out the m ol ds sh a r pl
, an d
a ppear roug h and gray but i n wardly they , be as hard as possible I t is d i cult to .

are highly reflective a nd q ui te dece pti ve satisfy a ll thes e require ments b ut a n ,

when see n i n arti fi cial li ht . alloy of a nti m ony a nd lea d a ns wers the
If the reflective s ur aces be coated purpose best At the pre se nt day ther e
.

with red bl ue or green a nili ne vari ous


, , , are a great ma ny formulas f or ty e
col ored eff ects ca n b e obtained In . me ta l i n whic h other metals besi es
stea d o f fragil e glass the gems may be lea d an d a nti m ony a re used either to ,

prod uced by means of well —pol i s he d make the all o m ore r ea d i l fus i bl e as ,

pieces o f steel or bronze . i n the case 0 a ddi ti ons of i s mut h or ,

O th e r Ti n -L e a d All o ys Percentage to gi ve it re s ter ower o f resistance


the latter cing op
. ,

of lea d a n d s pecific gravity .


es peci al im portance
P C
. . S G . . P C
. .
for types that are s u bj ected t o consta nt
0 . use. C op er a nd iron have been rec
1 . o mme n d e for this purpos e b ut the ,

2 . fusi bility of the all o s is greatly i m


3 . paired by these a nd t e ma n ufacture of,

4 . the types is c onse que ntly m ore di ffi cult


5 . than with a n all oy of l ea d a n d a nti mony
6 . al one I n the foll o wi ng ta bl e s ome a l
.

7 . l oys s uita ble for casting typ e are given


8 N‘ “
Le a d
as. h e Tm
s
.

9 .

10 .
I 3 1
11 .
II 5 1
12 .
III 10 1
13 I V 10 2
V 70
.

14 18
VI 60
.

15 .
20
16 .
VII 5 5 25
17 .
VIII 5 5 30
18 .
I X 1 00 30 8 2
19 X 6 4 90
.

20 .
T he Fre nch a n d Englis h t pes contai n
21 a certai n am ount o f ti n as s own by th e
f o ll o wmg analyses
. ,

22 .

23 .
En gl ish Types
24
I II III
.

L ea d 55
Anti mony . 19 5 18 8 22 7 30
27 1 00 .

15
Ti n S ta tue ttes, B u tton s, etc . C opper l 7
parts 4 Le debur l ves the coi n positi ou of
'

meta l as follg
type
pa rts 3 ws :
T his is a very s oft s ol der which s harp I II I II IV
ly reproduc es all deta ils . L ead 75 so so 82
A n other easily fusi ble all oy b ut s ome Anti m ony “ 23 25 20 14 8
what harder is the followi ng :
, 22 l5 ~

I I — Ti n
. 8 parts WATCH MAK E RS ’ ALL OYS
6 parts S ee Watch ma kers Formulas ’
.

Anti mon y . part WHITE M ETALS .

Mi sce ll a n eo us Ti n Al lo ys — I — Alger . . Th e calle d white m etals a re e m


so-
M etal — T i n 90 parts ; a ntimony 1 0
.
, , pl oyed a lm ost excl usivel y for bearings
parts T his a ll o i s s uitabl e as a protector (S e e Anti -fri ct i on M etals un der All oys )
. .

I I Argentine h etal — Ti n
. .

per cent ; I n the tech nol ogy of m echa nics a


.

. .
,

a nti mon y per cent


, .
n se
curate d i sti ncti on is ma de betwee n th e
I I I — Ash ber ry metal is com pose d of

d i ff erent k i n ds of metals f or beari n s


g
.

78 to 82 parts of ti n 1 6 to 20 o f a nti mony ;


, , a nd they may be classed i n two roups .
2 to 3 o f cop per red brass a n d w h ite metal T e r e cl
.
.
A LL O YS 79

brass bearings are characterized by great O ther white bea ri ng metal s are
hardness an d power of resistance and , X XL — Ti n , a ntim ony, 10 ; co p
are ri n ci ally used for beari ngs of bea v per 5 arts
, .

ily o a d e a nd r a idl y re vol vi ng axles . X X — Ti n 4 2 ; a nti m ony 1 6 ; l ea d , , ,

For the axles of arge a n d hea vy fly 4 2 arts


XX I I I — Ti n 7 2 ; a nti m ony 2 6 ; cop
.

wheels revolvi ng a t great s peed beari n s


, , .
, ,

o i red brass are preferable to white meta


. per 2 arts
, .

though m ore ex pensive . XX V — T i n 8 1 ; a nti m ony 1 2 5 .


, ,

I n recent years ma ny machinists ha ve copper parts , .

found it a dva ntageous to s ubstit ute for Wh ite M etal s Base d Co pper on
the soft all oys generally i n use for bear I — Copper 6 5 parts ; ars eni c 55 parts
.

ings a metal al m ost as ha rd as the a xle


‘ .
, , .

II — Copper 64 parts ; arse nic 50


itself . Phos phor bronze ( q v ) is i r e . .

parts
.
, ,

quently empl oyed for this ) ur po se as it .

can easily be made as har d as wron ht I I I —Copper 1 0 parts ; zinc 2 0 parts ;


,
.
, ,

nickel 30 parts
or cast steel I n this case the meta is
.
,

I V — N ickel 7 0 parts ; copper


.

30
used in thin layer a nd serves only
a , ,
.

parts ; zi nc 2 0 parts
, ,

as it were to fill out the s mall i nterst i ces


.
,
,
V —Nickel 60 parts ; copper 3 0 parts ;
caused by wear on the axle a n d beari ng
.
, ,
,
zi nc 3 0 arts
the latter bei ng us ually ma de of s ome
.
,

VI opper 8 parts ; nickel 4 parts ;


rather easily fusibl e all oy of l ea d a nd ti n
.
, ,
.

zi nc 4 parts
S uch beari n s are very d ura ble but ex
.
,
,
VI I — Copper 1 0 parts ; nickel 5
pensive a n ca n only be use d for la rge
.
, ,
,
parts ; zi nc 5 parts
machines For s mall machi nes r un
.
,
VI I I — C opper 8 parts ; ni ckel 3
,

ning gently a nd uniformly white -metal


.
, ,
,
parts ; zi nc 4 parts
bearings are preferred a nd d o excellent
.
,
,
I X — Copper 5 0 parts ; nickel 2 5
work i f the a xle is n ot too heavily l oa ded
.
, ,
, .

parts ; zi nc 2 5 parts
For axles which ha ve a high rate of revo
.
,

X — C opper 5 5 parts ; nickel 24


.

l uti o n bearings ma de of quite hard


.
, ,
,
parts ; zi nc 2 1 parts
metals are chosen a n d with proper care
.
,

— which i ndeed m ust be given to bear


~
,
XI —Copper 5 5 parts ; nickel 24 parts
.
, ,
, ,
zinc 1 6 } arts ; iron 2 parts ; tin 3 parts
ings of any material — they will last for a
:
, , , .

'
I X X a nd XI are s uitable for ta ble
long ti me witho ut needi ng repair .
wa re
,

X I I — C opper 6 7 parts a nd ars enic


.
, , ,

53 arts .

I I I — C opper 63 parts a nd arse nic


.
, , ,

57 arts
XI I a nd X I I I are bright gray n u
.

a ff ected by the tem perature of b oili ng w a


ter ; they are fusibl e at re d heat .

Wh i te M etal s Base d on Pla ti n um .

I — Plati num 1 pa rt ; copper 4 parts ;


.
, ,

or lati num 1 5 parts ; copper 3 5 parts , , .

I — Platinum 1 0 parts ; ti n 9 0 parts ;


.
, ,

or latin um 8 parts ; ti n 92 parts , , .

I -Plati num
. 7 pa rts ; c opper 1 3 , ,

parts ; tin 80 parts , .

I V — Plati num 2 parts ; steel 98 parts


.
, , .

V — Plati num
. parts ; steel , ,

parts .

I V a nd V are for gun metal .

szzs za a t sé Mi sc e llaneous Wh ite -Metal A110 5


mmw m w U U c
.

g
' '
'

v v d
o
fi u~ ~ I — For li ning cross -head sli des ead

v v
g
.
,

—— 8 a ss
a s d d o 4 4
6 5 parts ; a nti mony 25 parts ; c opper
.
o o o o c ,
” ,

E. ?s s0
A H O fl

sssss r zz 3 ° °
g 1 0 parts S ome obj ect to white metal
m
.
n

m
bo so - 0
0
2 80 ; - contai ni ng lea d or zi nc I t has bee n
a z z a n g aS fi Sn
E“
:
.
.
o
"
fig fl fl
h a u fi fi fou nd however that lea d a nd zi nc
, ,

s s s ga ge h e fl fl a a ha ve properties of great us e i n these


g i gggé gwfi s ss i i sfi fli
'

0 63 0 0 0 all oys .

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 fi ifl fi h h fl fl fi >> h 0 0 I I — Ti n. 85 parts ; anti mony 7§ , ,

parts ; co er 7 5 parts , .

I II in 90 parts ; copper 3 parts ;


.
, ,

anti m ony, 7 p a rts .


80 A LUM I NUM A ND I TS T REA TM ENT

ZINC ALL OYS ti mo n yand bis m uth eac h 1 5 arts To .

Bider y M etal — T his is s ometimes i ns ure perfect wor k the m o ds s houl d


composed of 3 1 parts of zinc 2 parts of
.
be q uite h ot by plac i ng the m over a B un
,

copper a nd 2 parts of l ea d ; the whole is se n burner .

melted on a la er of rosi n or wa x to a voi d Allo y for Caliper a n d Gage -Ro d Cast


oxidati on T is metal is very resistive ;
.
ings —A mi xture of 3 0 parts zi nc to 7 0
.

it does not oxi dize i n air or m oisture It .


parts al umi nu m gives a l i ght a nd d urabl e
takes its na me from the town of El d e r ,
all oy for gage rods a n d cali per l e s ; the
near Hydera ba d ( I ndia ) where it was ,
gage rods m ust be steel ti pped or the ,
r e pa r e d for the first ti me i nd ustrially
al l oy is s oft a nd wears away too ra pi dl y
or the manufa cture of di ff erent utensils .

for gage poi nts .

O ther c om positi ons of I ndia n Bidery


metal (frequently i mitated i n Engla nd ) Al lo ys for S m a l l Casti ng Mol d s — T i n .
,

are a bout as foll ows : 7 5 parts a nd l ead 2 2 parts ; or 7 5 parts


, ,

PC
. . PC
. . PC
. .
of zi nc a nd 2 5 pa r ts of ti n ; or 3 0 pa rts of
16 ti n a nd 7 0 parts of l ea d ; or 60 parts of
Zi nc 112 lea d a nd 4 0 parts of bis m uth
Ti n 2
ALLO YS F OR M ETAL FOIL
.

L ea d 3 1 2 9 4
S e e M etal Foil
. .

Erhardt recom mends the foll owi ng as


bei ng both d uctile a nd hard : AL M OND C OLD CREAM
S e e C os metics .

Zinc
Ti n . ALM OND LI QUE
S e e Wi nes a nd Li quors .

C opper . .

ALTAR S , TO CLEAN
T h e ti n is first melted a nd the l ea d , ,
s Clea ning Preparati ons a n d M eth
zi nc a nd copper a dde d s uccessively
,
.

0 d S ee
.

Zi nc -Nic k el — Zi nc 90 arts ; nickel


ALUM
.
, ,

1 0 parts Used i n pow er form for


Burnt Alu m — I — Heat the al um i n a
.

pai nti ng a nd cl oth printi ng purposes . . .

porcelai n dis h or other s uita ble vessel


Platine for D ress Buttons — C opper . ,
till it li q ue fi e s the n rais e a nd conti nue
,
43 parts ; zinc 5 7 parts , .
the heat not all owi ng it to e xceed
,

till a queous va por ceas es t o be di se n


UNCLAS S IFIED ALL OYS
gaged a nd the sal t has l ost 4 7 per cent of
.

Allo ys for D raw ing Colors on S teel . i ts weight Red uce the resi d ue to pow
.

All o s of vari ous compositi on are suc der a nd reserve it i n a well -stopper ed
,

cess ully used for dra wi ng col ors on steel . b ottl e oo l ey


. .

T o dra w to a stra w col or use 2 parts of II — Heat ordi nary al um ( al umina


.

lea d a nd 1 part of ti n and melt i n a n , al um ) with constant sti rri ng i n a n iron


i ro n ladle Hol d the steel piece to be
. pan i n whic h it will first melt ui etl y ,

dra wn in the all oy as it mel ts a nd it will and the n comme nce to form b isters .

turn to stra w col or T his mi xture melts . Conti nue heating u ntil a dry white mass
at a temperature of a bout 43 7 F For °
. of a l oos e character re mai ns which is ,

darker yell ow use 9 arts of l ea d to 4 powdered a nd ke pt i n well -cl os ed glass e s .

parts of ti n which me ts at 4 5 8 F For


,
°
.

purpl e use 3 ar ts of lea d to 1 pa rt ALUM BATH


of ti n the me p
,

, ti ng temperature bei n S e e Ph otogra ph y .

4 82 F For vi olet use 9 arts of lea


°
. ,

to 2 parts of ti n which me ts at 4 94 F ,
°
.

L ea d without an y all oy will draw steel


to a dark bl ue T h e a bove a pply to .

steel o ul si nce iron req ui res a s omewhat


greater eat a nd is m ore or less u n ce r
tain i n ha ndling . Al umi n um a n d i t s Tr ea tmen t
Al lo y for Pattern Letters a n d Figures
H OW TO COL OR ALUMI NUM
.

— A good all oy for casti ng pattern l etters


a nd fi gures a nd si milar small parts of Bla nc h i ng of Al u min um -Al umi n u m .

brass i ron or plaster m ol ds is ma de of


, , , I S one of t he metals m ost i nalterabl e by
.

l ead 8 0 parts a nd a nti m ony 2 0 parts ,


. a i r ; neverthel ess the objects of al umi nu m
,

A better all oy will be l ea d 70 parts a n , ta rn i s h qu i ckly eno ugh without bei ng


ALUMI NUM A ND ITS T REA TMENT 81

T hey
be restored to their ma cl es ri nsi ng the m o ff cl ean and then dry
ma t whiteness i n t y
,

e foll owi ng ma nner : i ng the m well T h e corroded a rticles .

Immerse t he al uminu m articles i n a are now pl aced i n a bath consisti ng of


boiling bath of caustic potas h ; next parts of al cohol ( 90 per cent ) ,

plunge them ui ck l i nto nitric aci d parts of a ntim ony 2 5 0 pa rts of


rinse a nd let r y y
, ,

t m ust be u nder .
chemi cally pure hydroc hl oric aci d 1 00 ,
stood that this method is appli cable only parts of mangan ous nitrate a nd 2 0 pa rts ,

to pieces entirely of al umi n um . of purifie d an d fi nally el utriate d gr a ph


ite I n this bath which is heated to
Decolorize d Al umi nu m G ray or u n
.

— ,

8 6 —95
°
F °
.

the objects are left until


si htl y al umi num may be restored to its
.
,

white color by was hi ng wit h a mixture


fumes devel op arou nd them whi ch ta kes ,

place i n a fe w s econds N o w they are


of 30 parts of bora x diss ol ved i n
.

put over a coal fire or similar a rra nge


parts of water with a few drops of e m ,
ment until t h e alcohol is burned u p a nd
monia added .

there i s no m ore s m oke After they are .

Ma t Alu mi n u m — I n order to i mpart .


s omewhat cooled off they are lai d i nto ,

to alumi num the a p e a r a n ce of mat col d water a nd worked with a brus h the n
silver pl unge the a r ti clhi nto a hot bath
,

,
rins ed with water a nd well dri ed T he .

co mposed of a l O per cent s ol uti on of - - pieces are now provi ded with a gray m e
caustic soda saturated with kitchen salt .
tallie coati ng consisti ng mai nly of a nti
,

L eave it i n the bath for 1 5 to 20 seconds ,


m ony manga nese a n d gra phite
, T h is , .

then wash a nd brus h ; put back i nto the metallic layer renders them ca pa bl e of r e
bath for half a mi n ute was h anew a nd ce i v i n g a lacquer which is best pre pare d
,

dry in sa wdust .
from parts of al cohol ( 90 per cent ) ,

5 0 parts of sa ndarac 1 00 parts of s hellac


Black e n Al umi n u m — I — T h e s ur
, ,

To . . a nd 1 00 parts of n i gr o si i i e ( bla ck a nilin e


face oi the s heet to be col ored is polis hed col or ) T hen the a rticles are
.

qui ckl y
with very fine emery powder or finest b ut t h o r o u hl y ri nse d o ff d r i ed i n ,

e mer cloth After polis hi ng pour warme d air or a fe w mi nutes a nd baked


thin layer of oli ve oil over the s urfa ce
. a ,

in ovens or over a m oderate coal fire


a n d heat sl owly over a n alcohol flame . u ntil they do not s moke a ny m ore a nd no
Large sheets m ust of course be heated , , m ore gl oss ca n be seen Fi nall y they .

in the dryi ng ove n After a s hort while . are ru bbe d with a cotton rag saturated
pour on oil again i n order to obtai n a b ,
with thin li nseed oil varnish a nd the o b -
,

solute uniformity o f the coati ng a nd heat , j e c ts thus treated now a ppear dull black ,

the late once m ore Under the action . like vel vet T h e c overi ng withsta nds all
.

of t e heat the plate turns first brown ,


acti on of the weather s o that cooki ng ,

then black accordi n g to the de grees of


,
vessels coated with this varnis h on the
heat When the des i red col oration has
. outsi de ca n be pl aced on the fire without
been attai ned the plate is polis hed over
,
i nj ury to the coati ng I f the arti cl es are .

again after cooli ng wit h a woole n rag


, ,
engra ved the al umi num a ppears alm ost
,

or soft leat her gl ossy white u nder the black layer a t the
When the pieces have
.

II — White arse nic


. 1 ounce engraved places .

S ul hate of i ron 1 ounce been provided with the gray metalli c


Hy r o c h l o r i c aci d 1 2 ounces coati ng col ored l a cquer may als o be
,

Water . 1 2 ounces appli ed with the brus h I n this ma nner .

When the arsenic and iron are dis painti ngs etc may be d one on al u
, .
,

solved by the acid a dd the water T he


min um while n ot possi bl e on unpre pa red
,

al umi num s urfaces which will not retai n


.

aluminum t o be blackened s hould be ,

well cleane d with fine e mery powder them .

and was he d before i m mersi ng i n the


blackeni ng s ol uti on When the deposit Ma k ing Castings i n Aluminu m — T h e .

method ad opted i n prepari ng m ol ds


.

of black is deep en ough dry off with fine


a nd cores for al umi num Work is n e c e s
sawdust a nd lacquer
sa r i l y s omewhat the same as for brass ;
.

D eco r a ti nAlu mi num — A process for .


but there are particular poi nts which
decorating a u mi n u m a t e n te d i n G er .
need attenti on to i nsure s uccessful work .

many prescri bes that t e objects be first


,
Both i n the sa nd a nd the maki ng of the
corroded whi ch is us ually d one with
,
m olds there are s ome small differences
caustic s oda lye or better still by a ne w , ,
which ma ke considerabl e variati on i n
method which cons i sts i n heati ng 3 parts the res ults a nd the tem perature at which
,

of sul phuri c aci d with 1 part of water to the metal is poured is a considerati on of
1 4 0 to 1 5 8 F
°
i n a n ena mel ed vessel
°
.
,
. s ome i mporta nce .

I nto this li qui d di p the al umi num arti I n selecting the sand which sh oul d ,
82 A LUMI NUM A ND I T S T REA T ME 5

not have been r e vi o usl y used that of a that all parts are e q i a l l y m oist rub bing
f
, ,

fine grai n s hou d be c h o s e n but it shoul d ,


on a b oard bei ng a good way to et i t .

t ou gh a n d i n go o d l c o n d i ti o n Wi t the
.

n ot ha ve any excess of al um i nous matter , , ,

or it will not permit of the free escape min i mu m of m oisture .

of gases and air this being an i m portant ,


T h e m ol ds s h ould n ot be sl eeked with
matter B esi des this the sa nd must be
. ,
t ools but they m ay be duste d over wi th
,

u sed as dry as possible consistent Wi th i ts pl u mbago or st e a fit e s m oothi ng Wl t h ,


.

h ol di ng a gai nst the flow of the metal , a camel s -hai r brush i n cases in wh i ch a

,

a nd havi ng only m oderate co mpr essmn V ery s m ooth face is requi re d on the
i n ra m ming . castings Prefera bly however the use
.
, ,

I n ma ki ng the m ol ds i t i s necessa ry of the brus h eve n s houl d be a voided .

to re me mber that al uminum has a large Patterns for al uminu m s h oul d be kept
c ontraction i n c oolin g a nd als o that at ,
s m ooth a nd well varnis hed .

certai n tem er a t ur e s i t is very weak a nd I n melting the metal it i s n ecessary to


tears r ea d i y while all metals s hr ink , use a l um bago crucible whic h is cl ean
a wa from th e m ol d whe n thi s i s a nd w ic h has not bee n use d f or other
wh oy l y outside the casting but they , m eta ls : Clay or silica cruci bl es are not
s hri nk on to cores or portions of the good f or th is met al es peciall y sil ica on , ,

m ol d partl y i ncl os ed by metal T hus . , a ccount o f the m etal a bs orbing silicon


if casti ng a plate or bar of metal it will , a nd becoming hard under s ome condi
s hrink a wa y from the mol d i n all d i r e c ti ons of melti ng A stead fire is n e c e s .

ti ons ; but i f casting a s quare frame it , sary, a n d the fuel s hou d reach only
s hri nks a way from the outside only , a bout halfway u p the crucible as it is ,

whil e it s hrinks on to the central part not desirable to overheat the cruci ble or
or core With brass or iron or such
.
, , metal T h e m etal a bs orbs heat for
.

metals this is not of m uch im porta nce


, , s ome ti m e and th en fuses with s ome r a
b ut with s ome others i ncl udi ng al umi i di ty he nce th e d esi rability of a steady
E
, ,

num it is of great i m port ance because


, , eat ; a n d as the m etal s h oul d be poured
if the core or i ncl osed sa nd will not give w hen of a claret col or u n der t h e fil m of
s ome what with the c ontraction of the oxi de whi ch forms on the s urface too ,

metal torn or fractured casti ngs will be ra pi d a h ea ti n is n ot a d visa bl e T h e


m oldi ng s houl d al ways be well in a d
, , .

the res ult Both for outsi de a nd i nside


.

molds a nd with cores used with al u


, va nce of the pouri ng beca use the metal ,

mi num the sa nd s houl d be com pressed


, sh ould be us ed as soon as it is ready ; for
as littl e as possibl e a nd hard rammi ng , not o n ly is waste caused but the metal ,
must i n every case be a voided a r ti c u , l oses conditi on if ke pt i n a m olten sta te
l a r l y wh ere the meta l s urrounds t e sand . for l ong peri ods T h e metal s h oul d be
.

T h e mol ds m ust be very free ] vented , poure d ra pi d ly b ut stea dily an d when, ,


a nd not only at the j oint of t e mol d , cast u p there s h oul d n ot be a l a rge head
b ut by usi n the vent wire freel y through of metal l eft on t o of th e ru nner I n
fact i t is rather a di sa d va n t a e t o l eave
.

the body 0 the m ol d itself ; i n fact for , ,

brass the venting woul d be consi dered a l arge head as this te nds to ra w rather
With al umi nu m it is how
,

excessi ve .
, t h a n t o feed the castin g
Wi th pro perl y prepare d m ol ds an d
.

ever necessary to get t h e air o ff as ra pi d


,
,
l y as possi ble beca use th e metal s oon

, careful melti ng fluxes are n ot requi red , ,


gets sluggish i n the mol d a nd unl ess it , b ut ground cryolite — a flu ori de of s odi um
runs up quick] it runs faint at the edges .
a nd al umi num — is s om eti mes used to
T h e i ngates s ould be wi de a n d of fair i ncrease the flui dity of the m etal In
u sm
.

area b ut need careful making to prevent


. this a few ou nces a ccording t o
,
their dra wi ng where they e nter the cast the ul k o f metal to be treate d is ut
i ng the meth od of d oing this bei ng
,

known to m ost m ol ders


i nto the m olte n m etal before it is ta l ge n
.
from the furnace a nd well stirre d i n , ,

_
I f it is c onsi dered desirabl e to us e a and as s oon as the reactio n apparently
s p e cially made -up faci ng sa n d for the ceases th e pot is lifte d a nd the metal at
mo l d s where the meta l i s of s om e thick once sk i mm ed a nd poured Th e use of .

ness the use of a littl e pea or bea n m eal s od i um i n a n form with a l umin um is
very uon des i r e y
,

will be all that is necessary T o use this .


, l e h owever a n d s h oul d , ,
first dry as m uch sand as may be r e b e a voi ded an d the sa me rema rk a p lies
t o ti n , but there is n o obj ecti on t o all oy
,
q ui red an d pass throu h a 2 0-mes h sieve ,

a nd to each b ushel o the fine san d rub i n


g w i th zinc when the metal th us pro
,
i n a b out 4 quarts of meal afterwards , d u ce d i s s ol d as an all oy .

agai n passi ng through the sieve to i nsure n

Al um i nu m als o casts very well i n m ol ds


regular mi xing T his san d s houl d the n .
of laster of Pa ris a nd crus h ed bath
be da mpe d as re quired being care f ul
' .

, bri c whe n s uch m ol ds are perfectl y dry


84 A L UM I N UM A ND I TS TR

m etal If it chars the stick a nd leaves


.
for articles ma nu out of th e s heet
a black mark on the metal i t is s u ffi ,
metal as i n the
,
y of cases i t i s
c i e n tl y a nnealed a nd is i n a proper con simpl y necessa ry befor t scratch br u s h i n .

diti on to proceed with further opera to cut d own the articl e wit h tri pol i a n ,

tion .
then polish it with r o ti ge as al rea dy de
N ext taki ng up the questi on of spi n scri bed before putti ng on t he scratc h
,

ni ng al umi num suc cess agai n de pends


,
brus h ; i n this way t e brus h seems to
particularly on starti ng with the proper take hol d qui cker a n better a nd to pro ,

metal T h e most satisfactory s peed


. d uce a m ore unifor m polis h .

for a r ticles from 5 to 8 inc hes i n dia m A n effect si milar to the scratc h brush -

eter is a bout revol utions mi nute a ,


finis h ca n be o t by sa nd blasti ng a nd ,

a nd for larger or s maller diameters the by first sa nd lasti ng a nd then scratch


brus hi ng the s heets a good fi nis h is o h

s e e d s houl d be s o re u l a t e d as to give ,

t e sa me vel ocity at t e circumference . t a i n e d with very m uch less la bor t han by


Al u mi num is a very easy metal to s pi n s cratch brus hi ng al one A nother very .

a nd no di fficulty s hould be found at all pretty frosted effect is procured by first


i n spi nning the pro er gra des of sheets . sand blasti ng a nd the n treate d as here

S everal factories t at are usi ng la rge i n a fte r descri be d by dip pi ng ” a nd

q ua ntities of al uminu m now both for ,
frosting ” a nd ma ny variati ons i n the
,

s pi nni n g a nd sta m pi ng are payi ng their , finis h of al umi nu m ca n be got by varyi ng


men by the piece the sa me a mou nt that the treatment either by c utti ng d own
,

t h ey formerly ai d on brass a nd ti n work , with tri poli a nd polis hi ng scratch brus h ,

a nd it is state that the me n worki ng on i ng sa nd blasti n g di p i ng a nd frosting


, , , ,

this basis ma ke a nywhere from 1 0 to a nd by combi nat i ons 0 th ose treatments .

2 0 per ce nt more wages by working al u A very pretty m ottl ed e ffect is secured on


mi nu m . al umi num by first po li s hi n an d then
After al umi num has bee n ma n u fa c scratch b rus hi ng a nd then ol di ng the
t u r e d i n to the s ha e of a n article the next al umi num a gai nst a s oft pi ne wheel ru n
p , ,

process is the fin i shing of it T h e best . at a high rate of s peed on a l athe a nd by ,

polis h ca n be obtai ned by first c utti n careful mani pulation quite regul ar forms ,

down the metal with a n ordi nary rag bu of a mottled a ppeara nce ca n be obtained .

on which us e tri poli a nd then finish it , T h e di ppi ng a nd frosti ng of al umi nu m


with a dry red rouge which comes in the s heet is probably the chea pest way of
l um form or that which is known as
, produci ng nice finis h
a First re move
W ite D ia m ond Rouge
.


O n e poi nt .
, all grease a nd dirt from t he article by
however that it is necessary to observe
, dippi ng i n benzi ne the n di p i nt o water ,

carefully is that both the tripoli a nd t he i n order that the benzi ne a dheri ng to
rouge s houl d be procured ground as fine the article may be re m oved s o as not to ,

as it is possi ble to grind them ; for if this , affect the stre n t h of the s ol uti on i nto
is not do n e the metal will have little fi ne
, which it is next i pped After they have .

scratches all over it a n d will not a p ear , bee n take n out o f t h e water a nd well
as bright a nd as ha nds ome as it o t er s hake n the articl es s h oul d be l unge d i n
,

wise woul d .
a strong s ol uti on of ca ustic s o a or caus
If it is desired to put on a frosted a p tic potas h a nd left there a s u ffi cient
,

pe a ra n c e this ca n either be done by


, length of time until the al umi nu m starts
scratc h brushing or sand blasti n A to turn black T he n they s houl d be
.

brass wi re scratc h brush ma e of , re moved di p pe d i n water agai n an d then


,

cri mped wire of N o 3 2 to N o 3 6 B


,

. . . i nto a s ol ut i on of c once ntrated nitric


S gage with three or four rows of bris
.
, a nd s ul phuric aci d com pose d of 2 4 parts
,

tles will r o ba bl y give the best res ults of n i tri c aci d to 1 part of s ul phuri c aci d
T his w o r k of scratch brushi n g ca n be
, .
.

After be i ng rem oved the arti cle s houl d


so mewhat lessened however i f before
,

, , , be was hed thoroughly i n water a n d dried


a >plyi ng the scratch brus h to the surface h ot sa wdust i n the us ual way T his
o i the al u mi nu m
in .

the articl e is first cut


.

, fin i s h ca n als o be varied s ome what by


do w n by t he use of a porpoise -hide wheel mak i ng the s ol ution of ca ustic s oda of
a nd fine Connecticut sa nd placi ng the varyi n degrees of strength or b a ddi ng
a s malga m ount of c om m on salt to the
,
,
sa nd bet w ee n t h e s urface of the al umi
n u m a nd the wheel s o that the ski n a nd , s ol ution .

the irregula rities on the surface are r e I n burnis hing the metal use a bl ood
moved a nd the n utting the article on stone or a steel b urnis her I n burnis h
wheel b
, .

a bu ffi n efore attem pti ng to i n g use a m i xture o f m elte d vaseli ne a nd


scratch b rush it T his method how .
, coal Oi l or a s ol uti on c om pose d of 2
,

ever is probably more a dva ntageous i n


, ta bles poonfuls of ground borax diss ol ve d
the treating of al umi num casti ngs tha n i n a bout a quart of hot water with a fe w
,
AMA LGA MS 85

drops o f amm onia a dded . In e n gr a v o f mercury diss ol ves a large num ber o f
ing which a dds materially to the a p
, metals .

pea r a n ce of finis hed casti ngs book cc v ,


Pre pa r a tio n of A ma lgams — M ercur
ers picture fra mes a nd si milar a rticles
, ,
.

made of s heet probably the best l ubr i forms amal ams with m ost metals I: .

cant to use o n a n engra ver s tool i n order ’ unites direct y a nd readi l y either col d or ,

to obtai n a cl e a n cut which is bright is hot with potassi um s odi um bari um


, , , ,
, ,

naphtha or coal oil or a mi xture of coal stronti um calci um magnesi um zi nc


, , , ,
,

oil and vaseli ne T h e na h th a how ca dmi um ti n a nti m on y lead bis m uth


, , , ,

sil ver a nd gol d ; d i r e ctly but m ore dif


.
,

ever is preferre d owing to t i e fact that , ,

fi c ul tl
, ,

it does not destroy the s ati n finis h i n the with al umi num co pper a nd . ,

palla i um T his c om bi nati on takes


neighborhood of the c ut as t he other ,
.

lubricants are very a pt to do T here is .


place oftenest at the ordi nary tem e r
however as much s k i ll required i n usi ng
,
,
ature ; certai n metals h owever ike , ,

and making a t ool i n order t o give a al umi nu m a nd antim ony c om bi ne onl y ,

bright clea n cut as there is i n the choice whe n heated in presence of quicksilver .

Q uicksil ver has n o direct acti on on


,

of the l ubrica nt to be used T h e tool


metals of high fusing poi nts : manga nese
.

should be made s omewhat on the sa m e ,

as the lathe t ools already outli ned i ron nickel cobalt ura ni um plati num
, ,

p
, , ,

a nd their congeners S till amalgams


.

llan
hat is they s houl d be brought to a
,
.
,

sharp poi nt a nd be cut back rather” of thes e metals ca n be obta i ned of buty
far so as to gi ve plenty of clearance
,
rous consistency either by electrolysis of ,

thei r sali ne s ol uti ons em pl oyi ng qui ck


.

T here h a s bee n one class of work i n ,

aluminum that has bee n d e vel ope d silver as the negati ve ele ctrode o r by the ,

latel y a nd only to a certai n extent i n acti on of a n alkaline amal gam ( pot e s


which there are great o ssi bi li ti es and
,
si um or s odi um ) on their c oncentrated ,

that is i n drop forgi ng the metal S ome a nd neutral s ali ne s ol uti o n s T hese
,
.

s ame refractory m etals are als o amal ga


.

very s uperi or bi cycle pa rts have been


manufactured b dro f orging T his ca n mate d s uperficially when i mmersed i n
the amalgam of s odi um or of amm onium
.

be a cco mpli sh e r o abl more readily


i n r ese n ce of water
with al uminu m t an wit other metals
Processes for prepari ng amal gams by
.

for the reas on that it is not necessary


with all the all oys to work them hot ; double decom positi on between a n al kali ne
consequently the y ca n be worked a nd a malga m a nd a metallic salt or by elec ,

t r o l ysi s of sali ne s ol uti ons with em pl oy


,

handled m ore ra p i dly ,

ment o f m ercury as the negati ve elec


m
.

ALU NUM, TO C LEAN : trode a pply a fo r-ti on : to metals capa bl e


,

s Cleani ng Preparati ons a nd M eth of com bi ni ng d i r e ctl with the quick


od s ee. silver T h e latter 0 thes e meth ods is
.

ALUMI NUM ALL OYS : es eci a ll y utili zed for the preparati on of
S e e All oys
al kali ne earthy metals by e l e ct r ol tic
.

decompositi on of the s ol uti ons of t eir


ALUMINUM B RONZE salts or hydrated oxi des with quicksilver
S ee All oys u nder Bronzes . as a cathode .

ALUMINUM CASTINGS : Ge neral Pr operti es of Amal gam a


S e e Casting . Amal gams are li quid when the quick
sil ver i s i n reat excess ; s oli d but readily
ALUMINUM PAPE R
,

fusi ble w e n the all oyed metal pre


S e e Paper ,
.

domi nates .

ALUMINUM PLATING T hey have a metallic l uster an d a ,

S e e Pl ating . metall i c structure which ren ders th e m


brittl e T hey eve n form crystall i zed
ALUMI NUM POLIS HES
.

meta llic combi nations of cons ta nt propor


S ee Poli shes .
ti ons diss ol ve d i n a n excess of qu i ck
,

sil ver whe n the excess is se arated by


com pressi on i n a cham ois sp
,

or by
Amal ga ms
in ,

filtrati on i n a glass f un n e h o f sl ender


stem termi nating with a n ori fice al m ost
S ee also Easi ly Fusible Alloys under
,

capillary
Al loys Accordi ng as the f usmg heat of a metal
.

Th e name a mal gam is gi ven to a l is less or greater tha n i ts com bi nati on


l oys of m etal s co n ta i mn g mercur The heat with quicksilver the amal ga mati on ,

term comes t o us from the al c e mi sts . of this metal produces a n el evati on or a


It signi fies s o fteni ng beca use an excess ,
loweri ng of tem perature T hus pota s .
86 A MA LGA MS

si um sodi um a nd cadmium i n all oy potassiu m a ma l ga msl b ut the s od i u m ,

a malgams are e mpl b


, , ,

with quicksilver disengage heat ; wh i l e , ye d a lm ost excl u


zinc a ntim ony tin bis muth l ead and
, , , , ,
si v e l y becaus e s o d i ulrn is e a S i e r to ha ndle
,

tha n potassi um a nd is cheaper T hese


'

sil ver combine with mercury with a h ,


.

s orption of heat T h e a mal gamati on of em i l o yme n ts are t he f o l l o w m


I i— S odiu m a mal ga m fu r n i s e s a proc
.

1 6 2 parts of quicksil ver with 2 1 parts of .

lead 1 2 parts of tin or of antimony a n d ,


ess for the prepar a tion of s od i um when
s oda is d e c o mDo sed by means of the
,

parts of bismuth l owers the tem


electric c ur r e n g em pl oyi ng quicksil ve r
,
°
pe r a t u r e of the mi xture 79 F . ,

Amalgams forme d with d i senga ge a s the cathode a nd afterwards vapori zi ng


,

ment of heat are electro -negative W i th the quicksil ver of t h e a mal ga m formed
ref e rence to the metals all oye d with the by heating this i n a current of dry h y
q uicksil ver T h e products with a bso r p
. drogen .

t i on of heat are electro negative with ref - II —Amalgams of s odi um serve for
.

ere nce to the metals com bi ned with the the preparati on of amalgams of the oth
quicksil ver ; consequently i n a battery ,
er m etal s particularly alkaline earthy
,

of eleme nts of pure cadmi um and amal metals an d m etals of high fusi ng poi nts ,

ga ma t e d ca dmi um the cadmi um W i ll be ,


by decom posing the salts of these metals ,

the negative pole ; i n cas e of z mc a nd with formation of a salt of s oda and of


amalgamated zi nc the zi nc will be the ,
the amal gam of the metal corres ponding
positive pole . to the or i gi nal salt .

Heat decomposes all amal gams v a , I I I — T hey serve for a ma l ga ma ti n g


.

po r i z i n the mercury and leaving the su perficially the metals of hi li fusing


metal a l oys as a resi due .
p o m t called
,

refractory ”
s uc as iron ,

Water is decom posed by the amal and plati num wh en a well —cl eaned plate
,

ga ms of potassium and sodi um because ,


of these metals is i mm ersed i n sodium
the heat of formati on of these amal gams , a mal gam i n presence of water .

although consi derable is even less tha n ,


I V — A n a mal gam of 2 or 3 per cent of
.

the heat disengaged by potassi um a nd s odi um is em pl oyed i n th e processes 0 ;


s odi um on decomposing water T h e
, . extracti on of gol d by a malgam ation It .

al kaline a mal ga ms may therefore serve , , has the property of ren deri ng quick
as a sour ce of nascent hydrogen i n pres sil ver m ore brilliant a n d consequently ,

ence of water gi vi ng r i s e , t o a n acti on


, m ore ener ge ti c by acting as a deoxidant
,

less ener eti c a nd ofte n more a d v a n


, on the pellicle of oxi de form ed on its
t a ge o us t a n that of t h e al kali ne metals
, s urface i n prese nce of certai n ores ,

al one T h us is ca used the freque nt em


. which by keepi ng it separate d from the
,

pl oyment of sodi um amalga m for hydro articl es of gol d destroy its activity
podi um amalgam of 3 per cent is utili zed
.
,

ge n i zi n g a large number of bodies As .

a cous e u e n ce of their action on water , with s uccess for the a mal gamated plates
the al ka i ne amal gams are changed by em pl oyed i n crus hers a n d other a ppa
m oist ai r with production of free alkali
, ratus for treati n g th e ores of gold If a .

or al kaline carbonate . few drops of th i s a mal ga m are s pr e a d


Appl i cations of Potassium Amalgams on a plate of copper of ti n or of 2 111 0 a , , ,

brillia nt coati n g of‘ a n amal ga m of tin


.

— I — T hey furnis h a process for


prepar
,

cop er or zi nc i s i m mediately formed


.

i ng potassi um by the decom pos i tio n of —


, .

potas h by the electric current by e m ,


Amalga ms of from 2 to 8 per cent
pl oyi ng quicksilver as the cathode an d of s odi u m serve frequently i n lab orat o
r i es f 0 r
,

vaporizi ng the ui ck sil v e r of the amal .


red uci ng or hydrogeni zi ng o r
ga m formed by eati ng this i n current a ga n i c c om binati ons without running ,

of dry hydroge n .
the r i s k of a partial destructi on of these
II — T hey can serve for the repara
.
c ompounds by too i ntense acti on as ,

ti on of the a mal ga ms of the meta s other ,


may occur by e mpl oyi ng free s odi um
i nstea d of i t s amalgam
tha n those of the al kali ne group by de ,
.

composi ng the salts o f these metals with , Applicatio n s of Bariu m Ama l gams .

formati on of a salt of potash a nd of the T hese can by distillati on furnis h bari


, ,
a malga m of the metal corres pondi ng to um : It i s one of the process es for pre
the origi nal salt par i n th i s metal which when thus o b
tai ne g al most al ways retai ns a little
.

, ,
III —T hey ca n be em pl oyed as a
.

s ource of nascent hydrogen in presence s od i um .

of water for hydrogenizi ng many s ub


A lications of S tro ntiu m Amalga ms
stances
p p
.
.

ese a mal ga ms was hed an d dried ,

Applications o f S o d ium Amalgams .


ra pi dl y i m me diately after their pre para
T hese are nearly the sa me as th ose of th e ti on a nd then heate d t o a n a scen t r ed
,
'
A MA LG A MS 87

i n a cu rrent of dry hydrogen , yiel d a On a cast-iron ta bl e quite horiz ontal a , ,


fused mass of stro ntium . sheet of ti n of the di mensi ons of the gl ass
Ap li ca ti o n s of Ca dmi umAmal gams is s prea d out a rid covered with a layer of
Amap quicksil ver 5 or 6 milli meters i n thic k
.

gams of cad mium formed of equal ,

weights of ca dmi um a nd qui cksil ver


,
ness T h e glass is made to sli de on the
.

have much ower of cohesion a n d are


,
sheet of ti n i n such a way as to dri ve o ff
quite ma ll e a p l e ; the case is the sa m e with the excess of quicksil ver ; whe n th e two
a n amalga m formed of 1
s urfaces are covered without i nterposi
part of cad tion of air weights are placed on the
mium and 2 arts of quicks i lver T hey ,

glass I n a few days the glass may be


.

are used as ental ce me nts for pl u gi ng .


,

teeth ; for th e sa me purpose a n a ma ga m removed havi ng been covered with a n


,

a dheri ng e lli cl e of a mal ga m of 4 parts


of tin a n d 1 part of qu i cksil ver
of 2 parts of quicksil ver 1 art of ca d ,

mium a nd 2 parts of ti n may e used (S ee .

,
also M irrors )
.

Appli cati o n s of Zi n c Amalga ms — T h e


.

. II — An amal ga m consisti ng of 2 parts


.

princi pal e mpl oyment of zi nc a malga ms of zi nc a nd 1 part tin may be used for
i s their use as a cathode or negative elec coveri ng the cushi ons of frictional elec
trode i n the batteries of M unson D a n tric machines T his amal gam is pre .

iel s and L e c h a n c hé
, T his comb i nati on
. pared b first meltin g the zi nc a nd ti n i n
is desi gned to render the zi nc n on attack -
a cruci l e a nd a dd i ng the quicksilver
able by the exciti ng li ui d of the battery previously heated
with open circuit T
.

h e actio n of the
. I I I — M ention has been ma de of the
.

mercury is to prevent the zi nc from form cadmi um a mal ga m em pl oyed for pl ug


ing a lar e nu m ber of small voltaic ele ging teeth a n amal a m of 2 pa rts of
,
'

ments w en foreign bodies are mingl e d q ui cksilver 2 parts 0 tin and 1 part of
, ,

with the metal ; i n a word the givi n g to , ca dmium For the sam e pur ose a n
.

ordinary zinc the properties of pure Z i nc , a mal ga m of ti n sil ver a nd go] is em , ,

and consequently of ca usi ng a great sav pl oyed (S e e als o Cem ents D ental )
.

Appl i catio n s of Copper Amalgams


, .

a
in expense .
.

or amalga mati ng zinc plate it is


a I — An a malgam of 3 0 per cent of copper
.

pl un ed for a fe w secon ds into water i n has been empl oyed for filling teeth .

whi o there is one -si xteenth i n vol ume T his us e has been a bandoned on account
of sul ph uric acid then rubbi ng with , of the i nconvenience occasi oned by the
a cop e r -wire brus h which has been great changea bleness of the product .

di pe i n the qui cksil ver T h e mercury . I I — T h e a mal ga m of 3 0 per cent of


.

ta es m ore rea dily on the zi nc when , copper designated by the name of “ me


,

after the zi nc has been cl ea ned with t a ll i c mastic is a n excellent cement for
,

water sharpene d with s ul phuric acid r e a i ri n o bjects an d utensils of po r ce


,
p
it is moistened with a s ol uti on of corro la i n
. o r this em pl oyment the broken ,

sive sublimate which is red uced and


, s urfaces are heate d to 662 F a nd a littl e °
.
,

furnishes a first very thi n coat of a mal of the amalgam previously heated to the ,

gam on which t he quicksil ver is i m


, consistency of melted wa x is a pplied , .

mediately fixed by si m pl e i mmersi on I II —C opper a mal ga m of 3 0 to 4 5


.
,

without rubbi ng er cent of co pper rendered plastic by


heating and gri nding may serve for o h
.
,

Th e zi nc of a battery may be amalga ,

mated by putting at the bottom of the taining with slight com pressi on copies of
com a r tme n t c o n ta i n i n each element deli cate objects whi ch ma y after hard
a l i ttl e quic ksil ver i n s uc a way that t h e
, , ,

e n i n g of the amalgam be reprod uced , ,

zinc touches the li quid T h e amal ga . either in wa x or by galvanic process .

mati on is e ffected under the i nfluence of I V —Accordi ng to D ebray when a


.
,

the current but this process a pplies only


,
medal obtai ned with a n a mal ga m of
,

on conditi on that the zi nc al one touches 4 5 per cent of copper by com pressi o n i n ,

the bottom of the vess el contai ni ng the the soft state i n molds of gutta percha , ,

quicksil ver . is heated progressi vely to redness i n a n


atmosphere of hydrogen the quicksil ver
Appl i cati o n s of Ma n ga nese Amalgams .
is volatilized gra dually and the parti cles
,

— T hese may s erve for the preparati on ,

of cop er come together with out fusi on


of manga nese For this purpose i t i s
.
i n s uc a way as to produce a faithful
s u ffi cient to distill i n a cur rent of pure
reproducti on forme d excl usi vely of me
hydrogen T h e manga nese rema i ns i n
,

t a l li c copper of the origi nal medal


.

,
the form of a grayis h powder
.

V — I n the metallurgy of gol d the


.

Appl i ca ti o n s of Ti n Amalga ms .
crushers are furnis hed with amal ga
Tinn i n of glass T his operati on i s mated lates of copper for retainin the
a cco mp i sh e d i n th e f o ll o wmg man n er : gold g l h e preparation of thes e pg
.


. ate s ,
88 A MAL G A M S

which are at least inches i n thick the purpose of economizi ng the bis muth ,

ness is delicate requiring a bout two the price of which is h i gh t h e reced i ng ,

amal am is replaced by anot er co m


, ,

weeks T hey are freed f rom greasy mat


o se f of 2 parts of quicksil v e r
.

ter by rub bing with ashes or better 1 part of


b
, , , ,

with a littl e sa nd a nd ca ustic s oda or if ,


is muth 1 part of lea d a nd 1 part of ti n
, , .

more ra pi d acti on is desire d with a cl oth , T h e bism uth broke n i nto s mall frag ,

dipped i n dil ute nitric aci d ; they are ments is added to the ti n a nd l ea d r e
, ,

was hed with water then with a s ol ution ,


v i o usl y melted in the cruci bl e a nd w en ,

of potassi um cyanide and finall y brus hed ,


the mixt ure of the three metals becomes
with a mixture of sal a mm on i ac an d a fluid the quicks i l ver is o u r e d i n while
stirring with a n iron r o d T h e impuri
, ,

little quicksil ver until the surface is


,
.

completely a malgamated T hey are . ties floati ng o n the s urface are removed ,

finally ma de t o a bs orb as m uch quick ~ and when the tem perature is su ffi ciently
silver as possi ble B ut the plates thus . l owered this a mal am is sl owly o u r e d
treated are useful for only a fe w days into the vessels to e tinned whi o have ,

whe n they are s u fficiently covered with a been previ ously well cl ea ned and slightly
layer of gol d amalga m ; in the mea ntime heated M D itte recom men ds for the
. .

they occasion loss of time a nd of gold . same em pl oyment as a very strong a d ,

S o it is prefera ble to cover them arti herent to the glass a n a malga m obtained ,

fi ci a ll y with a little gol d amalgam which ,


by diss ol vi ng hot 2 parts of bis m uth and
is prepared by diss ol ving gol d i n quick 1 part of l ead i n s ol uti on of 1 part of a.

sil ver S ometimes the amalgam o f gold


. tin in 1 0 parts of ui ck sil v er By caus .

is replaced by a n amalga m of sil ver ,


i ng a qua ntity of t i s a malga m to move
which is rea dily poure d a nd m ore eco around the i nsi de of a receiver clean , ,

n o mi c a l
.

. dry a nd slightly heated the s urface will


, ,

Another method gi vi ng better results be covered with a thi n brillia nt layer , ,

consists i n silveri ng copper slabs by elec which hardens quite ra pi dly .

t r o pl a ti n g a nd covering them with a layer For the injecti on of a natomical pieces


of silver T hen it is only necessary to a n a mal ga m formed of 1 0 a rts of quick
silver 5 0 parts of bis m uth 3 1 parts of
.

ap ply a littl e quicksilver which a dheres , , ,

qu i te rapi dly s o that they are ready for


, lead a nd 1 8 parts of ti n fusibl e at
, ,

use al m ost i mmediately a nd a r e quite , a nd so li di fi a bl e at 6 0 C is ma de use of ; °


.
,

acti ve at the outset . or again a n a mal ga m c om posed of 9


, ,

T hes e amalgamation slabs ought to parts of D arcet all oy a nd 1 part of quick


be clea ne d before each operation Po . silver fusi ble a t 1 2 7 ? F a nd asty at a .
,

t a ssi u m cya nide rem oves fatty matter , still l ower tem perature T his ast a mal .

a nd sal a mmoniac the oxides of the l ow ga m may als o be use d for filli ng carious
metals teeth T h e D arcet all o as known con
tai ns 2 parts of bis m uth 1 part of lead
. .
,

. Appl ica tions of Lea d Amalgams , ,

an d 1 art of ti n a nd m elts at 1 99 ]; F
.
o
1
T hese meet with a n i nteresti ng empl oy , .

T h e a dition of 1 of ui ck si l ver
ment for the a utogenous s ol deri ng of ”part
lead After the s urfa ces to be s ol dered
.
l owers the fusi ng point to 1 04 °

have been well cleaned a l ayer of lead


A pIi Ca ti o n s of S il ver Amal ga ms — I
,

I n tp
a mal ga m is a pplied It is afterwards .
. .

l e sil veri ng of mirrors by the Petit


s u ffi C i e n t to
pass alon the line of j unc
tion a so ld er i n iron g l e a t e d to redness ,
j ea n meth od which has al most univer ,

sally replaced tin nin the pro perty of


silver i n rea dily a malga mating i s ta ken
i n order that t e heat s houl d cause the
volatilization of the quicksil ver a nd that ,

the lea d liberated i n a state of fine di vi


,
advantage of by s ubstituti ng the glass ,

sion s houl d be melted and ca use the


,
after sil veri ng to the acti on of d i l ute a

adherence of the two s urfaces The .


sol ution of double cyanide of mercury
only preca uti on necessary is to avoid and potassi um i n s uch a m anner as to
breathin g the mercurial va por which is ,
form a n amal ga m of W hite a nd brilliant
quite poi s onous .
silver a dhering strongly to the lass To .

facilitate the operation a n d uti ize all the


Applicatio n s of Bismuth Ama l gams .
silver while ec onomi zing the d oubl e eya
,

T h e amalga m formed of 1 er cent of nide M L enoir has recom men ded the
, .

bis muth a nd 4 parts of qui c sil ver will foll owi ng : S pri nkle t he lass at the ti me
cause the strong a dherence of glass I t .
when it is covere d wit the mercurial
is empl oyed with a dvantage i n the ti n s ol ution with very fine zi nc powder ,
ni ng of glass gl obes For this operati on .
which precipitates the quic ksilver a nd
it is poured into a dry h ot receiver and , re ul a t es the a mal a mati on .

the n assed over the whole s urface of I — T h e meta l urgy of sil ver als o
.

the g ass ; it s olidifi es on cooli ng For .


takes a dva ntage o f th e pro pe rty o f this
A M A L G A MS 89

metal in c om bi ni ng col d with q ui c k s i l mai ns T h e amal am thus obtained is


com pressed i n a c g
.

ver ; this for the treatment of poor si l ver a i n o i s ski n s o as to ,

ores . se parate the excess of mercury which


In the S axon or Frei burg process for passes throu gh the pores of the s ki n ; or ,

tr ea ti n sil ver ores rec ourse is ba d to , yet a ain it is filtered through a glass
,

qui ck si ver i n the case of a mal a m i n f u n n c havi ng a very slender stem wit h ,

amalgamating casks i n which t e ore , , al most ca pillary termi nation I n both .

a fter gri nding is s hake n with dis ks of


, cases a n amalga m of soli d gol d remains ,

iron and with merc ury and water T h e


, . which is s ubmitted to the action of heat
am algam collected a nd filtered u nder
, i n a cruci ble or cast -iron retort com ,

strong press ure contains from 3 0 to 3 3


, mun i ca ti n g with a bent iron tube of -
,

er cent of silver I t is distille d either which the extremity s urrounded with a


p .
,

i n cylindrical retorts of cast i ron fur , cl oth i mmerse d i n water is arra nge d ,

n is h e d with a n exit tube i m merse d i n above a recei ver half full of water T h e .

the water for condensi ng the mercurial quicksilver is va o r i ze d a nd conde nsed


va pors or on plates of iron arra nged
, , i n the water T e gol d remai ns i n the
.

over each other al ong a vertical i r o n retort .

stem supporte d by a tri pod at the bot


,
T h e pro er ty of gol d of combini ng
to m o f a ta nk fill ed Wi th water a nd ,
rea dily wit q ui cksil ver is als o used i n
covered with a n iron receiver which is ,
ma ny ki nds of a malgamating a pparatus
itself surrounded With i gnited charcoal . f o r e xtr a cti o n and i n the metall urgy of
It should be remarked that the last po r goi d
ti ons of ui ck sil v er i n a sil ver a mal ga m I n various 0 e r a ti o n s it is essential
submitted t o distillati on a re volatil i zed to kee p the q uicksilver active by preserv
o nly under the acti on of a high a nd pro i ng its li mpi dity For this purpose
.

l on ged temperature . potassi um cyani de a nd a mm onium


chloride are es pecially empl oyed ; s om e
Appl i cati on s of G ol d A malgams — I . . ti mes wood as hes carbonate of s oda , ,

Gildi n with quicksil ver T his proces s . hypos ul phite of s oda nitrate of potas h , ,

of gil ing m uc h em pl oye d formerly is


, ,
cupric s ulphate sea salt an d lime ; the
, ,

n o w but little us e d It ca n be applie d . latter for precipitatin g the sol uble sul
on ly to metals sli htly fusi ble a nd ca pa
g ph a t e s proceed i ng from the decom posi
bl e of amalgamat i on like sil ver copper , , ,
tion of pyrites .

bronze a nd brass , Iron ca n als o be . T h e a malgamation of gol d is favored


gilded by t his meth od pr o vi d : d it is ,
by a tem e r a t ur e of 3 8 to 4 5 C ( 1 00 ° °
.
°

previously c overed with a coati ng of t o 1 13 °


a nd still m ore by the em
copper T o perfor m this
. i l d i n g th e pl oyment of quicksil ver i n the nascent
surface is well clea ned a n the gol d ,
state T his last property is the base of
.

a malgam c onsisti ng of 2 parts of


, ol d the D e si gn o l process which consists i n ,

and 1 part of quicksil ver prepare as ,


treating a uriferous or auro argentiferous -

mentioned before is a pplied T h e piece , .


ores first ground with sea salt i n r e v o l v
, ,

is afterwards heate d to a bout the red s o ,


i ng cyli nders of cast iron with iron a n d ,

as to volatili ze the mercury T h e gol d .


mercury bichl ori de i n s uch a way tha t ,

remains superficially alloy e d with the the mercury reci i ta te d collects the gol d
a nd e ve n t ua l y the silver m ore e ffi ca
,

metal and forms a n e xtremely soli d


,

layer of dea dened gol d which ca n be ,


c i o usl y .

afterwards polished T h e volatilizati on .

G ol d Amal gam —Eight parts of gol d .

shoul d be e ff ected under a chi m ney hav a nd 1 of mercury a re formed into a n


ing strong dra ught i n order to avoi d the ,
a malgam for plating by ren dering the
poisonous action of the mercurial va pors .

gol d i nto thin plates making it red h ot ,


I I — T h e a mal gamation of gol d finds
,
.
a nd then putti ng it into the mercury whil e
its principal a pplicati ons i n the treatme nt the latter is als o heated to ebulliti on .

of auriferous ores T h e extraction of T h e gol d i mmediately disappears i n


.

small s pangles of ol d scattered i n gol d combination with the mercury after ,


bearing sa nds is ase d on the rea dy which the mixture may be turned into
dissolution of gol d in quicksil ver an d ,
water to cool It is then ready for use
. .

on the formation of a n amal ga m of s oli d


gold by com r e ssi o n and filteri ng through Zi nc Amal ga m for Electric Batteries .

a cham ois s in i n a state more or less —D iss olve 2 parts of mercury i n 1 pa rt


,

li quid T h e s pa ngles of gol d are s ha ken


.
of a qua regia T his accom plis hed ad d
.
,

Wi th about their weight of quicksil ver , 5 parts of hydrochl oric acid T his s ol u .

collected i n the ca vities of sl uices a n d ti on is made warm It s u ffices t o di p .

mixed with a s mall q ua ntity of sand . the zinc to be a malga mated i nto this
Th e gold is diss ol ve d a nd the sa nd r e li qui d only for a few seconds .
90 A M A L G A M S — A M BE R

Amalga m for Ceme nting G lass , Por l onger the kneadi ng is conti nued the
ca lai u , Etc — T ake ti n 2 parts a nd cad
. ,
m ore u niform will be the mass As soon .

mium 1 part Fuse i n a n iron spoon .


as the a mal ga m has ac ui r e d the s uitabl e
or s ome vessel of the sa me material .
c haracter — for its pro u cti o n 3 parts of
Whe n the two materials are i n fusion add copper and 7 parts of mercury are used
a little mercury previ ously heated Place .
—the water is poure d o ff a nd the a mal
,

all i n a n iron crucible and boil agitat i ng a m still s oft is gi ven the s ha pe i n which
,
g
the mass with a pestle T his a malga m .
i t is to be kept .

is s oft a nd ca n be kneaded between the For cementi ng purposes t he a mal am ,

fingers I t may be em l oyed for l uti ng


.
is roll ed out i nto s mall cyli nders w ose ,

glass or porcelai n vesse s as well as for ,


diameter is a bout to inches with ,

filli ng teeth It hardens i n a short while


. . a length of a fe w i nches I n order to .

produce with this a mal ga m i m pressions


Amal gam for S i l v er i n g Glass Balls —
.
of casti ngs which are made after wood
,
Lead 2 5 parts ; tin 2 5 parts ; bis muth
, , ,
cuts the a malga m is rolled out h o t
,
2 5 parts ; mercury 2 5 arts or l ea d 20
p ; ,
i nto a thin plate a nd ) r e sse d firmly
onto the li ke wise heate d pl aster cast
, ,

parts ; ti n 2 0 parts ; bi smuth 2 0 arts ;


, ,

M elt the l ea and


.

mercury 4 0 parts , .
After the a malga m has hardene d the
the tin then a dd the bis muth ; ski m sev
,
thi n plate of it may be rei nforced by
eral ti mes a nd a dd the mercury stirri ng ,
pouri ng on molten type metal .

the com o si ti o n vi gorously


S il ver Ama lga m — S il ver a mal gam can
.

( S ee a s o M irror-S ilvering)
.
.

easily be made with t he hel p of finely


Copper Amalga m —C opper a mal gam . , powdere d sil ver Th e m ercur need
.

or so -called Vie nnese metal cement crys , only be heated t o 2 50 to 3 00 (4 8 2


° ° °

t a ll i z es with the greatest rea din ess a nd to 5 72 °


sil ver powder is the n spr i n
acquires s uc h hardness on s olidifyi ng kl ed on it a nd mi xe d with it by stirring
, .

that it ca n be polis hed like ol d T h e .


T h e vessel is heated for se veral mi nutes
a malga m may als o be w o r k e under the a nd then all owe d t o cool the excess of ,

hammer or between roll ers ; it ca n als o mercury bei ng rem ove d from the gr a n u
be sta mped an d retains its metallic l uster
, l ated crystalli ne a mal ga m by pressi ng i n
for a l ong ti me i n the air I n air con .
a l eather bag S ilver a mal ga m can als o
.

tai ni ng hydro en sul hi de however it , , easily be ma de by d i ss o l v mg sil ver i n


q uickly taruis es a n turns black A .
nitri c aci d eva porati ng the s olution till
,
very s pecial property of copper a malga m the excess of free aci d is eli mi nated di ,

consists in that it becomes very s oft whe n l uting with distill e d water a nd adding ,
lai d i n water and attains s uch l i a n cy , m ercury to the flui d i n the proporti on of
that it ca n be em pl oyed for mode i n g the 4 parts b wei ht of m ercury to 1 of the
sil ver ori ginally use d T h e mercury
most delicate obj ects After a fe w .
,
y ,
~
.

hours the a mal ga m congeals agai n into preci pitates the sil ver i n a metalli c state ,
a very fi n e grained rather malleable a n d i mme di a t e l y forms a n a mal gam with
-
,

mass An i mportant a pplication of


.
it ; the fl ui d standi n a bove after a time
copper a malga m is that for cementing c ontai ns n o m ore si ver but c onsists of ,
metals All that is necessary for this
.
a s ol uti on of mercury nitrate mixe d with
urpose is to heat the metals which must
p e bright to 8 0 —90 C ( me— 1 9 4
whatever c opper was c ontai ne d i n the
,
° °
, to .
dissol ved sil ver i n the for m of copper
a pply the a ma l ga m a n d to press the metal
'

nitrate T h e abse nce of a white pre


.

p i eces together T hey will cohere as .


ci pi t a t e
, if a fe w drops of hydrochl oric
firmly as though s ol dered together .
acid are a dde d to a sa m ple of the fl ui d
Copper a malgam may be pre pare d i n i n a test tube s h ows t hat all the sil ver
,
t he foll owi ng ma nner : has been eli mi nate d from the s ol uti on
Place stri ps of zi nc i n a s ol uti on of bl ue an d i s prese nt i n the form of a mal ga m .

vitri ol a nd agitate the s ol uti on thor


oughly T h e copper thus obtai ned i n Amal ga m for th e Rubber of El ectri c
Mac h i nes — M ercury 1 0 0 arts ; zi nc 5 0
.

the form of a very fine powder is was he d


T is a m
.
, ,

and while still m oist treated i n a m or parts ; ti n 50 pa rts


, algam .

, ,

tar with s ol ution of mercury nitrate


a
red uced to powder a nd i ncor porated
with grease ca n be a ppli ed to the r ubber
.

T h e copper powder thereby amal ga


mates more rea dil y with t h e quicksil ver .
of el ectric machi nes .

Next hot water is poure d over the cop


,
AMALGAM GOLD PLATING :
per the m ortar is k e t hot a nd the mer
, ,
S e e G il di ng u nder Plati ng .

c ury a dded K n ea with the estle of . AM BER :


the m ortar u ntil the copper pu ver ul e n t , Imitati o n Ambe r — M elt carefully to .

i n the begi nni ng has united with the , gether pine rosi n 1 ; l acca i n tabulis 2 ;
, ,
mercury i nto a very plastic mass T h e .
wh i te col oph ony 1 5 pa rts , .
92 ANTID OTE S F O R POI SONS

ANIS E CORD IAL si m pl e are a nti d otes f or th e m ost com


,

S ee Wi nes a nd L i quors . mo n an d acti ve pois ons I n case this .

mi xture ca nn ot be obtain ed the stomach ,


ANK AR A sh oul d be s oothed a nd r o te ct e d by the
S e e B utter .
free a dministration of e mul ce n t muci ,

A NNEALING OF STEEL , TOOLS , WIR E , l a i n o us or ol eagi nous drin ks su ch as the


wfi
, ,

AND S PRI NGS i te s of e g 3 mil k mucilage of gum , ,

S e e S te e l .
arabic or s i pery-el m bark fl a xsee d
, ,

tea starch w eat flour or arrowroot , ,


A NOD Y NE S
,

mi xed i n water li nseed or ol ive oil or , ,


S e e Pai n K illers .
melted b utter or lard S ubsequently .

AN I D E STROYERS

the bowels s houl d be m ove d by s o me


S e e I nsectici des . gentl e laxati ve as a t a bles poonful or ,

two of castor oil or a teas poonful of ca ] ,

c i n e d ma nesia ; a nd pai n or other evi


g
d e nce of i nfla m mati on m ust be relieved
An ti dotes for Poi son s by the a dministrati on of a fe w drops of
lauda num a nd the repea ted a pplicati on
POIS ON , S YMPTOMS AND ANTI
,

of h ot poultices fomentati ons and mus , ,


D OTES .
tard plasters .

When a person has taken pois on th e T h e following a re the na mes of the


first thi ng to do is to com pel the patient substances that may give ris e t o poison
i
n g most com m onl y used a nd the i r anti
'

to vomit a nd for that purpose v e any


, , ,

emeti c that can be m ost rea ily and i otes '

quickly obtai ned and which is prom pt ,


Mi neral Aci ds 4 ul ph ur i c Acid (Oil
a nd energetic but safe i n its acti on
For this purpose there is perha s
, .

of Vi tr iol ) , Nitri c A cid (A qu a For ti s) ,


M uriatic A ci d (S pir its of S alts) — S ym
nothi ng better than a large teas poonp
, ,

ul
.

of ground mustard i n a tumblerful of toms : Aci d burni n taste in the m out ,

warm w a te r a nd it has the adva ntage of acute pai n i n the t roat stomach and , ,
,

bei ng al most al ways at ha nd I f the dry bowels ; frequent vomiti ng generally ,

bl oody ; m outh a nd li ps excoriated


.

m ustard is not to be ha d use mi xed ,

mustard from t he mustard pot Its s hri veled white or yell ow ; hiccou gh
, ,

copi ous stools m ore or l ess bl oody Wi th


.

operati on may generall y be facilitated , ,

by the a dditi on of a l i ke quantity of great te nderness i n the ab domen ; d iffi


c ommon tabl e salt I f the m ustard is .
c ult breathing i rregular puls e excessive , ,

n ot at ha nd ive two or three teas poon thirst while dri nk i ncreases the pain
,
,

fuls of pow ered alu m i n syr up or a n d rarely remai ns i n the stom ach ; fr e
m ol asses a nd gi ve freely of warm water q ue nt b ut vai n eff orts to urinate ; col d
,

t o dri nk ; or gi ve 1 0 to 2 0 grai ns of s ul s weats altere d countena nce ; c o n v ul


,

phate of zi nc (W hite vitri ol ) or 2 0 t o 30 ,


si ons generally precedi ng death N itric
, .

grai ns of i pecac with 1 or 2 grai ns of aci d ca us es yell o w stains ; sul phuric


Mi x
,

tartar emetic i n a l arge c u p of warm


,
acid black ones T reatme nt :
, .

water a nd repeat every ten m i nutes u ntil


,
calci ned magnesia i n milk or water to the
three or four d os es are given unl ess ,
consistence of crea m a nd give fr e ely to ,

free vomiting is sooner produce d After .


d ri nk a glassful every cou pl e of min utes ,

vomiti ng has taken place large dra ughts if it ca n be s wall owed C om m on soap .

of warm water sh oul d b e given s o ,


( hard or soft ) chal k whiti n or even , ,

that the vomiting will conti nue u ntil the mortar from th e wall mixe i n water
pois onous s ubstances have been th or may be give n u ntil ma gnesia ca n be o b ,

oughly evac uated a nd then s uitabl e anti ta i n e d Prom ote vom i ti ng by tickling
.
,

d otes s houl d be gi ven I f vomiti ng can .


the throat if necessary a n d when the , ,

not be produced the stomach pum p pO i so n is got ri d of fl a xse e d or slipper y ,

e i m tea
s houl d be used When i t is known what
.
gruel or other mil d dr i nks
,

T h e i nfla m mati on which al ways foll ows


, .

articular kind o f pois on has bee n s w a l


owed the n the pro per a ntid ote for that
,
need s p o d treatme nt to save the pa

ti en t s i fe .
pO i s o n s h oul d be gi ven ; but whe n this
ca nnot be ascertai ned as is ofte n the , Ve ge ta ble A cids— Aceti c Ci tri c, O x ,
case gi ve freely of e qual parts of cal
,
ali c, Tarta r i c — S ym ptoms : I ntense .

ci n e d ma gnesia pul verize d charcoal , , b urn i n pai n of m outh , throat a nd ,


a nd ses qu i oxide of iron i n a s u ffi ci e nt S t ‘ma c vomiti ng bl oo d whi ch is highly
,
l
q ua ntity o f water T his is a very harm i ci d
.

Vi olent p urgi ng coll a pse stupor


ii eath
.
, , , ,
l ess mi xture a nd is likely to be of great
benefit as th e ingredients th ough very
, , O xalic a cid is f re q ue ntl y tak e n i n
A NTI D OTES FOR POI SONS 93

mistake for salts to which i n Eps om , i ngs with sym ptoms of nervous dera nge
,

shops it often bears a strong resem bla nce . ment and great prostrati on of strength
, ,

Treatment : G i ve c hal k or m agnesia i n a often termi nating in death T reatm ent : .

lar e qua ntity of water or large draughts , I f vomiting has not been pr oduced it
of i m
,

e wa ter I f these are not at hand


.
, s h oul d be e ff ected by tickling th e fauces ,

scrape the wall or ceili ng a nd give the , a nd a dmi nistering copi ous dra ughts of
s crapings mixed with water . warm water Astri ngent i nfusi o n s such .
,

Prussi c or Hyd ro cyan i c Aci d — Laurel as of gall oa k ba rk Peruvia n bark act


, , ,

as anti d otes and s h oul d be given rom pt


Water , Cya n i de of Potas si um, Bitter ly Powdered yell ow bark may e used
,

Al mon d Oi l , Etc — S ym ptoms : I n lar e


.

until the i nfusi on is re ared or very


.

doses alm ost i nvaria bl y i nstanta neous y ,

fatal ; when not i m mediately fatal s ud strong green tea sh ou d e gi ven T o .

den loss of sense a n d c ontrol of the vol


,
stop the vomiti ng s h oul d it conti nue , ,

un ta r y m uscles T h e odor of the pois on


blister over the stoma ch by appl ying a
e n er a ll y noti cea bl e on th e breath
.

cl oth wet with strong s pirits of h a rtsh orn ,

Treatment : Chl ori ne i n the form of a nd then s pri nkle on one eighth to one
.
-

chlori ne water i n d oses of from 1 to 4


,
fourth of a grai n of m orphia .

Weak s ol uti on
,

fl ui d r a ch ms dil uted , . Arseni c a n d Its Prepa rations — Ra ts


of chl oride li me of soda ; water of a m ba n e , Fo w ler ’s S olution , Etc S ymp .

monia (s pirits of harts horn ) largely , toms : G enerall y withi n a h hour pai n
diluted may be gi ven a nd the va por of it
, , and heat are felt i n the stomach soon ,

cautiously i nhaled C ol d a ff usi on an d .


, foll owed by vomiting with burning , a

chloroform i n half to teas poonful d oses dryness of the throat a n d great thirst ;
i n glyceri ne or m ucila ge repeate d every , the matters vomited are generally col ored
few minutes until the sym ptoms a re ,
either gre e n yell ow or brown and a r e , ,

a meliorated Arti ficial res pirati on


. . sometim es bl oody D iarrhea or dys .

e n t er y ensues whil e the pulse beco mes


Acon ite Mo n k sh o od , Wolfsba ne
— .
s mall an d rapi d yet irregul ar Breath
,

Symptoms : N um bness a n d ti ngli n i n


.
,

i ng m uch oppressed ; di fficulty i n vom


the mouth a nd throat and afterwar s i n ,
iti ng may occur whil e cram ps c o n v ul
other portions of the body with s ore ,
sions or even paralysis often precede
, ,

throat pai n over th e stomach an d vom


, ,
,

death which s ometi mes takes pl ace with


iting ; d i m ness of visi on di zzi ness reat , ,
,

i n five o r si x hours after arsen i c has been


rostration l oss of sensi bility a n de G i ve a pro mpt
p taken T reatment :
, ,

i r i um T reatm ent : A n emetic a nd


.

emetic a nd the n hydrate of peroxi de of


then brandy i n tabl es poonful d oses i n
-
,
,

iron (recently prepared ) i n tablespoon


ice water every half h our ; s i r i ts of
ammonia i n hal f - teas poonful doses i n
,
ful dos es every 1 0 or 1 5 minutes until the
urgent sym ptoms are relieved I n the .
'

like manner ; the col d d ouche over the a bsence of this or while it is being pre
head and chest warmth to the extrem ,
pared give lar ge draughts of new mil k
,

ities etc
, .
,

and ra w eggs l i mewater and oil melted , ,

Alkal is Th eir S alts — C o n ce n


an d b utter magnesia in a lar e quantity of
,

tra ted Lye , W oo d -a sh Lye , Ca ustic Pot water or even if nothi ng e s e i s at hand
, ,

ash , Ammo n i a , Harts h orn — S ym ptoms : .


flour a nd water al ways however giv , , ,

Caustic acri d taste excessi ve heat i n


, ,
i ng a n emetic the first thin or causi ng
the throat stomach an d i ntestines ;
, ,
vomiti ng by tickl in g the t roat with a
vo mi ti n of bl oody m atter col d s weats , ,
feather etc T h e i nflam mati on of t h e
, .

hi cco u g pur i ng of bl oody stools stomach which foll ows m ust be treated
Th e com m on vegetable
.

Treatme nt : by blisters hot fomentations muci , ,

acids . C om m on vi negar bei ng al ways ,


l a gi n o us dri nks and th e lik e , .

at hand is m ost freque ntly used T h e


,
.

Bella d o n n a or D ea d ly Nigh tsh ade .

fixed oils as castor fl a xs e e d al m ond


, , , ,
S ymptoms : Dryness of the m outh an d
and oli ve oils form s oa ps with the al ka throat great thirst di fficulty of s w a l
, ,
lis and thus als o destroy thei r ca ustic ‘ l owi ng nausea dimness confusion or
, , ,
effect T hey s h oul d be gi ve n i n l arge
.
l oss of visi on great enlargement of the ,
quantity .
u pil s dizziness deliri um and coma
Treatment : T here is n o known anti
.
, , ,

An ti mo n y a n d I ts Prepa r a tio n s — Ta r
tar Emeti c, An ti mo n ial W e, er e s
i n K m ’
d ote . G ive a rom pt em etic a nd then
Mineral — S ym ptoms : Fai ntness and relia nce m ust e laced on continual
.

nausea s oon foll owed by pai nful a nd


,
stimulati on with ran dy whis k y etc , ,
.
,

continued vomiti ng s evere diarrhea , ,


a nd to necessary artificial resp i ration .

constricti on a nd b ur ni ng s e nsati on i n O piu m a nd its preparati ons as m orphia , ,

the throat cra m ps or s pas m od i c twi tch


, ,
l a uda num etc are th ought by s ome to
,
.
,
94 ANTIDOTES FOR POIS ONS

c ounteract the e ffect of bella donna a nd , D ea d ly Nigh tsha d e — S e e . Bella donna


may be gi ve n i n s mall and repeated d oses , u nder thi s title .

as als o strong black coffee an d green tea .

Fo lo ve , or D i i ta l is — S ym ptoms
L oss 0 strength feege flutteri ng ulse
.

Blue Vitri ol , or Blue S tone -S ee Cop


fai ntness nausea a nd vomiting a n gstu
. , , ,

per . ,

por ; col d pers piration dilated pupils


Ca nth ari d es (S pa n i sh or B l ister i n g sighi ng irre ula r breath i ng and some
,
_
,

Fly ) a n d Mo d ern Po tato Bug —S ym .


,

times co n v u si ons T reatment : After .


,

toms : S ickeni n g odor of the breat vomiti ng gi ve bra ndy a nd a m m onia in


,
s our taste with b urni ng heat i n the
,
f r e uently re peated d os es a pply warmth ,
throat stomach a nd bowels ; freq u ent
, ,
to t e extre mi ties a nd if necessary resort ,
vomiti ng often bl oody ; copi ous bl oo d
, fi
to a rti ficia l res pirati on
stools great pai n i n the stomach Wi t
.

, ,

b urni ng s ensati on i n the bla dder a nd Ga se s— Carbo n i c Aci d , Chlo r i n e Cy


di ffi culty to uri nate followed with ter a n o gen , Hyd ros ulph uri c Acid , li te .

S y mptoms : G reat d r o w sme ss di ffi cult


_

ribl e convulsi ons delirium a nd death , ,


.
,

T reatme nt : Excite vomiting by drinki ng res pi ration features s wollen face blue
, ,

plentifully of s weet oil or other whol e as i n strangulation T reatment : Arti .

s ome oils s ugar and water m il k or , , fi ci a l res piration c ol d d ouche frict i on , ,

with sti mul a ti n s u bstances to the sur


,

slipper el m tea ; give i nj e cti ons of castor


-

oil a n dy starch or warm mil k T h e i n , . face o f the bo y I nhala ti on of steam .

fl a mma t o r y s mpto ms w hi ch ge nerally containing preparations of a mmonia


foll ow m ust fie treated by a physician
.

. Cuppi n from nape of neck I nternal .

Cam borated oil or ca mphorated s pirits use of c l o r o f o r m .

s hou d be rubbed over the bowels stom ,


Hell ebo re o r In dia n Po ke — S ymp
ach a nd thi ghs
, .
toms : Viole nt vomiting a n d purgi ng ,

C a us ti c Pota sh — S ee Al kali s under this . bl oody stools great a nxi ety tremors , , ,

ti tl e
. ve rti go fainti ng si nki ng of the ulse
, , ,

col d s weats a n d convulsi ons reat


Co balt , or Fl y Pow d er S mpto ms : — , .

.
me nt : Excite s peedy vo mi ti n by large
Heat a nd pai n i n the throat a n stomach ,
dra ughts of warm water mo F a ss e s and ,
viol ent retchi ng a nd vomiti ng col d a nd ,
water tickling the throat wit h the finger
cl a mm
,
ski n small a nd feebl e pulse
, ,
or a feather a nd e me tics ; give oily and
,
h ur r i e an d difficult breathi ng diar ,
m ucila ginous dri nks oily purgatives ,
rhea etc T reatment : An emetic fol
, .
,
a nd clysters acids strong coff ee ca m
,
,

,
l owed b the free admi nistrati on of mil k ,
phor a nd opi um
, .
,

eggs w eat flour a nd water a nd m uci


He ml oc k (Co n i um) — S y m ptoms : D r y
, ,

la gi n o us dri nks . .

—Blue
ness of the throat trem ors dizzi ness , , ,
Copper Vi triol Verd igr is or ,
diffi culty of s wall o wing prostrati on and ,
Pi ck les or Foo d Co o k e d i n Copper Ves faintness li mbs powerless or paralyzed
,

G eneral i n fl a mma
,
sels —S ym ptoms : ,

pupils dilate d ul se ra pi d a n d feeble ;


i nsensibility a n ( P
.
,
ti on of the alimentary canal suppr e s ,
convulsions s ometimes
si on of uri ne ; hiccou gh a disa greea ble ,
precede death T reatme nt : Em pty the .

metalli c taste vomiti ng violent colic , , ,


stomac h a nd gi ve brandy i n ta bl es poon
e xcessi ve thirst sense of tightness of the , ful doses with half teas p oonful of spirits
,
throat a nxiety ; fai ntness gi ddi ness
, , , of a m monia fr e ue ntl y re peated and
,
and cra m ps a nd convulsions generally if m uch pai n an vomiting give bro
,

precede death T reatment : Lar e ,


.
mide o f a m m oniu m i n 5 -gra1 n d oses
doses of si mpl e syru p as warm as can e every half hour Artificial res pira tion .

s wallowed until the stomach rejects the


, may b e re quire d .

a mount it contains T h e whites of e ggs .

a nd large ua n ti ti es of mil k Hydrated . He n ba n e , or Hyo scya mu s —S ymp .

peroxi de 0 iron . toms : M uscular twitch i ng i na bility to ,

artic u l ate plainly dim ness of visi on and


Creosote —
,
Carboli c Acid S ymptoms .

stupor ; l ater vomiti ng a n d put i ng , ,
B urni ng pai n acrid pu ngent taste , , , s mall i ntermitte nt puls e c o n v u sive ,
thirst vomiti n g purgi ng etc T reat
, , , .
move ment of the extre mities a nd c oma
me nt : An emeti c a nd the free a d mi n i s
, .

T reatment : S imilar to opiu m p ois on


t r a t i o n of al b ume n as the whites of e gs , , i ng which see
, .

or i n the a bsence of these mil k or our


I o di n e —
, , ,

a n d water S y mptoms : B urni ng pai n i n


.

thr oat , l a ce r a t mg pai n i n the st om ach ,


.

Co rr os i v e Subli ma te —S e e M er cury .
fru i tl ess e ff o r t to vomit , e xcessive ten
under this title .
derness of the epigastri u m T reat me n t .
A NTIDOTES FOR POI S ONS 5

Free emesis mpt admi nistrati on of water i n su ccessi ve cu pfuls a nd to chec k


E
, ro ,

starch wheat , our , or arrowroot beaten , excessi ve salivation put a half oun ce of '

up i n water . chl orate of potas h i n a tu mbl er of water ,

—Acetate
a nd use freely as a ga rgle and s wall ow a
Lea d of Lea d , S ugar of Lead , ta bl es poonful every hour or two
,

Dr y Wh i te Lead , R e d Lea d , Lit h arge , or


.

Pick les , Wi n e , o r Vi ne ar S w eete ne d by Morphine — S e e O pi um . .

Lead — S ymptoms : W en ta ke n i n large


.
Nitrate of S il ver (Lunar Ca ustic ) .

do ses a s weet but astri ngent m etalli c S ymptoms : I nte nse pai n a nd v o mi ti n
a nd purgi ng of bl ood mucus and shreds
,

taste exists with c onstricti on i n the


, , ,

throat pai n i n t h e regi on of the stomach


, ,
of mucous mem bra nes ; a nd if these stand
painful obsti nate a nd freque ntl y bloody
, ,
they become dark T reatment : G ive .

vomitings biecou h , c o n v ul smn s or ,


freely of a s ol uti on of com m on salt i n
spasms a nd deat , Whe n taken i n water which decomposes the p ois on
, ,

small but l on conti nue d doses it pro - and afterwards fla xseed or sli ppery el m -

duces colic ca le d pai nters colic ; great


,

bark tea a nd after a whil e a d ose of
,

pain obstinate consti pati on an d i n ex


, ,
cast or oil .

treme cases a r a l y ti c sym ptoms e s ,


Opiu m a n d All Its Compoun ds
peci a ll y wrist rop with a blue li ne al ong ,
Morph i ne , La u d anum , Paregori c, Etc
the edge of the gums T reatment : T o .
S ym ptoms : G iddi ness drowsi ness i n
.

counteract the pois on gi ve al u m i n water creasi ng to stu por a nd i nsensi bility ;


, ,

1 } ounce to a quart ; or better still E p , ,


pulse us ually at first qui ck and ir
som salts or G lau ber s salts an ounce of ’
,
regular and breathi ng hurried and
, ,

either in a quart of water ; or dil ute s ul ,

afterwards ulse sl ow a nd feeble a nd


,

ph ur i c aci d a teas poonful to a quart of


,
,
res pirati on s ow a nd n oisy ; the pupils are
water I f a large quantity of s ugar of
.

contracted a nd the eyes and face con


lead has been recently ta ke n em pty the ,
gested a nd later as death a pr o a c h e s
stomac h by a n emetic of sul phate of zi nc ,

the extremities become col d t e surface


, ,

( 1 drachm i n a qu a r t of water ) gi vi ng
,
,
is covere d with col d cla m my pe r spi r a
one -fourth to c om me nce a nd repeati ng ,
ti on a nd the s phi ncters rela x T h e ef
,

small e r doses u ntil free vomiting is r o


.
,

feets of opi u m a nd its preparati ons i n


d uce d ; castor oil sh oul d be gi ve n to c ear ,

pois onous doses a ppear i n fr o m a half


the bowels a nd i njecti ons of oil a nd to two h ours from its a dministrati on
,

starch freely a d mi nistered I f the body


.

.
T reatme nt : Em pty the stomach i mme
is col d use the warm bath .

d i a t el y with a n emetic or with the s tom


Mea d ow S a fi r o n .
— S e e B ella don na .
ach pu m p T hen gi ve very strong .

coff ee with out mil k ; put m ustard lasters


Lau d an um — S e e O pi u m . .
on t he wrists a nd a nkles ; d ouche e h ead
a nd chest w ith cold water a nd if th e
Lobelia In d ia n Po ke S ym pto ms : ,
.
patient is c old a nd si nki ng gi ve brandy
Excessive vomiting a nd purgi ng pai ns ,
or whis ky a nd a m m onia B ellad onna i s
, ,

in the bowels contracti on of the pupils


.

deliri um c oma a n d convulsi ons T reat


, ,
thought by ma ny to cou nteract the poi
, ,
.

s o n o u s e ff ects of o ium a nd ma y be
ment : M ustard over the stomach a nd ,
given i n doses of hal to a teas poonful of
,

brandy a nd a m monia .
the tincture or 2 grai ns of the extr a ct
, ,

Mercury — Co rr os i ve S ublimate ( bug every 2 0 mi nutes until s ome e ff ect is ,

poisons freque ntly contai n this pois on ) ,


observed i n causing the pupil s to e x
Red Pre ci pitate , Ch inese or Engl ish pand Use warmth a nd fri cti on and
.
,

Ver milion — S ym ptoms : Acrid metallic


.
~
,
if possi ble prevent sleep for s ome h ours ,

taste i n the m outh i mm ediate c o n str i c ,


for w h ich purpose the patient should
tion and burni ng in the throat with a n x ,
be walked about betwee n two pers ons .

i ety a nd teari ng pai ns i n b oth stomach Fi nally as a l ast res ort use artificial
, ,

and bowels sickn ess a nd vomiting of , ,


res pirati on persistence i n wh ich wil l some
,

various col ore d flui ds a nd s ometim es ti mes be rewarded with su ccess i n a )


pa r en tl y h opeless cases Electricity sh ouid
-
.

bloody a n d profus e diarrhea wit h dif ,


.

fi culty an d pai n i n urinating ; puls e als o be tried .

quick s mall a nd hard ; fai nt sensati ons


, , ,
Cool ey advi ses as foll ows : Vomiting
great debility di fficult breathi ng cram ps , , ,
m ust be induced as s oon as possi ble by ,

cold s weats syncope a nd c o n v ul sro n s


, ,
. means of a strong emetic and tickli ng the
T reatment : I f vomiti ng does not a l fauces I f this d oes n ot s ucceed the
. ,

read y exist e metics m ust be gi ven 1 m stomach pum p shoul d be a p lied T h e


_

.
,

med i ately — whi te of eggs i n conti nuous emetic may consist of a hal drachm of
large doses a nd i nfusion of catechu after
,
s ul phate of zi nc diss ol ved i n a half pi nt
wards s weet mil k mixtures o f flour a nd
, ,
of warm water of whi ch one -third should ,
96 AN TI D OT ES F OR PO I S O NS

be taken at once and the remai n d er at ,


water B ut if inflam matory sym toms
.

the r ate of a wineglassful every 5 or 1 0 manifest themsel ves such stim uli s oul d
mi nutes until vomiti ng comm ences
,
. be avoide d and these sym ptoms a ppro ,

When there is much drowsiness or stupor pr i a t e l y treated A hypodermi c i n ] e cti on .

l or 2 fl ui d r a ch ms of ti ncture of c a psi
'

of 312 grain of atropine is the latest di scovered


'

cum will be fou nd a useful additi on ; or antidote .

o n e of th e formulas for emetic draughts


Potas h — S e e Al kali
may be taken i nstead I nfusi on of galls
. .

.
,

cinchona or oak bark s houl d be freel y


,
Prussic or Hyd rocyan ic Aci d S ee .

a dministere d before the emeti c a nd , Acids .

water s oured with vinegar a nd l emon Poiso n I vy — S ym ptoms : C ontact


j uice after the stomach has been well
,
with a nd with many pers ons the near
.

cleared out T o rous e


. the system
.
,

a pproach to the vi ne gives rise to vio


s pirit and water or strong coffee may be lent e r ysi e l a t o u s infla mmati on espe
,

gi ven T o kee the s ufferer a wake


. ,
c i a ll y of t e face an d han ds attended
,

rough fricti on s oul d be applied t o the with itching red ness burni ng and swell
,

s kin a n u pright posture preserved an d


, ,
ing with watery blisters T reatment :
, , ,

wal ki ng exercis e enforced if necessary


.
,

G i ve saline la xatives a nd a p ply weak


.
,

When this is i ne ff ectual col d wat er may sugar of l ea d a nd l audanu m or l i mewater


,

be dashed over the chest head an d , ,


and sweet oil or bathe the parts freely with
,

s pi ne or mil d shocks of electricity may


,
spirits of niter An ointing with oil will
,

be ha d recourse to T o all ow the s u ff er


.

prevent pois oni ng from it


er to sleep is to aba ndon him to d e st r u c
.

tion . Bl eedi ng may be s ubsequently S al tpeter (Nitr ate of Pota s h ) — S y mp .

necessary i n plethori c h abits or i n , toms : O nl y pois onous i n large quanti


threatened con gesti on T h e costiveness . ties and the n causes nausea painful
, ,

that accompan i es convalescence may be v omiting pur ing convulsi ons faint
, , ,

best met by aromati c aperients ; a nd the ness feeble pu se col d feet and hands
, , ,

general tone of the habit restored by stim with teari ng pains i n stomach and bowels .

u l a ti n g tonics and the s hower bath . T reatment : T reat as is directed for


T h e s mall est fatal dose of opi um i n the arsenic for there is no a nti dote known
, ,

case of an adult withi n our recoll ecti on a nd em ptyi ng th e stomach and bowels
was 4 § grains Children are m uch m ore
. with mil d dri nks must be relied on .

susceptible to the acti on of opiu m than


S a vine toms : S harp pains in — S ym
of other medici nes and hence the d ose of .

it for them m ust be diminished c o n si d


,
the bowels hot 5 i n ra pi d pulse viol ent
, , ,

e r a bl y bel ow that indicated by the com


vomiting and s ometi mes purgi ng with ,

m on meth od of calculati on dependi ng on great prostration T reatment : M us .

the age .
tard a nd hot fomentations over the
stomach a nd bowels an d ice all owed
O xal i c Aci d — S e e Aci ds . .
in the stomac h only until the i n fl a m
Ph osph orus — F o u n d i n L u c i f e r mati on ceases If prostrati on c omes on .
,

M atch es a n d S ome R a t Poisons — S y mp ~ food and s ti m ula nts m ust be given by


i nj ect i on
.

toms : S ym ptoms of i rritant pois oni ng ; .

pai n i n the stomach a nd bowels ; vomit S tramoni um, Thorn Apple , or James
i ng diarrhea ; tenderness a nd tensi on
,
town Wee d — S ym ptoms : Verti 0 , head .

of the abd omen T reatment : A n emetic .

ache , perversi on of visi on sli g t deli r


is to be promptly given ; copi ous draughts i u m, sense of s u ff ocati on dis position to
,

contai n i ng magnes i a i n s us pens i on ; mu ,

sl eep bowels relaxed an d all secretions


,
e il a gi n o u s dri nks G eneral treatment .
a u me n t e d T reatment : S a me as for .
,

for inflammatory sym ptoms .


bel a don n a .

Poisonou s M ushrooms — S ymptoms : .

S nake Bites , Cure f e n — T h e I nspector


N ausea heat and pai ns i n the stomac h
,

and b owels ; v o mi ti n a nd purgi ng of Police i n the Bengal G overn ment r e


thirst convulsions an fainti ngs ; pulse
, ,
,
ports that o f 93 9 cases i n w hich a m m onia
s mall and frequent dilated pupil and ,
was freel ad mi nistered 2 07 victi ms have ,

stupor col d s weats a nd death T reat


, .
r e co v er e a nd i n the cure d i nstances the
ment : T h e stomach a nd b owels are to be remedy was not administered till about
3 } hours after the attack ; on the average
1
cleared by a n emetic of ground mustard
or sul phate of zi nc foll owed by frequent ,
of the fatal cases the corres ponding .

d oses of G lauber s or of E ps om salts and ’


,
durati on of ti me was 44 } h ours .

large stim ulating cl ysters After the . S trych nine or Nu x Vo mica — T h e char .

pois on is evacuated e i ther may be given , a ct e r i sti c symptom is the s pecial


i n flu
with s mall quantities of bra ndy and ence exerted u pon the nervous s yst e m ,
A NT ID OTE S FOR POIS ONS 97

which is mani f este d by a general con or fl our beaten up i n water with mag ,
traction o f a ll the muscl es of the body , nes l a or chalk .

with rigidity of the spi nal c ol um n A .


Tartar Emetic — S e e Anti m ony
r of o u n d cal m s oon s ucceeds which is
. .

F
,

ollowed by a new tetanic seiz ure l onger ,


Tobacco —S ym ptoms : Vertigo stu .
,

than the first during which the res pira,


por fa i nting nausea vomiti ng sudden
, , , ,

tion is sus ended T hese sym ptoms nervous debility col d s weat trem ors , , ,

a nd a t ti me s fatal prostrati on
.

then cease t e breathi ng becomes easy


, ,
, T reat .

and there is stupor foll owed by a nother ,


ment : After the stomach is em pty a pply
general contracti on I n fatal cases musta rd to the abdomen and to the ex
t r e mi ti e s a nd gi ve stro n g co ffee with
.

these attacks are renewed at i ntervals , ,


, ,

with inc reasi ng vi olence u ntil death e n ,


bra ndy an d other stim ulants w ith ,

su es . O n e phenomenon which is foun d warmth to the extremities .

o n ly i n poisoni ngs by s ubstances con Zi nc — O xi d e of Z i nc , S ulphate of


taining strychnine is that touching a ny Z i n c, Wh ite Vitrio l , Acetate of Zi nc .

part of the bod or even threatening S ym ptoms : Vi olent vomiting a str i n ,

to do so i nsta nt y produces the tetanic


, ,
gent taste burning pai n in the stomach , ,

spasm Antid ote : T h e stomach should


. pale countenance col d extremities dull , ,

be immediatel y cleared by means of an eyes flutteri ng pulse


, D eath sel dom .

emetic tickli ng the fauces etc T o


, , . ens ues i n consequence of the emetic
,

counteract the as phyxia from tetanus , effect T reatme nt : T h e vomiti n g may


.

etc.
, arti ficial res pirati on sh oul d be be relieved by copi ous draughts of warm
practiced with dilige nce a nd care “ I f . water Carbonate of soda administered
.
,

the pois on has bee n a pplied externally , i n s ol ution will decompose the sul phate ,

w e ought i m me diately to cauterize the of zi nc M il k and al bumen will also act


.

part and a pply a li gature tightl y a bove


, as a ntidotes G eneral pri nci ples to be .

the wound I f the pois on has bee n. observed in the subsequent treatment .

swallowed for some time we sh ould give W oorara — S ym ptoms : When taken .

a purgative clyster and a dminister , into the stomach it is inert ; when a b


drau hts contai ning s ul phuric ether or s orbed through a wound it ca uses sudde n
oil 0 turpenti ne which i n m ost cases , stupor an d insensibility frothing at the ,

produce a sal utary e ff ect Lastly i n .


, mouth a nd s peedy death T reatment :
, .

j ecti o n s of chl ori ne” a n d decocti on of S uck the wound i m mediately or cut it ,

tannin are of val ue .


out and tie a cord around the limb be
Accordi n g to C h G unther the great .
tween the wou nd and the heart A pply .

est relia nce may be placed o u full doses iodi ne or i odide of potassium and give it
, ,

of opi um assisted by venesecti on i n


, , internally and try artificial res pirati on , .

cases of pois oning by strychnia or nux


vomica His pla n is to a dmi nister this
.
ANTI F ERM ENTS .

drug i n the form of s oluti on or mi x Thefoll owing are trie d a nd useful


ture i n com bi nation with a sali ne ape
,
formulas :
rient . I — S ul phite ( not sul phate ) of li me
.
,

Another treatme nt is to i ve if obtain ,


i n fine powder 1 part ; marble dust , ,

able 1 ou nce or m ore of one charcoal


,
ground oyster s hells or chalk 7 arts ; , ,

mix e d with water a nd foll ow with an ,


mix and pack tight s o as to excl u e the
, ,

active emetic ; the n to ive chl oroform i n air .

teas poonful doses i n our a nd water or ,


II .
— sul phate ) of potassa
S ul phite ( not ,

glyceri ne every few mi nutes wh i l e the


,
1 part ; new black -mustard seed (ground
spas ms last and afterwards bran dy a nd in a pepper mill ) 7 parts ; mix and pack , ,

so as to excl ude a i r a nd moisture per


,

stimula nts a n d warmth of the e xtr e mi


,

ties i f necessa ry Rec overies have fol . fe ctl y D ose ( of either ) 5 ounce to 1 ;
.
,

lowed the free a nd prom pt administra ounces per hogs head .

tion of oils or melted butter or lard In . I I I — M ustard s eed 1 4 pou nds ; cl oves
. ,

all cases e m pty the stomach if poss i bl e . and ca psicum of each 1 3 ; ounds ; mix , , ,

a nd gri nd them to pow er i n a pep


S ul phate of Zi n c — Wh ite Vitr iol — S ee .
er mill D ose 1 to 1; pound per hogs
.
,
Zinc .
ead .

Ti n — Ch lo r i d e of Ti n S olutio n of Ti n ,
A portion of any one of these compounds
(use d by d yers ) , O xi d e of Ti n , or P utty a dded to cider or the like s oon allays , ,

Pow d er —S y mptoms : Vom i ti ng pa i ns


. ,
fermentation when excessi ve or when , ,

in the stomach a nxiety restl ess ness fr e , , ,


it has been renewed T h e first formula .

ue n t pulse d elirium etc T reatme nt : is preferred whe n there is a tendency to


g
.
, ,

l mpty the stomach and g i ve wh i tes of ,


a c i dity T h e second and th i rd may be
.

eggs i n water milk i n large qua nti ti es


,
.

,
advantageously used for Wi n e and beer as ,
98 A NT I S E PTI C S

well as for cider T h e third compound . ANTI QUE S , TO PRE S E RVE .

greatly i m proves the flavor a nd the a p T h e best process for the preservati on
arent stre n t h of the li quor a nd als o of a nti u e metallic a rticl es c onsists i n a
p ,

i mproves its e e pi n g qual i ties .


r e t r a n s o r ma ti o n of the metallic oxides

i nto m etal by the el ectrolyt ic method .

For this purpose a zi nc strip is wound


aroun d the a rti cl e a nd the latter is laid
i n a s oda -lye s ol uti on of 5 er cent or
An ch ovy Pr epar a ti on s suspended as th e negative po e of a small
,

battery i n a potassi um cyanide s ol ution


E xtempora neous Anch o v y S auce .
of 2 pe r cent Wh ere this meth od do e s
.

Anchovies c hoppe d , not see m practicabl e i t is a dvisa ble to


small edul corate the obj ects i n ru nni ng water ,

B utter . i n whi ch operati on fra ile or easily de


Water . stroyed articles may e pr ot e cted by
Vi negar . wi ndi ng with ga uze ; next they s hould ,

Flour . be carefully dr i ed first i n the air then , ,

M i x place over the fire a nd sti r u ntil ,


with m oderate heat a nd finally protected ,
,

the mixture thi ckens T he n rub through .


from further destructi on by i mmer si on
a coars e sieve in melted pa r a fli n e A dry pl ace is r e .

quired for stori ng t he a rticles si nce par


.

a ffi n e is not e r fectl y i m permeabl e to


Esse nce of Anch o vies —Remove the .

bones from 1 pound of anch ovies red uce ,


water i n the s a pe of stea m .

the remaini ng porti ons of the fish to a


ANTIR UST COM POS ITIONS :
pul p i n a Wedgewood m ortar and pass , S e e Rust Preventives .

through a cl ea n hai r or brass sieve B oil .

the b ones a nd other porti ons which will


not pas s through t h e sieve i n 1 pi nt of
water for 1 5 mi nutes a n d strain T o , . An ti septi cs
the strained li q uor a dd 2 } ounces of salt
a nd 2 1; ounces of flour and the pul ped , An tisepti c Po wd ers .

anchovies . L et th e wh ole sim mer over I — B ora x


. ounces 3
the fire for t hree or four mi nutes ; r e D rie d al um ounces 3
move from the fi re a nd when the mi x ,
T hy mol grai ns 22
t ure has c ool ed littl e a dd 4 ounces of
a
Euca l pto l dro ps 20
strong vinegar T h e r o d u ct ( nearly
.

.
M ent c l grams 1}
3 pounds ) may be the n o ttl e d and the ,
Phenol rains 15
corks tied over with bla dder a nd either ,
O il o f g a ul th e r i a r e ps 4
waxed or ca psuled .

Carm i ne to gi ve a pi n k ti n t .

Ancho vy Paste . I I — Al um powdered


.
,

Anchovies .
B orax powdered
,

Water Carb ol i c acid crystal s ,

S alt O i l of eucaly ptus


O i l of wi n ter gr ee
Ca psi cu m .
M enthol
G rated l em on peel .
T hym ol
M us hroom catsup . I I I — B oracic aci d
.
1 0 ounces
S odi um bi borate 4 ounces
Ancho vy Butter .
Al u mo o o o o o 1 ounce
o o o o o o o

A nch ovies b oned a nd , Zi nc s ul ph ocarb ol ate 1 ounce


beate n to a paste 1 part T hy mic acid 1 drach m .

B utt e r 2 parts M i x th oroughl y For a n antiseptic


.

S pi ce e nough was h diss ol ve l or 2 dra chms i n q uart a

of war m water .

ANTIF OULING C OMPOS ITI ONS I V — Ekto ga n is a n ew d usti ng owder


p
.

S e e Pai nts .

wh ch is a mi xture of zi nc hyd rox i d e and


i

ANTIFR EE ZING SOL UTI ON d i ox i d e I t is e quival ent t o a b ou t 8 per


.

S e e Freezi ng Preventives . cent of a ctive oxyge n It is a yell owish .

wh i te odorless a nd tastel ess p owder i h


ANTIF RICTION METAL s ol ubl e i n water I t is use d externally i n
.
,

S e e All oys unde r Phos phor Bronze


, wou nds a n d i n s ki n dis eases as m oist
a n d Antifrictio n Metal s
a
.
dr essi n g mix ed with ci tric ta rtari c , or ,
1 00 A NTISE PT I CS

Al ka l i ne Glycerine of Th ymol . phy has fou nd that a 4 6 or 8 -per cent -

S odi u m bicarbonate 1 0 0 grai ns .


s ol uti on of gutta -percha i n be nzi ne when ,

S odi um bi borate 2 00 grains a pplied to the hands of the s urgeon or


S odiu m benz oate 8 0 grains the s ki n of the patie nt will seal th e se ,

S odi u m salicylate 4 0 grains s urfaces with a n i nsol ubl e i m pervi ous , ,

M ent h ol . 2 grains a nd practically i mpercepti bl e c oating


Pumili o pine oil 4 mini ms a c oati ng that will not all ow the sc o re
Wi nter reen oil 2 mini ms
9 tions of the ski n to esca pe a nd will not
T hymol
.
,

4 grai ns a d mit secreti o ns bl ood or pus into the , ,

Eucaly ptol 1 2 mi ni ms
.
crevi ces of the s kin A t the same time .

it d oes not i m pai r the sense of touch nor


Com po un d S olution of Th ymol .
the plia bility of the s kin A simi lar s ol u .

A tion i n acetone als o meets m ost of the


Benzoic acid . requi rements .

M urphy s routi ne method of ha nd prep



B orax .

B oric aci d . arati on is as foll ows : First five to seven ,

D istill ed water minutes scrub bi ng with s pirits of green


D iss olve . soa p a nd ru nni ng h ot water ; second ,

three mi nutes washi ng with al cohol ; ’

T hy mol . 20 grains third whe n the ha nds are thoroughly


,

6 grai ns dried the gutta perc ha sol ution is poured


,
-

Eucalyptol . 4 minims over the ha nds a nd forearms care being ,

O i l of wi ntergreen . . 4 minims ta ke n to fill i n a round a nd be neath the


O il of peppermint . 2 mini ms nails . T h e ha nds must be ke pt ex o se d
O il of thy me . 1 mini m to the ai r with t he fi ngers s e parate unti l
Al cohol ( 90 per cent ) . 3 ounces th oroughly dry T h e coating is very .

D iss ol ve . thi n a nd ca n be rec o n i z e d onl y by its


M i x sol utions A and B ma ke up to ,
glazed a ppeara nce t will resist soa p .

2 0 fl ui d o u n ces with distilled water a nd ,


and water b ut is easily re m oved by was h
,

filter .
i ng i n benzi ne T h e ha nds ca n be .

washed i n bichl ori de or a ny of the anti


Oi l of Ci nnamo n as a n A n tisepti c .
septic so l ii t i o n s with out i nterfering with
'

O il of ci nna m on i n a 9 per cent emulsion - -


, the coati ng or a ff ecting t h e ski n If .

whe n used u pon the hands com pletely ,


the operati ons be m a ny or prol onged , ,
sterili zes them A 7 -to 8 -per -cent em ul
.
the coating wears a way from the tips
sion is equal to a l per cent sol ution of - -
of the fin gers but is easily re newed For
, .

corrosive s ubl imate a nd is certai nly far the rema i ni ng porti on of the ha nds one
more agreeabl e to use O il o f thyme i n .

a ppli cati on is s uffi ci e nt for a whol e morn


an 1 l -per ce nt s ol ution is eq ual to a 7 per
- -
i ng s work

.

cent sol uti on of ci nnam on oil .


T h e 4 -per -c ent s ol uti on of rubber wea rs
G ree n Colori ng for Antiseptic S olu better on the tips of the fingers i n han ,

tions — T h e safest
. col oring s ubsta nce for d l i n g i nstrum ents s p onges a n d tiss ues , ,

use i n a preparati on i ntended either for tha n the acetone s ol uti on .

i nternal a dmi nistratio n or for a pplica For the a bd ome n the a cetone s ol ution
ti on to the s ki n is the col ori ng matter of has th e a dva nta ge a nd it dries i n three ,

lea ves chl orophyll A tincture of s pin to four s econds after its a p li ca ti o n
whil e the benzi ne s ol uti on takes from
. . ,

ach or of rass made by macerati ng 2


ounces of t e fres hly cut leaves i n a pi nt three to four a nd a half mi nutes to make
of alcohol for five day will be found to a d r firm c oati ng
Ty
, .

e pre parati on of the pati ent s skin



gi ve good res ults I f the pure col ori n .
.

s ubsta nce is wa nted the s ol vent s houl cons i sts i n five mi nutes scrubbi ng with ’

be e va porated o ff .
s pi rits of gree n s oa p was hi ng with ether , ,

foll owed by al coh ol T h e s urfa ce is then .

Antisepti c Bromi ne S olutio n .


s wab bed over th oroughly with the h e n

Bromi n e 1 ounce z me or a cetone s ol uti on .

S odi um chl oride 8 ounces T h e gutta percha s ol u ti on is pre pared


-

Water
.

8 pi nts by d i ss ol vi ng the pure gutta -percha chips


D iss olve the s odi um chloride i n the in sterile benzi ne or acetone T hes e .

wate r and add th e bromine T his s ol u .


s ol uti ons do n ot sta nd b oili ng as this ,

t i on is to be dil uted when a pplied to ,


i m pai rs the ad hesiv eness an d el asticity of
broke n s ki n surfaces 1 part with 1 5 ,
“ the c oati ng .

pa rts of water .

ANTIS EPTICS F OR CAG E D BI RD S


S ubstit ute for R ubber Glo ves .
- M ur S e e Ve teri na ry Form ul as .
A NTI S EPTI CS l o-l

APOLLI NARI S Asth ma F umi ga ti n g P o w d er



Cl ea r y
' '

S e e Waters
.

.
— Powdered stra m oni um 1 5 ; powdere d ,

bella don na lea ves 1 5 ; powdered opiu m


APPLE S YR UP 2 ; potassiu m nitrate 5
, ,

S e e Essences a nd Extracts
.
,

A sth ma F u mzga ti n g
'

P o w d er s — I
.

. .

AQUA F ORTIS F OR B R IGHT L US Powdered stra m oni um leaves 4 ; pow ,

TER : dere d a nisee d 2 ; potassi u m nitrate 2 , ,

S e e Casti ngs . parts .

II — Powdered stra monium 30 ; po ta s


AQUA F ORTIS F OR THE TOUCH
.
,

si um nitrate 5 ; pow dered tea 1 5 ; o w


S TONE :
, ,

dered eucalyptus lea ves 1 5 ; ow ered


S e e G ol d
,
.

I ndian he m p 1 5 ; powdered l o elia 1 5 ; , ,

A UARI UM CE M ENTS : powdered a nis eed 2 ; distill e d water 4 5 , ,

cc Adhesives . parts .
( All the h erbal i ngredients i n
coarse powder ; m oisten with the water i n
AQUARI UM P UTTY which the o t a ssi u m nitrate has been
S ee Putty .

previ ously i sso l v e d a nd dry ) .


,

S ch i flma n n s A sth ma P o w d er — Po t a s
'

ARGENTAN .

S ee All oys .
si um nitrate 2 5 ; stra m oni um 7 0 ; bella
, ,

d onna leaves 5 arts


ARMENI AN CE M ENT
.
,

N eu meyer si h ma P o w d er —

s P o ta s
S ee Adhesi ves under Je wel ers
.

si um nitrate 6 parts ; s ugar , , 4; st r a mo


m e nts .
ni um 6 ; powdered l obelia l
, , .

ARMS OIL F OR : F i sch er A sth ma P o w d er — S tr a mo



s .

S ee Lubrica nts ni um , parts ; p otassi u m nitrate 1 ; pow


5 ,

d e r e d A ch i ll ea mi ll e o l i u m lea ves 1
.

'
.
,
AR NICA S AL VE Vor l a e n d er s A st ma P o w d er — S tra

.

S e e O i ntments .
mo n i u m 1 50 ; l obelia 8 0 ; arnica flowers
, , ,

ARS ENIC ALL OYS 8 0 ; potassi um nitrate 3 0 ; potassiu m ,

S e e All oys .
i odi de 3 ; na phth ol
, parts . .

AS BES TOS CEM ENT Asth ma Cigarette s — I Bellad onna . .

S e e Adhesi ves . lea ves 5 parts ; stra m oni um lea ves 5


, ,

arts ; digitalis lea ves 5 parts ; sage ,


AS BES TOS FAB RIC ea ves 5 parts ; potassi u m nitrate 7 5
, ,
S e e Fi re proofing
parts ; ti ncture of benz oi n 4 0 parts ; b oil
.

ASPHALT AS AN INGRED IENT OF ing water parts Extract the


, .

IND IA R UBBER : leaves with the b oil i ng w a ter filter a nd , ,

S ee Rubber .
i n the filtrate diss ol ve the salts I m .

mers e in the fl ui d sheets of bibul ous


ASPHALT I N PAI NTING pa per (S wedis h filter pa per will a n
S e e Pai nt .
s wer ) a nd let remai n for 2 4 hours At .

AS PHALT VARNIS HES the e nd of this ti me remove dry o u t i nto , ,

S e e Varnis hes .
pieces about 2 } by 4 i nches a nd roll into ,

cigarettes .

ASS AYING II — S odi um arseniate 3 grains ; ex


. ,

S e e G ol d .
tract of bellad onna 8 grai ns ; extract of ,

ASTHM A CUR ES — A sth ma P a per s . .


stra m oni um 8 grai ns D iss olve the ar
, .

se n i a te of sodi um i n a s mall quantity of


I — Impregnate bi bul ous pa per W i th the
.

foll owi ng : Extract of stra m onium 1 0 ; ,


water and ru b it with the two extracts
,
.

potassi um nitrate 1 7 ; s ugar 20 ; warm T he n s oak up the whole mixture with


, ,

water 2 0 0 parts D ry . .
fi n e bl otti ng pa per which is dried a nd ,
,

II —Bl otti ng or gray filter pa per 1 20 ; ,


c ut i nto 24 equal parts Each part is .

rolled up i n a piece of cigarette pa per


.

ota ssi u m nitrate 60 ; powdered bella


.

onna l eaves 5 ; powdered stra m oniu m Four or five in halation s are generally
,

lea ves 5 ; o w d e r e d di gitalis lea ves 5 ; ,


s u ffi cient as a dose .

o el i a 5 ; m rrh 1 0 ; oli

o w d er e d
ASTHMA
anum 1 0 ; p el l a n d t i um y
, ,
CANAR IES
IN
r u i ts 5 parts
, , .

S ee Veteri nary Formulas


S tr a mon i u m C a m i l a — Powdered stra
.

mo n i u m lea ves 1 2 0 ; potassi um nitrate , , ASTRINGENT F OR H O RSES


79 ; Per u via n balsa m 3 ; powdered suga r , S e e Veteri nary Form ulas
1 ; powdered tragaca nth 4 parts ( Water
, .

ATOMIC WEIGHTS
.
, ,

q s to mass ; roll i nto s uita ble sha pes


S ee Weights and M eas ures
. .

and dry ) .
.
1 02 B A K ING POWD E RS

ATR OPI NE , ANTID OTE TO . by itself s o that n o c oarse pi eces a r e


,

T h e us ual physi ol ogical a ntidotes to present ; the sta rch is mi xe d W l t ll the


s odi u m bica rbonate before the a md i s
'

the my driatic al kal oids from bellad onna


When large u a n ti t i e s a re pr e
,
a dded
pared the mixi ng i s done by mach i ne ;
stra moni um a nd hyoscya mus a re mor
,
.

h i ne or es erine S trong tea co ff ee or


. , .

ra ndy a re us ually a d mi nistered as sti m s maller qua ntiti es are best m i xed to
ul a n ts . C hief relia nce has us ually bee n gether i n a s pacious m orta r a nd the n ,

placed upon a stomach si phon a nd passe d re peatedly through a sieve I n .

plenty of water to was h out the contents


,

stea d of starch fl our may be used b ut , ,

of the stomach T h e best anti dote ever


.
starch is prefera ble beca use it i nter ,

re ported was that of m uscarine extracted feres with the acti on of the acid on the
by alcoh ol from the m ushroom A ma n i ta ,
al kali .

musca r i a but the di fficulty of securin I I — A formula r o po se d by C ram p


the same has ca used it to be o v e r l o o k e g
.

ton of the United tates D epartment of


,

a nd al m ost forgotte n Experi ments .


Agriculture as the res u lt of a n i nvesti
,

wit h this a nti d ote s howe d it to be a n a l ga ti o n of the l ea di ng baki ng powders of


most pe rfect opposite of atropi ne in its the market i s : ,

eff ects u on the a nimal body a nd that Potassi u m bita rtrate 2 pa rts
it neutra i ze d poisonous d oses . S odi um bica rb onate 1 part
C ornsta rch 1 part
AQUA AR OMATICA .

T h e a dditi on of the starch serves the


C ort ci n n a m c hin e n s
. . .

d oubl e purpose of a filler to i ncrease
Fl or la vandulai
. the weight of the powder a nd as a pre
Fol M e n t h pip
. . se r va ti ve A mixture of the c hemicals
.

Fol ros marini


. . al one d oe s n ot kee p well .

Fol sa l viaa
. T h e sta bility of the prepa rati on is i n
Fr uc t fce n i c uli crease d by drying each i n redient se pa
r a t e l y by ex o s u r e to a ge ntg
.

S piritus . e heat mi xmg ,

Aqua at once a n i m mediatel y placi ng i n bot


,

M acerate the d rugs i n the mixed a l tl es or ca ns an d excl udi ng access of air


cohol a nd water for 2 4 hours and distill a nd conse que ntly of m oistu re .

T his is not a chea p powder : but it is


2 00 parts .

the best that ca n b e ma de as to health ,

AQUA R EGIA — Aqua regia consists .


ful ness .

in pri n ci ple of 2 parts of hydrochl oric acid III — S odiu m acid ph os


.

an d 1 part of nit ric aci d B ut this q ua n . p h ate 20 par ts


tity va ries according to the s ho p where it Cal ci u m a ci d phos
is use d for gil din g or j ewelry and some , phate 2 0 pa rts
ti mes the ro po r ti o n is brought to 4 pa rts S odi u m bi carb onate 2 5 parts
of hydroc hl ori c aci d to 1 of nitric a cl d . S tarch 35 parts

A UTOMOBILE S , ANTIFR EEZI NG S O


Ca uti on as to d ryi ng the i ngredi ents
L UTI O N FOR :
a nd keepi ng the m d ry m us t be observed .

E ve n the mi xing s h oul d be d one i n a


S e e Freezi ng Preventives
room free from e xcessi ve h umi dity
.

AX LE GREAS E I V — Al um Ba k i n g Po wd er
.
.

S ee L u bricants .

Am m oni u m al um ,

BABBITT M ETAL anhy drous 1 5 parts


S e e All oys .
S od i um bica rb onate 1 8 parts
C ornstarch q s to make 1 0 0 parts
, . . .

M i x T h e a vaila bl e carbon di oxid e


.

yi el de d i s 7 i per cent or 8 per cent .

B aki n g Pow ders BALAN CE S P R ING


S e e Watch makers Form ulas ’
.

I — T a rtaric
. acid 3 parts ; sodi um ,

bicarbonate 1 part ; starc h , part , .


BAL D NESS
O f this baking powder the required S e e Hair Prepa rati ons .

a mount for 5 00 parts of flour is a bout BALL BL UE


20 parts for rich cake a n d 1 5 parts for ,
S e e La und ry Prepa ra ti ons
lea n ca ke .
.

T h e s ubstances empl oye d must be BAL S AMS


d ry each ha vi n g been previously sifted
, See also O intments .
1 04 B A TT ER Y F I LLE RS

v e sce n t) made by mixi ng equal parts of S ol utions for B a tteri e s —Th e al m ost .

powdered s oa p a nd powdered bora x . excl usivel y employed sol uti on of sal a m


m oniac ( a mm oni um chl ori de ) presents
BATH -T UB ENAMEL ‘
the dra wback that the zi nc rods glasses , ,
S e e Varnishes .
etc after a short use bec ome covered
.
, ,

BATH -T UB PAI NTS with a fine yell ow ver d i ffi c ul tl y s ol


uble basi c zi nc salt w y
, ,

S e e Paint e r e by th e
. ,
ge n ,

er a ti o n of the electric cu r rent is impai red


BATTERY FILLE R S AN D S O LUTIONS .

an d finally arreste d altogether T his .


,

I — I n the s o call ed dry batteries the


.
-
evil may be re medie d by a n ad mix ture of
exciting su bsta nce is a paste i nstea d of cane s ugar For a battery of ordinary
.

a fluid ; m oisture is necessary to cause si ze a bout 2 0 to 2 5 gra ms of s u gar d i s ,


the reacti on T hese pastes are ge n er
.
s ol ved i n warm water is s u ffi c i e nt er ,

ally secret preparations O n e o f the .


5 0 to 60 ra ms of sal a m moniac
G A ter .

earlier “ dry ” batteries is that of G ass ner .


prol onge d us e only large crystal s ( of a
T h e a pparatus consists of a containing zi nc saccharate ) form which however , , ,
vessel of zinc which forms the positive , become attached only to the zi nc rod i n
element ; the negative one is cyli nder a
a few places havi ng very littl e di sa d ,
of carbon , a nd the s pace betwee n is va n t a ge o u s effect upon t h e acti on of the
fill ed with a paste the reci pe for which i s : , batteri es a nd bei ng easy to rem ove owing ,

O xide of zi nc 1 part to their rea dy s ol ubility .

S a l a m m oniac 1 part
Plaster 3 parts
.

BA UD OI N M ETAL
S e e All oys
. .

Chl ori de of zi nc 1 part


.

2 parts BAY R UM .

T h e usual form of chl ori de o f —sil ver -


I — O i l of bay
. 1 drachm
battery consists of a seal ed cell contai n Al c oh ol 1 8 ounces
i ng a zi nc electrode the two bei ng gen , Water 1 8 ounces
e r a ll y separated by some form of porous M i x an d filter t h rough magnesia
septum Aroun d the plati nu m or sil ver IL - Bay leaf otto -
5
.

electrode is cast a qua ntity of sil ver M agnesi u m carbonate ounce .

chl oride T his is melted a nd general


.
Ja maica rum 2 pints
l y poured i nto m ol ds s urroundi ng the Alcohol 3 pints
metallic electrode T h e e xciti ng fl ui d .
Water 3 pints
is either s olution of a mm oniu m chl o
a
T riturate the otto with th e magnesium
ri de ca ustic potassa or s oda or zi nc
, , ,

sulphate As ordinarily constructed


.
carbonate grad ually a ddin the other
,
,
i n gredients previ ously mixe and fi lter
these cells contain a paste of the el ectro , .

I f th e ru m e m pl oye d c ontai ns s u fficient


lyte an d are sc a l e d up hermetically i n
,

glass or hard—ru bber receptacl es .


s ugar or m ucilagi n ous matter to cause
II — T h e foll owi n g formula is said to any sticki ness to be felt on the skin rec ,
ti fi ca t i o n will be necessa ry
.

yiel d a servicea bl e fill i ng for dry batteries : .

Charcoal 3 ounces
. .

G ra phite 1 ounce
. .

M anga nese di oxide 3 ounces . .


BEAR FAT
Calci um h ydrate 1 ou nce .
S ee Fats .

Arse nic aci d 1 ounce


G l ucose mi xed with BEARI NG L UB RICANT
dextri ne or starc h 1 ou nce .
S e e L u brica nts .

I nti mately mix and then work i nto a , BEARI NG M E TAL


paste of roper c onsistency with a sat S e e Ba bbitt M etal B earing M etal and , ,
u r a te d s o u ti o n of s odi um and am mo Phosphor Bronze under All oys , .

ni um chl ori des contai ning one tenth of -

B ED B UG D E STRO YE RS
its vol ume of a mercury-bichl oride s ol u
ti on an d a n eq ual vol ume of hydrochloric S e e I nsectici des .

acid .Add the fluid gra dually a nd well , BEEF IR ON AND WINE
.
, .

work up the mass .


Extract of beef 5 1 2 grains .

I II — Cal ci um
. chl ori de , D e ta n n a te d s herry
crystallized 30 part s .
w mo .

Cal ciu m chl oride , Alcohol .

gra nulated 3 0 parts Citrate of iron a n d


Am m oni um s ul phate 1 5 parts a m m on i a .

Zi nc s ul phate 2 5 parts S i m pl e sirup


BE LT PA STES 1 05

Ti nct ure o f oran e . 2 ou nces als o said that access to sal t water is i m
Ti ncture o f car a portan t for the health of bees .

m om co 1 ounce
BEETLE POWD ER
. .

Citric aci d 1 0 grai ns


Water enough t o ma ke 4 pints
.

,
S e e I nsectici des .

Let sta nd 24 hours a gitate frequently , , BELL METAL


and filter S e e that the ora nge is fresh
. . S e e Allo ys .

BEEF PEPTONOID S ELLAD ONNA ,


S e e Pe pto n o i d s
ANTI D OTES TO
.
S ee Antidotes and Atropine .

BEEF PRES E RVATI VES


S ee Foods
BELT PAS TES FOR INCREAS ING
.
AD HES I ON .

BEEF TEA I — T all ow


.
5 0 parts .

S e e Beverages Castor oil crude 2 0 parts


.
, .

BEERS , ALCOH OL IN Fish oil 20 parts


S e e Alcohol . C olophony 1 0 parts

BEER, GINGER , HOP-BITTER, M elt on a m oderate fire a nd stir until


scor cn , AND S P RUCE : the mass cools .

— M elt 250 parts of gu m elasti c


S ee Beverages . . II .

W i th 2 50 parts of oil of turpenti ne i n a n


BEER, RESTORATI ON OF S POI LED . iron well -cl osed crucibl e at 1 22 F
,
°
.

.I —Powdered chal k is poured i nto the ( cauti on ! ) a nd mix well with 2 0 0 pa rts of
cask and all owed to remai n i n the beer col oph ony After further m el tin g a dd
.

until com pletel y pre ci i ta te d 2 00 parts of yell ow wax and s ti r carefull


.
y .

I I — T h e li quor of oile d raisi ns may


.
M elt i n 7 50 arts of heated tr a in O i l ,

be poured i nto the bee r with the result ,


2 5 0 parts of ta l ow and to this add with , ,

that the s our taste of the bee r is disguised .


consta nt stirring the first mi xture when ,

II I — A s mall qua ntity of a s oluti on of


.
the latter is still warm and let c ool sl owly ,

otas h will re move the s our taste of with stirri ng T his grease is i ntended
p
.

eer T o o muc h potas h must n ot be


.
for c otton belts .

added ; otherwise the stomach will su ff er . I I I — G utta -percha


.
4 0 part s
Beer thus restored will n ot keep l ong . 1 0 pa rts
I V — If the beer is n ot c ompl etely
.
Asphalt 1 5 parts .

spoiled it ma b e restore d by the addi 6 0 parts


ti on of c oarse y o w d er e d c harc oal .
Heat i n a gl ass vessel on the water
V — I f the a d i ti o n of a ny of the above
.
bath for a few h ours until a uniform so ,
menti oned s ubstances s houl d a ffect the l u ti o n is obtai ned Let c ool a nd ad d 1 5 . .

ta ste of the beer a little powder ed zi ngi


, parts of carbon dis ul phide a nd all ow the
ber may be use d to ad va ntage Syrup .
mixture to sta nd shaking it fre q uentl y , .

or molasses may als o be empl oyed .


Di r ections for Usa — Th e leather bel t s
BEES , FO UL B ROOD IN .
to be cemented sh oul d first be ro u ghened
“ ”
Foul brood is a contagious disease at the j oi nts a nd after th e cement has
,

to whi ch bees are su bj ect It is ca used been applied they sh oul d be subjected
by bacteria a nd its presence may be
.

to a strong pressure between warm


known by the bees becoming languid roll ers whereupon they will adhere to
,

D ark str i ngy a n d el asti c masses are


.

gether with m uch tenacity .

, ,

found i n the b ottom of the cells while ,


Preser vati o n Belts — I n a well cc v of .
-

the ca ps are s unke n or irregularl y pu n c ered iron vessel heat at a tem peratur e o f
t a red Frequentl y the disease is sai d to
. 50
°
C ( 1 5 2 ° F ) 1 part by weight of
. .

be accom panie d by a e cul i a r offensi ve ca outchouc cut in s mall pi eces with 1


, ,

odor Prom pt re mova of diseas ed col art by weight of rectified turpenti ne


F
. .

o n ie s, th ei r tra nsfer to clea n a nd th or V h e n the ca outch ouc is dissol ved a d d


oughly disi nfected hives an d feeding on , part of col oph ony stir until this is ,

antiseptically treated h oney or syrup are dissol ved and a dd to the mi xture
,

the mea ns take n for the r eve n tio n a nd part of e l l o w wa x I nto an other v essel .

cure of the diseas e e a n ti se tics


. of suita l s size pour 3 arts of fish o i l ,

used a re salicylic a ci d carb oli c a m o r , , a dd 1 art of tall ow and eat the mixture ,

until t e tall ow is melted ; then pour on


.

formi c a cid S pr a yi n the brood W i th


any one of these r e me fii es i n a s ol uti on
.

the c ontents o f the first vessel c on ,

and feedi ng with a h oney or rup med i sta n tl y stirring — a n operati on to be con

pated with them will us ually e all that ti nned until the ma tte r i s c ool ed a nd
y w a y o f treatment
.

i s require d b It i s . congealed T his grease i s to be r ub bed


.
1 06 B ENZ I NE

on the inside of the belts from ti me to S u bstitute fo r Be n zi n e as a Cle a n si n g


time whi le they are in use T h e belts
, . A ge nt .

run easily a nd do not sli p T h e rea se .


I —. Chloroform
may also serve for i mprovi ng old el ts .
Ether . .

For this purpose the grease s h oul d be Alcoh ol .

r u bbed o n both sides in a Warm place .


D ecoction of q u ill a ya
A first layer is a ll owe d to s oak i n a nd , bark parts
a nother a pplied .
M ix
T0 Ma ke a Belt Pu l l — Hol d a piece of . II — . Acetic ether tech ,

ta r s oa p on the i nside of the belt whi le i t n i c a ll y pure

is runni ng . Amyl acetate


A m monia water
BELT CEM ENT Al coh ol dil ute
S e e Adhesives
Mix
.

BELT GL UE I II .

S e e Ad hesives .
A mm onia water .

BELT L UB R ICANT Alcohol dil ute


S e e L ubrica nts .

B ENED ICTINE D eo d or i zi ng Ben zine


S e e Wi nes a nd Li quors
.

.
I — Be nzine
. 20 ounces
O il of la vender . 1 fi ui dra ch m
Pota ssi um d i c h r o
B en zi n e mate 1 ounce
S ul phuric aci d 1 fl u i d o un ce
Water
.

Be n zine , to Color Gree n — Probably 20 fl u i d o u n ce s


the simplest and chea pest as We l l as the D iss ol ve the di chromate i n the water ,

best method of col oring be nzi ne green is a dd t he acid a nd whe n the s ol uti on is ,

to diss olve i n it su fficient oil soluble aniline cold the benzi ne S hake every hour
, .

green of the desired ti nt to give the r e duri ng the day all o w to sta nd all night , ,

q uired s hade .
deca nt the be nzi ne w as h w ith a pi nt of ,

Puri fi cation of Be nz in e —I l l —s melling water a nd agai n d eca nt then a dd the o il ,

of la vender
.

ben zine mi xed with a b out 1 t o 2 per cent .

I I - First add to the benzine 1 t o 2 per


,

of its weight of free fatty acid will dis .

s ol ve therein O n e fourth per cent of


.
-
,
ce nt of oleic acid which dissolves Then , .

ta nni n is a dde d a nd all is mixed well .


a bout a q uarter of 1 per cent of ta nni n is
Enou gh potas h or s oda lye or e ven li me ,
i ncor porated by s haki ng A s u ffici e nt .

milk i s a dded unti l the fatty acids a re


,
quantity of ca ustic o ta ssa s ol ution or ,

s a po n i fi e d and the ta nnic acid is neu


,
milk of li me to com i ne with th e aci ds
,

t r a li ze d ,s hakin g re e a te dl y After a .
is the n well sha ken i nto the mixture ,

while the milky l i qui separates into two a nd the whole all owed to stand T h e
be n zme r is es to the top of the watery
.

layers v i z
, salty s oa py m ud sediment
.
, a. , ,
-

a nd clea r col orless a nd al most od orless flu i d s ufficientl y deodori zed a nd decol


,

o r i ze d for pract i cal purposes


, ,

benzi ne a bove T his benzi n e filtered .

I II — T o
.
, ,

may be e m pl oyed f o r ma ny technical .


parts of wat e r add 2 50
pur oses but gives a n excellent pure parts of s ul phuric acid a nd wh en it has
pr o g
,
, ,

uct u po n a second distillat i on .


cooled d own a dd 3 0 parts of potassi um
Fatty acid fro m tall ow olive oil or , ,
permanganate and let diss ol ve Add .

other fats may be used b ut ca re s hould ,


th i s sol uti on to pa r ts of ben z i ne ,

be taken t h at they have as slight a n odor st i r well together a nd set asi de for 2 4 ,

of ra ncid fat as possi ble T h e so —called . hours N o w d eca nt the benzi ne a nd to


.

i t a dd a sol uti on of 7
elai ne or olei n — m ore correctly o l eic aci d Q parts of p otassium
erman ganate a nd 1 5 a rts of s odi um
p
— o f the candle fa ctories may likewise

be e mpl oyed but it should first be agi ,


yd ra te 1 11 parts 0 w a ter a nd agi ,

t a te d with a -per-ce nt s oda s ol uti on to tate the s ubstances well together L et .

get rid of the bad -s melli ng fatty acids stand u ntil t he benzi ne s epara tes then ,

es pecially the butyric aci d


,
dra w o ff .

I V — D iss ol ve 3 parts of litha rge a nd


.

Th e Pre ve ntion of th e In fl a mma bi l i ty


.

1 8 parts of s od i um hydrate i n 4 0 parts of


of Be n z i ne — A mixture of 9 vol umes
.
water Add this to 200—2 5 0 parts of
.

tetrac hl ori de a nd 1 vol u me of be nzi ne is be n zme and a gitate well to ether for two
m i nutes then l et settle a n dd ra w off t h e
1
practi ca bly i nflamma ble T h e fla me is .
,

s oon e xtinguished b i tsel f Ri ns e th e latter b a ita t in


y .
ben zi n e y g g
.
1 08 B E VE R AG E S

III .
— Jamaica ginger ,
fla vor i n gi nger al e T his ether throws .

grou nd 12 ounces o ff a rich pungent vi nous od or and


, , ,

L emon peel fres h ives a smoothness very agreea ble to any


fi qu o r or bevera e of which it“ forms
, ,

cut fine . 2 ou nces


Ca sieum powder ,
1 ounce a part It is a a v o r i t e wi th brandy
.


Ca ci n e d magne s ophisticators Add a few drops of .

1 ounce the ether ( previ ously diss ol ved in eight


times its bul k of C ol ogne s i r i t) to the
of each s u ffi cient gi nger-al e syrup j ust before go ttli n
g .

Extract the mi xed gi nger a nd c a psi S ol ubleE xtr act of G inger Ale — Oi .

cu m by perc ol ati on s o as to obtai n 1 6 the foll owi ng three formulas the first is
fl u i d o u n c e s of water set the mixture aside , i ntended for s oda-fountai n use the sec ,

for 2 4 hours shaki ng vigorously from ,


on d is a “ chea p ” extract for the b ottlers
ti me to time the n filter and pass through
, , wh o wa nt a o n e o u n c e -to the -gall on ex ~ -

the filter enough of a mi xture of 2 vol tract a nd the th i rd is a b ottlers extract


,

umes of al cohol a nd of water to make to be used i n the proporti on of three


the filtrate me a sure 3 2 fi u i d o u n c e s I n . ounces to a gall on of syru p T his latter .

the latter macerate the l e m on peel for is a m ost satisfactory e xtract a nd has
7 days a nd agai n filter
, . been sol d with m ost credita bl e results ,

b oth as to cl ea rness of the finishe d ginger


Gi nger Beer ale a nd delicacy of fla vor .

I t will be noted that i n these form ulas


.

Brown sugar .
oleoresi n of gi nger is used i n a ddition to
Boiling water the o w d e r e d root T h os e w h o do not .

Crea m of tartar mi n the a dditi onal e xpe nse might use


Bruised ginger root .
one fourth of the sa me q ua ntity of vola
-

tile oil of ginger i nstea d T his s houl d .

Infuse the ginger in the boil ing water , d evel op a n excell ent fla vor since the oil ,

a dd the sugar an d crea m of tarta r ; when is a proxi mately sixtee n ti m es as strong


l ukewarm strain ; then add half pint good as t e ol eoresi n a nd has the additional ,

yeast .Let it stand all nigh t then b ot , adva ntage of bei ng free from resinous
tl e ; one l emon an d the whit e o f an egg extracti ve .

may be added to fine it . T h e foll owi ng a re th e formul as :


I — ( T o be used i n th e pro porti on of
.

Lemo n Beer .
4 ounces of extract t o 1 gall on of syrup ) .

Ja maica i nger i n
fine pow er 8 pounds .

Ca sieum i n fi ne pow
er 6 ou nces
Alcoh ol a s u ffi ci en t qua ntity
.

, .

M i x the powders i nti mately m oisten


L et
it stan d 1 2 to h ours an d it is ,
20 ,
them with a s u fficie nt qua ntity of alco
ready to be bottl ed .
h ol and set asi de for 4 h ours
, Pack .

i n a cyli ndri cal percolator a n d percolate


Hop Beer
.

. W i th a lcohol u ntil 1 0 pi nts of percolate


have resul ted Place th e percol ate i n a
.

bottl e of the capacity of 1 6 i nts a nd ,

add to it 2 fl u i d r a ch ms of o e o r e si n of
Boil 3 h ours strain the li qu or add : gi nger ; shake ad d 2 5 pou nds of finely ,
, ,
powdered pumice stone and agitate thor ,

oughly at i ntervals of one half hour for 12 -

Brui sed gi nger h ours T he n ad d 1 4 pi nts of water i n


.

( r a n ti ti e s of 1 pi nt at each ad diti on
sgak i ng br i skly meanwhile
,

an d boil a little l onger strain and add , , T his part .

4 poun ds of sugar and when mil k , of the opera ti on is m ost i m porta nt S et .

warm 1 pint of yeast


, L et it ferment ; . the m i xture aside for 24 h ours a gitating ,

i n 2 4 hours i t is rea dy for b ottling .


strongly every hour or s o d uri ng that
per i od T he n take
.

(E nanthi c Eth er as a Fla v oring for O il of l em o n o o o o o o o 1 } fl ui d o u n c e s


G inger Ale — A fruity vi nous bouq uet

.
, O i l of rose ( or ge
a nd delightful fla vor are produced by the ra n iu m) .
3 fi u i d r a ch ms
presence of ce n a n th i c ether or brandy O il of berga m ot 2 fi ui d r a ch ms
BEVE RAGE S 1 09

O il of cin namon . 3 fl ui d r a ch ms G inger ,


i n m oderately
M agnesi um carbon fine powder 8 pounds .

ate 3 fl ui d o u n ce s Ca ps i cum i n moder ,

Rub the oils with the magnesia in a atel y fi ne powder 2 pounds


large mortar an d a dd 9 ounces of the Alcohol q s , . .

cl ear portion of the gi nger mixture to M i x moiste n with al cohol and set
, ,

which have bee n previ ously a dded 2 aside as i n the recedi ng formula ; then
ounces of alcoh ol a nd conti nue tr i tu , percolate with a cohol until 1 0 ints of
ration rinsi ng out the m ortar with the
, extract are obtained T o this a d oleo .

ginger mixture Pa ss t h e i nger mi xture resi n of gi n er 3 drachms and place in


through a d ouble filter a n ga dd through
.
,

a large bott e Add 2 %pounds of pow .

the filter the mixture o f -oils a nd magnesia ; dered u mi c e stone a nd shake as di ,

finally pass enou gh water through the r e ct e d or formula N o 1 T hen add 1 4 . .

filter to make the resulting product pi nts of water i n q ua nti ties of 1 pint at a ,

me asure 2 4 pi nts or 3 gall ons If the , . ti me sha ki ng vi gorously after each a ddi
,

operator s houl d desi re a n extract of more ti on S et the m i xture asi de for 24 hours
.
,

or less u n ge n cy he ma y obtai n his de s ha ki ng at intervals T hen ta ke :


sired e g
, .

ect by i ncreasi ng or decreasing O il of l em on 5 fl ui d o u n ce s


11
the qua ntity of powdered ca psicum i n
. s s s s s

the formula
O i l of gera nium } fl ui d o u n c e a

O il of ci nna mon 3 fl ui d r a ch ms
.

II — ( T o be used i n the proporti on of 1


.
M agnesia carbonate 3 ounces
ounce to 1 gall on of syrup )
Rub these i n a mortar with the mag
.

G i nger i n m oderately , mesia a nd ad d 9 ounces of the cl ear por


,
fine powder 6 pounds .
ti on of the gin er mixture mixed with 2
Capsicum i n fi ne pow , ounces of alco o l rubbing the mixture ,
der 2 } pounds
.
until it becomes s m ooth Prepare . a
Al cohol a s u ffi cient qua ntity ,
.
d ouble filter and filt er the ginger mix ,

M i x m oisten the powder with 3 pints


, ture adding through the filter the mix
,

of alcoh ol a nd set aside i n a s uitabl e


, ture of oils and magnesia Fi nally ad d .

vessel for 4 h ours T hen pack the pow . enough water through the filter to make
der firmly i n a cylindrical percolator , the final product meas ure 2 4 pints or 3 ,

and percolate until 6 pi nts of extract a r e gallons .

obtai ned S e t this mixture asi de a nd


. I f these formulas are pro erly manip
label Perc olate N o 1 and conti nue the .
, ul a te d the extracts s houl keep for a
percolation with 1 5 pints of alcoh ol reas onabl e l ength of ti me without a pre
mixed with 1 } pints of water S e t th e . c i pi t a t e I f however a preci pitate o c
.
, ,

resultant ti ncture asi de a nd label Per ,


cur after the extract has stood for a
colate N o 2 . . week it s houl d be r e fil te r e d
,
.

T ake ole oresi n gin er 5 flui d ounces


and add to Perc ol ate o 1 T hen take : . .
LE M ONA D ES
Le mo na d e Preparati on s for th e S ick
1 } fl ui d o u n c es
.

O il of l em on
I — S trawberry Lemonade : Citric aci d 6
.
1

O il of cin na m on 1 fl ui d o u n c e
. ,
.

parts ; water 1 00 parts ; s ugar 4 5 0 parts ;


5 fl u i d o u n ce
,
O i l of gera niu m
,
. .

strawberry syrup 6 0 0 parts ; cherry syr


M agnesi um carbon up 3 0 0 parts ; claret 4 50 parts ; aromati c
,

ate 8 ounces ,

tincture a d lib .
,

T riturate the oils with the magnesia ,


II — L em onade Powder : S odium bi
add gra dually Percolate N o 2 a nd set
.

.
,
carbonate 65 ; tartaric aci d 60 ; s ugar , ,
aside T he n lace Percolate N o 1 i n a
.
.

1 2 5 ; lemon oil 1 2 drops


,

,
.

large bottl e ; a d 3 } pou nds of fi n el y po w _


III — Lem onade j uice : S ugar syrup
dered pumice stone a nd shake at i nter . ,

2 00 ; tartaric acid 1 5 ; distill ed water


,

vals of half a n h our for si x hours T his , ,

1 00 ; l em on oil 3 ; tincture of vanilla 6


.

bein com pl eted a dd the mi xture of oils ,


, ,

and ater 1 0 pints of water i n qua nti ti es


,
drops .

of if a pi nt at a ti me s haki ng Vi gorously I V — Le monade L ozenges : T artaric


.

acid 1 0 ; su ar 3 0 ; gu m arabi c 2 ; pow


,

after each s ol uti on L et the m i xture . , , ,

sta nd for 2 4 hours shaki ng it at i nter ,


dered stare l em on oil 6 drops ; ,

vals and then pass it through a d ouble tincture of vanilla 2 5 drops ; a n d su ffi ,


,

filter Fi nally ad d en ough water through


.
cient dil uted s pirit of wine so that 3 0
the fi lter to m ake the prod uct meas ure l ozenges ca n be made with it .

24 pi nts or 3 gall ons ,


. Lemona d e for Di abetics — T h e follow
III — (T o be us ed in proporti on of 3
.
i n g is said to be useful for assua gi ng th e
ounces to 1 gall on of syrup ) .
thi rst of dia beti cs :
1 10 B E VE RA G E S

part 1 sha ved i ce until the glass lacks ab out one


parts 50 i nch of bei n full P ou r i n s u fficient
claret to fill t g
.

parts 50 e gl ass D ress Wi th cher .

pa rts 5 00 ries a nd slice d pi nea ppl e .

Hot Le mo n a de — T ak e 2 l arge fres h . , Claret Pun ch — Juice of 1 l em on ; pul .

l emons a nd was h the m cl ean with col d


, ve r i z e d sugar 3 teas o o n f ul s ; clare t ,

water R oll them until s oft ; then divi de


. wi n e 2 ounces ; s have i ce s u fficient
, , .

each into hal ves a nd us e a lem on -s qu ee z , S erve i n s mall glass D ress w i th sliced .

e r or rea mer to express the j uice i nto a l em on a n d fru i t i n seas on B ri ght red
, .

s mall pitcher Rem ove all the seeds . cherri es a nd pl um s m ake a ttracti ve gar
from the j uice to which a d d 4 or m ore , n i s h i n gs.
ta bl espoonfuls of white sugar a cc ording ,
Raspberr y Lem onad e — I — Juice of 1 . .

to taste A pint of boilin g water is now


.

l em on ; 3 teas poonfuls powdered sugar ;


a dded a nd the mi xture sti rred until the 1 tables p oonful ras pberry j ui ce ; s haved
sugar i s diss ol ved Th e beverage is very .
ice ; plai n water ; shake
e ff ective i n pr o d uci n pers piration an d
.

,
II — Ji i i ce of 1 l em on ; 2 teas poonfuls
.

s houl d be drunk w h i e hot T h e sam e .


powdere d sugar ; é ounc e ras pberry
formu l a may be used for makin g col d syrup ; shaved i ce ; water ; shake
l em onade by substituti n g ice water for
.

the h ot water an d addi ng a pi ece of ,


Banjo S our — Pa re a l em on c ut it i n . ,

l em on peel If desi red a weaker l emon


.
,
two a dd a large ta bl es poonful of sugar
, ,

a de may be made by usi ng more water . then th orou ghly m uddle it ; ad d th e


white of a n egg ; a n ou nce of sl oe gin ; 3
Lem onad es , Lemo n a n d S o ur D ri n k s or 4 das hes of a br ico ti n e ; s h ak e xw a l ;

f o r S o d a -W ater Fou ntai n s — Pla i n Lem


strai n i nto a goblet or fiz z gl ass a nd fill
o u ad e — Juice of 1 le mon ; pul veri zed
.

balance wi th s oda ; d ecorate with slice


,

a
s ugar 2 teas o o n ful s ; filtered water su ffi
, ,
of pi nea pple a nd cherry
cient ; shav e ice s u ffici ent , .
.

M i x an d shake well O rgeat P unch —O rgeat syrup 1 2


G a rnis h with .
. ,

fruit a nd serve with both s poon a nd


,
drach ms ; bra ndy 1 ounce ; j uice of 1 ,

stra ws .
lem on .

Hu yl er ’s Lemona d e — Juice of 1 l em Granola — O ra nge s ru p 1 ounce ;


.
y .
,

on ; si m ple syrup 2 ounces ; s oda water , ,


gra pe syrup 1 ounce ; Jui ce of l emon ; ,

su ffi cient D ress with sliced pi nea pple


.
,
shave d i ce q 8 S erve with straws
, . . .

a n d serve with straws I n mixing d o .


,
D ress with sliced l em on or pi n ea pple .

not shake b ut sti r with a s poon


, .
Ame r i can Lemo n a d e — O n e ounce o r .

Pineappl e Le mo n a d e — Juice of 1 . ange syrup ; 1 ounce l em on syru p ; 1 tea


l em on ; pinea ppl e syrup 2 ounces ; s oda , s o o n f ul powdered s ugar ; 1 das h acid
water s u fli ci e n t D ress with fruit o s ph a te s ol u ti on ;
Q glass s haved ice
pi ll with c oa rs e strea m Add slice of
.
, . .
v
S erve with straws . .

S eltze r L e mo n ade — Juice of 1 l em on ; .


orange a n d ru n two stra ws through it
, .

pul veri zed s u ar 2 teaspoonfuls Fill , . Ol d -Fash i o n e d Lem ona d e — P ut i n a .

with seltzer ress with sliced l emon


. .
freezer a nd freeze al m ost hard then ad d ,

Apol l inar i s Lemonad e — Th e sam e as .


the fruits a nd freeze very hard
, S erve .

i n a S i l ver s herbet cup


s el t ze r s ubstituting a polli na ris water for
-
.
,

seltzer .
Pi ng Po n g ” Frapp é — G ra pe j uice .
,

Li mea d e — Juice of 1 li me ; pul verized u nfermented 1 quart ; port wi ne ( Cali ‘

. ,

su ar 2 teas poonfuls ; water su fifi ci e n t forni s ) 5 pi nt ; l em o n syrup 1 2 ounces ;


, ,

W ere fres h li mes are not obtai nabl e


, , .

pi nea ppl e s r up 2 ounces ; ora nge syrup


4 ounces ; g
, ,
,

use b ottl ed li me j uice .


én e d i cti n e c ordial 4 ounces ; ,
s u ar 1 pou nd ,
Ora ngea d e -Juice of 1 orange ; pul
.

i s s o l ve s a r i n gra pe j uice a nd put


u
.

ve r iz ed s ugar 2 teaspoonfuls ; water , , in W i ne ; a d gthe syru p a nd c ordi al ;


s u fi ci e n t ; sha ved ice s u ffi cient D ress , .
serve from a punch b owl with la dl e into
with sliced orange a n d cherries S erve .
1 2-ou nce narrow l e mona de glass a nd
, ,

with stra ws i
.

fill Wi th s oli d strea m ; arnis h with slice


S elt z er a n d Le mo n ; Jui c e of 1 lem on ; . of ora nge a nd pi n ea pp e a nd s erve with ,

S eltzer s u fii Ci e n t
, S erve i n a s mall . stra w .

glass
O ra n geFrapp é — Glass half full o f
.

Claret Le mo n a d e —Juice o f 1 lem on ;


.

.
fine i c e ; ta bl es poonful powd ered su gar ;
ul ve r i z e d s ugar 3 teas poonfuls M a ke , . 1; ounce ora nge syru p ; 2 das hes l e m on
e mo n a d e
.

pour i nto a glass containi ng


, syrup ; das h pre pare d ras pberry ; o unce
112 B E V E RA G E S

of 5 orange ; 2 teas poonfuls powdered Peps i n Phosph a te —O n e teas oonf ul


of li quid pepsi n ; 2 das hes of aci pphos
.

s uga r S hake strai n a dd 1 c up of hot


.
, ,

water S tir serve with nutmeg


.
,
. phate ; 1 ounce of le m on syrup ; 1 cup hot
Hot Egg Bo ui l lo n — O n e half ounce -
water .

li quid extract beef ; 1 egg ; salt a nd pe p Crea m Beef Tea — Use 1 teas poonful .

per ; h ot water to fill 8 —ounce mug S t i r . of li qui d beef e xtract i n a m ug of hot


extract egg a nd seas oning to ether ; ad d
, , water seas on with salt a nd pep er then
, ,

water still stirring ; strai n a n serve


,
. stir i n a ta bles poonful of ric cream .

Put a teas poonful of whi ppe d crea m on


Hot Celery Punch O n e qua rter .
top a nd serve with fla kes
; ounce beef extract ;
.

ounce of cla m j uice : 9


1 ounce of crea m ; 4 das hes of celery e s Ch erry Ph osph ate — C li e r r y phosphate .
-

sence S tir while a dding h o t water a nd


.
,
syrup 1 } ounces ; h ot water to ma ke 8
,
1

serve with spices .


ounces .

C herry h o s ph a te syrup is made as


Ch icke n Bo u illo n — T w o ou nces c on foll ows : Sherry j uice 3 pi nts ; s ugar 6 , ,
c e n t r a t e d chicken ; ounce s weet crea m pou nds ; water 1 pi nt ; aci d ph os ph a t e , ,
a nd s pice S tir whil e addi ng h ot water
. .
4 ou nces Bri ng to a boil a nd when
.
,

Gi nger .
cool a dd the a ci d ph os phate
Fl ui d extract of ginger ounces 25 Cel e r y Cla m P u nch — Cla m j uice 2 .
,

ounces 40 drachms ; beef extract 1 drachm ; cream , ,

2 %pi nts 1 ounce ; e ssence of cel ery 5 drops ; h o t ,

T ake 1 0 ou nces of the s uga r and mi x water to ma ke 8 ounces .

with the flui d extract of gi nger ; heat on Clar e t Pu nc h — Cla ret wi ne 2 ounces ; .
,
the water bath until the alcohol is eva p s uga r 3 teas poonfuls ; j uice of } lemon ;
, 1

orated T hen mix with 2 0 ounces of


.
h ot water to ma ke 8 ounces .

water a nd s ha ke till diss ol ved Filter


Ginger — Extract of gi n er 2 drachms ;
.

a nd a d d the bala nce of the water a nd the g


.

s uga r 2 drachms ; le m on j ui ce 2 dashes ;


,

s ugar D iss ol ve by agitation , ,

hot water to ma ke 8 ounces


. .

Cocoa S yrup .
Lemo n J u i ce , Plai n — Fres h lemon .

1 — C ocoa light s ol uble 4 ou nces


'

u i c e 2 5 drachms ; le m on syrup 1 ounce


.
, , , ; ,

G ran ulated s uga r 2 pounds . . o t water q s to ma ke 8 ounces


, . . .

B oili ng h ot water 1 q uart .

Lime J uice — Li me j uice drachm ;


Extr act va nilla 1 ounce
.
,
.

l e mon syrup 1 ounce ; hot water to make ,


D issol ve the c ocoa i n the h ot water by , 8 ounces M ix Eberl e rema rks that
. .

stirri ng the n a dd t h e sugar and dissol ve


, .
lemon j uice or li me j uice e nters i nto
S trai n a nd when col d a dd the va nilla
, ma ny combi nati ons I n plai n s oda it .

extra ct .
may be combi ned with gi n er a nd other
II — C ocoa syr u p
. . flavors as for i nsta nce c o c o l a te and
, , ,

Cream . c offee .

T urn on the hot water strea m a nd sti r Le monad e —J uice of 1 l e m on ; pow .

whil e filli ng T o p 0 3 with whi pped .


dered s uga r 2 teas poonfuls ; h ot water to
,

crea m .
make 8 ounces A s mall piece of fres h .

Hot S o d a To dd y lemon peel twi sted over the cup lends a n


a dded flavor .

L emon j uice 2 fl ui d r a c h ms
Hot Mal t — Extract of malt 1 ounce ;
.

Lem on syrup 1 fl u i d o u n ce ,

cherry syru 1 ounce ; hot water s u fli


Ci ent to ma p
Aromatic bitters 1 fl ui d r a c h m ,
,

e 8 ounces Mi x
.

Hot water enough to fill an 8 ounce ,


-
. .

m ug .
Malte d Mil k — Horlick s malted milk .

S prinkle with n utmeg or cinna mon 2 tables poonfuls ; h ot water qua ntity
su i m
.
,

Hot Ora n ge Ph osph ate fl e n t t o ma ke 8 ou nces ; fla vori ng to


.
s ui t M i x Essence of c o ff ee c hoc o
. .

O range syrup
,
1 fl u i d o u n ce .
late etc a nd ma ny of the fruit syrups
,

S o l u t i o n of acid go W ell W i th malted mil k


.

phosphate 1 fl ui d r a c h m
Hot Ma l ted Mi l k Co ffee (or Chocol a te )
.

Hot water en ough to fill an 8 ounce ,


-
-
M al ted mil k 2 teas poonfuls ; co fl’e e
.

m ug
_

( or c hocolate ) syru p 1 ou nce ; h ot water


.

I t is qua nt i ty su fii me n t to make 8 ou nces


,
prepare d m ore a cce p ta bl y I ; mix ”

g the j u i ce of half a n orange wi th acid


.

in

phos phate s ugar and hot water Hot Beef Tea —I — Best beef e xtra ct 1 . .

,
, , .
ta bles poonful ; s wee t crea m 1 ou nce hot
; ,
B E VE R A GES 1 13

wate r 7 ou nces ; salt etc qua n II — Hot Egg Ch ocolate — 0 n e t o 1 ;


Ip
, , , .
, .
.

tity sufli Ci e n t iex


pper . . ounces c hocolate syr u 1 egg if ounce ,

I I — Extract bee f b ouill on 1 teas poon


.
,
crea m h ot water s u cient to fill an
,

ful ; e xtract aromati c s ou p herbs ( see 8 -ounce m ug .

Co n di ments ) 1 0 dro ps ; h ot s oda 1 c up


, ,
M i x the s yrup eg a nd crea m to ,

i ul
.

Mi x .
gether i n a n eg -s ha er ; sha ke as i n
111 - Extract of bee f 1 teas poon f ul
ma king col d dri n s ; a dd the hot water ,

a nd mi x all by i o ur i n g back a nd
. .

forth s everal ti mes i i-


Hot wate r q 5
"

o m sha ker to mug


. .

Pe pper salt, a n d celery salt


, .
O r prepare by beati ng the egg with a
, .

Mi x .
,

s poon a dd the syrup a nd crea m mix all


, ,

Hot Bo uill o n .
quickl y with the spoon an d add hot ,

Bee f e xtr act 1 ou nce water s tirri n g cons ta ntl y a nd strai n


, , .

Hot water q , . s . to I II —Hot E g Coff e e — O n e egg 1


.
,

desser ts o o n f ex tra ct of co ff ee 1 tea ,

Pe pp er, salt , etc s oonf s weet cr ea m 1 ounce syrup , .

Mi x . S k e well strai n a nd a d d 1 cupful hot


, ,

water a nd top with Whi pped cream


ClamBo uil l on
.

m I V -Hot Egg Le mon a d e —O n e egg


.

I —Cl a
. j uice . 12 drac hms . . ,

C rea m . 2 ou nces j uice of 1 l emon 3 teas poonfuls powdered ,

Hot wate r q s to ma ke 8 ounces su ga r B ea t the e g with lemon j uice


.

a nd sugar thorough y M i x while ad d


.
,

Mi x
i ng the water S erve grated nut m
.
.

eg a nd
IL — Extract cla m b oui ll o n
.

2 ounces ci nna mon T h e a mount of l em on j ui c e


.

Prepare d mil k . 2 drach ms a nd s ugar ma y be varie d to s uit difl er e n t


Extra ct of a romatic tastes
s oup herbs 5 drops
Extract white pe pper 5 dro s V — Hot Egg Mi l k — T w o teas poon
.

l e up 111 fuls sugar 1 ounce cream 1 egg hot


, , ,

Mi x . mil k to fill a n 8 -ounce mug Pre are as .

I II — Cla m j uice may be serve d with


.
i n hot egg chocolate top with w i pped ,

hot water salt a n d pe per added Ad d .


crea m a nd s pri nkle Wi th nutmeg If
, .

i n butter ma kes thi s ouillon a broth there are no facilities for keeping hot
gt ma y als o be s erved with mil k or
.

mil k use a b out 2 ounces of crea m a nd


, ,

cream lem on j uice tomato cats u p etc .


fill mug with hot water .

, , ,

Hot oyster j uice ma y be s erved i n the VI — Hot E g Nogg — Plai n syrup


. .
,

same wa y .
ii ounce ; bra n y Q ounce ; Angostura ,

bitters 3 drops ; 1 egg Put i n s haker


Hot Tea
.
,
.
a nd beat well S train i n 10-ounce mu
1 — Tea syrup
.

. . s u fficient a nd fill with hot mil k ; finis h wit


Hot water , q . s . to whi pped crea m an d nutmeg .

VI I — Hot Egg Ph ospha te — T wo


II —
.
Loaf su gar
.

.
ounces l e mon syr u 1 egg i ou nce s ol u
Extract of O ol ong ,

ti on of aci d ph o sp ate M i x i n a glass


l d e sse r ts p f ul

tea a bout
.
,
,
a nd s ha ke together thoroughl y; pour i n
Prepared milk about 1 d esse rts p f ul

,
to a nother glass heated previ ously a nd
1 cu ful
, ,

sl owly dra w full of hot wa ter ; seas on with


Wh ipped crea m . 1 ta b espo o n f ul
nutmeg .

Mi x the tea extract s uga r a nd re


VIII — Hot Eg Ph o s h ate — Brea k
, ,

ared mil k pou r on water a nd di ss o


pop 0 3 with whi ppe d crea m
.
ve .
.

, ,

.
fres h egg i nto s ha er a n a dd ounce
pinea ple syru p 5 ounce ora n e syru p
1 das pphos phate
, ,

Hot Egg D r in k s — I — O n e -half to 1 . . S ha ke wit out ice .


, ,

ounce li q ui d extract of beef 1 egg salt , ,


a nd our i nto bouill on cup D ra w c up .

and pepper to seas on hot water to fill a n ,


ful 0 hot water s pri nkl e a to uc h o f ci n ,

8-ou nce m ug S tir the e xtract egg a nd


. , ,
na mon a nd serve with w a f ers
, .

seasoni n g together with a s poon to get


SOD A D RINK S
,

well mi xed ad d the water sti r r i n br i s k


.
FANCY
C o fi ee Crea m S oda — S erve
, ,

1 mea nwhi l e ; the n strai n a n serve in a 12


6r sha ke the egg a n d extract i n a s ha ker
. .
,

,
ou nce glass D ra w 1 ; ou nces .of s yrup
add the water a nd mix b po ur i n bac k ,
a nd 1 ounce of crea m I nto the s ha ker .

and f orth several ti mes rom s ha er to ,


draw 8 ou nces of carbonated water pour ,

mug . into the glass s u fficient to fi l l it to Wi thi n


114 B EVE R A GE S

1 i nc h o f the top ; pour from glass to top a nd pour i n ch oc ola te syru p


,
. Ot her
sha ker a nd bac k once or twice to mi x , , syrups may be used if d es i red ,
.

thoroughly ; gi ve the d ri nk a rich creamy


a ppearance a nd ma ke it crea m s u ffi
,
R o yal Frapp 6 — T his drink consists of .

,
3 parts blac k co ff ee a nd 1 part of bra ndy
.

ci e n tl y to fill the glass


,
.

frozen i n a cooler a n d serve d whil e i n a ,

I ce d Cofi ee — S erve
i n a l o-ounce.
s e mi fr o z e n state .

glass . D ra w 1 ounce
i nto glass fill ,
Mi nt Jul ep — O n e-half tumbl er sha ved .

nearly full with i ce -col d mil k a nd mix by


'

,
i ce teas poon f ul powdered s ugar dash
, ,
stirri ng .
lem on j u i ce 2 or 3 s prigs of fres h mint
, .

Egg Mi l k Co ffee — Prepare


Ma lte d .
Crush the mint a gainst side of the glass
sa me as malted mil k co ffee with th e ex ,
to get the fla vor T he n a dd claret syrup .
,

c e pti o n of addin the e g before s haki ng ,


ou nce ; r a spber r syrup 1 § ou nc es ; and ,

a nd top o ff wit a lit t e nutmeg i f de ,


dra w carb onate water nearl y to fill
si red This d r i n k is s ometi mes call ed
.
glass I nsert b unch of mint and fill
.

c o fl e e li ght lunch .
glass l ea vi ng full of shave d i ce S erve
, .

with straws a nd decorate with fruits of


,

Co fi eeFr a ppé — S erve i n a 1 2-ou nce . th e seas on n


gl ass C o fl ee syru p 1 } ou nces ; wh i te
.
,
Gr ape Gla c é — Beat th oroughl y the .

of 1 egg ; 1 to 1 } ou nces of pure r i ch , ,


whites of 4 eggs a n d stir i n 1 pound of
s weet cream ; a s mall portion of fine powdered s ugar then add 1 p i nt grape
s haved ice ; shake thoroughly to beat the juice 1 pi nt water a nd 1 pound m ore of
,

white of the egg light an d then rem ove ,

S tir well unti l sugar


,

powdered s ugar
,

the glass l ea v m the c ontents i n the


.

i s dissol ve d a nd s erve from a pitcher or


,

shaker N o w ii i the sh aker two-thirds


.

glass dish with l a d l e


,

full usi n g th e fine strea m onl y D ra w


.
,
.
,
“ Go l f Goblet ” — erve i n
as quickly as possibl e that the dri nk may S a 1 2 -ou nce .

be nice a nd l i ht N o w pour into lass . glass ; fill two -thirds full of cracked ice ,

a nd back a n then strai n i nto a c ea n


, ad d } ounce pi nea pple j uice 1 teas oon
a

,

glass S erve at once a nd without


.
, ful l e mon ui c e 1 teas poonful ras erry ,

straws T hi s sh oul d be drun k at once


. . vi ne gar ut s oon i n gl ass an
p . fill to ,

else it will settl e a nd l ose i ts li ghtness , with i n one -half i nc h of top with ca rbon
a nd richness . ated water ; a dd s ha ved i ce hea pi ng full , .

Put s tra wberry or cherr y on to p and


C ofi e e Nogg .
stick slice of ora nge d own si de of glass .

C offee syrup S erve with s poon a nd stra ws .

Bra ndy Go l d e n a d e —S h aved ice i tu mbl er


.
,
Crea m ful ; powdere d s u ar ; j uice of 1 lemon ;
O n e egg .
yol k of 1 egg ake well a dd soda .
,

Co fi ee Co ck ta i l .
water from large st r ea m turn from tum ,

bl er to sha ker a n d vi ce versa severa l , ,


C offee syru p 1 ounce ti mes a nd s t rai n th rough j ul e p strai ner
,
One gg e .
i nto a 1 2 -ou nce tu m bl er .

Port W i ne ounce . 1
Brandy 2 drachms Lun a r Ble n d —T a ke two mi xi 11
gl asses brea k a n egg putti ng t h e 0 115
.

S hake strain into a smal l gl ass a nd


, ,
, , i n one glass the white into the o t er ;
a d d s oda M ace on top . .
,

i nto the glass with the yol k a d d 1 ounce

Ch o colate a n d Mi l k .
cherry syru p a n d s om e cracked ice ;
sha ke a d d s mall qua ntity s oda a nd
,
C hocolate syr u 2 ounces stra i n into a 1 2 -ounce glass I nto the
,

S weet mil k 5 11 cient


.

, .
other mi xi ng gl ass a d d 1 ou nce plain
a gl ass h alf f ull o f sha ved ice put
Fil l ,
s weet crea m a nd beat with bar s poons ,

i n the sy ru p a nd ad d mil k until the glass


,
unti l well whi pped ; a dd 1) ou nce lemon
is al m ost f ul l S ha ke well and serve
. syru p then tra nsfer it in to the sha ker
,
.

with out strai ni ng Put wh i pped crea m . and ad d s oda from fi ne strea m only .

on top a nd serve with straws . and float on to of the one containi ng


th e yol k a nd s erry S erve with two .

Ch o co l a te Fra ppé .
stra ws
Frozen whi pped crea m su ffi cient , .
Egg Ch o col a te .

S ha ved i ce su ffi ci ent
W
, .

Ch ocolate syru p .

Fill a half full o f frozen hi pped Crea m


crea m 6 g White of on e egg
i 0

,l lasswith sha ved i ce nearl y to t h e .


116 BEVERA GES

Lem on S our Fresh mil k 1 2 ounces


Water
.

4 ounces
Lemon syr u 12 drach ms
J uice of one emon B rown sugar 1 5 0 grai ns
Com pressed yeast 24 rains
.

O n e egg
M ilk sugar o o o o o o o o o 3 r a ch m
.

Ra spberr y S our .
D issol ve the mil k sugar i n the water .
,

Ras pberry syrup . 12 drach ms a dd to the milk rub the yeast and brown
,

O n e eg sugar d own i n a m orta r with a l ittle of -

J ui ce 0 g
.

the mixture the n strai n i n to th e bth er


one l emon .
,

porti o n .

S trong b ottl es are very essential cham ,

pagne bottl es bein f r e uentl y used and ,

the corks sh oul d t ti g tl y ; i n fac t it is ,

al m ost n ecessa ry to use a bottli ng ma


chi ne for th e purpos e a nd once th e cork ,

S hake well put i nto cup , and add h ot is pr o pe r l fixed i t s h oul d be wired down .

M any fai ures ha ve resulted because the


,

water S erve with whi pped crea m , a nd


.

spri nkle mace on top .


corks did n ot fit properly the res ult be ing ,

that the carbo n dioxi de escaped as


Prairie Oyster .
formed a nd l eft a W orthless pre aration .

Ci der vinegar 2 ounces . It is f urther necessary to keep t e pre a


O n e egg . rati on a t a m oderate tem perature an to ,

Put vi negar into glass a nd break i nto ,


be sure that the a rti cle is properly fi n
it the egg S eas on with salt a nd pepper
. .
i sh e d the operator s h oul d gently shake
S erve With out mi xmg .
th e b ottl es eac h day for a b out 10 min
utes to revent th e cl otti ng of the ca sein .

Fr ui t Frapp é .
It is we to ta ke th e precauti on of roll ing
G ra nul ated gelatin 1 ounce . a cl oth arou nd the b ottl e duri n the
Juice of si x l em ons . shaki ng r o cess as th e a m ou nt 0 gas
,

Beaten whites of two eggs . e n e r a te is great a n d sh oul d the bottl e


,

5 quarts e wea k it might expl ode .

1 quart K o gel ma n says that if 1 vol ume of


a r a s c h i n o cherries 8 ounces buttermil k be mixed with 1 or 2 vol
S liced peach 4 ounces umes of s weet mil k i n sh ort ti me
,
a

S liced pi nea pple 4 ounces . li vel y fermenta ti on s ets i n a n d i n about ,

Whol e strawberries 4 ou nces . . 3 da ys the work is co mpl eted T his a c .


,

S liced ora nge 4 ounces cord i n to the a uthor produces a wine ,

D issol ve the e l a ti n in l ua r t boiling s o ente fl uid rich i n al cohol carbon


hot water ; add t e s ru p an gthe bal a nce
, ,

di oxide l acti c aci d a nd cas e i n w hich


, , , ,

of the water ; ad d t e W hites of the eggs acc ordi ng to all in vesti gati ons yet made ,

a nd lemon j uice .
is identi cal with k oum i ss Th e foll ow .

i ng practical hi nts are gi ven for the pro


K OUMI S S .
ducti on of a good articl e : T h e s weet mil k
T he original koumiss is the Russian use d s houl d n ot be enti re] f ree d from
cream
,

; the bottles sh oul d e of strong



made from mare s milk while that pro , .

d uce d i n this countr a nd other parts of lass ; the f er me n ti n mil k must be i n


Europe is us ually proy ) abl
y al ways made , , ust r i o usl y s haken y the operator at

from cow s mil k For th i s reas on there . least S times a day a nd then the cork ,

is a diff erence in the reparati on whi ch put in firmly s o that the flui d wi ll bec ome
may or may not be o f consequence It
,

. well cha rged with carb on di oxi de as ; -

has bee n asserted that the ferm ent use d the b ottl es must be da i ly ope ne d an at
i n Russia di ff ers from ordinary yeast b ut , l east twice eac h day brought n ea rl y to a
this has not bee n established . h orizontal posi ti on i n order to all ow the,

I n a n articl e on this subj ect contrib , carb on di oxi de to esca pe a nd ai r to enter ;


ute d b D H D avies to the Ph a r ma
. .
otherwise fermentati on ra pi dly ceases .

ce uti ca Jou r n a l a n d Tr a n sa cti on s it is , If a dri nk is desired strong i n carbonic



poi nted out that mare s mil k c ontains l ess acid the b ottl es toward the e nd of fer
, ,

casei n a nd fatty matter tha n c ow s ’


me ntati on s houl d be place d with the
,

mil k a nd he states that it is “ therefore


, necks down I n order to ferment a
.

far more easy of digesti on ” He thi nks . fres h qua ntity of mil k si m pl y a dd i ,

that cow s mil k yiel ds a better prepara of i ts vol ume of either a c ti vel y fer
ti on when dil uted with water to reduce me n ti n g or freshl y ferme nted mil k T h e .

the percentage of casei n etc He pro , temperature sh oul d be from 50 ° to 60°


poses the foll owing formula F a bout 6 0 being the most f a vora bl e
.
,
°
.
B EVE R A GES 1 17

Here are s ome miscell a neous formul as : me n ti n g B ut perha ps the chief dra w
.

I — Fill a q u a rt cha m pa n e b ottl e u p back to cow s mil k i s that the crea m


to the neck w ith ure mi fic ; a dd 2 ta


.

separates er ma n e n tl y whereas that of ,

bl espo o n f ul s o i w ite sugar after dis



l
, mare s mil will remi x Hence use par
sol vmg the sa me i n a littl e water over a
.

ti a ll y ski m med mil k ; for if there is much


hot fire ; a dd als o a quarter of a 2 -ce nt crea m it only forms littl e l um ps of butter ,
cake of com pressed yeast T hen tie the .
which are apt to cl og the tap or a re l ef t ,

cork in the bottl e securely a nd sha ke , beh i nd i n the bottle .

the mixture well ; lace it i n a room of


K w ass — K wass is a
the tem pe r ature 0 50 to 95 F for 6 o
pul a r drink
° ° .
.

hours and finally i n the i ce b ox o x’er a m ong the Russia n po pu


ati on of K u n
,
ze w s prepa red as foll ows : I n a big kettl e
night Ha n dle wra ppe d i n a towel as
.
,

ut from 1 3 to 1 5 quarts of water a nd


r o te cti o n if the bottl e sh ould b urst
e sure that the mil k is pure that th e
.

p r i ng to a boil an d when i n acti ve ebul,


,

l l tl o n pour i n 5 0 0 grams of ma l t
,

bottle is s ou nd that the yeast is fres h to


,
Let .

open the mixture i n the morni ng with


,
oil for 2 0 mi nutes remove from the ,

great care on a ccount of its e fferves ce nt


,
fire l et cool d own a nd strai n off Th e
, , .

properties ; and be sure not to dri nk it at li quid is n ow put i nto a clea n k e or


a ll i f there is a ny curdle or thickening
barrel 3 0 gra ms (ab out a n ounce ) of e st
,

part resem bli ng cheese as this i n dicates ,


com pressed yeast a dded al ong with about
6 00 grams ( 2 0 ounces ) of s ugar a nd the
that the ferm e ntati on has bee n prol onged ,

beyond the proper ti me .


cask is put i n a warm pl ace to ferment .

I I — D ilute the mil k with 1 part of »


As soon as bubbl es of carbonic gas are de
t e c te d on the surface of the l i quid it is a
.

hot water a nd while still tepi d add }


,
,

of ver s our ( but oth erwise good ) but signal that the latter is rea dy for bottli ng .

ter mil k
I n each of the bottles whi ch sh ould be
Put it i nto a wide j ug cover
.
,

with a cl ea n cl oth a nd l et sta nd i n a


,
strong an d cl ea n put one bi g raisi n fill , , ,

warmis h pla ce ( ab out 7 5 F ) for 24


,
° cork an d wire d own T h e bottl es
, .

sh oul d be placed on the si de a nd i n the


.

h ours ; sti r u p well a nd l eave for a n ,

other hours T h e n beat thoroughly


,
cool est place available — best on i c e , .

T h e liquor is ready for dri nki ng i n from


.

t ogether a nd pour from j ug to j u till


fi 2 to 3 days a nd is ai d to be most pal
,

perfectly sm ooth a nd crea my t is


,

atabl e
.

now still koumiss a nd ma y be drunk


“ ”
,
.

at once T o make it S parkling which Braga ” — Bra a is a li quid of mil ky


turbidity r e se mbii n g ca fé a u l a i t in
. .
,

is generally preferre d put it i nto cha m , ,

pagne or s oda -water bottles ; do not col or a nd formi ng a consi dera bl e pre
,

quite fill them sec ur e the corks well ,



, c i pi ta t e if l eft alone Whe n s haken it .

and lay them i n a cool cell ar It w ill . sparkles and little gas esca pes Its
a .

then kee p for 6 or 8 weeks though , taste is more or less aci d possessing a ,

it becomes increasi ngl y aci d T o ma . pleasant flavor .

ture some for drinki ng q uickly it is as , Ab out 3 5 parts of crushe d mill et to ,

well to keep a b ottle or two to start with which a littl e wheat flour is ad ded are ,

in some wa rm er place a nd from ti me to placed i n a large kettl e O n this a bout .

time shake vi o r o u sl y With this treat


,

. 4 0 0 parts of water are poured The .

ment it sh ou d i n a b out 3 days be , , mixture is stirred well an d boil ed for 3


come s u ffi ciently eff ervescent to s urt hours After settling for 1 h our the l ost
.

freely through a cha m pa gne ta p w ich . ,


water is renewed a nd the b oili ng con
must be us ed for dra wi ng it o ff as r e ti n u e d for a nother 10 hours A viscous .

quired L ater on when very frothy a nd


.
,
mass remains i n the kettle which sub ,

acid it is m ore pl easant to dri nk If a stance is s pread upon large tables to


little sweete ne d water ( or mil k a nd w a 00 01 . After it is perfectly c o ol it is ,

ter ) is first put i nto the glass S hake . stirred with water i n a wooden trough
the bottle a nd h ol d it i nverted well i nto
,
a nd left to ferment for 8 hours T his .

the tumbler before turni n g the ta p . pul p is sifted mi xe d with little water
, a ,

Havi ng made one l ot of koum i ss as ab ove a nd after a n hour the braga is ready for
yo u ca n use s ome of that i nstea d of sale T h e taste is a little s weetish at first
. ,

buttermil k as a ferment for a secon d but bec omes m ore and more s ouris h i n
lot and s o on 5 or 6 ti mes i n success i on ;
,
tim e Fermentation begi ns only i n the
.

after whic h it will be found a dvi sable to trough .

begin agai n as at first M a r c s mi l k i s ’

WINTER BEVERAGES
.


the best for koumiss ; the n ass s m i lk .

Cow s mil k may be ma de m ore l i ke the m



C a mpch el l o T h o r o u ghl beat the
.

by a ddi ng a little su a r of m i l k ( or even yol ks of 1 2 fres h e gs wit 2 % pounds


loaf s uga r ) with the o t water before fer finel y powd e red re g ne d s ugar the j u i c e , ,
1 18 B EVE RA G ES

of 3 le mons a n d 2 ora nges a nd 3 b ottles ,


desirabl e a d d iti on A plai ner dri nk is .

of G raves or other white wi ne over the ,


made by combi ning the syrup i c up of ,

fire until r i si n
, Remove a nd sl owly ,
milk a nd t h e ice a nd s ha ki ng well
, ,
.

beat 1 bottle of a ma i ca rum with it .

American Ch ampagn e - G ood cider .

Egg Wine — Vigorously beat 4 whole .


( crab a pple cider is th e best ) 7 gal
-
,

eggs a nd the yol ks of 4 with } po u n d p f 1 l ons ; best fourth -proof bra ndy 1 quart ; ,

fi n e s uga r ; next add 2 q ua rts of W hi te genuine cha m pa gne wine 5 pi nts ; milk , ,

wi ne a nd b e at over a moderate fire until 1 all on ; bitartrate of potassa 2 ounces


g , .

risi ng . M I X l et sta nd a s h ort ti me ; bottl e while


,

Bavaroise a u Cogn a c — Beat up the .


ferm e nti ng An excellent imitation
. .

yol ks of 8 eggs in 1 q uart of good milk B r itis h Ch ampa gn e L oaf sugar .

over the fire until boili ng then quickly , ,


5 6 pounds ; brown s uga r ( pale ) 48
,

add 5 ounces of s ugar a nd t quart of poun ds ; water ( wa rm ) 4 5 all ons ; white ,


,

fine cognac .

tartar 4 o unces ; mi x a n at a proper


, ,

Bavaroise a u Caf é — Heat 1 pi nt of . tem perature a dd yeast 1 q uart ; and ,

strong co fl’e e a nd 1 pi nt of mil k 5 o unces , after w ards s weet ci der 5 gall ons ; bruised ,

of s ugar a nd the yol ks of 8 eg s until wild ch erries 1 4 or 1 5 ounces ; pale


boili ng then a dd fi quart o f g
, , ,

, a ma i ca s i r i ts 1 gall on ; orris powder 5 o unce


, , .

rum . o tt l e W h i le fermenti ng .

Carbona te d Pi n eapple Cha mpagn e .


Ch ampa gn e Ci d er — G ood pale cider .
,

Plai n syru p 1 0 gall ons 1 hogs head ; s i ri ts 3 gall ons ; s ugar


,
p , ,

Esse nce of pinea pple 8 drachms 2 0 pounds ; mi x a nd let it sta n d one ,

T i ncture of l emo n 5 ounces . . fortul ht ; the n fine with s ki m med milk ,

Carbonate of magne 5 ga l on ; t his will be ve ry ale and


a S i mila r arti cle whe n pro perp
,

sia 1 o unce y bottled,

L iqui d sa ff ron 2 5 ounces a nd la beled ope ns s o bris kly that even


,

Citric acid s ol ution 3 0 ounces


- . good j udges have mista ke n it for gen uine
Cara mel 2 } ounces 1 champa gne .

Filter before adding the citric -acid s o BEE R


l uti o n a nd li mej u rce Use 2 ounces to .

each b ottl e .
S cotc h Beer — Add l peck malt to 4 .

all ons of boili ng water a nd l et it ma sh


A Ge rma n D ri n k — T o 1 0 0 parts of or 8 hours a nd the n strai n a nd i n the
,
water add from 1 0 to 1 5 parts of s uga r ,
strained liquor boil :
,

dissol ve a nd add to the syrup thus formed


a n aq ue ous extract of parts of gree n Hops co
. a u

or blac k tea Add fresh beer or brew


.
C oriander seeds o o o o . o


ers yeas t ut i n a warm place a nd let
,

fer ment he n fermentati on has pro


.
O ra nge
peel
Bruised gi nger
gr e sse d to a certai n poi nt the liq uid is
cleared a nd then bottled corked and
, , ,
B oil for half a n h our then strain and ,

the corks tied d own Th e dri nk is said . fer ment i n the us ual way .

to be very pleasa nt .

Hop B i tte r Beer .

Li me j ui ce Cord ial — Li mej ui ce cor .


~
C oria nder seeds
d ia l that wil l keep good for a ny length of O ra nge peel o o o o o o o o o
time may be made as foll ows : S u ar , G i nger
6 pounds ; water 4 pi nts ; ci tri c aci 4 G en tia n root
,
ounce .

o unces : boric acid 5 ou nce D issolve ,


B oil i n 5 gall ons o f water for half a n
.

by t h e a i d of a ge ntle heat and whe n c old ,

ad d re fined l i mej ui ce 60 ounces ; ti nc hour the n strai n a nd put into the liquor
,

4 ounces hops a nd 3
pou n ds of s ugar
,

ture of le mon peel 4 ounces ; water to ,

ma ke u p to 2 gall ons a nd col or with car


,
a nd si m mer for 1 5 m i nutes the n add ,

a mel .
,

su fficient yeast a nd bottle whe n ready , .

S u mmer D ri n k S arsaparil l a B e er — I — C o m o un d ex
tract of sarsa a rilla 1 5 o u nces ; ho t water
. .
.

C ho ppe d ice 2 tablespoonfuls 1 pi nt ; diss o ve a nd when col d a dd of


, .

C hoco l ate syrup 2 tablespoonfuls


good pale or East I ndia al e 7 pi nts
, ,

Whipped 3 ta blespoonfuls
11 4 a rsa pa r i ll a ( sliced )
, .

1 pound ;
M i lk } cup
.

4 ,

Carbonated water cup gua i acu m bark ( bruise d s ma ll ) p


ound : ,

guai acu m wood ( ras ped ) a nd licori ce root


.

S hake or sti r well before dri nki ng A .


( sl i ced ) of each 2 ounces ; a niseed
, ,

tablespoonful of vani ll a ice cr ea m is a ( br uised ) 1 5 ou n c es ; mezere o n root


,
120 B LEAC H I NG

BID ER Y METAL BLACK I NG F OR S H OE S


S e e All oys . S ee S h o e d r e ssi n gs .

BILLIA RD BALLS BLACK ING , S TOVE :


S e e I vory and Casein .
S e e S tove Bl acki ngs a nd Po l i sh gs .

BI RCH BALS AM ; BLACK BE RR Y CO RD IA L AND BLACK


S e e Balsam BERRY MIXTUR E AS A CHOL
ERA RE M E D Y :
.

BI R CH WATE R : S e e C hol era Rem edy .

S e e Ha l f Pr e pa r a tm s
BLACK B OARD PAI NT AND VA RNIS H :
BIR D D IS EAS ES AND THEI R R EM S e e Pai nt and Varni sh .

ED IE S : BLACK H EAD R E M E D IES :


S e e Veteri nary Form ulas
S e e C os metics
.

BIRD F OOD S : , BLANK ET W A S HI NG :


S e e also Veter i nary Formulas .
S e e Househ ol d Form ul as .

BLAS TI NG P OWD ER
S e e Expl osi ves .

Mock i ng-Bird Foo d .


B l ea ch l n g
Ca enne e fi ? Li n e n — M i x c om m on bl ea ch i n pow
Rab dfi
e se e

Hem p seed
.

der i n the proporti o n of 1 poun to a


gall on of water ; stir it occasi onally for
3 days let it settl e a nd pour it off clear
, , .

T hen ma ke a lye of 1 poun d of s oda to


1 gall on of boiling water i n which s oak ,

the li ne n for 1 2 hours a nd boil it half an ,

M i x the sol ids grinding to a coa rse , h our ; ne xt s oa k it i n the bl e a c h i n


powder a nd i nc orporate the oil
, .
li qu or ma de as ab ove ; a nd lastly was
, ,

Foo d for R e d bir d s .


it i n the us ual ma n ner D iscolored .

li ne n or m usli n may be restored by put


S unflower see d .

ti ng a porti on of blea chi ng li quor I nto


Hem p seed .

the tu b W herei n the articl es a r e s oaking


Canary seed
.

Wheat .
S tr aw — I — D i p the stra w i n a sol uti on
. .

Rice . of oxygenated muriatic a ci d saturated ,

M i x a nd gri nd to coarse powder .


with potas h ( n ge n a t e d muriate of
.

li me I s m uc h chea per ) T h e straw is .

BI RD LI M E thus ren dered very W hite a nd its fl e xi ,

S e e Li me .
bi li ty is i ncreased .

I I — S tra w is bl eached by si m ply ex


.

BIRD PA STE posing it i n a cl ose d c ha m ber to the


S e e Canary-Bird Paste
'

.
fu mes of b urni ng s ul phur A n ol d flour .

BI S CH OFF barrel is the a p aratus m ost used for the


S e e Wines a nd L iquors urpose by mi li ners a flat stone bein
.

p ai d on the round the s ul phur i gnite


,

BIS C UIT , DOG : there on a mf th e barrel c ontai ni ng the


,

,
S e e D o g Biscuit .
o o d s to be bleach ed turne d ov e r it .

BI S M UTH ALL OYS : he goods s h oul d be previ ously was hed


I n pure water
S e e All oys .
.

BIS M UTH P URIFICATI ON


,
Wool , or S tr aw — M i x together
Si lk , .

S e e G ol d .
4 poun ds of oxali c a ci d 4 ou nds of ,

table salt water 5 0 gall ons


, he o o d s
BITTER S :
.

are lai d i n this mi xture for 1 our ;


S e e Wines a nd Liquors .
the are then generall well bleached ,

BITTER WATER a n onl y require to be t o r o ughl y ri nsed


S e e Waters .
and worked For bl ea chi ng stra w it is
.

best to s oa k the goods i n ca usti c s oda


BLACK ING F OR HARNE S S a nd afterwa rds to ma ke use of chl oride
,

S ee Leather T h e excess o f
.

.
of l i me or J a vel l e water .
B OIL ER COMPOUND S 121

BL UE F R OM GREEN AT NIGH T, TO
'

chlori ne is a fterwa rds removed by hypo


s ul phite of s oda . D IS TI NG UI S H
Feath er s — Place the f eathers f ro m T o disti n uis h blue f rom green at
8 to 4 hours i n a tepi d dil ute s ol ution .
night use ci tg
, er the li ght of a magnesi u m
of bichromate of potassa to which , ,
wi re for this purpose or take a nu m be r
cauti ously some nitric aci d has bee n
,
of S wedis h ( parl or ) matches light th em , ,

added ( a s mall qua ntity mu ) To a nd as s oo n as they flas h u p obs erve the


remove a r e e n i sh hue i nduce gby this
.
,

2 l o r s when the di ff erence can be easily


toqp
,

soluti on p ace the m i n a dil ute s ol u i


,

tion of sul phuric aci d i n water whereby , ,


BLUE (BALL )
the feathers becom e perfectl y White an d S e e D yes .

bleached .

BL UING
Bleach i ng S olution — Al umi num hypo .
S e e Laundry Preparati ons
chloride or Wils on s bl eaching l i qui d i s
.

, ,

ro d uce d by a ddi ng to a cl ear s ol ution of BLUI NG OF STEEL


li me chl oride a s ol uti on of a l umi n u S e e S teel .

sulphate (al umi na al um ) as l ong as ,


BL UE PRINTS , TO MAK E CHANGES
precipitate keeps formi ng By m utual .
A ND C O RRECTI ONS ON :
decompositi on al uminu m chl oride r e
sul ts whic h remains i n s oluti on a nd Use a s ol uti on of s odi u m ca rb onate
,
,

li me sul phate (gy su m ) which se arates an d water with a littl e red i nk mixed in
, .

,
T his gi ves a very pleasi ng pi nk col or to
out in the form 0 a n ins ol uble sa t .

the cha nges which at the sa me tim e is , ,

BLIGHT R EM ED IES .
very n oticeable T h e a m ount of sodi um .

I — S oft s oa p
carbonate use d depends u pon the sur
face o f the bl ue -pri nt pa er as some
.

Amyl alcoh ol :
.

coa rse rai ned pa p ers Wi l l ook better if


.

M ethylate d s pirit
Water less s o a is used an d vi ce v ersa How .

ever the a mount o f powder e d s oda held


,

II -S oft s oa p
. . on a small coin diss ol ved i n a b ottle of
S ul ph ure te d pot water gi ves good results .

Amyl al coh ol .
BL UE -P RINT PAPER MA K ING :
S e e Photogra phy .

I II .

S oft s oap l .
BL UE PRI NTS , TO TUR N B ROWN
t
.

S ul ph urete d o S e e Ph otogra phy u nder T oni ng , .

B OIL REMED Y
Water
.

T a ke a piece of s oft li nen or b orated


BLEACHING S OL UTIONS FOR TH E gauze rub s ome vaseline upon one si de
,

LAUND R Y : of it quickly pour u pon it s om e chl oro


,

S e e La undry Preparati ons .


form a pl y it to th e unope ned b oil or
,

carb une e and pla ce a ba nda ge over all


,
.

BLEACHI NG S OL UTION F OR PH OTO It sma rts a little at first but this is s oon ,

GRAP H S succeeded by a pleasi ng cool sensati on , .

S ee Ph otogra ph y . T h e patie nt is gi ven a bottle of the rem .

edy a nd directed to change the cl oth


,
BLEED I NG , L OCAL often I n from 2 h ours to 1 day the
.

S e e S typtics .
boil ( no matter h ow i n durated ) s oftens
BLISTER C URE a nd opens .

S e e T urpe nti ne .

BLISTERS F OR HORS ES
B oil er Compoun ds
,

S e e Veteri na ry Formulas .

BLOCK , HO LL OW CONCRETE T here a re three chemi cals which are


B UILD ING : known to atta ck boil er scale T hese are .

S e e S t one Arti ficial , .


ca usti c s oda s oda ash a nd tanni c-aci d
, ,

BLOCK F OR S OL D ERI NG
com p ounds the last bein g deri ved from
,

S e e S ol deri n g
s umac catechu a nd the exha usted ba r k
, ,

liquor from ta n neries


.

BLOTTI NG PAPE R Ca ustic s oda i n l arge excess is i nju


S ee Pa per .
r i o us to boiler fitti ngs gas k e ts val ves , , ,
122 B OI LE R CO MPOUND S

etc . T hat
it is i nj uri ous i n rea s ona bl e ,
authority free f rom i nj uri ous materials ,

excess to the boiler tubes themselves is


,
and that it be ada pted to the water i n
yet to b e proved Foaming and pri mi n g . use.

may be caused through excess of ca usti c B oile r com pounds sh oul d c onta in only
s oda or s oda ash as is well known by ,
such ingr edients as will neutral i ze the
every practical engineer T a nnic aci d . scale -forming salts presen t T hey s houl d .

is to be condem ned a nd the use of its be used only by prescri pti on s o many ,

salts is not t o be recommended It may . gallons per gallons of feed water .

unite with the orga nic matter prese nt i n ,


A properly proporti oned m i xture of soda
the form of albumi noids a nd with cal ,
ought to a ns wer the demands of all pla nts
ci u m a nd magnesi um carbonates T hat . de pending u pon that method of s oftening
i t rem oves s cale is a n ass ured fact ; that water in li mestone an d s hal e regi ons .

it removes iro n with the s cal e is als o T h e honest boil er c om ounds are ,

ass ured as ta nnic a ci d c orrodes a n i ro n


,
h owe ver useful for s mall is o ated plants
, ,

s u r face ra pi dly . because of the si m pl icity of their acti on .

C om pounds of vegetable ori gin a re For plants of from 7 5 to 1 5 0 h orse power


widely adver tised but they o ften contai n , two 2 4 h our settling tan ks will ans wer
-

dextrine a nd u m b oth of which are , the urpose of a s ofteni ng system Each .


da ngerous as t ey coat the tubes with a
, of t ese ca pa bl e of hol ding a d a y s sup
,

com pact scal e n ot e r mi tti n g the water ply provi ded with a s oda ta nk i n com
to reach the iron R
, ,

d o l a sses i s aci d and


. m on a nd with sl udge val ves has pad
, ,

sh oul d n ot be used i n the boil er S tarch . dles for stirring the contents Large .

substances generally shoul d be a voided . plants are operated on this princi ple ,

K erose ne m ust be da ngerous as it is , servi ng boil ers of many th ousan d horse


.

ver volatil e a nd must s oon leave the power S uch a syste m has a n a d va n
.

boi er a nd pass over a nd through the ta ge over a conti nu ous system in that ,

en i ne . the exact a m ount o f chemical s ol uti ons


here are two materials the use of requi re d for softeni ng the particular
which i n boilers is not prohi bited through water ca n be a pplied
'

For s ome varia


.

action upon the metal itself or on a c tions of such a system several com anies ,

count oi price T hese are s oda ash a nd . ha ve secure d a te n ts T h e fun amen .

caustic s oda S odiu m tri h osph a te an d tal pri nci ples o w ev er ha ve been used
s odi um fluori de ha ve both b
.
, ,

een used with for ma ny years a nd are not patentable .

s uccess b ut their cost is several h undred


,
Pre ve ntio n of Boile r S cale — Th e lime
per cent greater tha n s oda ash If pre . .

c ontai ne d i n the fee d wa te r either as bi


.

scri bed as er a nalysis i n sligh t excess , ,


carbonate o r as s ul hate is preci pitated
,

there s hou d be n o i nj uri ous res ults i n the s ha pe of a light m ud b ut the walls
,

through the use of caustic s oda a nd s oda of the boiler re mai n perfectl y bright
,

ash I t would be practicabl e to ma nu


.

without bei ng attacked i n a n manner


facture a n intimate mixture of ca ustic Whil e under ordi nary a t mo sp eric pres
.

s oda and carbonate of s oda conta ining


enough of each to soften the average
,
s ure calci u m c hromate in s ol uti on is pre
c i pi ta t e d by s oda or G la uber s salt as

water of a given district


calci u m carbonate or as cal ci um sul
.

T here is a great deal of f rau d i n con


hate ; the latter is sepa rate d under
n e c ti o n with boil er com pounds gener
ally T h e better class of venders a d
p i gher pressure by chromate s as cal cium

ch romate An excess of chromates or


.

ve r t i se to pre pare a s ecial com pound for


.

p ch rom i c aci d d oes n ot exercise a ny dele


s pecial water T his i s expensive save on
.
,
t e r i o us acti o n u pon the m etal n o r upon
a large scale i n reference to a partie ,
,

ular water for it woul d mea n a score or th e materials used for pa cki ng By the .

more o f ta nks with men to ma ke up the sl i ght a dmixture of chromates two ,

mixtures T h e less h onest of the boiler ou nds are s u ffi ci ent for a s mall b oiler
p
.

or weeks ; n o i n j uri ous i ngredi ents are


.

compou nd guil d co n si n ea ch sam ple of


water to the sewer an send the regular ca rri ed i n by the wet stea m the i njection ,

goods O thers have a stock a nalysis water on the c ontrary ha ving been
, ,

found to be chem i call y pure


.

which is sent to customers of a iven .

l ocality whether it c ontai ns i ron fi me


, , , Prote cting Bo i ler Plate s fro m S cal e .

or magnesi um s ul ha tes or carbonates — For a 5 -h orse -power b oil er fed


Any e xpense or softe n i n water i n
.
I ,
W i th water which c ontai ns cal ci c s ul
excess of 3 cents per ga l e n s is for phate ta ke cat e ch u 2 pou n ds ; d ex
, ,
the pri vilege of usin g a r ea dy-made s oft tri ne 1 pou nd ; crystall i ze d s oda 2
,
,
en e r Every su e r i n te n d e n t i n charge
. pounds ; otash 4 pou nd ; ca ne suga r 3
,

um 5 pound ;
,
of l ant s hou d i nsist that the c om
33333
a
; , gu m ara bic i ,
poun used be pron ounce d by com petent _
B ONE B L A C K
'

124

bones are heated red -hot i n a cl osed artificial heat Whe n dry the p urified
.
,

vessel the organic matter is destroyed


, ,
b one black is of a pu re black a nd makes
l e a vi n carb on in , finely divi ded state
a , a most excelle nt pi gme nt .

l odge i n the bony fra me w ork If the . B one black is pu t upon the market
heat is a plied gra dually the b one r e under all s orts of na mes s uch as ivory ,

tai ns its 5 a pe but is quite bla ck a nd of


,
black e bu r a stu m Fra n k fort black neu
, , ,

m uch less weight than at first T h i s . tral black etc All th e se consist of
, .

bone black or a nimal charcoal is a s ub finely rou nd b one black purified from
stance which has great power of a bs orb minera matter If l eather scraps or .

i n g colori ng matter from liqui ds so that ,


dried bl ood are to be worke d up iron ,

it i s largely used for bleach ing such l i q ui ds . tubes a re empl oyed cl osed at one end , ,

For exa m ple i n the vast i nd ustry of beet


,
a n d with a well -fi tt i n g li d with a small
s ugar ma nufa cture the sol uti ons first h ole i n it at the other As these bodies .

made a re very dark i n col or but after fi l , gi ve off large vol u mes of combustible
t r a ti o n through a ni mal cha rcoal will gi ve gas d uring the charring it is a good lan ,

colorless crystals on eva poration Chem . to lead the va pors from the h ole y a
ical tra des require such large qua ntities bent tube s o that they ca n be burnt and
of bone charcoal that its producti on is hel p to s up l y the heat req ui red and so
a large industry i n i ts elf As in breaking . sa ve fuel f eather or bl ood gi ves a char
.

u p the charred bones a considera ble c oal which hardly requires treatment
amount of waste is produced i n the form , with hydrochl oric aci d for the a mount ,

of dust a nd small grai ns which cann ot be of mineral salts pres ent is s o s mal l that
used for bl eachi ng purposes this waste , its removal a ppears su perfl uous .

shoul d be worked u p i nto a pigment .


B ONE S , A TEST F OR B R OK EN .

T his is d one by diss ol ving out the mineral


with hydrochl oric acid a nd the n ri nsing ,
Place a steth oscope o n one si de of the
a nd dryi n g the ca rb on su ppos ed fracture a nd a tuning fork on ,

Whe n th e latter is vibrated


.

T h e m i neral basis of bones consists the other .


,

mainly of the phos hates of li me a nd a nd there is no breaka ge the s ound will ,

magnesia salts s ol u l e i n not too dil ute


,
be heard distinctly through bone and
hydrochloric aci d A vat is half filled
.
steth oscope S h oul d a ny d oubt exist
.
,

with the a bove mentioned waste which


-
,
comparis on s houl d be ma de with the
is the n j ust covered with mixture of a
sa me bone on the other side of the body .

equal vol umes of commercial hydro T his test s h ows the difference i n the
ower of conducting s oun d possessed by
chl oric aci d a nd water As the mi n eral
matter als o contains carbonates a lively
.

,
pone and s oft tiss ue .

effervescence a t once ensues a nd small , B O NE BLEACHE S :


q ua ntities of hydroflu oric aci d are also S e e Ivory .

formed from the decom positi on of cal


c i u m fluori de i n the b ones N o w hydro .
B ONE FAT
fi u o r i c acid is a very da ngerous sub S e e Fats .

stance as air containi ng even traces o f it


, B ONE FAT, P UR IFICATI ON AND
is very i nj urious to the l ungs Hence the .
BLEACHING OF
a ddition of hydrochl oric aci d shoul d be S e e S oa p .

done i n the open air a nd the vat s houl d


,

be left by itself u ntil the evol ution of B ONE P OLIS HE S


fumes ceases . A pl ug is then pulled out S e e Polishes .

at the b ottom and the carbon is thor B ONE FERTILIZERS


ou h l y drai ned I t is then stirred u p
.

S e e Fertili zers .

wit water a nd a gai n drained when i t ,

has fully settl ed to the bottom T his .


B ONE S TR EATM E NT OF , IN
, MANU
rinsi ng with clear water is repeated till all FACT URI NG GL UE :
the hydrochl oric acid is was hed a way See Adhesives .

a nd only pure carb on remai ns i n the vat .


B ONE , UNITING GLASS WI TH
As for pi ment-ma king purposes it is S e e Adhesi ves .

essential t at the carbon sh oul d be as


finely di vi ded as possi ble it is as well to ,
B OOK S , THEI R HAND LING AND
gri nd the washed carbon i n an ordi nary PR ES ERVATI ON
col or mill. Very littl e power is required Th e Preser vati o n o f Boo k s i n Hot
for this purpose as when once the bone
, Climates — B ooks i n hot cli mates quickly
.

earth is removed the carb on particl es deteri orate unless ca re f ull y guarded .

have littl e cohesi on T h e pr o pe r l .


T here are three destructi ve a gencies :
grou nd mass forms a d e e p bl a c k mu ~
( 1 ) da m ( 2 ) a s mall black i nsect (3)
which ca n be le ft to dry or be dried by co ck r o a c e s.
,
B OOKS 1 25

( 1 ) B ooks which a re ke pt i n a dam p its back on a s m ooth or covered ta ble ;


atmosphere deteri orat e on account of l et the front board d own then th e other , ,

molds a nd fungi that row r a idl y when hol di ng the l ea ves i n one hand while yo u
the conditi ons are ia vor a b e B ooks . open a few leaves at the back then a few ,

are best ke t on ope n ai ry well -lighted , , at the front a nd s o on alternately open


, ,

shelves . he n there has been a pro i n g back a nd front


ge n tl pressi ng open
,

longed s ell of m oist weather their c overs the secti ons till yo u r ea c th e center of
shoul d e wi ped a nd they s houl d be , the vol ume D o this t wo or three ti mes
.

l a ced i n th e su n or before a fire for a a nd you will obta i n the best res ults
F
.

ew hours D a m p als o ca uses th e hi nd


. O pe n the vol ume vi olently or carelessly
ings a nd l ea ves of s ome b ooks to se p i n a ny one place a nd you will proba bly

p
arate . rea k the bac k or cause start i n th e a.

( )
2 A s mall black i ns ect one -ei ghth of
, ea ves .

an inch l ong a nd a sixteenth of a n inch


broad somewhat res e mbli n g a beetl e i s
, ,
B OOK D IS INFE CTANT
very destructi ve and books will be ,
S e e D is i nfecta nts .

found if left u ntouc hed after a fe w


, , OOK S , TO RE MOVE FI NGER -MA RKS
months to ha ve nu merous h ol es in the FR OM
covers a nd lea ves If this i nsect be a l
.
s Clea ning Preparati ons a nd M eth
lo wed plenty o i ti me for its ra va ges it o d s ee
will make s o ma ny h ol e s that bindi ngs
originall y stron g ca n be easil y t orn to B OOK BI ND E RS ’ VARNI S H
ieces All da mage may be prevented S e e Varnis hes
p
.
.

y coa ti n the covers of b ooks with th e B OOK WORMS


varnis h es cri bed under (3 When S e e I ns ectici des .

books are fou n d to c on t ai n e i ns ects


they shoul d be well w r a pe d a nd placed B OOT D RESSINGS
in the su n before varnis hi ng .
S e e S h oe D ressi ngs .

(8 ) T h e a ppearance o f a fine bi ndi ng B OOT L UB RI CANT :


ma be destroyed i n a single night by S e e L ubrica nt .

coc roaches T h e l etterin of the bi nd


OOTS WATE RPROOFI NG
.

ing may i n two or three ays be c om


,

pl etel y obliterated .
,
S ee W
aterproofing .

Th e f oll o w i n varnishes have been foun d B ORAX FOR S PRI NK LING .

to revent e e ctu a ll the ra vages of


coc roaches a nd o f a i n s e cts that feed I — S pri nkli ng b orax is not only
.

upon books : chea er b ut als o diss ol ves l ess i n s older


,

i n t an pure borax
I —D ammar resi n
.

2 ou nces
.
h e bora x is heate d i n a meta l vessel
2 ounces
u ntil it has l ost its water of crystalli zati on
Cana da bal sa m 1 ounce
and mi xed with cal ci ned cooking salt
Creos ote .
i ounce a nd potash — b ora x 8 pa rts ; cooking ,
S pi rit of wi ne 20 fl ounces . . .
salt 8 a rts ; potash 3 parts N ext i :
is poun p
.
, ,

Macerate with occasi onal s hakin for ed i n a m orta r i nto a fine pow
a few days if wa nte d at once but or a , d er constituting the s prinkli ng bora x
,
.

longer ti me when possibl e as a better , II — Another kind of s pri nkling borax


.

varnis h will res ult after a macerati on of is prepare d by substituting glass all fo r
several m onths . the potas h G lass -gall is the frot fl oa t
.

IL — C o r r o sw e s ubl i mate 1 ounce ; ca r , i n g on the melte d glass which ca n be


boli c aci d 1 o unce ; meth ylated or r um
,

, sk i m med 0 3 .

spirit 1 quart T h e b ora x is ei ther d usted on i n pow


Whe re it is necessa ry to keep b ooks or
.
,

der form from a s prinkli n g box or


aper of a ny d es cripti on i n boxes cu stirr e d with water before use i nto a th i n
p
,

c ards or cl os ed b ookcas es s ome na p


, , paste .

tha l e n e balls or ca m h or s houl d be a l


ways present with t e m If ca mphor .
B ORAX AND B ORIC ACID IN FOOD
S e e Food
.

be us ed i t is best t o wra p i t l n pa er .
,
.

otherwise it volatilizes m ore qui ckl y t a n B ORD EA UX MIXTUR E


is necessa ry I n d r y weather the doors
.
S e e I nsectici des .

of cl ose d b ookcas es s h oul d be left open


occasi onally as a da m p still atmos phere ,
B OR OTONI C
,

is most fa vora ble for deteri orati on . S e e D entifrices .

How to Ope n a Boo k — N ever f orce th e


back o f the b ook Hol d the b ook Wi th .
1 26 BOTT LES

B OTTLE -CAP LAC QUE R S ol uti on F : S ol ution o f a m m oni u m


S e e Lacquer .
s ul phi de drach m i ; or pyr o ga l h c aci d
, ,

drach m i
B OTTLE CLEANERS Package G : Pul verized po ta ssmm bi
.
0

S e e Cleani ng Pre parations a nd M eth carb onate drachm iss


ods under M iscella neous M ethods
.
,
,
.
Havi ng poured two teas o o n f ul s of
B OTTLE S TOPPE R S s ol uti on A into the wi ne bott e treat the ,

S e e S toppers .
wi ne glasses with the di ff ere nt s olut i ons ,

noti ng a nd re me mberi ng i nto which


B OTTLE VAR NIS H glasses the se veral s ol uti ons are placed .

S e e Varnis hes .
I nto N o 1 wi ne glass pour one or two
.

B OTTLE WAX drops of s ol uti on B ; i nto N o 2 glass .

S e e Photography our one or two dro s of s ol uti on C ; i nto


R
.

IO 3 one or two r o ps of S ol uti o n D ;


B O UI LLON
.

leave N o 4 glass e m ty ; i nto N o 5 glass


pour a few d rops of Soluti on E ; i nto N o
. .

S e e Be verages .
.

B O URB ON METAL S 6 glass place a f e w grai ns of Package G ;


S ee All oys .
i nto N o 7 glass pour a littl e of s ol ution F
. .

Re uest s ome one to bri ng you s ome


B OWL S OF FIR E TRICK col d ri nki n g water a nd t o guarantee
S e e Pyrotech nics
,
.
that it is pure s how that your wi ne bot
B OX G L UE t l e is ( practically ) em pty Fill it up .

S e e Adhesives . from t h e carafe a nd ha vi ng asked the ,

a udience whether you s hall prod uce wine


B RAG A or water mil k or i nk etc you may o h .
, , ,
S e e Beverages .
tai n any of these by pouri ng little of a

B RAN, S AWD US T I N . the water from the b ottle i nto the pre
For the detection of sa wdust i n bra n pared gl ass T h us N o 1 glass gives a
. .

use a s ol ution of 1 art of phl orogluci n port wi ne col or ; N o 2 gi ves a sherry


- .

i n 1 5 parts of a l c o h o 1 5 parts of water ,


col or ; N o 3 gi ves a claret c ol or ; N o 4 is
. .

a nd 1 0 parts of syrupy phos phoric acid .


left em pty to prove that the s oluti on in
Place 2 parts of the s ol uti on i n a s mall the bottl e is c ol orl ess ; N o 5 produces .

porcelai n dis h a dd a k n ife po i n tf ul of


,
milk ; N o 6 eff erves ci ng c ham pagne ;
.
,

the bra n a nd heat moderately S a w .


N o 7 ink
.
, .

d ust is dyed red while bra n parts only Bottle -Cappi n g M i xtur e s .

sel dom acquire a fai nt red col or By a .


.I — S oa k 7 pounds of good gelati n i n
microscopic e xa minati on of the red dis h 1 0 ou nces of glyceri ne a nd 60 ounces of
parts sawdust will be readily recog n ize d
,
.
w ater a n d heat over
, water bath until a

diss ol ved a nd a dd a ny desired color


, .

Pigme nts may be used a n d various tints ,

B ottl es ca n be obtai ned by the us e of anili ne


col ors . T h e res ulti ng c om poun d s houl d
Magi c Bottle s .
be stored i n jars T o apply liq uefy the .

T h e mystery of the

wonderful b ot mass a nd di the cork a nd portion of
tl e from which ca n be poured i n s uc the neck of t e bottl e i nto the liq ui d ; it
,

cessi on port wi ne sherry claret water , . , ,


sets very quickly .

c hampa gne or i nk at the will of the o p I I -G elatin


. 1 ou nce
G u m arabic
, ,

e r a to r i s easily explained
,
T h e mate .
1 ou nce
rials consist o f a n ordi nary dark-colored B oric aci d 2 0 grai ns
pi nt wi ne b ottle seve n wi ne glasses S tarc h 1 ounce
Water
,

of di ffere nt r a tte r n s a nd the chemicals 1 6 fl u i d o un ces


descri bed beio w :
o o o o o o o o o o o
,

M i x the gelati n gu m arabic and , ,

S ol uti on A : A mixture of tincture of b oric aci d Wi t h 1 4 fl u i d o u n ce s of cold


ferri c chl oride drachms vi ; hydro , water stir occasi onally u n til the gum is
,

c hl oric acid drachms ii


, . dissolved heat the mi xture to b oili ng
, ,

S ol uti on B : S aturated sol uti on of a m re move the scum a nd strain Als o mix , .

mo n i u m sul h o cya n i d e drachm i ,


. the starch i nti mately with the remai nder
S ol uti on S trong s ol uti on of ferric of the water and stir this mi xture i nto
,

chl ori de drachm i, . the hot gelati n mi xture until a u niform


S ol uti on D : A wea k sol ution of a m prod uct res ults As noted a bove the .
,

mo n i um sul h o cya n i d e compositi on may be ti nted with a ny s uit


S ol uti on 15: C oncentrate d s ol uti on of
.

a ble dye Before u si ng i t m ust b e s oft


.
,

lead acetate . ened by th e a pplica ti on of heat .


1 28 B R A SS

Chl orate of potash 1 5 0 gra ins .


Miscellaneo u s Color i n g of Bra ss .

S ul phate of copper 1 5 0 gra i ns .


Y ell ow to bright red : D issol ve 2 parts
Water . 1 quart native copper carbonate with 1 part
T h e foll owing sol uti on gi ves the brass
caustic s oda i n 1 0 parts water D i p for .

first a rosy tint a nd the n col ors it Vi olet a few min utes i nto the liqu or the va ,

a nd bl ue : ri ons s hades desired bei ng obtai ned


according to the l en gth of ti me of the
S ul phate of cop er 4 3 5 grai ns .
i m mersi on G reen : D iss ol ve 1 part cop
.

Hypo s ul hite o s oda 3 00 gra ins per acetate ( verdigrisS ) 1 part bl ue I


,
C rea m 0 tarta r 1 5 0 gra i ns vitri ol a nd 1 part al um i n 1 0 parts of
Water 1 pint
,

water a nd boil the a rticles therein .

Upon a ddi ng to the last sol ution Black : For o tical articles ph otogra phic ,

A mmoniacal sul phate apparatus p ates rings screws etc


, , , , .
,

of i ron 3 0 0 gra i ns diss ol ve 4 5 parts of malachite ( native


Hyposul phite of soda 3 0 0 grai ns copper carb onate ) i n parts of sal
there are obtai ned accordi ng to the dura a m moniac For use clea n a nd remove
.

,
the grease from the articl e b pickling
a nd di p it into the bath until ty
ti on of the im mersion yell owish orange , , ,

rosy t h e n bl u i s h sha des Upon polar e coating


is strong en ough T h e bath 0 e r a te s
.
,

i zing the e bullition the bl ue tint gives .

way to yell ow and finally to a pretty better a nd qui cker if heated h o ul d .

gray S il ver u nder the sa me circu m the oxi dation be a fail ure it shoul d be
rem oved by di pping i nto the brass
.
,

stances becomes very beautifully col


,

ored . After a l ong ebulliti on in the pickle .

foll owi ng soluti on we obtai n a yell ow A verdigris col or on brass is produced


br w n shade a nd then a remarkabl e fire by treati ng the articl es with dil ute ac i ds ,

g
,

re
acetic acid or s ul ph uri c aci d a nd drying
, , .

Chl orate of potash 7 5 grai ns


Brown i n all varieties of sha des is o h
f ained by i mm ersi ng the m etal i n sol u
.

Carb onate of nickel 3 0 grai ns


S al t of nickel 7 5 grai ns ti ons of nitrates or ferric chl ori de after
Water 1 6 ounces it has been corroded with dil ute nitric
acid cl ea ned with sa nd a nd water and
,
T h e foll owi ng s ol uti on gives a bea u
,

dried T h e strength of the s ol uti ons


.

tiful da rk -brown col or :


,
governs the deepness of the res ulting
C hl orate of potas h 7 5 grains col or .

S alt of nickel 1 5 0 grai ns Vi olet is ca u sed by i m mersi ng the thor


Water 1 0 ou nces oughly cl eane d obj ects i n a s ol uti on of
T h e foll owing gives i n the first place , ,
a m m oni um chl oride .

a red which asses to bl ue then to pale


, ,
Ch ocolate col or res ults if red ferri c
lilac a nd fi n a l y to white :
,
oxide is stre wn on a nd b urned o ff fol ,

O rpi ment 75 grains l owe d by polis hi ng with a s mall quantity


C rystalli zed sal sod a; 1 5 0 grains of alena .

Water . . 1 0 ounces live gree n is produced by blacken


ing th e s urface with a s ol uti on of iron i n
T h e foll owi ng gives a yell ow brown :
hydrochl oric acid o li sh i n g with galena , ,
S alt of nickel 7 5 grai ns
.
a nd coating h ot wit a lac quer composed
S ul phate of copper 75 grains .
of 1 part va rnis h 4 parts cmc u ma and 1
, ,
C hl orate of potash 7 5 grains part gam boge .

1 0 ounces ,
A steel -blue col ori n g is obtained by
O n mixing the foll owing sol uti ons mea ns of a dil ute bO i li n s ol uti on of
chl ori de of arsenic a nd a Slue one by a
,

sul phur se parates an d the brass becomes ,

covered W i th iridescent crystalli zati ons :


'
treatment with strong hypos ul phite of
I — Crea m o f t a r ta r
. 7 5 grains s oda . A nother formula for bl uing
S ul phate of copper 7 5 grai ns .
brass is : D iss ol ve 1 0 parts of a nti mony
lO o u n ce s

chl ori de i n 2 0 0 parts of water a nd ad d 30 ,

II — Hyposul phite of soda grains 2 25


parts of pure hyd rochl oric aci d D i p the .

articl e u ntil it is well bl ued the n wash


.

ou nces 5
a nd dry i n sa wd ust
,

Upon leaving the brass objects i m


.

Black is m uc h used for opti cal brass


me r se d i n the foll owing mixture con arti cles and is r e d uced by co a ti n with
t a i n e d i n c orked vessels they at length
a s ol uti on of p a ti n u m or auric ch oride
acq uire a very bea utiful bl ue col or '

m i xed Wi th n i trate of ti n
.

Hepar of sul phur .

Amm onia Colori ng Unpolis h e d Bra ss —A yell ow .

col or of hands ome e ff ect is obtai ned o n


B RASS 129

un oli s h e d brass by m ea ns o f an ti m ony; The brass is l e ft i n th e s ol uti on u ntil the


c oride s oluti on T his is produced by
. req uired ti nt is prod uced Th e col or .

finely powderi ng ray a nti m ony an d b oil produced is u ni form bl ack an d tena
With
, ,

ing it with h y r o chl o r i c aci d . ci o us . Th e brass is ri nsed a nd d ried i n


formati on of hydroge n s ul hide a s ol u sa wdust A reat va riety of e ff ects may
.

ti on of a nti m ony res ults w ich m ust not , be produced y first fi n i shi n the brass
be dil uted with water si nce a white pre , before blac ken i ng as the o xi izi ng roc ,

ci pi ta te of a nti mony oxyc hl ori de is i m ess d oes not i nj ure the textu re o the
mediately formed upon ad mixture of . metal A sa ti sf a ct o r fi nis h is produced
.

water For dil uti on com pletel y satu


.
, by first ren d e ri ng t e s urface of the
rated cooki ng -salt sol uti on i s em pl oyed brass matt either b scratch -brus h or
si mil ar meth ods as the black fi nish thus
, ,

usi ng for 1 part o f a nti m on y chl ori de 2 ,

parts of salt sol uti on . prod uced by the c op er s ol uti on is dead


—one of the m ost p easi ng e ff ects of a n
Color i n g Fl ui d for Bras s —Ca usti c
oxi dized s urfa ce Vari ous effects may als o
.

soda 3 3 parts ; water 9 2 4 parts ; hy dra t ed


.

, ,
be ) r o d uce d by c ol ori ng th e enti r e a rticl e
a n dth en b u ffing th e ex o se d port i ons
carbonate of copper parts , .

D iss ol ve the salt i n water a nd di p the


.

Th e best res ults i n t e use of this so


metal i n the s ol uti on obtained T h e i n
l uti o n are obtai ne d by th e use of the so
.

tensity of the col or will be proporti onal


to the ti me of i m mersio n After r e mo v called re d meta ls — i e th ose i n which . .
,

the copper pre domi nates Th e reas on


.

ing the obje ct fro m the li quid ri nse with .

for this is obvious O rdina ry sheet brass


,

water a nd dry i n sawd ust .

.
consists of a bout 2 parts of copper a nd 1
Bl a ck Colo r on Brass — A bla ck or o x . part of zi nc s o that th e la rge q uantity of
,

idi z e d s urface on brass is produce d by a the latter s om ewhat hi nders the produc
soluti on of carb onate of c opper i n a m tion of a dee p -bl ack s urface Yell ow .

moni a Th e work is i m mersed and a l


. brass is c ol ored blac k by th e solution .

lowed to re mai n until the re ui r e d ti nt but it is well t o use s om e m etal bavin a


is observe d Th e carb onate 0 c opper is
. reddis h ti nt i ndi cati ng the r ese n ce o a
,

best us ed i n a plastic c onditi on as it is , large a m ount of copper he vari eties .

then m uch m ore easily diss ol ved Plas . of sheet brass known as gil di ng or bronze
tic carbonate o i c op er ma y be mixe d as work well C opper als o gi ves excell ent
.

foll ows : M a ke a s o uti o n of blue vitri ol results Where th e best results are de
.

(sul phate of copper ) i n hot water a nd , sired o u yell ow brass a very light el ectro
add a strong sol uti on of co mm on washing plate of copper before the oxidizi ng
soda to i t as l on g as a ny preci pitate works wel l and gi ves a n excell ent black
With the usual articles ma de of yell ow
.

forms T h e preci pitate is all owe d to


.

settle a nd th e cl ear li quid is poured o ff


,
. brass this is rarel y d one but the oxi da ,

Hot water is a dde d a nd the mass stirre d ,


ti on carrie d out d i rectly .

and agai n all owed to settl e T his oper .

ati on i s repeated si x or ei ght ti mes to r e Bla ck Fi n is h for Bra ss -I — A hand . .

move the im puri ties After the water . s ome blac k finis h may be p ut on brass
has bee n rem oved d uri ng th e last pour by the foll owi ng process : D issol ve i n
ing and n othi ng is left but a n emulsi on
,
parts of a m m onia water 45 pa rts of
of the thick plasti c ca rb onate i n a s mall natural malachite a nd i n the s ol uti on ut ,

qua ntity of water li qui d a m m onia is ,


the object to be blacken ed after rst .

added u ntil everythi ng i s diss ol ved a nd a ha vi ng caref ully a nd th orou ghl y cl ea ned
clear dee p-bl ue li qui d is produced If
,
. the sa m e After l etti ng it sta n d a short
.

too stron g water ma y b e a dded b ut a , ti me grad uall y warm th e mixture ex ,

a mi n i n g the arti cl e from tim e to tim e


,

stron g s ol uti on is better tha n a weak one .


.

I f it is desired to ma ke the s ol uti on fro m to asce rt ai n if the col or is deep enough .

com mercial pl asti c carbonate of coppe r Ri ns e an d l et dry .

the foll owi ng directi ons may be foll owed : II — T h e bl acki ng of brass ma y be
.

D iss ol ve 1 poun d of the plastic carbonate accom plis hed by i m m ersi ng it in the fol
of copper i n 2 gall ons of strong a m mon i a . lowi ng s ol uti on a nd then h eati ng over
T his gi ves the require d strength of so a B uns en b urner or a s piri t fla me :
l uti o n .
Add a saturate d s ol uti on of amm o
T he brass which it is desired to black niu m carb onate to a sat urated copper
e n is first b oil ed i n a s tr ong
potash s ol u s ul phate s ol uti on until the preci pi tate ,

tion to re m ove grease a n d O i l then well ,


resultin g i n the begi n ni n g has al m ost e n
ri nsed a nd di pped i n the copper s ol uti on , ti rely d i ss ol ved Th e i m m ersi on a n d
.

which has pre vi ous ly been heated to heati n g a re re peated unti l the br a ss
from 1 50 ° t o 1 75 F T his sol uti on i f
°
. , turns da rk ; the n it is brus hed a nd d i pped
heated to o h ot gi ves o ff all the a mmo ma in negati ve varnis h or d ull va rn i sh
.

. .
,
18 0 B RA S S

To Gi ve a Brown Col o r to Bra ss .


— I . ab out gra i ns to th e pi nt agitat e wel l
40 , ,

In parts of rai n or distill ed water r e pe a ti n the agitati on s everal ti mes a nd


finally a fio wi n g the s us pended ma tter to
,

dissol ve 5 parts each of verdigris ( cop er ‘

acetate ) a nd a mm onium chl oride et . settl e a nd decanti ng the cl ear l i q u i d .

the s ol uti on sta nd 4 h ours the n add ,


T h e obj ec t of this i s t o neutral iz e a ny
arts of water Rem ove the brass to be
. aci d whic h may b e present T o d eter .

r o w n e d from i ts attachment to the fi x mi ne h ow effectivel y this has been d on e


tures and make the s urface perfectly the varnis h may be c he micall y tested .

bright a nd s m ooth a nd free from grease .

Place it over a charcoal fire a nd heat u n S tee l Bl ue an d old Si l ver o n Bras s .


til i t si zz es” when touched with th e For the form er d is sol ve 1 00 pa r ts o f ca r
dam pe ned fin er T h e s ol u tion is the n .
bo n i c ca rbonate i n 7 5 0 pa rts of a m m onia
pai nted over t e surface with a brush or a n d dilute this s ol uti on wi th distille d
swab bed on with a ra g I f one s wa b .
water whereu pon th e cl eaned articl es
,

bi ng d oes not produce a su ffici ent de pth are di pped i nto the li qui d b m eans of a
of col or repeat the heatin g a nd the a p
,
brass wi re After two to ree mi n utes
.

li ca ti o n of the liqui d until a fine durabl e take them out r i nse i n cl ea n water and
, ,

rown is r o d uced For d oor plates . ,


d ry i n sa wd ust Old sil ver on brass is
.

knobs a n orna mental fixtures gener


,
r o d u ce d as foll ows : T h e a r ti cles a r e
ally this is one of the hands omest as well
,
rst sil vered a nd ne xt pai nte d w ith a thin
as the m ost d urable s urfaces a nd i s ,
paste c onsisti ng of gra phite 6 pa rts ; ,

easily a pli e d pul ve ri ze d he matite 1 a rt ; an d tur


x
. ,

IL ver handsome brown ma y be penti ne Use a s oft brus a nd dry well


.

produce d on rass casti ngs b i mmersi ng then brush off the o wd er O xidized .

the th oroughly clea ned a nd ri ed articl es sil ver i s obtai ned by i ppi n g th e silvered
i n a warm sol uti on of 1 5 parts of s odi um goods i nto a heated s ol uti on of li ver of
hydrate a nd 5 parts o f cu ric carbonate sul ph ur 5 pa rts ; a mm onia carbonate 1 0
, .

i n 1 00 parts o f water T e metal turns .


parts ; a nd water 1 0 000 pa rts O nly s ub , , .

dark ell o w light brown a nd finally st a n t i a ll y sil vered obj ects are suited for
, ,

dark rown with a r e e n i sh s hi mmer oxidati on as a wea k sil veri ng is taken


a nd whe n the d esi r e f sh a d e is reached
, , ,

, ,

o fl by this s ol uti on Unsatisfa ctory col .

is take n out of the bath rinsed a nd dried , , .


ori ng is rem ove d with potassiu m -cya
Il I -Pai nt the cleaned a nd d ried s ur
.
ni de s ol uti on I t is a d vi sable to l a y the
.

face uniformly with a dilute s ol uti on o f articl es i n hydrogen s ul phi de -a m m oni a


a mm oni u m s ulphi de When this coat . s ol uti on diluted with wa ter wh er ei n they ,

i n g is dry it is rubbe d over and the n


, ,
acqui re a bl ue to a d eep -black s ha de .

ma te d with a dil ute am moniacal s o


To mba c Colo r o n Br a ss — T his is pro
uti o n of ars eni c sul hi de until th e ,
.

req ui red d epth o f co or is atta i ned .


d uce d by i m mersi on i n a mixture of co
If the results are not satisfa ct ory the per carb onate , 1 0 pa rts ; ca ustic soda , 0
pai nti ng ca n be repeated after w ashin g pa rts : water 2 0 0 pa rts T his l ayer wil l
, .

over with a mm oni a Prol onged i m .


only endure wi pin g w ith a cl ot h n ot vig ,
o ro us scouring with sa nd
mersi on i n the second s ol uti on produces .

a grayish -green fil m which l ooks well , , Gra i n i n g o f B r a ss -B rass pa rts o f .

a nd acquires l us ter whe n polished with ti mepieces are freque ntl y r o vi d e d with
a cl oth .
a dead grai ned s u r face or this pur .
'

pose they a re fastened with fla t-hea ded


Re fi n i sh i n Fi xtur es — G a s fi x
Ga s . pins on cork d isks a nd brus hed with a
tures which ave becom e di rty or tar paste of water a n d finest powdered
n i s h e d f r o m use may be i m proved i n a p pum i ce stone N ext the
y a r e t ho r
.

pe a r a n ce by pai nti ng with bronze pa i nt ou ghl y w as he d a n d place d i n a s ol uti on


a nd t he n i f a still better fi ni sh i s t e
, of l o q uarts of water 3 0 grai ns o f mer

,

ui r e d , varnishin g after the paint is c ur i c nitrate a n d 6 0 grai ns of s ul phuric


,

t o r o ughl y d r y Wi th s om e li ght-c ol ore d a Cl d . I n this amal gamati ng s ol u ti on


va rnis h that Wi ll give a hard a nd brillia nt the obj ects becom e at on ce c overed with
c o a ti n a layer of mercury whic h f orms an amal
E bronze
,

If t e pai nt is made u p with gam wi th the cop per whil e th e zi nc ,


ordi nary varnis h it is lia bl e to become asses i nto s ol uti on Afte r the a rti cles
p
.

disc ol ored f rom acid which m ay be pres a ve agai n bee n was hed the are treated
e nt i n the varnish O n e method pro w i th gr a i ii i n g powder wh i c c onsists o f
.

.
,
posed tor o bviating this is to mi x the S i lver powd er tarta r a nd co oki n g salt
, , .

va r n i sh wit h a bout five ti mes its volume T hese s ubsta nces m ust be ure d r a n d
'P y .

1 h e mi xi n i s
,
o f s piri t o f tur en ti n e a dd to the mixture , very finely pulveri ze d .

d ri e d sl aked ime i n th e propor ti on o f d one Wi th m oderate h eat A cc ot n g .


°
1 32 B RA S S

is necessary for the reas on that the dea d tice a nd care es pecially i n th e t reatment,

di p produces a dark coating upon the of wheels beca use rays are l i able to
,

surface which were it l eft on woul d n ot


, , , form from the teeth towa rd the center .

show the real effect or the col or of the Pic k le for Brass — S ti r 1 0 parts ( by .

metal T h e bright di p h owever r e


. , ,
weight ) of shi ni ng s oot or s nu ff 1 0 arts ,
moves this an d exposes th e true dea d of cooking sa l t an d 1 0 parts of re tar ,
s urface .
tar with 250 pa rts of nitric aci d a nd ,
T h e usual rul e for maki ng u the dea d
d i p is to us e equal parts o f oip
afterwards a d d 2 5 0 pa r ts of s ul phuric
of vitri ol .

aci d or else mi x 7 parts of a n a fortis


a nd a qua fortis ; but these may be altere d


( nitri c aci d ) with 1 0 parts 0 E n glish
to s uit the case M ore oil of vitri ol gi ves .

s ul phuric acid For the mi xing rati o of .

a finer matt whil e larger qua ntity of a.


the acid the kind an d all oy of the metal
W
,
,
a ua fortis will gi ve coarser matt a .

s h oul d be the guida nce an d it is best ,


he n the di p becomes ol d it is u n n e ce s ‘

fou nd o ut by practical trials T h e bet .

sary to a d d m ore zi nc as a littl e goes into ,


ter the al loy a nd the l ess th e percentage
the s ol ution each ti me a nything is di pped .

of zi nc or lea d the han ds om er will be ,


After a while however the s ol uti on be , ,
the col or G enui ne bronze for i nstance
.

comes l oaded with copper salts a nd ,


acquires ol den shade I n order to
a .
, ,

shoul d be thrown a way .

gi ve brass t e a ppeara nce of ha nds ome


A new di p does not work well a nd ,
gil ding it is often coated with old var
will not gi ve good results when used at nis h by a pplyi ng sa m e thi nl y wit a brush
once It is us ual to all ow it to remai n
.

or s ponge a nd i m mediately heating the


over night when it will be found to be i n ,
metal over a coal fire
a better working condition i n the m orn
.

i ng A ne w di p will fre quently refuse to


.
Pickl i ng Bras s to Loo k Li k e G o l d .

work a nd the a dditi on of a little water


,
T o pickl e brass s o as t o m a ke it resem
will often start it T h e water m ust be .
ble gol d all ow a mi xture of 6 parts of
used s paringly howe ver a nd onl y when , ,
chemically pure nitri c aci d a nd 1 part of
necessary Water as a us ual thin .
,
English sul ph uri c aci d to act for some
s poils a dea d di p a nd m ust be a v o i d e ,
h ours u pon the s urface of the brass ; then
After a while it may be necessary to a d d wash W i th a warm s ol ution 2 0 parts of ,

a littl e m ore a qua fortis a nd this may be ,


tarta r i n 5 0 parts of water a nd rub o ff ,

i ntroduced as desired M uc h care is .


neatly with d ry sa wd ust T hen coat .

needed i n working the dea d di a nd it the article with the pr oper varnish .

requires consta nt watching a n ex eri Pick le for D ippi n g Bras s — T o i m


ence T h e chief di ffi culty i n wor ing
.
prove the a ppea ra nce of brass tombac , ,
the dea d di p is to match a given article .
a nd copper goods they are usually ,
T h e only way that it ca n be d one is to di pped For this pu r ose they are first
.

cut and try a nd a dd aqua fortis or oil , i m mersed i n dil uted oi of vitri ol ( brown
of vitri ol as the case requires .
sul phuri c acid ) proporti on 1 to 1 0 ; next , ,

T h e dea d or matt di ca n be obtai ned i n a mi xture of 1 0 parts of r e d tartar ; 1 0


only upon brass or erma n silver ; i n arts of cooking salt ; 250 parts of En g
other words only on alloys which con , pi s h sul phuri c aci d as well as 2 5 0 parts of ,
tai n zi nc T h e best res ults are obtai ned a ua fo rtis ( only for a m oment ) rinsi ng
0 gwell i n water a n d dryi ng i n sawdust
.

,
u pon yell ow brass hi gh i n zi nc .
.

For obtai ni ng a ha nds ome matt gold


To Impro ve D ea d e ne d Brass Parts .
col or 716 part of zi nc vitri ol ( zi nc sul
Cl ock arts matted with oilstone a nd phate ) i s still a d ded to the pickle .

oil suc as the h our wheels min ute


, ,

wheels etc obtain by mere grindi ng a


, ,
R estorat i o n
of Brass Ar ti cle s — T h e
,

s omewhat dull a p e a r a n ce Wi th a sensi ,


brass articles are first freed from a d h er
i n g d i rt by the use of h ot s oda lye
ti ve surface w h i c readily ta kes s pots . ; if
T his may be i mproved by pre pari ng the bronzed they are di pped i n a highly dilute
foll owi ng powder rubbing a littl e of it ,
s ol uti on of sul h ur i c aci d a nd ri nsed in
clea n water ext they are yell owed i n

on a bu fi sti ck and treating the deadened ,


.

arts whi ch ha ve bee n cl eanse d with a m i xture of nitric acid 75 parts ; sul
p
, ,

e n z i n e by ru b bing with sli ht pressure


h ur i c acid 1 00 a rts ; s hi n i ng lamp
on cork T his i m parts to tg
,
,

e articles a lack 2 parts ; coo i ng salt 1 part ; then


'

. , ,

hands ome perma nent metalli c matt , ,


r i nsed a nd polis hed a nd to prevent ,

l uster T h e sm oothi ng o w d er consists


.
ox i dati on coate d with a col orl ess s irit
,

of 2 parts of j ewelers re a nd 8 pa rts of ’


va rnish a cellul oi d varnis h being est
,

li me carbonat e levigated i n water a nd , ,


for th i s purpose .

well d ried Jewel ers red al one may be Ta mper i n g Bras s — I f ha m m e red too
'
.
.

em pl oyed but this re q ui res s ome pr e c


,
bri ttle brass ca n be tem pere d a nd mad e
B R IC K 1 33

of a m ore eve n hard ness th roughout by I I — I nfusi on of


. sal via 25 0
9 parts
warming it as i n t e mper i n steel ; b ut G lyceri ne 30 pa rts
the heat must n ot be n e a r F
, .

y s o great . T i ncture of myrrh 12 parts


Brass heated to the bl ue heat of steel is
, , T i ncture of laven
a lmost s oft a gai n T o s often brass heat .
, der . . 12 parts
it nearly to a dull red a nd all ow it t o cool , La barra que s ’
so
or if ti me is a n object it may be cooled
, , l uti o n parts 30
by pl unging into water .
M i x Rinse the m outh frequently
.

D raw i n g Te mper f ro m Brass Bra ss — with this mixture .

is rendered hard by h a mme r i n or roll I I I — D ecocti on of cha m


ing therefore whe n a brass o b
.

o mi l e 30 parts
j ect r e
. .

quires to be te m pere d the materi al must G lyceri ne 8 0 parts .

be prepared before the a rticl e is sha ped .


Chl ori nated water 1 5 parts .

T emper may be dra wn from brass by M ix Use as a gargle a nd m outh


.

heati ng it to a cherry red a nd then sim was h .

ply pl ungi ng i t i nto water the sa me as , I V — Peppermi nt water 50 0 parts


.

though steel were to be tem pered .


C herry-la urel w a
60 parts
BRAS S FAS TE NI NG PORCELAI N TO B ora x 2 5 parts
S e e Adhesi ves
. .

M i x a nd dissol ve Use as gargl e a nd


.

BRAS S P OLIS HES m outh was h .

S ee Polis hes . V — T hym ol


. 3 parts
S pirit of cochl ea
BRA SS S O LD E RS 3 0 0 parts
S e e S ol ders .
T i ncture of rhat
1 00 parts
B RASS B R ONZING O il of peppermi nt 1 5 parts
S e e Plati ng .

O i l of cl oves 1 0 parts
B RASS CLEANE RS Mix G argl e a nd was h m outh
.

S e e Clea ning Preparations M eth with 1 0 d rops i n a glass of water .

ods .
VI — S al ol
. . 5 pa rts
Al coh ol parts .

B RASS PLATI NIZING T i ncture of white


S e e Plati ng .
canella 30 parts .

B RASS H OLE S IN : O i l of pepper


S AND
See é a sti n gs .
l pa r t
M ix . Use as a dentifrice .

B RASS I NG VII — Hydrogen


.
pe r o x
S e e Plating .
i de . 2 5 par ts
.

D istill ed water 1 00 parts


B READ , D OG :
. .

S e e D og Biscuit .
M ix G argl e the m outh twi ce daily
.

with 2 ta bles poonfuls of the mi xture i n a


BREATH PE RF UM E S : glass of water .

S ee also D entifrices .
VII I — S odi um bi ca r bo n
.

Re me d ies for Feti d Breat h — Feti d ate 2 parts


breath may be due to the expelled air D istill ed water 7 0 parts . .

S pirit of cochlearia 3 0 parts


(i e to diseas e of the res pi rati onal tract )
. .
, ,

to gases th row n o ff from the di estive M i x a half teas poonful i n a wine -

tract or to a dis eased m outh


,
11 the . gl assful of water Was h mouth two or .

first two cas es medicati on m ust be di th ree ti mes da i ly


r e cte d to the ca usati ve diseases with the ,
B R ICK S TAIN
last a ntisepsis pri nci pal ] a nd the neu
.

t r a li z a ti o n of t h e saliva a so th e re moval
T o stai n brick flat the col or of brown
,

of all resi d ual food of dental cari es .


stone ad d blac k to Venetia n red until
,

the desired s hade is obtained If col or .

I -Potassiu m perma n
.
grou nd i n oil is used thi n with turpen ,

ga n a t e 1 part . .
ti ne usi ng a little ja pa n as a drier If .
,
D i still ed water 1 0 parts . .
necessary to get the desi red shade ad d
Mi x a n d diss ol ve Add from 5 to 8 .
yell ow ocher to the m i xture of red a nd
dro s of this s ol uti on t o a glass of water black If the work is part ol d and part
.

an with it ga rgle the m outh . new rub the wall d ow n usmg a bric k
, ,
134 BR ONZ ING

f or a rubber until the surf ace is uniform


, , S ome other f ormul as are
a nd keep it well wet whil e rubbi ng with S yr up of Bro mofor m — B romoform , .
~

cement water m ade by stirri ng Portl and


, 5 parts ; alcohol ( 9 5 per cent) 4 5 parts ; ,

cement i nto water until the water l ooks l yce r i n e 1 50 parts ; syrup 8 0 0 parts
, , .

t h e col or of the ce m e nt T his opera .


fi x i n the order gi ven a nd pla ce the con
ti on fills the pores of the brick a nd makes .
t a i n e r i n warm water until th e syrup be
a sm ooth uniform surface to pai nt on
,
.
c omes perfectly clea r .

T inge the was h with a littl e dry Vene . Emulsio n of Bromofor m — Add 3 parts .

tia n red a nd la m pblack T his W i ll hel p .

of bromoform to 20 part s of ex pressed oil


bri ng the brick to a u niform col o r n so that of al m ond ; e mulsify this mi xture i n the
a n even col or ca n be obtai ned Wl th one us ual ma nner with 2 parts o r powdered
coat of stai n .
tra aca nth 4 parts of powdered acacia
a n gsu ffi cient water using for the com
, ,

B RICK S ,

S e e Ceramics . pl e te d em ul si on a total of 1 20 arts of


water an d a dd finall y 4 pa rts 0 cherry
, , ,

B RICKS OF S AND -LI ME laurel water .

S e e S tone Artificial
,
.
Bro mofor m Rum — B rom oform . ,

B RICK POLIS HES parts ; chl oroform parts ; rum s uffi , ,

S e e Polis hes .
cient to make 1 2 0 parts Claimed to .

b e a n effecti ve rem edy i n the treatment of


B RICK WALLS TO CLEAN whoopi ng cough .

S e e Cl eani ng Preparati ons a nd M eth


ods and Household Formulas .

B RICK WATERP ROOFING


S e e Waterproofing .
B RONZE S
S e e All oys .

B RICK MA K E RS ’ NOTES
S e e Cera mics B RONZE CASTING
S ee Casti ng .

B RI D G E PAINT
S e e Paint .
B R ONZE , I MI TATI ON
S ee Plaster .

B RILLIANTINE
S e e Hai r Preparations .
B RONZE P OLI S HE S
S ee Polishes .

BRIMS TONE (B URNI NG )


RONZ E , RENO VATION OF
S e e Pyrotechnics .

S ee Clea ni ng Com pounds .

B RI ONY ROOTS THEIR P RE S E R


VATI ON
S e e R oots .
B r on z e Pow der s , Li quid
B RITANNIA METAL B r on z es, B r on ze S ubsti tut es,
S e e All oys .

a n d B r on zi n g
B RITANNIA M ETAL , TO CLEAN
s Cleani ng Prepara ti ons a nd M eth BRONZE P OWD ERS .

o d s ee
G ol d bronze is a mixture o f equal
.

B RITA NNIA , S I LVERPLATI NG parts of oxi de of ti n a nd sul phur which ,

S e e Plating . are heate d for som e ti m e i n a n earthen



retort S il ver b ronze is a mi xture o f
BROMI NE , ANTIS EPTIC
.

e c u a l pa r t s of bism uth ti n a n d mercur

wL
y , , ,
S e e Antisepti cs .
i ch are fused i n a crucibl e ad di ng the ,

B ROMOF ORM mercury onl y whe n the ti n a n d the h i s


N e xt reduce to a
.

muth a r e i n fusi on .

Brom oform is insol uble i n dil ute a l very fine powder T o a ppl y these .

c ohol but m a be diss ol ved by the aid of


,
b ronzes “ wh i te of e gg gu m a ra bic or
lyceri ne T e f oll owi ng form ula has , ,

geen devised : varn i s h 15 used I t i s prefera ble to a p


.
.

ply the m dry u pon one of th e a bove


B rom oform . named m ed i ums servi n as si ze tha n to ,

Al cohol mi x th e m with the li qui s the msel ves for


C om pou nd ti ncture of i n the latter case thei r l uster is i m pa i red .

ca rdam on S i m l e Colori n g of Bro n z e Po wd e r .

I n or er to i m pa rt di ff ere nt col ors to


1 36 B RONZ ING

lacq uer otherwise the will s oon tarnis h


,
the same may be coate d with c ol ors
i n roo ms where gas i s urned . va ryi ng from gol d to c opper red then t o ,

carmi ne dark red a nd from light bl ue


Flore nti n e Bro n zes — I — T o produce a . .
,

to bl ue white a nd a t last a r e d dis h white


,

Flore nti ne bronzi ng a pply to the articles , ,


,

dependi ng on the ti me the metal re mains


,

which m ust ha ve previously bee n di pped ,


i n the s ol ution and the tem perature used
a varnis h com o se d of cherry gum lac I ron obj ects treated i n thi s s ol uti on ta ke
.

dissol ved i n a co h o l T his varnis h is .

a steel -bl ue col or zinc a brown color I n


ut on with a brush a nd after that the
, .

b the cas e of copper obj ects a gol den yell ow


,

ronzed piece is passed through the ca n n ot be obtai ned


stove
.

II — I f the articl e is of brass it m ust


.
Ne w Bro nzi n g Li qu id — D iss ol ve 1 0 .

be ive n a coat of copper by mea ns of pa rts of fuchsi ne a nd 5 a rts of a nili ne


the attery N e xt di p a brus h i n oli ve
.
purpl e i n 1 00 parts of alco 0 ] ( 95 per cent)
oil a nd brush the piece u nifo rmly ; let a nd a dd to the s ol uti on 5 parts of ben
dry for 5 or 6 hours a nd pla ce i n sa w zoic aci d B oil th e wh ole for 1 0 mi n
.

dust T hen heat the articl e o n


. m od a
utes until the col or turns bronze brown .

crate c harcoal d ust fire .


T his li qui d ca n be a pplied to all metals
Pre arati o n of Fre nch Bro nze a nd dri es quickly .

Frene bronze may be pre pa red by r e A Bron ze for Bras s — I mmerse the .

d u c i n g to a powder hematite 5 parts , , a rticles freed from dirt a n d grease i n a


, ,
a nd pl um ba go 8 pa rts a nd mixi ng i nto a
, , col d s ol uti on of 1 0 pa rts of potassi um
paste w ith s pirit of W i ne A pply the .
perma nga nate 50 a rts of i ron s ul phate
, ,
com o si ti o n w ith a s oft brus h to the 5 parts of h y d r o c l ori c aci d i n
a rtic e to be bronzed a nd set it asi de for parts of water L et re mai n 30 seconds
.
,
s ome hours By o li sh i n with a toler
.
the n withdra w ri nse a nd let dry i n fine
, , ,
a bly hard brus h t e artic e will ass ume s oft sa wd ust I f the articles ha ve be
.

the bea utiful a ppeara nce of real bronze .


come too dark or if a red dis h brown -

T h e desired ti nt ma y be regulated by the


,

col or be desi red i m mers e for ab out 1 ,


pro porti ons of the i ngredients .
mi nute i n a warm ( 1 4 0 F ) s ol utio n of °
.

Ho w to Bro nze Metals Prepare a — chromic acid 1 0 pa rts ; hydrochl oric


,

aci d 1 0 parts ; potassi u m per ma nga nate


.

s ol uti on of 1 } ounces of s odi um h y po s ul


1
,
,

1 0 parts ; iron s ul phate 5 0 a rts ; water


phi t e i n 1 int of water a nd add to the , ,

sa me a s o uti o n of 1 } ounces of lea d parts T reat as be ore


. If the .

a cetate diss ol ved i n 1 pi nt of water latter s ol ution al one be use d the product
will be bri h te r dark -yell ow or red
.

a
If i nstead of lea d acetate a n eq ual
, ,

weight of s ul phuric acid ( 1 1; ou nces ) is dis h -brown co or By heating i n a dry.

ad ded to the s odi u m hy pos ul phite a nd i ng oven the tone of the c ol ors is i m
the process ca rried on as before the proved .

brass beco mes coated with very bea u a To Bron ze Coppe r — T his process is .

tiful re d which cha nges to green a nd


, , a nal ogous to the one practiced at the
finally a s l e n d i d brown with a gree n M i nt of Pa ris for bronzi ng medals .

a n d red iri e sce n ce T his last is a very


. S prea d on the coppe r obj ect a s ol ution
dura ble c oati ng a nd may be es pecially composed of :
recom me nded It is very di fficult to
.
Acetate or c hl o r h y
obtai n exact shades by this r o ce ss with d rate of a m m onia 30 parts
out s om e ex e r i e n ce T e thorough .
S e a salt 1 0 parts
.

cl eansi ng of a l articl es from grease by Crea m of ta rta r 1 0 pa rts


boili ng in potas h is absol utel y necessary Acetate of c opper 1 0 parts
to s uccess By substituting other metal
.
D il uted a cetic a ci d 1 00 pa rts
salts for the lea d acetate ma ny cha nges .

i n ti n ts a nd quality of the coati ngs ca n L et dry for 2 4 to 4 8 hours at a n ordi


also be effected .
nary te mperature T h e s urface of the .

Whe n this mi xture is heated to a tem metal will become covered with a series
of vary i n ti nts Brus h with a wa xed
pe r a t u r e a little bel ow the boili ng poi nt ghe gree n porti ons s oa ked with
.

i t preci pitates s ulphide of lead i n a state brus h .

of fine di visi on If some metal is pres .


chl orhydrate of a m monia will ass u me a
ent s ome of the lea d is precipitated on bl ue col ori n a nd th ose treated with
the s urfa ce a nd accordi ng to the thick ,
carbonate wi I be thic k a nd da rke ned .

ness of the layer di ff erent col ors are pro Bro n z i ng a n d Pa ti mzi n g of S mall Zi n c

,

d uce d . T o prod uce a n eve n col or the Arti cle s — C oati ngs of bronze tones a n d
articles m ust be ev enly heated By i m ati na s ha des ma y be produced o n zi nc
p
.

mersi on of brass articl es for 5 mi nutes y mea ns of va ri ous li qui ds b ut th e ,


B R ONZ ING 1 37

articles be f ore bei ng worked upon


, , a nd when cool pul veri ze a gai n Put .

shoul d be rub bed d own with very fine t he powder i nto a glass ca r boy a nd pou r ,

glass or emery pa per to make t he m n ot , over it 50 pa r ts of ca rbon tetrachl ori d e ;


only perfectly metallic but als o s ome , let this sta nd for 2 days sti rri ng fr e ,

what rough as a conseq ue nce of whic h u e n tl y then filter T e n pa rts of the


gui d a rc to be mixed with ea ch 5 arts
, . .

the bronze or patina coatings will a dhere


m uch better T h e best bronze or pa
. of metallic bronze of a ny des i red s ade ,

tina e ff ects on bronz e are obt a i ned by a nd put i nto bottles S ha ke t he ti nctur e
.

el e ctroplati ng the a rticle with a fairly well before usi ng .

thick de posit of brass ri ch i n copper a nd Bro n zi n g E n gr a v e d Or n a men ts .

then treati ng it li ke ge nuine bronze T h e T ake bronze a nd stir with it pal e co al


p
.

sol uti ons used h owever m ust al ways be


, , va rnis h dil uted one half with turpenti ne
- .

highl y dil uted otherwise they may eat , With this paint the orna me n ts neatly .

entirely through the thi n metallic coat I n i h our the bronze will ha ve drie d
s
.

i ng
.
T h e places from which the br o n Ze is to
Bro n zi ng of Zi n c —M i x thoroughly 3 0 . be rem oved i e where the bronze has
, .

parts of sal a mm oniac 1 0 parts of overrun the ) o li s h e d s urface are da bbed


with a s mal l rag s oa ked with kerosene
, ,

oxalate of potas h a nd parts of , ,

vi nega r A pply with a brus h or a rag


. taki ng care that it is not too wet s o as ,

several ti mes until the desired ti nt is


, to prevent the kerosene from running
produced . into the orna ment After a sh ort while
.

t h e bronze will ha ve diss ol ved a n d ca n


Bronze Gil d i ng o n S mooth Mol d i n gs .

be wipe d off with a s oft r a If this


does not rem ove it entirely d a ga nd wipe
A perfect su bstit ute for dea d gil ding ca n
not be obtai ned by bronzi ng because of ,

the ra dically differe nt reflecti on of the


,
again . Finally finis h wi pi ng with a n
light for the matt gil di ng presents to the es pecially s oft clea n rag K erosen e
, .

light a perfectl y s m ooth s urface whil e


'
d oes not attack polis h on wood T h e .

in bronzi ng every little scal e of bronze


,
bronze m ust become dull a nd yet adhere
reflects th e light i n a diff erent di rection firmly under whic h c onditi on it has a
,

hardened col or If it d oes not becom e


.

I n conse que nce of this di ff usi on of light


.

all br o n zrn even the best exec uted is


,
d ull the va rnis h is too strong a nd shoul d
somewhat a rker a nd di m mer tha n leaf
,
be dil uted with turpentine .

gilding T his di m ness it is true ex


. , ,
D ura bl e Bro nze o n Ban n er s — T o .

tends over the whol e surface a nd there ,


render bronzes dura ble on ba nners etc , .
,

fore is not perce ti bl e to the lay ma n a nd ,


the ground must be pri med with gum
cannot be calle a n evi l as the ge nui ne ,
arab i c a nd a littl e glyceri ne T he n a p .

leaf gol d is s o s potted that a bronzed ply the bronze s ol uti on prepa red with ,

surface is cl ea ner tha n a gilt one T h e .


da m mar a nd one -tenth va rnis h In .

foll owi ng r o ce ss is the best kn own at stea d of gum ara bic with glyceri ne gela ,

prese nt : hoose only the best bronze ,


ti ne gl ue may al s o be empl oyed a s a n
whi ch is first pre ared thick with pure underlay .

spirit N e xt a d a q ua ntity of water


.
B RONZE S UB STITUTES .

and stir agai n After the preci pitati on


. ,
T h e foll owi ng recipe is used i n ma king
which occurs prom ptly the water is
oured o ff a nd renewe d repeatedly by
,
i mitati on gol d bronzes
p resh water When the s pirit has bee n
.
S anda rac
M asti c
was hed out agai n i n this ma nner the r e ,

ma i n i n d eposit i e the bronze is ,


. .
, ,
Ven i ce turpenti ne
t h i n n e with clean o o d gol d size T he ,
.
Alc ohol
bronze m ust be t i n e nough j ust to I n the a bove diss ol ve
cover T h e mol dings a re c oated twice
. ,
M eta n i l yell ow a nd
the second ti me c om m enci ng at the o p gol d orange
po si t e end Under no circ umsta nces
.
a nd a dd
shoul d the dry dea d gil di ng i ve o ff ,

col or whe n gras pi ng it fi rmly it does .


Al umi num finely ,

that either the size is inferi or or the so powdered 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

l uti o n too wea k or the mixture too thick .


and shake .

Inco mbustible Bro n z e Ti n ctur e — Fi ve . If a dee per sha de is desired it is well


parts of pri me da m mar rosi n a nd to use ethyl ora nge a nd gol d ora nge i n
pa r ts of a m monia s oda very finely pul ,
the sa me proporti on instea d of the dyes , .

ve r i z e d Heat ge ntly with fr e u e n t


. ,
For the rod ucti on of i mitati on copper
stirri ng until the evol ution of ca r o n i c
.
bronze ta e the a bove-menti oned rosi n
acid c e as es T he n ta k e fr om the fire
. ,
mi xture a nd diss ol ve therei n only gol d
1 38 B R ONZ I NG

ora nge parts a nd add al uminu m 2 0


,
bea utiful relie fs givi ng rise to the m os t
,

arts whereby a ha nds ome copper col or charmin play of col ors i n perpe ndicula r
p ,

i s prod uced M eta n rl yel l ow


. parts or latera y reflecte d li ght are produced ,

without gol d orange gi ves W i th the sa me by pressi ng the pa per le ngths or w e b


amo u nt of lacquer a gre e nish tone of a i n t e d with a nil i ne -bronze dyes The
grass broca de a nd ti n bronzes serve as
.

bronze T h e pigments m ust not be


.

made use of i n la rger qua ntities beca use , bases for the a nili ne dyes ; of the tar pi g
t he l uster of the bronze is materially ments onl y basi c a nili ne dyes sol uble i n
affected O nly pigme nts
. of certai n al cohol a re used I n col ori ng the pul .

properties s uch as sol ubility i n al cohol


, , ve r i z e d bronze care must be taken that

relati ve consta ncy to red ucti ve age nts , the latter is as fr ee as possi ble from o r
are s uita ble ; uns uitable are for i nsta nce , , ga ni e fats . T a r dyes s houl d be dis
naphthol yell o w phenylene -diamin etc , ,
. s ol ved i n as conce ntrate d a form as pos
Li kewise only a lac quer of certai n com si ble i n al cohol a nd sti rred with the
positi on is fit for use other lac u e r s of ,
bronze the pigment being then fixed on
,

com merce s uch as za pon ( ce l ul o id )


,
the vehicl e with a n al coh olic s ol ution of
l acquer bei ng u nsuitable T h e bronzes . ta nnin T h e pate nt bronze is the n
.

prepared i n this ma nner excel i n l uster dried by all owi ng the al cohol to e va po
a nd col or e ff ect ; t he cost is very l ow . rate T his meth od o f col oring is purely
.

T hey a re s uita ble for bronzi ng l ow mecha nical as the tar dyes d o n ot com
,

riced articles as ti nware toys etc , , , . bi ne with the metallic bronze as is the ,

ri der the action of s un a nd m oisture the case with pi gments i n which hydrate of
articles l os e s ome of their l uster but o h , al u mina is us ed A coati ng of aniline
.

j e cts k e t i nd oors s uc h as figures of plas bronz e of this kind is therefore very sen
ter of a ris i nksta nds wooden boxes
, , , si ti ve to m oisture unl ess s rea d over,

etc retai n their brilliancy for years the a per surface with a sui ta l e protect
iv e p
. .
,

S ome use ow d e r ed aluminum and yel i ndi ng medi um or protected by a ,

low orga nic yest u ff s s uch as gol d orange . . tra ns pa re nt coat of varnis h which of ,

T hese are e m l oyed together with a var course must not i nterfe re with the s pecial
p
nis h of certa i n com o si ti o n which i m , col or e ff ect .

parts the necessary g 0 5 5 to the mixture .


Pick l e for Bro n zes — S ul phuric acid .
,

B R ONZE COLOR ING parts ; nitric acid 5 0 0 pa rts ; s oot , ,

1 0 parts ; sea salt 5 parts , .

To Color Bro n z e — Bronze articles a c


quire ha nds ome tem peri ng col ors by
.

Imi tatio n Japa nes e Bron ze Whe n .


-

the copper or co pered ar ti cle is per


f e ctl y dry a n d t p
heati ng I n ord er to i mpart a n ol d a p
.

e co per or copper
pe a r a n ce to new obj ects of bronze they
ma be heated over a fla me a nd rubb e d
,
coating ma de brillia nt which is prod uced ,

wit a woole n rag di ) ped in finely o w by r u bbi n with a soft brush put gra ph ,

d ered gra ) hite u n ti i t he desired 5 ade ite over t e piece to be bronzed s o


is attai ne d O r else a paste is a plied
,
that the co per is si mpl dyed Wi e
o fl the raise s porti ons Wi t ha d a mp cl ot
.

articl e consisti n g of gra pp


. '

o n the i te 5
,

arts and bloodstone 1 5 parts with a suf so that the copper ma kes its a ppearance .

ficient q ua ntity of alc ohol After 94 N e xt put on a thi n coat of Ja pa nese var
,

h ours brus h o ff the dry powder A hot nish ; wipe the relief a gai n a nd let dry .

Apply 1 or 2 coats after the first is per


.

s ol uti o n com pose d of sal a m moniac 4


f e ctl y d r Ha nds ome s moked hues
may be 0 y
parts s orrel salt 1 part vi negar 2 0 0 .

t a i n e d by h o l d i n
,
,

parts may als o be brus hed on Another .


the bronze
,

wa is to di p the pieces i nto a bo il i n so


either over the d ust of lig ted peat or
y powdered rosi n th rown on lighted c oal
l u ti o n of cupric acetate 2 0 parts a n sal ,

a mmoniac 1 0 parts diss ol ved i n 60 to so as to obtai n a s m oke which will cha nge
1 00 parts of vinegar
,

.
the col or of the varnish e m pl oyed Th e .

Pate nt bronzes (prod ucts col ored by varnis h m ust be li qui d e nough to be
mea ns of a nili ne dyes ) have hitherto worke d easily for th i s style of bronzing
,

i s only a pplica ble to brass


been used i n the manufa cture of toys a nd .

de luxe or fa ncy pa per but ma kers of G n Bro n ze o n Iron — Abietate of


, . ree .

S i l ver
wal l or stai ned paper have recently i ven , 1
pa rt ; esse nce of la vender 1 9 ,

their atte nti on to these prod ucts all . pa rts . D i ss ol ve the a bietate of sil ver i n
— or m o i r é — pa per prepared with these the esse nce of l a vender After the arti .

dyes furnis hes c overs or r i n ts of sil ke n cles have bee n well pickl ed a pply the
g l oss with a peculiar d ou l e -col or e ff ect ab i etate -o i -sil ver s ol uti on with a brus h ;
i n whic h the metal lic brillia ncy charac next pl ace the objects i n a stove a nd let
t e r i st i c of bronze com bines with the the tem perature attai n a bout 1 5 0 C °
.

s hades of the tar pigments used V ery .


Bl ue Bro n ze — Bl ue bronze is pro
.
1 40 B RUS H ES

Mosaic G ol d — M osaic gol d generall y fly until it ca n be ground on a s ton e


sla li
. ,
e ve

a com poun d of tin a rts a nd sul , ,

h ur ,
parts is od or ess and taste ,
B R ONZE VARNI S HES - z
ess an d dis s ol ves o n l i n chl o r i ne s ol u
,
S e e Varni s hes .

ti on a qua regia an d oili n g otash lye


, ,
.

I t is e mpl oyed pri nci pally or br o n z B RONZING S O L UTIONS FOR PAINTS


i ng plaster o i -Pari s fi gures c opper a n d
-
, , S e e Pai nts .

b rass by mixin g it Wi th 6 parts of bone


,
B R ONZI NG OF WOOD
ashes rubbi ng i t on wet or a p l ying it S ee Wood
w ith varnish or white of egg in p
, ,

e rep
.

a ration of gol d pa er or for gip B ROOCHES , PH OTOGRAP HS ON


°

din g
cardb oard a n d woo M osaic gol d of S ee P hotogra ph y .

g ol de n -yell ow col or is prod uced by heat


B ROWN O INTMENT
i n g 6 pa rts of sul phur a nd 1 6 pa rts of
S ee O i ntments
ti n ama l ga m with equal parts of mer
.

cury a nd 4 parts of s ul ph ur ; 8 parts of B ROWNI NG OF S TEEL


precipitate from sta nnic muriate (sta nnic S e e Pl ating .

acid ) and 4 parts of s ul ph ur als o give a B R OWNS TONE , IMI TATION


hands om e m osaic gol d .

S ee Brick S ta i n
Th e ha nds omest a nd most
.

u r est , ,

gol d -like m osaic 0 1 is obtained by B R UNETTE POWD ER


m elti ng 1 2 parts 0 p ure ti n free from , S ee Co smetics .

lead a nd m i xing with 6 parts of mercury


,

to a n a malga m T his i s mi xed with 7 .

parts of flowers of s ul ph ur and 6 parts of


sal a m m oni ac wh e r e u on the mass is
,
B r ush es
subjected for several ours to a heat
w hich at first does not attai n redness ,
HOW TO TAK E CARE OF
b ut eventually when no more fumes are A ND VARN IS H B R US HES .

e n e r a te d is i ncreased to d ark -red heat . I t is a good pl a n to fill the varni s h brush


his bpe r a ti o n is conducted either before puttin g it i n the kee per .

glass retort or i n a n earthe nware cru Whitewas h or kals omine b rushes


cible . T h e sal a m m oniac esca es first s h oul d not be put i nto ne wly sla ked
on heating next vermilion su li ma tes
, lim e or h ot kals omi ne .

a nd s ome sta nnic chl oride whil e the , Ce ment-set brus hes s houl d never be
mosaic ol d remains on the bottom the u t i n a ny al cohol mi xture s uch as s hel
p
, ,

u p er ayer cons i stin g of l ustrous


, , acs an d s pirit stai ns .

o den delicatel y translucent l ea flets


, , Varnis h brushes s houl d b e sel ected
ei n g the ha nds omest mosaic gol d . with a vi ew t o thei r possessi ng the follow
Gen ui n e S il ver Bro n ze — T his is o h .
ing qualities : 1 st excelle nce of mate ,

ta i n e d by the finely rou nd waste fro m rial ; 2 d excellence of ma ke which


, ,

beati ng l eaf sil ver or y dissol vi ng sil ver i ncl udes full ness of hai r or bristl es and
i n a qua fortis T his s ol ution is then
.
permanency of bindin 3 d life and ,

dil ute d with water a nd brightly scoured s ri ng or elasticity su c i ent to enable


,

c opper plates are put i n w h e r eb the ,


t e varnish er t o s prea d the varnish with
sil ver preci pitates as a metallic pow er .
out red ucin g it with turpentine ; and
4 t h s pringi ng whe n i n use to a true
I mitatio n S i l ver Bro n ze —This is o h
, , ,
.
chisel edge .

f ained through th e waste in beating i mi


t a ti o n l eaf sil ver which finely ground , , ,
Te mpe ra tu re for B rush e s — T h e bris .

is then was hed an d dried I n order to .


tl es of e very brus h a re hel d i n place b
i ncrease the luster it is ground again in a the ha ndle It passes throu gh the shan
.

d ry condition .
of the brus h a nd is kil n dried to fit -

Mosai c S il ver - M osaic sil ver is a n .


pe r fectl I f it s hrin ks however its , ,

a malga m of eq ual pa rts of mercury bis outwar tensi on is l ost a nd the bristles
,

m uth a nd ti n O n e may als o melt 5 0


.
l oosened For this reas on the first
.

pa rts of good ti n i n a crucible and as princi pl e i n brus h care is to keep the


,

s oon as i t becom e s liquid ad d 50 pa r ts tool when it is new or n ot s oa ki ng in a


, ,

of bis m uth stirri n g all with a n iron wire


,
cool place out of hot rooms a n d a n
, ,

u ntil the bis muth i s fused as well As .


tem perature th at woul d te nd to s hri n
s oon as this occurs the cruci ble must be the wood of the ha n dl e .

removed from t he fire ; then stir i n as .


, Clea ni ng Pai n t Brus h e s — N o new
l ong as the c ontents are still li quid 2 5 , brus h s houl d be di ppe d i n th e aint
pa rts of mercury and mix the wh ol e mass a nd put to Work Wi th out first ci ng
B R US H ES — B UNIONS 141

cleaned By worki ng it with a bris k


.
them i n water the brushes sh oul d be
move ment back a n d forth through the wi ped s o as n ot to be too full of pai nt ,
hand m ost of the dust a nd l oose hairs b ut n ot clea ned .

will be ta ken out A ai nt brush whe n .


,
Va rnis h Brus h e s at Rest — Varnis h .

thus th oroughl y dry c ea ned s h oul d be ,


brus hes s h oul d be kept at rest i n tur
laced i n water for a fe w mi nutes n ot ,
penti ne a n d varnish or better i n s ome , ,
on
g en ough to s oak or s well it but onl y ,
of th e varnis h that th e brus h is used for
unti l wet through and then s wu m and
.

,
T hey s h oul d preferably n ot be kept i n
shaken dry I t is th en ready to i p i n
.
turpenti” ne as that ma kes the brus h
,
the paint a nd alth ough s ome of the hairs
,
l ousy — roug h ening the bristles .

may still be l oose m ost of the m will


come out i n the first fe w mi nutes work
,
’ Washi ng Brus h es — A] l brus hes should .

ing a nd ca n be easil y picked from th e be washe d i n benzi ne or turpentine a nd


surface .
shaken dry — not whi pped — when it is
desi red to change from one col or to a n
Clea nin g Varn i s h Brushes — Varnis h . other o r from one varnish to another
, .

brushes a nd brushes used i n varnis h


, To R estore Brus h es — A good remedy .

stain bug gy pai nt an d all col or i n var


, , to restore l etteri ng brushes which ha ve
nish requ i re di ff erent ha ndli ng tha n l ost thei r elasticity a nd d o not keep a
paint brus hes T hey s h oul d b e m ore
.
point is as foll ows :
,

thoroughly dry cl eaned in order that , Put the pencil i n oil a nd brush it sev
all l oos e hairs m ay be worked out .
eral ti mes over a hot iron i n such a ma n
After worki ng them through the han d it ner that th e hai rs touch the iron from
is a good thi ng to pass the brus h back each side ; then di p the pencil q u ickly i n
and forth over a s heet of sa ndpa per .
c ol d water .

T his rough s urface will ull out the l oose A Remo vable Bi n d in g — T h e bristl e
bristles a nd s m ooth own the rough bunch of brus h es is bound with rope s o
ends of the chisel poi nt T h e brus h .
as to k e e the m together for use I n .

shoul d then be was hed by working it for stead of t e twine a coveri ng of rubber ,
a few mi nutes i n cl ea n turpenti ne a n d may be employed whi ch is easily sli pped
,
swingi ng it dry It shoul d never be u t
.
over the bristl es a nd ca n be conve niently
in water For carriage work a nd n e
.
rem oved a gai n T h e clea ni ng of the
.

varnishi ng the brus h s houl d be broken brush is much facilitated there by a nd ,


in on the ru bbing coat i n order to work t h e brea dth of the stri pe to be dra wn
out all the dust particles before it is use d with the brus h ca n be accurately re gu
on the finis hi ng coats .
lated a c co r di n to h ow far the coveri ng
,

S ett i n g th e Pa i nt Br us h Bristles -
is sli pped over t e br ush .
.

S e e also Clea ni ng Pre parati ons a


.

For the first 2 or 3 days ne w brushes


require s e ci a l care while at rest T hey .
M ethods .

shoul d e di ppe d i n ra w oil or the


pai nt itself a nd s m oothed out carefully ,

then lai d on thei r si des over ni ght T h e .

chisel oi nte d brushes s houl d be set at B UBBLE S I N GELATIN


a n i nc i ne t he ha ndle s upported j ust
,
S e e G elati n .

enough to all ow the brus h to be al ong


the poi nt T his is d one to pre vent twi st
.
B UBBLE (SOAP ) LI QUID
ing of the bristl es a n d to keep the sha e S e e S oa p B ubbl e Li qui d
It is necessary to p
.
,

of the brus h .
0
B UBBLES .

this only 2 or 3 ti mes before the sha pe Bubbles of air often a dhere to m ol ds
becomes set .
i m mersed i n de positi ng sol uti ons T hey .

Pai n t Br us h e s at Res t — An i m por may be prevented by previ ously di pi ng


tant pri nci l e i n brus h care is never to the object i nto s irits of wi ne or e t e
m oved by the ai p
,

l ea ve the rus h on end wh i l e at r e st .


cf a soft brush or by ,

Eve n for tem porary rest duri ng a j ob directi ng a powerful curre nt of the li qui d
the brus h s houl d never sta nd on end . a gai nst the m by mea ns of a vul ca n i zed
At n i ht it s h oul d al ways be placed i n a i ndia -rubber bla dder with a l ong a nd ,


brus -keeper ” — a water ti ght box or a -
,
curved glass tube attache d to it ; but the
pai nt keg with nails dri ve n through the
,
liqui d sh oul d be free from sedi ment .

sides on which the brushes ca n be sus B UG K ILLE RS


pend e d i n water Hol es are bored i n
.
S e e I nsecticides .

the ha ndl es s o the brus h Wi ll hang free


of the b ottom but with th e br i stles e n
,
B UNI ONS
ti r el y u nder water B ef ore placi n g . S ee C or n C ur es .
1 42 B URNS ~
B UTT ER

B URNS o f flui d ol e opa l mi ti n (ao -ca l l ed “oleo



S e e als o O i ntme nts a n d T urpen ti ne . marga rine ) i s presse d out T h e oleo .

oil ” i s th e n mi xe d with 1 0 per cent of its


M i xtur e f or Bur n s — I — A mi xture of . .

w ei ght of mil k a nd a littl e butter col or


castor oil with the white of egg is r eco m an d churned T h e prod uct is the n .

mend ed for burns T h e eggs are broke n .


worked salted a n d c onstituted the
. ,
i nto a bowl a nd the castor oil sl owly “
ol eomargarine or b utter substitute .

c ured i n while th e eggs are b eaten .

L eaf lard ca n b e worked i n the s a me w a


,

nough oil is added to ma ke a thick ,


as bee f suet an d will yiel d a n o l e o pa
,
crea my aste which is a pplied to the ,
miti n suitabl e for churni n g u p i nto a
b urn . he a pplicati ons are repeated butter s ubstitute .

ofte n e n o u h to revent their b ecoming I I —Fat from fres h ly sla ughter ed cattl e
.

dry or stie y eave the s urface n u


.
after thorough was hi n is lac ed i n cle a n
c overed .

water a n d su r r o u n d e wit ice where it ,


I I — Put 27 parts by measure of
.
, ,
is all owe d t o remai n until all a nimal heat
menth ol into 4 4 arts by measure of , ,
has been rem oved I t is the n cut into .

witch h azel ( distil ate ) and a pply freely .

small pieces by machinery an d cooked a t


A good pl an is to ban da e the pa rts an d a tem perature of a bout 1 50 ° F C) . .

wet the wra ppi ngs with t i s mixture .


until the fat i n liqui d form has separated
II I .A ve e ffi cacious remedy for
-
from the tiss ue the n settl ed u ntil it is
b urns is a s o uti o n of cooki ng sal t i n perfectl y cl ear T hen it is drawn i nto
,

water It is best to i m merse fin ers


.

. ,
the gr a i n i n vats a n d all owed t o stand
hands and arms in the s oluti on w ich
, ,
for a day w en it is ready for the presses .

m ust be to l er a bl strong For burns i n ,

the face a nd other pa rts of the body


T h e pressing extracts the steari ne leav
.

,
,
ing a product c o mmer ci a ll known as
salt water poultices are applied .
ol e o oil which when eburne w i th crea m,

or mil k or b oth a nd with us ually a r o


, ,

ortion of creamery b utter the w ol e


p
,

B utter e i n g properly salte d gi ves th e new food ,

product ole oma rga ri ne


, .

(S ee also Foods ) .
I I I — I n ma king butteri ne us e neutral
.

Butter Color — O rl ean 8 0 parts , by . ,


l ard which is ma de from sel ected leaf
,

weight ; curcuma root (turmeric ) 8 0 ,


la rd i n a very si mila r ma nner to ole o oil ,

parts by weight ; oli ve oil 24 0 arts by


, , ,
excepting that n o stea ri ne is extracted .

weight ; saff ron 1 part b weig t ; al co T his neutral l a r d is cured i n salt brine
for from 4 8 to 7 0 h ours at a n ice -water
, ,

h ol 5 parts by wei ght


, he orlea n and
, .

turmeric are macerated with olive oil and tem perature I t is then take n a nd with
.
,

expressed Th e wei ght of the filte re d


.
the desired proporti on of oleo oil a nd fine
l iquid is made u p a ga i n to 2 4 0 parts by ,
b utter is ch urned with crea m a nd milk
, ,

rod ucing a n article whic h whe n proper


weight with olive oil next the filtered
,

saffron -al coh ol extract is ad ded and the


,

,
p y salted a nd pac ke d is ready for the
alcohol is expell ed agai n by heating the ma rket I n both cases col ori ng matter
.

i s used whic h is th e sam e as that used by


mi xture .
,

dairym en to col or their b utter At cer


A r t i f i c i a l B u t t e r — I — C areful ly
.

. .
tai n seas ons of th e year — vi z i n col d .
,
washed beef suet furnishes a basis for weather a s mall q ua ntity of sesa me oil
,
t h e ma nufactures of a n edibl e substi tute or sala d oil ma de from c ottonsee d oil is
for natural b utter T h e th oroughl y .
u sed to soften the texture of t h e prod uct .

washed a nd finely ch opped suet is ren IV .


— “
Ankara ” is a substa nce which
dered i n a stea m -heate d ta nk ; in
ge n er al a ppea ra nce resembles a good
parts of fat 3 00 parts of water 1 part of
, , arti cl e of b utter bei ng rather firmer at ,

potassiu m carb onate a n d 2 stomachs of , ord i nary tem peratures tha n that sub
pigs or s hee p a re taken T h e tem er sta nce approachi ng th e consisten cy o f
ature of the mi xtu re is raised to 1 1 3pF
.
, ,
.
c o c o a butter I t is q uite od orl ess but i n
.
,
After 2 hours under the i nfluence of the, taste i t rese mbl es that o f a fair a rti cl e of
pepsi n i n the stomachs the membranes , b utter a nd what is m ore its behavi or
, ,
are dissol ve d a nd the fat is m elted and u n der heat is very si mil ar to that of but
rises to the top o f the mi xture After t r — i t browns a nd fo rms a s ort of s pu me
e
.

the additi on of a l ittle sal t the melted fat l i ke that o f fat Anka ra consists of a .

is d ra wn o ff stood t o cool s o as to all ow


, base of c ocoa butter carryi ng a b out 1 0
w
,
the steari ne and pal miti n to separate r cent of m i l k c ol ored with
,
y ol k of egg
, .

a nd the n pressed in ba gs in a h yd rauli c l ul e n ot d eri ved from mil k on the one ,


press . Forty to 5 0 per cent of s olid hand nor d oes it come f rom a si n gl e
,

steari ne remai ns , w h il e 50 to 60 per cent vegeta bl e or a ni mal fat on th e o th er a n ,


1 44 C A L A M US C O RD I AL — C A M P H O R

very un l e a sa n t odor beca u s e it con


s t a n tl y e v e l o ps s mall q ua ntities of i m
pure acetyle ne i n contac t with the m ois
CALCI UM CA R BI D E ture of the ai r Le B o y, of Rouen , .

Preser vation a n d Use of Cal ci u m propos es for portabl e — es pecially bi oy


Carbi d e — Cal ci u m carbide is rea dily a t
. cle — la m ps i n w hic h th e evil is m ore
,

tacked by the air a nd the moisture con noticea ble tha n i n la rge pla nts si m ply t o ,

ta i n e d in the ge nerators a nd conse que nt - r


pour s ome petroleum over the ca rbide
l y decom poses duri ng the st o r i n W i th a nd to pour o ff the remai nder not a h
formati on of a cetylene gas Asi e from .
s orbed T h e petroleu m t o which it is
.
,

the l oss t his deco mpositi on is als o a t


, well to a dd some nitro benz ol ( mir -

tended wit h da ngers O n e of the ol dest .


ba ne ess ence ) prevents the a ccess of ai r
,

methods of preserva tion is the saturation to the carbi de b ut permits very satis
, a.

of the carbi de with p e trol eum In using .


factory generati on o f gas on a dmissi on of
s uch carbi de a layer of petroleu m forms water .

on the s urface of the water i n the gener


ator whic h pre vents the water from
,
CALCI UM S ULPHID E (L UM INOUS ) :
eva porati ng th us li miti ng the su bs e
,
S e e Pai nts .

que nt generation of acetylene from the CALF S K IN


re mai n i ng carbide I nstea d of petro .
S e e Leather .

leu m ma ny other s ubsta nces ha ve been


proposed whic h ans wer the ) u r po se CAME R A R ENOVATION :
e u a l l y well e g tol uol oils so li dbo d i e s
, . .
, , , ,
S e e Photogra phy .

w ich previ ously ha ve to be liquefied ,


CA M PHOR PR EPA R ATI ONS
such as stearine pa r a ffi n e rosin etc
Fragra nt Naph th ale n e Camph or
.
, , ,

O f a differe nt nature is a medi um oi


.

f er e d by L éta n g of Paris He em .
N a phthalene white
l oys sugar or sacchari ne b odies to which i n scal es parts
p
.

e a dds if necessary, littl e petrol eum , a ,


Cam phor parts .

turpenti ne vaseline or va rn i s h of a ny
, , M elt on the stea m bat h a nd a dd to the
kind as well as chal k li mestone tal c
, , , , hot mass :
s ul hur or sa n d T h e carbi de is coated
, .
C ou mari n 2 parts
wit this mi xture T h e saccharine sub .
M irba ne oil 1 0 parts
stances diss ol ve i n the generati ng water
. .

a nd als o ha ve a d i ss o l vmg action on the Cast i n plates or c om pressed tablets .

slaked li me which is formed by the de T h e pre parati on is e m pl oye d as a m oth


,

composition o f the carbi de which a dmits preve nti ve .

of its easy re moval .


Po w d ere d Camphor i n Permanent
A cco r di n to a nother process carbide Form — I — Powder the ca m ph or i n the
is put on tir e market i n such
. .

s hape a
usual ma nner with the additi on of a
Whe n it is nearly reduced
,
that without weighing merely by count
, , little al cohol .

i ng or meas uri ng one is i n a position to to the proper degr e e of fine ness a dd a


use e quivalent q ua ntities for every ch a r
G eari ng casts molten carbide i n tg fe
.
few drops of fluid petrolatu m a nd i m me
di a tel y triturate a gai n
?
I n th5 i s manner .

sha pe of bars a n d pours a la er of gela ,


a powder as fine as flour is obtai ned ,
ti n gl ue a nd water so l u b e varnis h
, ,

which d oes not ca ke t ogether T his .

over the carbide bars O thers make .


powdere d ca m phor may be us ed for all
s hells contai ning a certai n qua ntity of purposes exce pt for s ol uti on i n al cohol ,

reduced ca rbide For this ordi na ry an d .


as it will i m part to the latter a fai nt opal
varnis hed a ste bo a r d wa x pa er ti n , ,
e sce n ce o w mg to the i ns ol ubility of the
foil thi n s e e t zi nc a nd si mi a r sub
,

, ,
petrolatum .

sta nces may be us ed which ward o ff II —T a ke e qual parts of stron ether


.

atmos pheric moisture thus protecting ,


a nd al co h ol to reduce t he ca mp or to
the carbide from pre mature d e c o mpo powder I t is cl ai me d for this meth od
.

siti ou Before use the cartridge -l i ke


.
,
that it o n l takes one -half of the time
shel l is pierced or cut open s o that the .
req ui red w e n al cohol al one is used a nd
water can get at the contents T he .

that the ca m phor dries m ore ui c kl y


,

Before sifti ng a d d 1 per cent (ii white


.

more or l ess red uced carbide is fill ed i n


the s hell either with out any ad mixture
,
vaseli ne and 5 per ce nt of s ugar of mil k .

or united i nto a co m pact mass by a bi nd T riturate fairly d ry s prea d out i n the air ,
i ng agent such as col oph ony pitch tar
, , , ,
say 1 5 mi nutes the n pass thro u gh a
,

sa nd etc , .

m oderately fine wire sie ve usi ng a stubby


,

D eo d ori zatio n of Cal ci u m Ca rbi d e


,

s havin brus h to assist i n worki ng it


g
.

Calci u m carbi de i s known to possess a t h r o ug l


CA MPH OR— CA NDLES 145

Ca mph o r Po ma d e B utter fres h ( u m ,

O i l of bitter al m onds d rach m . 1 salted ) 3 parts


O il of cl oves d rops 20 Honey q uantity s u fficient to ma ke
,

Ca mph or ounces 1} a sti ff paste .

White wa x
.

ounces . 4 Th e i ngredients are worked i nto a


Lard prepared pound
, . 1 stiff paste whic h is pressed through a
,

M elt the wa x a nd lard together then ,


c ola nder or large sieve to gra nulate the
a dd the ca m ph or i n saturated s ol ution mass .S ome a dd to every 5 pounds ,

in s pirit ; put in the oils whe n nearly 1 0 or 1 5 grains of saffron a nd the yol ks
ul d .
of 2 eggs .

Ca mph or Ice . CANAR Y BIRD S AND THEI R D IS


I — White wa x
.
1 6 parts .
EAS E S :
Benzoated s uet 4 8 pa rts S e e Veteri na ry Formulas .

Ca m phor powdered 8 parts , .


CAND LES
Essential O i l to perf u me , .

Colori n g Ceresi ne Candle s for th e


M elt the wa x a nd s uet together Ch ristmas Tree — For c ol ori ng these
When nea rl y c ol d a d d the ca m ph or a nd
.
.

, ca ndles only dye stu ff s s ol uble i n oil


perfume mi x well a nd pour i nto mol ds
, , .
can be e mpl oye d Bl ue : 23 —2 4 la v .

II — O il of al mon d
. 1 6 parts ender bl ue pale or da rk 1 00 — 1 2 0 parts
White wa x
.
, ,

4 parts er arts of ceresi ne Vi olet : 26 .

S permaceti 4 parts . ast vi olet 1 50 parts per parts of


Para ffi ne 8 parts
. ceresi ne S il ver gray : 2 9 sil ver gray
.
,

Ca m phor powdered 1 part


, .
1 5 0 pa rts per parts of ceresi ne .

Perfume q ua ntity s u fficient, . Yell ow a nd ora nge : 3 0 wax yell ow me


d i u m 2 00 parts er
,

D iss ol ve t he ca m phor i n the oil by the parts of cere


si ne ; 6 1 ol d gol d 2 0 0 parts per
,

aid of a gentl e heat M elt t he s olids t o . ,

gether re m ove a nd l et cool but before


, , ,
parts of ceresi ne Pi nk a nd red : .

the mixture begi ns t o set a dd the ca m 27 peac h -pi nk or 2 9 cha mois a bout 1 00 , ,

ph o ra t e d oil a n d the perfume mix a nd , ,


parts pe r parts of ceresi ne G reen : .

pour into m ol ds 1 6 — 1 7 brillia nt green 3 3 M a y green 4 1 , ,

M a y green 200 —2 5 0 parts per


.

III — S tea ri ne (stearic aci d ) 8 pou nds ,

parts of ceresi ne T h e ab ove na med


.

-
Lard 1 0 pounds
.

White wa x 5 pounds
c ol ors s hould be rou nd i n oil a nd the
ceresine tinted wit the m afterwards
.

S permaceti 5 pounds
.

M elt on a water bath i n a n earthen or Manufacture of Com posite Pa r a fii n e


porcelai n dis h ; strai n i nto a si mila r ves Can d l es — T hree parts of hydroxy
.

sel ; add a s ol uti on of 2 ounces powdered stearic acid are diss ol ved i n 1 part of a
bora x i n 1 pound of glyceri ne previ ously ,
s uita ble s ol vent ( e stearic aci d ) a nd .
,

war med to the melted s ubsta nce when at


,
t he s ol uti on is mixe with pa r a ffi n e wa x
the point of c ooling ; stir well ; a dd cam t o form a stoc k for the ma nufacture of
phor 2 poun ds powdered by mea ns of
, ,
c om posite ca ndl es .

alcohol 3 ou nces ; stir well a n d pour i nto


, Tra n spare nt Ca n d le s — Th e foll owi ng
mol ds . re two reci pes gi ven i n a G erma n
a t en t s pecificati on T h e figures de .

note parts by weight :


.I — Para ffi ne wax 70 ; stearine 1 5 ; , ,

CAMP H OR S UB STITUTE S I N THE petrol eu m 1 5 , .

P R EPARATION OF CELL UL OI D : I I — Pa r a ffi n e wa x 90 ; steari ne 5 ;


.
, ,

S e e Cell ul oi d . petrol eum 5 Recipe I of c ourse gi ves


, .

ca ndl es m ore tra ns parent tha n does


CAMPH OR A ND R H UBAR B AS A reci pe I I T h e 1 5 per cent may be r e
R EM ED Y FOR CH OLEPA
.

garded as the extreme li mit c onsistent


S e e C h olera Remedies .

with proper s oli dity of the ca ndles .

CAN VAR NIS H To Pre ve nt th e Tri ck li ng of Bur n i n g


S e e Varnishes .
Can d le s — D i p the ca ndles in the fol
CANARY-BI RD PAS TE . l owi ng mixture :
Th e foll owi ng is a formula much used M a gnesi um s ul phate 1 5 parts
by G erma n ca nary bird raisers : - -
D extri n 1 5 parts
S we et al m onds ,
Water o o o o o o o o o 1 00 pa rts
T h e s ol ution dries q uickly a nd does
not affect the b urni ng of the ca n d l e .
14 6 CA ND LE— CA RA MELS

Can d le Col ori n g — Ca ndles are col ored CANVAS WATERPROOFING


S ee Waterproofing
.

either throughout or they s ometimes .

c onsist of a white b ody that is covered


with a c ol ored layer of para ffi ne wa x .
CA OUTCH OUC
According to the material from whic h S e e Rubber .

ca ndles are made (steari ne pa r a ffi n e


S OL UTI ON FOR
,

or ozokerite ) t he process of col ori ng


,
CAO UTCH O UC
,

varies PAINTS :
S e e Pai nt
.

S tearine owi ng to its aci d character


.

, ,

diss ol ves the coal -ta r col ors much more


readily than do the perfectly neutral par CAPPING M IX TUR ES FOR B OTTLE S
S e e B ottle -Ca ppi ng M i xtures
a tfi n e and oz okerite wa xes For col ori ng .
.

steari ne the necessary qua ntity of th e CAPS ULE VARNI S H


col or is added to the melted mass and S e e Varnish e s
well stirred i h if the s ol uti on e ff ecte d
.
'

ha ppe ns to be i ncom plete s mall a ddi , a


CAR AMEL
ti on of alcohol will prove a n e ff ective
Clo ud les s Ca rame l Color i n g —I
r e me d I t is als o a n a dva ntage to dis
. .

s ol ve tlie col ors previously i n alc ohol a nd Whe n it is perfectly u nderstood that i n
a dd the concentrated s ol ution to the the ma nufacture of ca ra mel s u ar is to ,

melted stea ri ne T h e alcohol soon eva p be de prived of the one mo l e c u e of its


water of constitution it will be a pparent
.

orates a nd has no injurious effect on ,


,

t he quality of the steari ne .


that heat must not be ca rrie d on to the
For a number of years there have been poi nt of carbonizati on C l oudy cara .

on the market so calle d -



fat col ors ”
,
mel is d ue t o the fact that pa rt of the
formed by maki ng concentrate d s ol u s ugar has been diss ociated a nd reduced
tions of the color a nd als o s pecia l rep to carb on which is i nsol uble i n water
,
.

a r a t i o n s of the col ors i n stearine hey .


He nce the cl oudi ness ; Cara mel may be
are more easily a pplied a nd are there , ,
made on a s mall scal e i n the foll owing
fore preferred t o the powdered a niline ma nner : Place 4 or 5 ounces of gr a n u
,

col ors whic h a re a pt t o cause troubl e by


,
lated sugar i n a shall ow porcelai n-lined
bei ng acci dentall y distributed i n sol uble eva porating dis h a nd a pply either a

a r ti cl e s W here they are not wa nted direct heat or that of a n oil bath con ,

gi nce para ffi ne a nd ozokerite dissolve


.
,
tin n i ng the heat u ntil cara melizati on
c om parati ve] littl e they will not be ,
ta kes place or u ntil tu mesce nce ceases
c ome col ore a nd s o must be col ore d a nd the mass has assu med a dark -brown
i ndirectly O n e way is to diss ol ve the
.
col or T hen carefully a dd s u fficient
.

water to bri ng the v i sci d mass to the


'

col or i n oleic acid or i n stearine acid a nd


a dd the s ol ution t o the wax to be col c onsiste nce of a hea vy syrup E xtreme .

ca r e must be ta ke n a nd t h e face a nd
ored T urpenti ne may be employed for
.

the same u r po s e Concerning t h e colors ha nds protecte d during the addi ti on of


s uitable fi n candles there are the c o si n e
.

,
the water owi ng to the i ntensity of the
,

col ors previously menti oned a n d als o ,


heat of the mass a n d c onse que nt s put ,

c h r o li n e yel l ow a ura mine t a n ili n e bl ue


, , ,
teri ng .

tartrazine brillia nt green etc T h e


, , . I I — T h e ordi nary s ugar col ori ng
.

latter however bleaches s o ra pidly that


, , material is ma de from s u gar or glucose
it ca n hardly be recommended An . by heating it while bei ng c onstantly
,

i nteresting phenomenon is the cha nge stirred up to a tem perature of a bout


,

s ome col ors undergo i n a warm te m 4 05 F


°
A metal pa n ca pa bl e of h olding
.

pe r a t ur e ; for i nsta nce some blues turn , nearly te n ti mes a s much as the sugar .

red at a m oderate degree of heat ( 1 2 0 °


used is necessary s o as t o retai n th e
,

F ) a n d return to bl ue o n l when com


. mass i n its s wolle n c onditi on As soon .

pl e te l y cool ed o ff ; this wi l be noticed as it f roths u p s o as nea rly to fill the pa n ,

whi l e the ca ndle mixture is bei ng melted a n act i on wh i ch occurs s uddenly the fire ,

previ ous to moldi ng into ca ndles . must i nsta ntly be e xti nguis hed or r e
m oved Th e finis hed r o d u ct will be
i n ol ubl e if m ore tha n a b
.

CAND LES (F UMIGATI NG ) s out 1 5 per ce nt


S ee Fumiga nts .
of i ts weight is dri ve n o ff by the heat .

CAND Y COL ORS AND FLAVORS CARAMEL IN F OOD


S e e C onfectionery .
S e e Food .

CAND Y CARA MEL S


S e e C onfectionery . S e e C onfecti onery .
1 48 C A S EIN

CARRIAGE -TOP D RES S ING l os e may be i nc orporate d with i t by t h is


S e e Leather . process produci ng a ne w compound
, ,

cheaper tha n pure cell ul os e although


CARRON OI L o sse ss i n the sa me properties a nd capa
,

S e e C os metics
b
,

l e of rep aci ng it i n all its a pplicati ons


.
.

CAS E H ARD ENING Accordi ng to t h e results desired in


'

S e e S teel . tra nspare ncy c ol or hard ness etc the , , , .


,

most s uita bl e casei nate sh ould be select


ed T h us if a tra nsl ucent compound is
.
,

to be obtai ned the casei nate of al umina


Ca sei n
,

yields the best If a white com pound is .

desired t h e casei nate of zinc or of mag


, ,

D rie d Casei n , its Ma nufa cture a n d n es i a s houl d be chosen ; a nd for col ored
,

Uses —For the prod uction of casei n


. , prod ucts the casei nates of iron copp e r ,

s ki m me d mil k or buttermilk is used , a nd nickel will gi ve varied tints .

a rticles of slight val ue as they ca nnot be , T h e process employed for the n e w prod
e mpl oye d for feedi ng hogs or for ma ki ng nets with a base of cell ul oid a nd casei n
,

cheese exce pt of a very i nferi or s ort of


, , ate is as foll ows : O n one ha nd casein is
,

little or no ali mentive qualities T his . dissolved i n solution of ca ustic soda ( 1 00


a

mil k is heated to from 7 0 to 9 0 C ° °


. parts of water for 1 0 to 2 5 parts of sod a ) ,

( 1 75 — 1 95
°
a nd s ul ph uric or hydro
°
a nd this li quid is filtere d to separate the
c hl oric acid is adde d until it no l onger matters not diss olve d a nd the i m purities .

ca uses r e ci pi t a t i o n T h e preci pitate O n the other ha nd a salt of the base of


is was he sto free it from resi dual lactose
.
,

, which the casei nate is desired is dis


red i ss o l ved i n a s odi um carbonate s ol u sol ved a nd the s ol uti on filtered I t is
,
.

tion a nd a gai n preci pitated this ti me by


, , well not t o o e r a t e on too c oncentrated a
lactic acid It is a gai n was he d dried
. . , sol ution T e two s ol uti ons are mixed
.

a nd pul verized It ta kes 8 gallons of . in a receptacl e provi ded with a mechan


s ki m med mil k to ma ke 1 pound of dry ical sti rrer i n order t o obtai n the i n
,

casein . soluble caseinate preci pitate i n as finely


I n th e ma nufacture of fa ncy pa pers , divided a state as possible T his pre ci p .

or pa pers that are made to i mitate the i ta t e s houl d be washed thoroughly so ,

a p e a r a n ce of vari ous cl oths laces , , as to free it from the s oda salt formed by
an sil ks casei n is very widely used
, . d ouble decom positi on b ut on account of ,

It is also largely used in waterproof its gum my or pasty state this washin ,

ing tiss ues for preparati on of water resents certain difficulties an d shoul
p
, ,

proof prod ucts a nd va rious articles , e done carefully After the washing .

prepared from aggl omerati on of cork the mass is freed fro m the greater part
( pack i ng b oa rds With lime water , of water contai ned by draini ng foll owed , ,

casei n makes a glue that resists heat , by dryi ng or ener etic ressing ; then it
,

stea m etc It als o enters i nto the ma nu


, .
is washed i n alco o l rie d or pressed ,

facture of the va rious a rticl es made from again a nd is ready to be i ncorporated in


,

arti fi cial i vory ( billiard balls co mbs , , the plastic mass of the cell ul oi d .

toilet boxes i mitatio n of cellul oid


, , For the latter i m mersi on a n d washing
meerscha um etc a nd is finding new , .
, it has been fou nd that a n a dditi on of 1 to
uses every day . 5 per cent of b ora x is a dva ntageous for it ,

Casein as known may act the part


, , renders the mass more plastic a nd facil ,

of a n aci d a nd c ombi ne with bases to i t a te s the opera t i on of mixing T his .

form casei nates or caseates ; a m ong these may be cond ucted in a mi xi ng a ppara
c o m pou nds casei nates of potash of , , tus ; b ut i n practice it is fou nd prefer
, ,

s oda a nd of a m monia are the only ones


, able to e ff ect it with a rolli ng mill oper ,
s ol uble i n water ; all the others a re ins ol ati n as foll ows :
u ble a nd may be rea dily pre pare d by T e nitro -cell ul ose is i ntroduced in
dou ble d ecomposition T hus for ex .
, the plastic state a n d m oistened with a ,
a m ple to o btai n caseinate of al umina it
, soluti on of ca mph or i n alc oho l (40 to 5 0
is sufficient to a dd to a s olution of casei n arts of ca m phor i n 5 0 to 7 0 of alcohol
i n caustic s oda a solution of sul phate of , or 1 0 0 of nitro -cell u l ose ) as it is prae
al umi na ; a n i ns ol ubl e preci pitate of c a ti ced i n cellul oi d factories .

sei n or casei nate O f al umi na is instantly


, , T his plastic mass of nitro -cell ulose is
formed .
placed i n a rolli ng mill the cylinders of ,
T his preci pitate ought to be free d wh i ch a re slightly heated at the same
from the sul phate of soda (formed by t i me as the casei nate pre pa red as ab ove ; ,
d ouble deco mpositi on ) by mea ns of pro , th en the whole mass is worked by the
l onge d was hi ng Pure ordinary ce l l u .
, cyl i nders u ntil the mixture of the two
CA S T ING 1 49

is per fectl h o mo ge n eo us, a nd the final a nd mi xed with the s ol uti on u ntil it is
g
'

mass is su ii ci e n tly ha rd to be dra wn out i nti mately i ncorporated a nd the mass


in leaves i n the sa me way as practice d becomes uniform T h e compou nd is .

for ure cel l ul oid . dried i n a c urrent of hot air or in any ,

hese leaves are pl aced i n hydraulic other way that will not discolor it a nd it ,

resses W here they a re c ompressed is groun d t o a fine o wd e r T h e inti


first hot then col d a nd the bl ock thus
, , .

, , mate u nion of the p 0 8 horic aci d a nd


formed is afterwards c ut into leaves of the casei n d uri ng the gra ual concentra
thickness desired T hese lea ves a re . ti on of the mi xture a nd during the grind
drie d in a n a pparatus i n t h e sa me way i n g a nd dryi ng rem oves the hydroscopic
,

as ordi n ary cell ul oid T h e prod uct . property of the phosphoric acid a nd ,

resembles cell ul oi d and has all its prop , produces a dry and stable product ,

er ti e s At 90 to 1 0 0 C ( 1 9 4 to 2 1 2
° °
.
° °
which may be regarded as a h ype r ph o s
When it is mixed with
.

it becomes quite lastic a nd is phate of casei n


I t may b
.
,

easily molded e sa wed filed water it s wells a nd dissol ves sl owly


,
.

Whe n this c om pound is mi ngled with i ts


.
, ,

turned and carved without di ffi culty


, ,

and takes on a s uperb polish I t burns . equi vale nt of sodiu m bicarbonate it


less readily tha n cell uloi d a nd its com ,
yiel ds a bout 1 7 per ce nt of gas .

bustibili ty di mi nis hes i n proporti on as CAS EI N CE MENTS


the percentage of casei nate i ncreases ; S e e Adhesives
finally the cost price is l ess tha n that of
.

celluloid a nd by usi ng a large r o po r ti o n


,
CAS EIN VAR NIS H
S e e Va r n i s hes

of caseinate products may e ma nu ,


.

fa ctur e d at an e xtre mely l ow cost .

CASK S
Ph osphate of Case i n a n d i ts Pro To R e n d er S hr un k e n Woode n Cas k s
du ction — T h e process is designed to
.
Watertigh t — When a woode n rece tacl e
produce a strongly acid co mpound of has dried up it naturally ca nnot ho d the
phosphoric acid and casei n practically ,
water poured i nto it for the purpose of
stable and not h y d r o sc o i c which may ,
s welli ng it a nd the pouri ng has to be
,

be em loyed as a n aci i ngredie nt i n repeated man ti mes before the desired


bakers p yeast a nd for other u r po ses .
end is r e a c h e A m uch nicker way is
T h e phosphoric aci d may e obtai ned to st u fl’ t he receptacl e full 0 stra w or ba d
hay layi n a stone on top a nd then filling
the vesse? with water Althou gh the
by any convenient method ; for exa m l e ,
,

b d e co mpo si n dicalci c or mo n o ca cic .

py osph a te wit s ul phuric aci d T h e .


water runs o ff agai n the m oi stened ,

commercial phos phoric aci d may als o be stra w re mai ns behi nd a nd greatly assists
m
e loyed
phe casei n may be preci pitated from
.
the s welling up of the wood
CASS I US , P URP L E OF :
.

the skimmed mi l k by mea ns of a s uita ble S e e G ol d .

acid and s hould be was he d with col d


,

water to re move i m purities A casei n .


CAS K ET TR I MMI NGS
ate may als o be e mpl oyed such as a S e e Casti ngs .

co m o u n d of cas ei n a nd a n alkali or CASTS (PLASTER ) PR ES E RVATI ON ,

an a kaline earth .
OF
T h e ne w compound is produced i n the S ee Plaster .

followi ng way : A s ufli ci e n t qua ntity of


phos phoric acid is i nc orporated with the CASTS , R EPAI RING OF B R OK EN
casein or a casei nate i n s uch a way as to S e e Adhesives a n d L utes .

insure s u ffi cie nt acidity i n the resulting CAS TS FR O M WAX MOD ELS


compound T h e e mpl oyme nt of 23 to
.
S e e M odeling .

25 arts by weight of ph os ph oric aci d


wit 7 5 to 7 7 parts of casein constitutes
a good proporti on
Ca sti n g
.

An a que ous s ol ution of ph os ph ori c


acid is made a nd the casei n i ntroduced
Ca stin gs O ut of Vari o us M etal s — Un
,

in the proporti on of 2 5 to 5 0 per cent of .

the w ei ht of the phos phoric aci d res til recent years metal castings were all
ent T e mixture is then heated til the
.
made in sand molds ; that is the patterns ,

curdled form of the casei n disa pea rs ,


were use d for the i mpressi ons in the
and it ass umes a uniform fl ui form .
sa nd the sa me as iron casti ngs are pro
,

Then the mi xture is c oncentrated to a d uc e d to -day N early all of the softer


.

s rupy co n si ste n c T h e re mai nder of metals are now cast i n bra ss cop er
ty
, ,
'

. e ca s ei n or of t e caseinate is a dded
zi nc or iron mol ds a nd o n ly the s ver
, ,
1 50 CASTING

a nd G erma n sil ver articles like wire ,


sh oul d b e well smdk ed over a gaslig ht ,

real bronze are cast the ol d way i n san d


, , . or u ntil well c overe d with a layer of s oot ,

Al umi nu m ca n be readily cast i n iron a nd the metal s houl d be poured i n as


mol ds esp e cially if the m ol ds have been
,
cool 3 state as it will r un
. .

previously heate d to nearly the sa me To Pr e ve n t th e A dh esio n o f Mo deli n


g
.

Sa n d to Ca sti n gs — Use a mi xture o


tem peratur e as the molte n al um i num ,

and after the molds a re full the metal i s finel y grou nd c oke a nd ra hi te Al
though the former materiag is p
.

c ool ed graduall y a nd the casting ta ke n ighly por


out as s oon as c ooled enou h to prevent
breaki ng from the s hrin g
ous possessi ng this quality eve n as a
age Lar e .
,

fine o w d er a nd th e fine pul ve r izati on


,
bicycl e fra mes hav e b een succes sful y is a i ffi c ul t operati on sti l l the invention ,
cast i n this ma nner .
attains its purpose of prod ucing a n a b
T h e Fre nch b ronzes which a re i mi ,
so l ute l y s mooth s urface T his is s e .

ta ti o n s are cast i n copper or brass m ol ds


,
.

com plishe d by mi xing both s ubstances


T h e materi al use d is pri nci pally zi nc a nd inti mately a n d a ddi ng mel te d rosin ,
ti n a nd a n unli mited num ber of casti ngs
,
whereupon the wh ole mass is expos e d to
ca n be made i n th e m ol d b ut if a real ,
heat s o that the rosi n decom poses i ts
bronze piece is to be produced it must be ,

ca rb on resid ue filli ng up the finest ores


,

out of copper an d the m ol d ma de i n of the coke T h e rosi n i n me ting .


, ,
sand T o make the cas ti ngs holl ow
. ,
carries the fi n e gra phite parti cl es along
with sa nd a core is re qui red T his fi ll s
, .
i nto the p or es After cooling the mass .

the i nside of the figure s o that the m olte n is fi rst ground in edge mills then again in
cop er ru ns a round it a n d as the c or e is ,
a s uita bl e ma nner a n d si f ted S ur
,

ma e out of sa nd th e same ca n be a fter


,
prisi ng res ul ts are obta ined with this
wards washed out If the casting is to be
.
materi al I t i s a d visabl e to ta ke pro
h oll ow a nd is to be cast in a metal mol d
.

o r ti o n a t el y littl e gra phite as the dif


,

then the r o ce ss is very si m ple T h e ,

m ol d is filled with molte n metal a nd


.

erc ut c c -e fii ci e n ts of ex pansion of the


,
two s ubsta nces ma easil y exercis e a d is
whe n the operator thinks the desire d tur bi n g a cti on n e -fifth of gra phite ,
thickness has c ooled next to the wall s he
.

,
i n res pect to the whol e mass gives the ,
pours out the bal ance A n exp e rienced .

best results but it is a dvisa bl e to add


ma n ca n ma ke h oll ow castings in this ple nty of r osi n
,

T h e li q ui d mixture
way a n d ma ke the wal ls of a ny thick
.

,
m ust before b urni ng possess the con
, ,
ness .
sistency of m orta r
Casket hardware tri mmi ngs which
.

S an d Hole s in Ca st-Bra ss Work


,

a r e s o exte nsi ve] used on coffins es , .

pe ci a ll y the ha nd es are nearly all cast , Cast—brass work when it pres e nts nu ,

out of ti n a nd a nti mony and i n brass , mer o us a nd d ee p sand h oles sh ould be ,

mol ds T h e metal used is brittl e a nd well di pped into the di pi n a ci d before


b ei ng o li sh e d i n o r dg r tfi
. ,

requires str e n gth e n i n at the weak por o r o ughl y to


,

ti ons a nd this is m ost y d one with wood


, clea n t ese obj ecti ona bl e cavities ; and
filli ng or with iron rods which are , the pol i s hing sh oul d b e pushed to an ex
se cure d i n the m ol ds -before the met a l is te nt su fli ci e n t to obliter ate the small er
'

poure d i n . sand h ol es if p ossibl e as this class of


, ,

Alu mi num castings which one has , work l ooks very u nsi htl y when late d ,

proc ured at the f oundries are us ually and finished if i tte a ll over wit mi
m
, ,

alloyed with zi nc T hi s has a cl ose a n


. n ute h oll ows he larger h ol es cannot
.
,

ity with al umi num a nd all oys rea dily ; , without c onsi dera bl e la bor be o bli ter ,

b ut this mixture is a detri me nt an d ated ; i ndeed it not i n f reque ntly ha ppe ns


While
,

ca uses much troubl e afterwards . that i n e ndea vori ng to work out s uch
_

this alloy assis ts the m ol der to produce ca vi ti es the become e nl arged a s they ,

his casti ngs easil y on the other hand it, ofte n exten dee p i nto t he bod y of the
will not polis h wel l a nd will corrod e i n metal A n e xperi ence d ha nd knows
.

a short ti me T hos e diffic ulties ma y be


. h ow far he dare go i n polis hing work of
a voided if pure al umi nu m is used . th i s a wkward cha ract er .

Plaster of Pa ris mol ds are the easies t


made for pieces where onl y a few cast B l a ck Wa sh fo r Ca sti n g Molds .

G umi a o 1 part ; w ood s piri t 2 parts


i ngs are wa nted T h e onl y diffi c ul ty is
.
,
.
,

that it re quires a f ew d a ys to d r y the la m pblack i n s u ffi cie nt quantity to col or


, .

laster thoroughl y a n d th at is a bso , Ho w to Ma k e a Pla ster Ca st of a Co in


ute l y necessary to use them s uccessfully . or Me da l — T h e m ost exact o bserv
.

Not onl y ca n the s ofter metals be ru n a nce of a n y w ritte n or pri nte d directi ons
i nto plaster m ol ds but ol d a nd sil v e r , is n o guarantee o f s uccess Prac tice .

ca n be ru n i nto t h em plaster mol d .


al one ca n gi ve expertness i n th i s work .
1 52 CAS TI NG

metal the d r e sses s h oul d all b e save d


, , c asti n g urpo ses T h i s i s d o n e by .

a nd melted d own whe n there is enough placi ng t e m ol d face d own wa rd on a


for a kettle f ull D ross may be reme lte d .
charc oal fire or by s wa bbi ng with sul
.

five or si x times before all the good h ur i c acid t he n placin g over a as


game or charc oal fire unti l the m ol is
,

meta l is out .

perfectly o xi dized
F ue1 — Where a good s oft coal can be
.

I V — A good s ubsta ntia l m ol d for


ha d at a l ow price as in the middl e West
.
.

, ,
s mall ca sti ngs of s oft meta l is made of
this is perhaps the chea pest and easi est brass T h e expense of ma ki ng the cast
fuel to use ; a nd besi des it has s om e a d
.

, ,
m ol d is c onsidera ble h owever and on , , ,
va nta ges over as which is s o m uc h use d ,
that acc ount s om e ma n uf a cturers are
,
i n t h e Ea st s oft-coal fire ca n be regu
.
ma king thei r mol ds by electro -deposition .

lated t o keep the metal at a n even tem T his produces a m uch chea er mold
a nd it is es pecially handy to which ca n be ma de v e r y qui cp
,
e r a tu r e
p ly The
l:l o wever is very
, . .

e e p the metal i n a m olte n s tate d ur i ng


e l ectro -deposited mold , ,
the n oon hour T his refers particularl y .
f ra il i n comparis on w ith a brass ca sti n g
to the gas furnaces that are operated a nd cons equently m ust be handl ed very
,

from th e power plant i n th e sh o ; whe n


this power shuts d own durin tp
carefull y t o keep its sha pe T h e el e c .

e noon _
tro—d eposited ones are ma de o ut of c o p
h our the meta l becomes c fil ed a n d ,
per a nd th e backs filled i n wi th a softer
much ti me is l ost by the remelti n g after ,

metal T h e ha ndl es are secure d with


.

one o cl ock or at the beginni ng i n the


,
s crews .
morning .

M ol d s — I B rass m ol ds f or the cast


. .
Pla ster Molds — Casti ngs o f any metal.

ca n be d one i n a laster m ol d provid ed


the m ol d has drie d at a m oderate heat
i ng of s oft metal orna ments out of bri ,

ta nnia pewter s pelter etc sh oul d be


, , , .
,
, ,

made out of brass that contai ns enough for several days S m oke the m old well .

zi nc to produce a light-col ored brass with a bran d of rosi n to i nsure a ful l


cast Where there a re onl y one or two
.

Whil e th i s hard brass is more di fficult .

for the m ol d maker to cut the superior ,


orna me nts or figures t o cast it may be ,

ity over the dark red copper-colored brass d one i n a m ol d ma de out of dental plaster .

After the m ol d is ma de a nd set e n o u b


s o that it ca n be take n a part it shoul d b
is that it will stand m ore heat and
rougher usage a nd thereb y o ff set the e ,

extra labor of c utti ng the hard brass pl aced i n a warm pl ace a nd left to dry
Whe n rea dy to use
.

T h e mol d shoul d be hea vy enough to r e for a day or two .

tai n s ufficient heat while the worker the i nside s houl d b e w el l s moked over
is rem ovi ng a finished casti ng fro m the a
ga sli ht ; the m ol d s h oul d be well
m ol d so that the next pouri ng will com e warm e an d the m etal m ust n ot be too
full If the m ol d is too li ht it cools
.
h ot. Very good castings may be o h
more quickl y a nd c o n se qu e n y the cast t a i n e d this w a y ; the onl y obj ecti on bein
,

i n s are ch i lle d a nd Wi ll not run full .


the length of tim e nee ded f or a th o r o ug
W ere the molds are heavy enon h they dryi ng of the m ol d .

will a dmit the use of a s wab a n water


Temperatur e M eta ls for
of Meta l —
.

after each pouring T his chills the .


.

ca stin s o that it ca n be removed eas il y casti n purposes sh oul d not be over


h e a te If a ny of the s oft e r metals show
with t e l ers .

II 0 d s f or th e use of s oft meta l


bl ue col ors after cooli ng it is a n i ndi
cati on that th e metal is too h ot T h e
.

castin gs may b e ma de out of s oft metal .

metal s houl d b e heate d e n o u b s o that it


.

T his i s done with a rticles that are not


numerous or not ofte n used ; a nd may ca n be o ur e d a n d the fi n i s ed casting
,
,

be l ooked u on as temporary T h e .
have u ri ht cl ea n a ppearance T h e
.
, .

m ol ds are ma e i n part the same as whe n m ol d may e very wa rm the n the metal ,

of brass a nd out of ti n that contai ns as need not be s o hot for bright clea n cast ,

i n gs S ome of th e me tals will not sta nd


,

m uc h harde ni ng as possible T h e hard .

reheati ng too often as this will ca use them


. .

cuing consists of a ntimony a nd copper ,

to run sl uggis h Brita nn ia m etal shoul d


.

T his meta l mold m ust be pai nted over .

s everal ti mes with S panis h red which n ot be ski m me d or s tirred too much ,

tends to prevent the metal from melt


,
otherwise there w il l b e t oo m uc h l oss in
t h e dross
i ng Th e metal must n ot be used too
.
.

hot otherwise it will melt the m ol d By


, .
CASTING I N WAX
a littl e careful ma ni pulati on ma n y pieces S ee M odeli ng .

ca n be cast with these m ol ds .

I I I — N e w iron or brass mol ds must


.
CA STINGS , TO S OFTEN IR ON :
be bl ue d b ef ore t hey ca n be use d for S ee I ron .
CASTOR OIL 1 53

CASTOR Oi l . Ad d a pint o f h ot water a nd shake vi g


o r o us l y f or ab out
Pur ifyin g Ra n ci d Castor 0 i l —T o .
~ 1 5 min utes T hen .

cl ean ranci d castor oil mi x 1 00 parts o f pour the mixture i nto a vessel with a
the oil at 95 F wit h a mi xture of 1 part
°
.
stopcoc k a t its base a nd all ow the mi x ,

of alcohol ( 96 per cent ) a nd 1 part of t ure to sta n d for 1 9 h ours D ra w o ff . .

sul phuric aci d All ow t o settl e for 24 the oil e xce pti n g the last porti on which
, ,

must be r ej ecte d D iss ol ve the essential


.

hours a nd then ca refull y d eca nt from .

the pre ci pita te N o w wash with warm .


oils an d saccha ri ne in the col ogne s pirit
water bo d i n g for Q h our ; all o w t o settl e a nd add to the washed castor o i l .

II — Fi rst pre a re a n aromati c solution


,

for 2 4 hours i n w ell cl os ed vessels after .


.

which ti me t h e purified oil ma y be ta ken o f sacchari ne as o ll o ws

oil . Refined sacc hari ne 2 5 parts .

5 parts
How to Pour Out Castor 0 i1 —An y one .
Absol ute alcoh ol 95 0 parts .

who has tri e d to pour castor oil from a O i l of ci nna m o n 2 0 parts


square 5 ga l l on ca n whe n it is full
,
-
, ,

knows how di ffi cul t it is t o a voi d a m ess D iss ol ve the sacchari ne a nd va nilli n
i n the al cohol then add the ci nna mon oil
.

This however may be a voi de d by hav


, ,
. .

ing a hol e unc hed i n the ca p which a gitate well a nd filter O f this li qui d ad d .

screws onto tp e ca n a n d a t ube 2 i nches , ,


2 0 parts to 9 8 0 part s of castor oil a n d
long and i of a n i nch i n dia meter s ol ,
mix by agitation Castor oil li ke cod . ,

dered on With a wire nail a h ol e i s l i ver oil may be rendered nearly ta s te


,

l ess i t is clai med by treati ng it as fol


.

punched i n the top of the ca n between the , ,

screw ca p and the edge of the ca n T his .


l ows : I n to a matrass of s uita bl e size put
5 0 arts of freshly roaste d co ffee ground
as p
will admit ai r while pouri ng Restin g .
,

n a as possi bl e an d 2 5 arts of puri


the can on a tabl e w it h th e screw-ca p ,
,

fi e d and freshly pre a re d one or i vory


tube to th e rea r th e ca n is carefull y tilte d ,

forward with o ne h a nd a nd the s hop black Pour over t e mass


. arts
bottle hel d i n the other I n this way the of the oil to be d eodorized a nd re n ered
tasteless and mi x C ork the container
.

bottle may be fill e d with out S pilli ng a ny , .

of th e oil a nd that too w ith out a funn e l .


tightly put on a water bath an d raise
, ,

It is prefera bl e to rest the ca n on a ta bl e


, ,
the tem er a t ur e to about 1 40 F K eep °
.

when po ur i n from a l or Q gall on - a t this ca t from 1 5 to 2 0 mi nutes then ,

square va r n i s ca n w hen fil li ng s hop let cool d own sl owl y t o at whic h


, ,

bottles With the o e n i n g to the rea r


,
tem perature l et sta nd for 3 h ours .

th e can is likewis e ti ii e d forwa rd sl owly


,
Fi nally filter a nd put u p i n s mall well
.

, ,

so as to all ow the surface of the li quid to stoppered bottles .

“ ”
become at rest Eve n m obile l i q ui ds . , I l I — Va nilli n
. .

such as s pi rits o f turpenti ne may be , G a r a n to se


poured into s h op b ottl es with out a f u n O l me n th pi p . . . .

n el O f c ours e th e mai n thi ng is that


.
, Al co h o li s
the can be l owered sl owly otherwise th e , O l r i ci n us . .

first portion may s purt out over th e bo t Ol o li vz


e (i m .

tle With 5 -gall on roun d cans i t i s


_

. ported ) qua n ,

possible to fill s hop b ottles i n th e sa m e tity s u fficient


manner by resti n the ca n on a box or M ft s ol
counter When a l u n n el is used for non
. . .

.
M i x va nilli n ga r a n to se o l me n th, , . .

gres s li qui ds the fun nel may be sl i ghtl y


pi p with alcohol a nd add castor oil an d
,
.

raise Wi th th e thu m b a nd l i ttl e fin er


from the nec k of the bottle while h og
ol i ve oil .

,
D ose : O n e drachm to 2 fl u i d o un ce s .

i n g the b ottl e by the neck between th e


mi ddl e a nd ri ng fingers t o all ow egress , I V —T h e f oll o wing keeps well :
.

Castor oil 2 4 parts


Tastel e ss Castor Oil .
G l yceri ne 2 4 parts
T i n cture of ora nge
I — Pure castor oil
. . 1 i nt ee l 8 pa r ts
C ol ogne s pirit ui d o u n ce s 8 p
T i nctu re of senega 2 part s
O i l of wi nter Cinnamon w ater
reen 40 m i n i ms . .
enough to ma ke 1 00 parts
O i of sassa fras 2 0 m i n i ms
M i x a nd ma ke a n e m ulsion D ose is
.

O il of 1 5 m i n i ms
.

5 gra ms 1 ta bl e s poonful
S accha ri ne
.

V — O n e part o f com m on c ooki ng m o


_

Hot water a suifi Ci e n t qua nti ty ,


.
.

P l a ce t h e castor oil i n a gall on b ottle . l asses to 2 o f castor oil is t h e best dis


15 4 CA S T OR O IL — CA T A T YPY

guise for the taste of the oil that can be C AT D IS EAS ES AND TH EI R RE ME
used .
D IE S : S e e I nsecticides and Ve te ri
VI — Castor oil
. 1 3 ounces .
nary Formulas .

Powdere d acacia 2 drachms .


CATATYPY .

S ugar 2 dr achms
It is a well -known fact that the r e a c
.

Peppermint water 4 ounces


ti ons of the com pou n ds of sil ver plat
.

T riturate the sugar a nd acacia addi ng ,


i num a nd chromi u m i n h o to gr a phi c
,
the oil r a d ua ll y ; when these have bee n processes a re generally v 0 un ta r y ones
t h o r o ug l y incorporated a dd the pe p and that the li ght really a cts o ul as an
permi nt water i n s mall porti ons tr i t u ,
accelerator that is to say the c e mi ca l
,
rati ng the mixture u ntil a n em ulsi on is r o e r ti es of the preparati ons als o change
formed p
i n t e dark though a l onger ti me is r e
.
,
VII — T his formul a for a n emulsio n
.
quired When these preparations a re ex
.

is sai d to yiel d a fairly satisfactory prod posed to the li ht under a negative th e ,


u ct : modificati on 0 their chemical pro e r
Castor oil . 5 00 cc . .
ties is accel erated i n s uch a way at ,

M ucilage of acacia 1 25 cc . .
through the gradati ons of the tone
S pirit of gaultheria 10 grams val ues i n th e negative the positi ve pri nt ,

Su l gram is formed N o w it has been found that


.

ium bicarbonate
So . 1 gram we als o have su ch a ccel erators i n ma
VI II .
-Castor oil . 1 ounce te r i a l s ubsta nces that ca n be use d i n the
C ompoun d tinc light the process bei ng termed catalysis
, .

ture of carda It is rema rka bl e that these s ubsta nces ,

drachms
4 call ed cata lyzers a pparently d o not take ,

of W i ntergree n
Oil

drops
3 part i n the process but bri ng ab out ,

Powdered acacia . drachms


3 merely by thei r presence dec om positi on ,

S uga r . 2 d rachms or combinati on of other bodies d uring or


Cinnamon water enoug h to u pon c ontact Hence catalysis may be
.
,

defined i n sh ort as the a ct of cha ngi n


make 4 ounces . , ,

I X — Castor oil
.
1 2 ounces or accelerati ng the s e e d of a c h e mi ca
Vanilli n 3 grains reaction by means 0 agents which a p
S accharine 43 grains pear to remai n stabl e .

O il of peppermi nt 8 mini ms .
Profess or O s twal d a n d D r 0 G ros . .
,

Alcohol 3 drach ms of the Lei sic Uni versity ha ve gi ve n the


.

p ”
na me of ca ta typy t o the new copyi ng
,

O live oil enough to make 1 pint .

I n any case use only a fresh oil .


process T h e use of light is enti rel y
.

,
done a way with e xcept that for the sa ke ,

H o w to Ta k e Castor 0 i l — T h e disgust . of conve nience the ma ni pulati ons a re


for castor oil is d ue to the odor not to the , execute d in the li ght All that is n e ce s .

taste I f the patient gri ps the nostrils


. sa ry is to bring pa per an d negati ve i nto
firmly before pouri ng out the dose -
, c ontact no matter whether in the light
,

dri nks the oil c omplacently a nd then , or i n the dark He nce the negati ve (if
.

thoroughly cleanses the mouth li s , , necessary positi ve may als o be em


a.

la rynx etc with water re moving t e


,
.
, , l oyed ) need not eve n be tra ns parent ,

l ast vestige of the oil before rem ovi ng or the ascendi ng a n d descending action
the fin ers he will not e t the least taste
, of the tone val ues i n the positi ve picture
ro m t e oil which is la nd and taste is p r oduced only b the qua ntity i n the
f ess It all depends u pon preventi ng a n y
.
,

varyi ng d e n si t o? the silver powder


oil from e nterin g the nose during the c ontai ned i n t e negati ve He nce n o .

ti me while there i s a ny oil present .


photogra phic (light ) pictu re b ut a ca .

ta ty pi c i ct u re r o d u c ed by c ontact ) is

ut the fi ha l result is the sa me


Castor Oi l Ch ocol ate Lo ze n ge s
- .

crea ted , .

Cacao free from oil 2 50 parts , .


C a ta typy is carrie d out as foll ows :
Castor oil 2 5 0 parts Pour di oxide of hydro en over the nega
S ugar pul verized 5 00 parts , .
ti ve whic h ca n be one with out any
,
Va nilli n sugar 5 parts .
da mage to th e latter a nd la a pi ece of ,

Mi x the ch ocolate and oil a n d heat i n pa per on ( sized or u n si ze rou gh or


the water both under consta nt stirring
,
. s m ooth accordi n g to the e ffect des i red ) ;
,

Have the s ugar well d ried a nd a dd stir , by a c ontact lasti ng a few seconds the
ri ng c onstantly to the m olte n mass ,
. a per receives the picture di oxide of ,

C onti nu e the heat for 3 0 mi nutes then , yd r o gen bein g d e stroyed From a .

pour out a nd divi de i nto l ozenges i n the si ngl e a ppli ca ti o n several pri nts ca n be
us ual wa y . made l he acq uire d pi ctur e — still i n
.
1 56 CELL UL OID

The product thus obtained is with out m ol al b umen it ma y pr e vi o usl be ,

odor when ca m phor is not em pl oyed ;


,
s wolle n i n water i n order to r e n er it
a nd i n a pea r a n ce and properties it ca n m ore mallea bl e
n ot be ( ii sti n ui sh ed from ordi nary cel
.

I nstea d of sim ple water alkalinized or ,

l ul o i d while t e expense of producti on is


,
a ci di fied water may be ta ken for this ur
c onsi dera bly reduced . pose o r e ve n al coh oli ze d water
, he .

al bumen then s houl d be pressed be ,

For mol Albume n for Prepa ratio n of


,

twee n pa per o r cl oth in order to re move ,

Cell ul o i d — Formol has the pr o pe r t of


. the e xcess of m oisturee .

forming combinations with m ost a bu Pla sti c S ubs ta n ces of Nitr o Ce ll ul os e


mi n o i d s ubsta nces T hes e are n ot i den
-

Base —T o manufacture plastic substa nces


.

tical with reference to plasticity a nd the ,


.

the C om pagnie Fra nca i se d u Cellul oid


use which may be deri ved from the m for
the ma nufacture of pl astic s ubsta nces com mences by s ub mitti ng ca sei n to a
special opera ti on I t is s oake d with a
.

T his difference explains why al bume n


.

should not be confounded with gelatin s ol uti on of acetate of urea i n al cohol ;


or casein .With this i n vie w the S oci été for 1 0 0 parts of casei n 5 pa rts of acetate
A non me l O y o n n a xi e n n e has origi nated

,
of urea a nd 5 0 parts of al cohol are em
the foll owi ng r o ce sses : l oyed T h e mass s wells a nd i n 4 8
pours the casei n is th oroughly pe n etr a t
.
,

I — T h e a l ume h may be that of the


ed I t is then ready to be i ncorporated
.

egg or that of the blood which are readily .

fou nd i n tra de T h e form ol izi ng may


.
,
with the c a mph o r e d nitro -cell ul ose T h e .

be effected i n the m oist state or i n the nitro -cellulose ha v i ng recei ved the a ddi ,

dry sta te T h e dry or m oist al bumen


.
ti on of ca m ph or is s oa ke d i n the alcohol , ,

is brou ght into conta ct with the s ol uti on a nd the mass is well mi xed T h e casei n .

of commercial formol diluted to 5 or 1 0 pre pare d as desc r i be d is introd uced into


per cent for a n h our Care must be the mass T h e wh ole is mi xe d a nd left
.

at rest for 2 days


.

t a ken to pul verize the al bumen if it is


.

,
T h e plasti c pul p th us obtai ned is
dry T h e form ol penetrates rapidly
.

i nto the al bumin oi d matter a nd i s fi l roll ed cut a nd dried li ke ordi nary cel
, ,

l ul o se a nd by the sa m e process es a n d
,

t a re d or deca nted a nd was hed with ,

water until all the formol i n excess has apparatus T h e pul may als o be con
.

c om pletely disa ppeared ; this it is easy to verted i nto tubes a n other forms li ke ,

ascertai n by m ea ns of anili ne water ordinary cell ul oi d .

,
I t is advisa ble to s ubject the i m rove d
which produces a turbi d white as l ong
as a trace of formic al dehyde remai ns plas ti c pul p t o a treatment with ormal
d e h yd e for the purpose of re ndering i n
.

T h e form ol alb umen is afterwards


dried a t l ow tem erature by s ubmitti ng s ol uble the casei n i ncorporate d in the
it to the action 0 p cellul oid T h e l lasti c prod uct of nitro
cell ul ose base thus obtai ned prese nts
a current of dry air at .

'

a temperatu re n ot exceedi ng 1 07 ° F .
, ,

T h us obtained the product a ppears as


,
i n e mpl oyme nt the sa m e e n e r a l proper
a. transpare nt corneous s ubstance On ties as ordinary ce l l ul oi It may be
a pplied to the vari ous ma n ufa ct ur i n
.

pul verizing it becomes opa que a nd l oses


,
processes i n use for the pre pa ration 0
i ts tra ns arency It is com l e te l y i n
p .

a rti cl es of all ki nds an d its cost price


s ol uble i n water but sw el s i n this ,
,

li ui d .
di mi nis hes m ore or l ess a ccordi ng to the
I — Th e formol al bumen is re duced
.
pro porti on of casei n ass ociate d with the
to a perfectly h omogeneous o w d e r a nd ,
ord i na ry cell ul oi d I n this plasti c prod .

uct vari ous col ora nts may be i ncor


mi xed i nti mately with the p asti o matter
before rolling T his ca nnot be con po ra te d a nd the a ppeara nce of s hell
, ,

earl wood marble o r i vory ma y also


.

si d e r e d a n adequate mea ns for e ff ecti ng


p
, , ,

the mixture I t is necessary to introduce


.
e i mparted
the fo r ma l al bu me n i n the course of the
, Impro ve d Cel l ul oi d — T his ro d uct is .

m oiste ni ng either by maki ng a n em ul


, obtained by mi n ling with c el ul oi d n u ,
si on with ca mphor alc ohol or by mixi ng , der s uitabl e con i ti o n s gela ti n or strong ,
it th oroughly with nitro -cellul ose or by , gl ue of gel ati n base I ti 8 cl ear that the .

ma ki ng si m ulta ne ously a th or o u h mi x replace ment of part o f the cell ul oi d b


ture of the three s ubstances W en the .
the gelati n of whic h the cost is muc ,

mi xture is accom plished the paste is , l ess l owers materially the cost of the
,
rolled a cc o r d i n to the usual operation .
final product T h e res ult is obtaine d .

T h e qua ntity 0 form ol al bume n to a dd without detrime nt to the qualities of the


is va ri a ble bei n di minis hed a ccordi ng
,
obj ects T hese are sai d to be o f s uperi or
.

to the qua ntity 0 ca mphor .


properties ha vi ng m ore firm ness tha n
,
I nstea d of ad di ng the desiccated f or those of cel l ul oid An d th e new mate r i a l .
C ELL UL O ID 1 57

is worked m ore rea dily tha n the cell ul oi d s uch a way that there are no s olid pieces .

em l oye d al one . T h e recei ver is re moved from the water


h e n e w prod uct may be pre ared i n bath a nd col za oil added whil e a gitati ng ,

Whe n the mi xture is c om pl ete


open a i r or i n a cl os ed vessel u n er pres a ne w


When operated i n the air th e gel
.

sure .
, it is l eft to repos e for 2 4 hours .

atin is first i m mersed col d (i n a n y form , Before cooli ng the mi xture is passed ,

and i n a state m ore or less ure ) i n alc o through a sieve i n order to reta i n the
hol ma rki ng a bout 1 4 0 with th e °
pieces which may n ot ha ve bee n dis
additi on of a certai n q ua ntity (for exa m s ol ved After s welli ng a nd the diss ol u
.
,

ple 5 to 1 0 er cent ) of crystallizable


, ti on a nd puri ficati on by mea ns of th e
acetic aci d n a fe w hours the material
. sieve it is all owed to rest still i n the
,

has s wollen c onsi dera bly a nd it is the n , sa me o si ti o n with a ccess of air T h e


, .

introduc e d i n alc oh ol of a b out 90 per cent , fil ms o r me d while cooling may be r e


and at the sa me ti me the cell ul oi d pul p m oved T h e treatment o f cell ul oi d
.

(ca mphor a nd gun cotton ) ta ki ng care , necessitates em pl oying a s ol ution com


to add a little acet one T h e proportio n . l e tel y col orless a nd cl ear T h e c e ll u .

of cell ul oi d i n the mi xture may be 5 0 to o i d to be treate d while it is still i n the

75 per cent of the weight of the gelatin , pasty state s h oul d be i n a receiver of
more or less a cc ordi ng to the res ult , glass porcelai n or si mil a r material
, , .

desire d After h e a ti n . the mi xture Th e mass containi ng the fis h gl ue is


sli h tl y it is worked co d by the rollers
, , , poured i n drop by drop whil e stirri ng
, ,

or i n a r i l y e m pl oyed for cell ul oid a i rd carefully ta ki ng ca re to pou r it i n the


,

other si milar pastes or by a ny other s uit , mi ddl e of the cell ul oi d a nd to i ncrease


able meth ods . the s urface of contact .

T h e re a rati on in a cl ose d vessel does When the mi xture is com plete the cel ,

not di er rom that which has been de l ul o i d is ready to be em pl oyed a nd does


'
scribed exce pt for the i ntrod ucti on of not r o d i i ce flame when e xposed
The s ol uti on of fis h gl ue may be pre
.
, t

the mi xture of gelatin cell ul oi d alco , ,

hol a nd a cetone at the m ome nt whe n ared by all owing 2 0 0 pa rts of it to s well
F
, ,

the h e a ti n is to be accom plis hed i n a n o r 4 8 hours in parts of col d dis


autoclave e a te d with stea m ca pable of , tilled water It is then passed through
.

supporti ng a r e ss u r e of 2 to 5 pounds , the sieve a nd the pieces whic h ma y r e


,

and furnis he dp with a mecha nical agita mai n are broken u p i n order t o m i ngl e ,

tor T his method of proceeding abridges


. the m th oroughly with the water T e n .

the operati on consi dera bly the paste pa rts of kitchen salt are then a dded a nd ,

co mes from th e a ut ocla ve well mi n the whole mass passe d through the
gled and is the n s ub mitte d to the
,
sieve .

acti on of roll ers T here is but littl e . T his product may be utilized for the
work i n distilli ng the al cohol a nd acetic prepa ration of photogra phic fil ms or for
acid i n the a utocl ave T hese may be . those used for ci nematographs or for ,

recovered a nd on account of thei r eva p


,
replaci ng hard ca outchouc for the i ns u
orati on the mass presents the desi re d lati on of el ectric cond uctors a nd for the ,

consiste ncy whe n it reaches the rollers . preparati on of plastic obj ects .

Whiche ver of the two meth ods of pre


arati on may be e m pl oye d the s u p , S ubstitute for Ca mph or i n the Prepa
sta nce may be roll ed as i n the ordi nary rati o n of Celluloi d a n d Appli cable to Oth er
process if a b oil er wi th agitator is ma de
,
Purposes — I n this process c om mercial
.

use of the mass may be prod uced in a ny oil of turpentine after being rectified by ,

form .
distillati on over ca ustic s oda is subjected ,

to the a cti on of gaseous chl orhydric acid ,

Pr eparatio n of Un i n fl a mma bl e Cel l u in order to produce the s oli d m ono


loi d — T h e operation of this process by
.
chl orhydrate of turpenti ne After ha v .

Wood ward is the foll owi ng : I n a recei ver


.

ing by mea ns of the press extracted the


, ,

of lass or porcelai n li quefie d fish gl ue ,


liqui d mo n o c h l o r h y d r a t e a nd after ,

a n gu m ara bic are i ntroduce d a nd several was hin s with col d water the ,

all owe d t o s well for 2 4 h ours i n a very .


s oli d matter is esi cca te d a nd i ntroduced
dry positi on all owi ng the a i r to Ci rculate
,
i nto a n a utocla ve a pparatus ca pa ble of
freely T h e recei ver 15 not covered
.
. resisti ng a pressure of 6 atm os pheres .

Afterwa rds it is heate d on a water bath , Fifty per cent of ca ustic s oda calculate d ,

a nd the contents sti rre d (for e xa m pl e , on the weight of the mo n o c h l o r h yd r a te ,

by mea ns of a porcelai n s patula ) u nti l a nd mi n gl ed with an equal qua ntit of


the u m is c o mpl e tel l i u e fi e d Th e alc oh ol i s a dded in the form of a t hick
.

.
,

heati ng of the mass s o n d not excee d s ol uti on T h e a pa ratus is cl ose d a n d


.

heate d for severa h ours at the tem per


.

77
° F T he n the gel ati n i s a d ded i n
.
1 58 CELL UL OID

ature of 2 8 4 to 3 0 2 ° F T h e material
°
.
is too brittl e ; in still others co mbinations
is was he d several ti mes for freei ng i t are produced whi ch i n ti me are aff ected
from the mingled s odi um chl ori de an d unfa vora bly by th e col ori ng s ubsta nces
sodi u m hydrate an d the ca m ph or r e ,
e m l oyed .

alle nberg has fou nd that the h a l o ge


s ul ti n
g from this operati on is treated i n
the f oll o w i n g manner : nous deri vatives of etheri ze d oils pri n ,

I n a n autocla ve constructed for the c i pa l l y oil of turpenti ne a n d es peci all y ,

purpose ca mphe ne an d water strongly


,
the s olid chl ori de of turpenti ne wh i ch is ,

mi xed with s ul phuric acid are introduce d of a s nowy a nd brillia nt white and of ,

a nd heated s o as to attai n 9 pounds of a greea ble odor a re suita ble for yiel di ng , ,

press ure T hen a n el ectric current is


.
either al one or mixe d with ca m phor or
a pplied capa bl e of prod uci ng the de
,
one o f its s ubstitutes a nd c ombi ned by ,

compositi on o f water T h e mass i s . ordi nary mea ns with nitrated c ell ul ose ,

consta ntly stirred either mechanically ,


or other ethers of cell ul ose treated with ,

or m ore si m ply by all owing a littl e of the a cetic ether a cell ul o i d i c product w h ich
, , ,

stea m to esca pe by a ta p I n a n h our .


,
it is said is not i nferi or to ordina ry ce ll u
,

at least the material is dra wn from the


,
l oid a nd has the a dva ntage of red uced
a pparatus washe d a nd dried s ublimed
, ,
c ost .

accordi ng to nee d a nd is then suitable ,

for replacing ca m phor i n its i ndustrial Elastic S u bsti tute for Ce l l ulo id .

e mpl oyme nts for the ca m phene is con


,
Acetic cell ul os e li ke nitro -cell ul ose ca n , ,

verted e ntirely or i n greater part into He c onverted i nto a n elastic corneous


ca mphor either r i ght -ha nd ca m phor or
, ,
com pound T h e s ubsta nces pa rti e n
.

a product optically inactive according , l a r l y suita ble for the operati on a re o r


to the origi n of the oil of turpenti ne made a nic s ubsta nces contai nin g one or m ore
use of . hydroxy al dehydic a mi de or ketonic
, , ,

In the el ectrol ytic oxidati on of the gro ups as well as the aci d a mi des Prob
, .

ca m phe ne i nstea d of usi ng acidulate d


, a bly a bon d is formed whe n these com
water whatever is ca pable of furnishi ng
, , bi n a ti o n s a ct on the acetate of cell ul ose ,

under the i n fl uence of the electric cur but the b ond ca nnot well be d efine d ,

rent the oxygen necessa ry for the rea o


, consi deri ng the c om pl ex nature of the
ti on such as oxygenized water ba ri u m
, , m olecul e of cell ul ose Accordi ng to the .

bioxi de a nd the perma nganates may be


, , m ode of prepa rati on the s ubsta nces ,

employed . obtaine d form a ha rd mass m ore or l ess ,

Plasti c a n d Elasti c Compositio n flexibl e I n the s oft state copies of e n


.
,

Formal dehyde has the property as known


.

gra ved designs ca n be re produced i n


of removing from gelatin its sol u
, ,
their finest d etails Whe n ha rde ned .
,

bil i ty a nd its fusi bility but it has als o


they ca n be cut a nd polis hed I n cer .

a nother property prej u dicial i n certai n


,
tai n res pects they res em bl e cell ul oi d ,

a pplications of renderi ng the com posi


,
with out i ts i n fl a mma bi l i ty a n d they ca n ,

tion hard a nd friable


,

I n order to be e mpl oyed i n the sa me ma nner T hey .

ca n be produce d by the foll owi ng meth


.

re medy this prej udicial action M D e .

ods — the Lederer process :


borda a dds to the gelati n treated by I — M elt together 1 pa rt of a cetate of
mea ns of formal dehyde oil of turpen .

ti ne o r a mixture of oil of turpentine a nd


,
cell ul ose a n d 1 5 pa rts of phen ol at a bout
,

G erma n turpenti ne or Venice turpe nti ne


the tem perature of 1 0 4 to 1 22 F Whe n ° °
.

a clea r s ol uti on is obtai ned la ce th e


.

T h e addition re moves from the com posi


tion its fr i a bil ity a nd hard ness i mparting mass of reacti on on plates 0 glass or
to it great s oftness a nd elasticity T h e
,

.
metal sli ghtly heated a nd all ow it t o c ool
e ff ect is acco m plis hed by a slight pro gra dually After a rest of se veral days
.

portion 5 to 1 0 per cent the mass which at the outset is si mil a r


,

to ca outchouc is hard a nd forms flexibl e


.
,

Pro ducti on of S u bstan ce s Rese mbli n g


,

l a te s whic h ca n be worked like c el l u


,

Cellul oi d — M ost of the s ubstitutes for


. 0 1d
camphor i n the pre paration of cellul oi d II .

C o mpress a n i nti mate mi xture of
a re attende d with i nconveniences limiti ng e qual pa rts of aceti c cell ul ose a n d h y
their empl oyme nt a nd sometimes ca us drate of chl ori de or of a niline at a te m ,

i ng their rej ecti on T h us i n one case .


, pe r a t ur e of 1 2 2 to 1 4 0 F a nd procee d
° °
.
,

the cell ul oid does n ot all ow of the pre a as in the previous case .

ration o f tra ns pa rent bodies ; i n a not er I n the sa me way a ketone may be e m


it occasions too much s oftness in the pl oyed as a ce to h e n o ue or a n aci d
am i de as a ce ta mi g
, ,

products ma nufactured ; a n d i n still a n , e .

other i t d oes not all ow of pressi ng fol d , I I I — A tra ns pa re nt cell ul oi d -like s u b


.
,

ing or other operati ons beca use the mass


, , stance whic h is useful for the prod uc
'
1 60 CELL UL OI D

Of bromated compounds calci um ,


si mil ar non -resi nifyi ng oil a nd Wi th 4 to ,
.

bromide has been selected which r o ,


6 per ce nt of Ca na da balsa m The i n .

d uces nearly the sa me res ult ; the pro u e t fl a mma bil i ty of these plates 15 cla i med to
obtained fus es i n the fla me ; outside it is ,
be much less tha n with others of coll o
extinguished without the power of i gn i
,
di on a nd may be al m ost entirely o bvi a t
,

tion .
ed by a dmixture o f ma gnesi u m c hl or i de .

It may be obj ected th a t ferric pe r c hl o r An ad diti on of zi nc white prod uces the


i de a nd cal ci u m bromide being s ol uble ,
a ppeara nce of ivory .

i n water may prese nt to the cellul oi d


,
a
S ol ve nts for Celluloi d — C ell ul oi d dis .

surface capa bl e of bei n a ff ected by


moist air ; but the mass 0 ?cell ul oid not
s ol ves i n acetone s ul ph uri c ether alc o , ,
,
hol oil of turpenti ne be nzi ne a myl ,
bei ng lia ble to ) e n e t r a ti o n by water fixes , ,

the chl orinate d or brominated product


,
acetate etc al one or i n vari ous com
, .
, ,

bi n a t i o n s of these a gents T h e foll ow


.

S till as the cell ul oi d undergoes a slight


.

,
i ng are s ome proporti ons for s ol utions
decompositi on on e x pos ure to the li ght
, ,
of cell ul oi d :
all owi ng s mal l qua nt i ties of ca m phor to
eva orate the s urface of the per ch l o r i n
,
I — Cell ul oid
.

ate cell ul oi d may be fixed by i mmer Amyl acetate


sion i n al bu mi nous water after previ ous ,
Acet one
treatment with sol uti on of oxalic aci d a. ,
S ul phuric ether
if a light yell ow product is desired .
I I — Cell ul oid
. .

For preve nti ng the calciu m bromide S ul phuric ether


from eve ntually oozing on the surface of Acetone .

the cell ul oi d by reas on of its die li qu es


, Amyl acetate
cence it may be fixe d by i m mersi ng the
, Ca m phor .

cell ul oid i n water acid ulated with sul


I I I — Cell ul oi d
ph u r i c acid For i nd ustrial products . .
.
,

s uch as toilet a rticles cell ul oid with fer Al cohol


,

ric perc hl ori de may be em pl oyed .


Ca mph or
Another meth od of prepari ng a n n u I V — C ell ul oi d
. .

i n fl a mma bl e cell ul oi d based on the prin , Amyl acetate


c i pl e above me ntioned c onsists in mix ,
V — Cellul oid
i ng bromide o f ca m ph or with c otton
.

Amyl a cetate
powder a ddi ng castor oil to s ofte n the
,
Acetone
r o d u ct i n orde r that it may be less
S ofte n i n g a n d Ce me nti ng Cellulo i d
,

rittle T h e latter prod uct is not i n


. .

combustible b ut it is un i n fla mma ble


, , I f cel l ul oid is to be warmed only s uffi
a nd its facility of preparati on red uces at c i e n tl y to be a ble t o bend it bath in , a.

least one -half the a pparatus ordi narily b oili n g water will answer I n stea m at .

ma de use of i n the ma nufacture of ce ll u 1 20 C ( 2 4 8 however it becom es


° °
.
,

l oid T h e ma nufa cture of this product


. s o soft that it may be easily kneaded like
is not at all da ngerous for the ca mphor , d ough s o that one may e ven i mbed i n it
,

bromide is strictly u n i n fl a mma bl e a nd , metal wood or a ny si mila r material


, , If .

may be melted with out a ny da nger of it be i nte nded t o s ofte n it to sol ubility ,

d i sso l vi n t h e gu n cotton the cell ul oi d m ust the n be scra ped fine


III —%
.

. i sso l ve 2 5 parts of ordinary and macerated i n 9 0 per cent alc ohol ,

c e l l ul o i d i n i n 2 5 0 parts of acetone a nd whereupon it takes on the character of


a dd a s ol ution of 50 parts of magnesiu m ceme nt a nd may be use d to j oi n broken
c h l oride i n 1 5 0 arts of alcoh ol until a , pieces of cell ul oi d together S ol utions .

paste res ults w ic h occurs with a pro


,
'
of cell ul oi d may be pre pared : 1 With .

portion of ab out 1 0 0 parts of the former 5 parts by weight of cell ul oi d i n 1 6


, ,

s oluti on to 2 0 pa rts of the latter sol ution .


pa r ts by weight eac h of a myl acetate
, ,

acetone a nd s ul ph uric eth er 2 With


,

T h i s paste is carefully mixed and worked , . .

t hr ough the n dried a nd gives a n a bso 1 0 parts by we i ght of cell ul oid i n 3 0

W
, , , ,

Iu te l i nco mbustible materia l . parts by weight eac h of s ul phuric ether


, , ,

I — G l a ss d i k e plates which are i m


acetone amyl acetate an d 4 pa rts by,

wei ght ca m hor 3 With 5 pa rts by


, ,

perv i ous to aci ds salts a nd alkalies , , , , . .


,

fle xible od orless a nd i nfra ngible a nd


, , , we i ght ce l l u o i d i n 5 0 parts by wei ght
, , ,

stil l possess a tra ns pare ncy si milar to al cohol a nd 5 pa rts by weight ca mphor
4 Wi th 5 parts by weight cell ul oi d i n
, , .

ord i nary glass a re said to be obtai ned


. .
, ,

by diss ol vi ng 4 to 8 per cent of coll odi on


! 50 arts by weight a myl acetate 5
Wi t 5 parts by weight cell ul oi d i n 2 5
, , . .

wool ( s oluble pyroxyli n ) i n l per cent of


.

, ,

ether or al cohol a nd mi xi ng the s ol ution parts by wei ht a myl a cetate a n d 2 5


, ,

wit h 2 to 4 per ce nt of castor oil or a , parts by we i g t a cetone


, , .
CEMENT S 1 61

I t is ofte n desira bl e t o s ofte n cell ul oi d merely s uperficially disc ol ored wi pe with ,


so that it wil l not brea k whe n ha m mered . a wool en rag wet with absol ute al coh ol
D ipping it i n water warmed t o 40 C °
. a nd ether mixed i n e qual proporti ons .

( 1 0 4 F ) wil l s u ffi ce for this T hi s diss ol ves a nd rem oves a mi nute


°
. .

Me n d in g Celluloi d — Cel l ul oi d dishes s uperficia l layer a nd la 8 bare a n e w


s urface T o restore t e polis h rub
.

which s how cracks a re easily repaired .

b brus hi ng the s urface repeatedly with bri skl y first with a woole n cl oth a nd fi n
a cohol 3 pa rts a nd ether 4 parts until is h Wi th sil k or fine c ha mois A littl e .

e w el e r s rouge or
pu tz po ma d e greatly
, , , , ’

the mass turns s oft a nd ca n be rea dil y a C i l i t a te s matters I n k marks may be


m
s queeze d together T h e pressure m ust
.
.

be mainta i ned for a b out one day By re moved in the sa e ma nner Printer s .

i n k may be re move d from cell ul oid by


.

putti n on ] 1 part of ether i n 3 parts of


a l co h o a n g a ddi n a littl e shellac a cc rub bing first wit h oil of turpentine a n d
ment for cell ul o i f is obtai ned which
,
afterwards with alcoh ol and ether .

, ,

applied wa rm produces quicker res ults


, . Pro ces s of Impre gn a ti n g Fabr i cs w i th
Another very useful gl ui ng a gent for cel Celluloi d — T h e fa bric is first saturated
.

l ul o id rece ptacles is concentrated aceti c with a dil ute cell ul oi d s ol uti on of the
acid T h e cell ul oi d fra gments da b be d
. c onsiste ncy of oli ve oil w hi ch sol uti on ,
with it stick together al most instanta n e penetrates deepl y i nto the tissue ; dry
o usl y . qui ckl y i n a heating cha mber a nd satu
S ee al s o Adhesives for M ethods of rate Wi th a m ore concentrated cell ul oi d
M endi ng Cell ul oid . s ol uti on a b out as visc ous as m olasses
, .

Pri nti ng o n Cell uloi d — Pri ntin g on .


If oil be a dde d to the cell ul oi d s ol ution ,

cell ul oi d may be d one i n the us ual way .


the quantity should be small i n the first
M ake ready the for m s o as to be perfectly s ol uti on e g 1 to 2 per ce nt i n t h e
, . .
, ,

level on the i m ,r essi o n — that is uniform foll owi ng ones 5 to 8 per ce nt while the ,

to i mpressional touch on the face Th e


,

.
outer layer c onta i ns very little or n o oil .

tym pa n s houl d be hard Bring up the .


A fa bri c i mpregnated i n this ma nner
form squarel y all owi ng for a bout a 3 or possesses a very fle xi bl e s urface becaus e ,
,

4 -s heet card boa rd to be withdraw n from


the outer layer may be very thin whil e ,

the ty mpa n whe n a bout to r o ce ed with the i nterior consists of ma ny flexi ble
rinti ng on the cell ul oi d ; t is is to allow fibers s urrounded by cellul oi d .

for the thickness of the sh e-et of celluloi d .


CELL UL OID CE MENTS AND GL UES
Us e li ve b ut dr a nd well seas oned roll S e e A dhesi ves .

ers S pecial i n s of di fferent col ors are


CELL ULOID LACQUE R
.

made for this ki n d of presswork ; i n


S ee Lacquer
black a good card —j ob quality will be .

found a bout right if a fe w d rops of , CELL UL OID P UTTY


co a l varnis h are mi xed with the i n k S ee Ce ments
before begin ni ng to pri nt
.

Colore d Cel l ul o i d .

Black : First d i pi nto p u re water then ,

i nto a s ol uti on of n i trate of silver ; let dry


Cemen ts
i n the light .

Yell ow : First i m merse i n a sol uti on


of nitrate of l ea d the n i n a concentrated
,
(S e e als o Putties ) .

s ol uti on of c hro mate of potas h .

Brown : D i p into a s ol uti on of per For Adhesive Cements i ntended for


manga nate of otas h made strongly repairi ng broken articles see Adhe ,

al kali ne b the a diti on of s oda .


sxv es .

Bl ue : i p i nto a s ol uti on of i nd i go Pu tt y for Celluloi d — T o fasten cel l u .

neutrali zed by the a ddition of soda .


l oid to wood ti n etc use a c ompound of
, , .
,
Re d : First di p i nto a dil uted bath o f 2 parts s hellac 3 parts s pirit of ca m
,
nitri c a ci d ; the n i nto a n a mm onia cal ph or and 4 par ts strong al c oh ol
, .

s ol utio n of carmi ne
Plu bers Ce me n t — A pl um bers cc
m
.

’ ’

G reen : D i p i nto a s ol uti on of verd i


gr i s .
me nt c onsists of 1 part black rosi n ,

Anili ne col ors may also be e mpl oye d melted a nd 2 pa rts of brickd ust thor
, ,

b ut they are l ess perma ne nt .


o ughly powdered a nd dried .

Blea chi n g Cell ul oid — I f the cell ul oi d . Cemen t fo r S team a n d Wa ter Pi pe s .

has bec om e discol ored throughout i ts , A cement f or pi pe j oi nts is ma de as f ol


whitene ss ca n h ardl y be restor e d but i f , l o wn en pounds fi n e yel l o w ocher ; 4
1 62 C EM ENTS

pounds grou nd l i t h a r e ; 4 pounds whit P un ctur e Ce men t — A pate nte d pre pa .

in
g an d
, pound of e mp cut u p fi ne , . rati on for a utomatically repai ring pun c
M i x together th oroughly W i th l i nseed Oi l tures i n bic cle tires consists of glyceri ne
to a bout the c onsis tency of p utty . h oldi ng ge a ti n o us sil ica or al u mi num
Gu tte r Ce me n t — S tir sa nd a n d fin e
h drate i n sus p e nsi on T hree vol umes
o f gl yc e r i n e are mixed W i th 1 vol ume of
' .

. ‘
.

li me i nto b oiled pai nt s ki ns wh i l e hot a nd


thick Us e h ot .
li qui d water glass a nd a n a c i d is stirred ,

i n T h e res ulti ng jelly is dil uted with 3


.

Ce me nt f or Pi pe Join ts — A good cc
.

a d ditional vol umes of lyceri ne a nd


from 4 to 6 ounces o f thi s g
,
m ent for ma ki ng tight j oi nts i n pum ps , uid are pl aced
pi pes etc is ma de 0 a mixture of 1 5 i n eac h ti re In case of l uncture the
i nternal r e ssur e of the ai r ffir ce s the flui d
,
.
, .
_ ,
parts of sla ked li me 8 parts of gra bi te , , .

a nd 4 0 pa rts of ba ri u m s ul phate T e i n .
i nto the ole w hic h it cl oses , .

gr e di e n ts are powdered well mi xe d to


To Fi x I ro n i n S to n e — 0 f th e quic kl y
,

ether and stirred u p with 1 5 parts o f .

boiled oil A stiffer preparation ca n be


,

.
hardening cements lea d a nd s ul hur , ,

made by i ncreasi ng the proporti on s of the l atter is pop ula rly e mpl oyed t can .

gra phite and ba rium sulphate to 30 and be rende re d stil l m ore s uita ble for pur
4 0 par ts res ecti vely a nd om i tt i ng the
.
oses of pouri ng by this a dmixture of
li me Anot p
,
or tl a n d cement whic h is stirre d into
. er ce ment for the same ,

purpos e consists of 15 parts of chal k the m olte n s ul h ur i n the rati o of 1 to 3


arts by wei g t T h e strength of the
a n d 50 of gra phite grou nd washed
p
.

, , ,

mixed a nd regrou nd to fi n e powder T o


, .
atter is i ncreased by this a d d i ti on si nce ,

this mixture is a d ded 2 0 parts of ground the formation of s o c oarse a crystalli ne


litha rge a nd the wh ol e mi xed to a
,
struct u re as that of s oli difyi ng pure sul
paste with about 1 5 parts of boiled oil .
phur is disturbe d by the powd er a dded .

T his la st preparation o sse sses the a d Whi te Po r tlan d Ceme n t — M i x to geth


vanta ge of remaining p astio for a long er felds par 4 0 — 1 00 parts by we i ght ;
, ,

time whe n st ored in a coo l pla ce Finally . , ka ol i n 1 00 parts ; li mestone 7 0 0 pa rts ;


, ,

a good and simple mixture for tighten i n ma gnesite 2 0—4 0 pa rts ; a nd s odi um
,
screw connections is made from powder e “

chl oride —5
, parts all as pure as ,

shellac diss ol ve d i n 1 0 per cent a m monia .


possi ble a nd heat to 1 4 3 0 ° to 15 00 ° C
, .

T h e m uci nous mass is a i n te d ove r the ( 2 6 0 6 to 2 732


° °
until t he W hole has
screw threa ds after th e atter have b een
, become si ntere d to ether a nd forms a ,
clea ned a nd the fitt ing is , nice white cement ike mass
, .

scr e w e ome T h e a mmonia soon


Ce me nt for Closin g Cra ck s i n S to ve s
.

volatil izes l eavi ng behin d a mass whic h


,
—M a ke a putty of reduce d iron iron
.

hardens q uickly makes a ti ght j oint (


a nd is i m pervi ous to hot a nd c ol d water
, ,
by hydrogen ) a nd a s ol uti on of s odiu m
or po ta s smm silicate a n d force it into
.

Prote ctio n for Ce men t Work — A


,
.
the cra ck I f the crack be a very nar
.

coati ng of s ol uble glass will impart to row one ma ke the iron an d silica te i nto
,
cement s urfaces exposed to a mm o n ia pas te instea d of utty T hi s material .

n ot only a rotective coveri ng b ut als o


i ncreased s op
, grows firmer a nd arder the l onger the
i d n e ss
'

.
mended article is use d .

Ce me nte d s urfaces ca n be protected


from the acti on of the weather by r e Ce me n t f or Wa ter pi pe — I — M i x to . .

pe a te d c oats of a green vitri ol sol uti on


gether 1 1 pa rts by weight Portla n d , ,

c onsisti ng of 1 pa rt of green vitri ol a nd cement ; 4 parts b weight lea d white ; , ,

3 parts of water T wo c oati ngs of 5 .


1 part by wei ht i th a r ge ; a nd ma ke to
, ,

per cent s oa p water are said to ren der a paste with oil e d oil i n which 3 per
the cement waterproof ; after dr ing a nd cent of its weight of col ophony has been
r u bbi n W ith a cl oth or brus h t is coa t di ss olv ed .

I I : - M i X 1 part by weight torn -u p


,

in
g wi bec ome glossy li ke oil pai nt .
. , ,

p l i ca t m is es pecially r e co m wa ddi ng ; 1 part by weight of qui ckl i me


.

T ll i s
me ndea j p
n , , ,

or sick rooms si nce th e walls ,


a nd 3 pa rts by W eight of b oil e d oil
, , .

ca n be rea dily clea ned by was h i ng with T his ceme nt m ust be use d as s oon as
soa py water T h e coati ng is re ndered
.
m ade .

m ore a nd m ore waterproof thereby .


Ce me n t f or Pa ll e t S ton es — Place s mall .

T h e green vitri ol s ol ut i on is li kewise


pieces of s hella c around the st one when
c om me ndable for a pplication on ol d a nd i n posit i on a nd s ubj ect it to heat O ften .

ne w plasteri ng si nce it r o d uces thereon the lac s prea ds u n e ve n l or s well s u p ;


an d thi s i n a dditi on to b
,

waterproof coatings rom old plas .


.

eing unsi htl y


g
,
,
teri ng the l oose articles hav e first to be i s a pt to dis pla ce the stone T h i s ca n
be a v md ed as f oll ows : T h e pall ets are
.

re move d by was ing .


1 64 C E RA M I C S

CHAIN OF FI RE II .
—cal cination o f 5 pa rts oxide of
A
S e e Pyrotechnics .
zi nc ; 1 part earl as h .

II I — Ad i ti o n of ra w oxi de of zi nc ,

CHAINS (WATCH ) , TO CLEAN


.

pounds to eac h h un dred weight of


See Clea ni ng Preparations and M eth a ze .
ods .
To lazed brick a nd tile makers wh ose ,

chief i ffi c ul ty a ppears to be the prod uc


CHALK F OR TAIL ORS .
ti on of a sli p to s u i t the contracti on of
K nea d together ordi nary pipe clay

, thei r clay a nd a dhere strongly to either


,

moistened with ultramari n e bl ue for clay or a burnt brick or tile the foll ow ,

blue fi nely ground ocher for yell ow etc n e t h o d may be recommended :

géi x t ogether :
.
, , ,

until they a re uniformly mixed roll out ,

into thin sh eets cut and press into wood ,

en o r m etallic m ol ds well oil ed to pre ,

vent sticki ng a nd all ow to dry sl owly at ,

r d i n a r y tem perature or at a very gentle


geat .

To be mixe d a nd la wned one week


before use .

To Cut Potter y — Pottery or a ny soft .

CHAP PED HANDS r even hard stone s u bsta nce ca n be cut


without chi p i in by a dis k of s oft i ron
S e e C os metics
the edge of w ll ie has bee n charge d W i th
,
.

CHARTA S I NAPIS e mery dia mond or other ri nding pow


, ,

S e e M ustard Pa per . der that ca n be o bta i n e at a ny tool


,

agency T h e c utti ng has to be done


CHA RTRE US E
.

with a liberal su pply of water fe d con


S ee Wi nes a nd Li quors .

ti n u a ll y to the revol vi ng disk a n d the


s ubsta nce to be cut .

Cer a mi cs B RICK AND TI LEMAK ERS ’ G LAZ ED


B R I CK S :
G RO UND CERA MICS — LAYING OI L Wh ite — Whe n the bri ck or til e l ea ves
.

F OR : the press with a very s oft b rus h cover the


,

S e e O il part to be l aze d with N o 1 S li p ; after


wards di p tge face in the sa me mixture
.

Notes for Po tter s, Glass a n d Br i ck


ma k ers — I t is of the h i ghest i m porta nce
.
No . I S l ip .

i n selecting oxi des m i nerals etc f or , , .


, S a me clay as brick 9 parts
ma nufacturi ng di ff erent a rticl es for , l pa r t
potters use to secure pure o o d s es

, , 5 pa rts
e ci a l l y in the purchase of the o ll o w i n g : 4 parts
ead manga nese oxide of zi nc b orax
. ,

whiti ng oxi de of iron an d oxide of


, , ,
Al l ow the brick to re mai n sl owly d ry
,

c obalt T h e diff erent i ngredients com


,
ing for 8 to 1 0 hours then when m oi st ,

dip in the white b ody


.

rising a ny iven col or or glaze s houl d .

p e thorough y mixed before bei ng cal Wh ite Bo dy


ci n e d otherwise the mass will be of a
,

strea ky or variegated kind Calci nati on C hina clay 24 parts


Ball clay 8 parts
.

requires care es e ci a l l y i n the ma nu .

facture of ena me col ors


,

O ver-fi r i n g
Felds par 8 parts
.

Fli nt 4 parts
.
,

particularly of c ol ors or enamel s com .

o s e d i n part of lea d b ora x a nti m ony or , , , T h e b rick s h oul d now be drie d sl owly
i t h a r e causes a dull ness of shade or
, , but thoroughl y a nd whe n perfectly dry ,

fil m t at reduces their val ue for decora


, di p the face i n cl ea n c ol d water a nd i m ,

tive purposes where cl ea rness a nd bril , mediately afterwards i n gla ze .

l i a n cy are of the first i m porta nce .

T o arrest the unsightly defect of Har d Gla ze .

cra zi ng ” the fo l l o w i n have been the


, Felds par .

m ost successful meth o s em pl oyed i n , C ornwall stone .

the order give n :


I — Fl ux made of 1 0 parts tincal ; 4
. O xide of zi nc .

parts oxide of zi nc ; 1 part s oda . Plaster of Paris .


CERA MICS 1 65

So ft Gl a ze . Claret Brown .

White l ea d parts
. 13 Bichromate of potash . 2 parts
Feldspa r pa rts 20 Flint . 2 pa rts
O xide of zi nc parts . 3 1 pa rt
Pl aster of Paris part 1 1 pa r t
parts 13
Bl ue Gr een
Corn wa ll stone pa rts Si
.

Paris white pa rts 1} O xide o f chrome


Wh e re clay is used that will sta n d a O xide of cobalt
very high fire th e white l ead a n d gl ass
,

may be left out A wi re b rus h sh oul d


.

n o w be use d t o re m ove all s uperfluous Fli nt


la ze etc from the si des a nd ends of the
,
.
, O xide of zi nc
rick whic h is then rea dy for the kil n
, . C obalt
I n placi ng set the b ricks face to face
, , Ph os phate s oda
about a n i n ch s pace bei ng left betwee n Ch r o me Gree n .

the two gla ze d faces All the mi xtures


O xi d e o f chrome
.
,

after bei n mi xe d with wate r to the con


O xi de o f cop er
sistency 0 crea m m ust be asse d 2 or ,

3 ti mes through a very fi ne a wn T he Carb onate o cobalt


O xide o f cobalt
.

kil n m ust not be ope ned till perf ectly


cold . Oli v e
.

Pro ce s s f or Col o r e d Gla zes — Use col or . ,


O xi de of chrome
1 part t o white body 7 parts
, Use , .
O xide of zinc
col or 1 pa rt to gl aze 9 parts
, , , .
Fli nt .

O xide of cobalt
Pr e pa r a ti o n of Col ors — T h e s pecified .

ingredients s houl d all b e obtai ned finely Bloo d Red .

ground a n d after bein mi xe d i n the


, O xi de of zi nc
proporti ons given s h oul i n u sa ggar or . Crocus martis
some clay vessel b e fire d i n the brick , O xide of chro me
k iln a nd afterwa rds ground for use In . L itharge .

firing the i ngredients the highest heat B orax


attai na bl e is necessa ry . Re d oxide of i ron
Tur quoi se .
Bla ck.

O xi de of zi nc .
Chromate of iron
O xi de of c obalt . O xi de of nickel
O xide of ti n
Gr ass G ree n
O xid e of cobalt
.

O xi de of chrom e
Imper i a l Bl ue .

O xi de of coppe r O xide of cobalt


Ro ya l Bl ue .
Black col or
Paris white 0 0 0 0

Pure al umi na
0 0 0 0 0 0

. .
Fl int
O xi de of Carbonate of s oda
O xi de of cobalt .

M ah o gan y
Ma zar i n e Bl ue
.
.

O xi de of c obalt .
C hromate of i ron
O xi de of manga nese
Paris white
O xide o f zi nc
S ul phate barytes
O xide o f ti n
R e d Bro wn .
Crocus marti s
O xi de of zi nc
Gor d on Gr ee n
.

C rocus of mar ti al
.

O xi de of chrom e O xi d e o i chrome
Re d l ea d Pa ri s white
B ora ci c aci d Bichromate of potas h .

Re d oxi de of iron O xi de o f

Or a n ge .
Vi ol e t
.

Pure al u mi na O xi de of cobalt
O xide O xi de o f manga nese
Bic hromate of potash . O xide of z i nc
C orn wall stone
1 66 CE RA MICS
' ‘

Lave n d er .
In maki ng ma zarine bl ue gla zed b ri cks
Cal cine d oxide of zi nc 5 parts use the white body a n d sta i n the glaze
Carbonate of cobalt part only .

O xide of nickel part M azari ne bl ue 1 pa rt .

Paris white . 1 pa rt G laze 7 pa rts

Brown For royal bl ue use 1 pa rt sta in to 6 _

parts w hite body a nd glaze uns ta i ned


.

M a nganese
.
,
.

O xide of chrome Bloo d-Re d S ta i n — N umerous brick .

O xide of zinc . ma nufacturers possess be ds of clay from


S ul phate ba rytes which good a n d s o und bricks or tiles
D ove
ca n be ma de the only dra wbac k being ,
.
that the clay does not b u rn a good c ol or .

O xide of nickel I n many cases this a ris es from the fact


O xide of cobalt that the cl ay contai ns m ore or less s ul
O xi de of chrome phur or other i m purity which s poils the ,
O xide of fli n t .
external a pe a r a n ce of the finis he d
Paris white articl e T he followi ng stai n will con
.

Yello w Gree n .
vert clay of a ny col or i nto a ric h dee p ,

red mi xed i n proporti ons of sta in 1


, ,

Paris white .
part to clay 6 0 parts
, , .

Bichromate of potas h S ta i n .

Re d lead . .

Crocus martis 2 0 pa rts


Fl uors pa r
.

. .

Yellow oc he r 4 parts
Plaster of Pa ris S ul hate of iron o o o o o o 1 0 parts
O xide of copper
Re oxide of i ron 2 pa rts
B OD IES R E QUIRING NO STAIN A still c hea per method is to put a sli p
I vory .
or e xternal coati ng u pon the goods .

T h e sli bei ng q uite opa que e ff ectively


Ca ne marl .

hi des t e natural col or of the bric k or


,

tile upon whic h it may be use d .

T h e process is to mi x :
Bl ood red stai n -
1 pa rt
G ood red clay 6 parts
Cream .
Add water until t he mi xtu re becomes
ab out the c onsiste ncy of crea m the n ,

with a sponge force t he liq ui d t w o or three


ti mes t h r 0 1w h a very fine brass wire l awn ,

N o 8 0 a n d dip the goods i n the li ui d


.
,

as s oo n as they are pressed or m ol de


Bla ck .

Blue Pa vi ors — Bl ue pa vin g bricks .

Ball clay 120 parts may be roduce d with al most a ny kin d


of clay tp
.

G round ocher . 1 90 parts i at will sta nd a fair a m ou nt of


G round ma nga nese . 35 parts heat b a dopti ng the sa me methods as
i n the y
,

Bu ff .
ormer case of bl ood re d bricks -
,

B a ll cl a that is the clay may be sta i ned through


,

out o r an outside coatin g ma y be a p


,

F old s plied
B ull S tai nfor Blue Pa viors .

G roun d ironstone 2 0 parts .

C hromate of iron 5 parts .

M anganes e 6 parts .

O xide of nickel 1 pa rt
Use 1 pa rt clay an d 1 part stai n for
c oati ng a nd 5 0 or 60 arts clay a nd 1
part sta i n for stai ning t p
,
.

rough
Bro w n .
Fire bl ue pa vi ors very hard .

B ufi Terr a Gotta S l i p -
.

G roun d manganes e . . B uff fire cla y


CE R A MI CS

II .
— Chi na cla y . . V — B all cl a
. pa rts15
C ornwall stone . . C hina c a y parts 12
B one . Fli nt . 6 part s
Fli nt . S tone . 4 parts
Bl ue clay . . Felds par . 4 pa r ts
Bl ue stain 2 pi nts to ton
III Chi na clay
.

.
— ,

C or n wall sto n e .

Bone
Flint .

Blue clay .

I V — C hina clay
.
COLOR ED B OD IE S
C orn wall stone . .

B one .
I vor y Bo d y .

Flint .
Ball clay
Blue clay China
V — Chi na clay
Fli nt
S tone
.

S tone .

B one . D ark D rab Bo d y .

Flint Cane m arl


Bl ue clay Ball cl a
Finest Chi n a Bo di es .
C o r n w a 1 stone
I — C hi na clay
.
Fel ds par
B one . Bla ck Bo dy .

Feld spar Ball clay 1 20 pa r ts


I I — China clay
.
O cher 1 2 0 parts
B one .
M a n a nes e 3 5 pa rts
Felds par Coba t carbonate 2 parts

II I — C hina clay
.
G rind the three last me ntioned ingre ;
S tone .
d i e n ts first
B one .
Ca l e d oni a Body .

Felds par Yell ow cl ay


IV .

S tone Fli nt.

Felds par Bro wn Bo d y .

Re d clay 0

Earth enw are Bo di es . C om m on clay


I — Ball clay
. .
M anganese
China cla Fli nt
Flint .
Jaspe r Bo dy .

C orn wall stone


Ca wk clay
. .

I I — Ball clay
. . Bl ue clay .

China cl ay . B one
Flint .

C ornwall stone C obalt


O n e pi nt of cobalt S tone Bo d y .

stai n to 1 ton of
S tone
gla ze .
o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Bl ue clay
II I
. Ball clay .
C hina cla y
C hi na clay C obalt
Fli nt
Egypti a n B la ck
.

C orn wall stone .


.

Fel ds par .
Bl ue cl a
S tain as required .
Cal ci ne och er
M anga nesee
I V —Ball cl a parts . .

C hi na cla y
Chi na 0 a y 1 3 1; parts
Flint . 8 } parts 1 Ironston e Bo dy .

S tone 4 parts S tone


Bl ue stain 2 pints to ton , .
C ornwall cla y
C E R A MI C S 1 69

II .
— D ried
fli nt .

C ornwall stone
L i th a r ge
Crea m Bo d y Yell o wgun der gla ze . .

Bl ue cl a 1}parts G rind .

B 14parts Gree n .

Black el a 1 part ‘

—O xi de
Cornis h c a y part I of copper
1
. .

C om m on ball clay Fli nt of glass


. .
1 part
»

Fli nt
B u ff col or part
Re d lead
G ri nd the n ta ke :
,

O f above
White glaze
O r stronger as require d
S age Bo d y
I I — Re d lead
.

Cane marl 1 5 parts


S tone
Ball clay 1 5 parts Fli nt
C hina cla y 5 parts. .

Fli nt gl ass .

S tai ne d with turquoise stain .


C hina clay .

COLORED GLAZES FOR POTTE RY : Calcined oxide of


co per
Blue .
O xi e of cobalt
White gla ze ”
G ri nd only
O xide of cobal t
.

Re d l ead Gree n G la ze , Best .

Fl owi n bl ue .
III .
—S
tone
Ename bl ue Fli nt
G rind . S oda crystals
Pi n k B orax .

N iter
.

White glaze
.

1 00 parts Whiti n g
Re d lea d 8 parts
.

O xi de of cobalt
M a rone pi nk U G 8 parts
G l ost fire then take :
. .

Ena mel red 3 parts ,

G ri nd Ab ove frit .

Re d lead
.

Calci ne d ox i de
White gl a z copper 5} parts
Re d lea d .

B u ff col or .
Black .

G rin d .
Re d l e a d . . 24 parts
4 parts
I vor y .
M a nganese 4 parts
White gl a z
.

Flint 2 pa rts
Re d
l ea d “
O xide of cobalt 2 parts
Ena m el am ber .
Carbonate of cobalt . 2 parts
Yell ow undergl aze G l ost fire .

G rind .

Tur quoise . WHITE GLA ZE S


White gl a ze . Ch i na .
— Frit :
Re d l ead .
I .

Carb onate of s oda .

Ena mel bl ue B orax


M al achite 1 1 0 , .
Flint .

G rin d .

Yello w .

I . White gla ze

Re d lead
O xi de of urani um
.

G ri nd .
ooooooo o
1 70 C E RA M I CS

Paris white
S tone
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wh 1te lea d
II .

Frit
Fli nt
C hina clay
Paris w h 1te
B oracic aci d
S oda crystals
T o mill
Frit .

S tone
III .
— Frit : Flint o o o o o o o o o o o o o

L ea d
B orax III
S tone
Fli nt las Pa ris wh 1te
Pearl a r ytes
.

Fli nt
T o mill : C hina cl ay .

B ora x
S oda crystals 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ena mel bl u e .
T o mill :
Flint glass . .

Frit .

IV — Frit
. S tone
B orax Flint
Chi na clay L ea d
S tain as re quired .

Felds pa r I V — Frit
.

T o mill : S tone
Frit Fli nt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Paris white
White clay Bora x
N iter
Flint T o mill
V— . Fr it Frit o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

S tone .

L ea d
Pe arl Wh i te Gla ze — Frit .

l l l l l l l l l
Fli nt
S tone
Paris white .

B orax
S oda crystals c c c c c c
T o mill
Frit n n n n n n n n n n n n n n

L ead o o o o o o o o o o o o o

S tai n o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Earth en ware — Frit Opa que Gla z e .


—Frit :
I — Flint
. B orax
China clay .

Paris white . Fl int


B ora x . Chi na clay
S oda
T o mill
F r it o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
1 72 CE RA M I C S

G l a z es . Bl ue S tai n s .

I .
—Re d l e a d . . I — O xide of c obalt
.

O xide of zi nc
Red elay S tone
Best manganese .
Fire this very hard .

II .
— Wh i te l e a d _
I I —Zi nc
.
~

Felds par Flint


Chi na clay
Re d clay O xi de of c obalt
M a nganes Hard fire .

III — . Re d lead I II — Whiti ng


.

Fli nt
Fli nt O xide of cobalt
Chi na clay G l ost fire
M a nga nes e .

Crocus martis Tur qu ois e S ta i n .

I V — Lit harge
Prepare d cobalt
O xi de of zinc
. .
_

Felds par .

Chi na clay
China clay
Carb ona te of s oda
.

M a nganese
O xide of i ron Hard fire .

Je t — Procure s ome fi r st-class red marl


, MATERIAL S
a dd water and by passing through a fine
, ,
Ti n Ash .

l awn make it i nto a slip and di p the


, ,

ware therein .
O l d l ead 4 parts
When fired use the foll owi ng : G rai n 2 pa rts
M elt i n a n iron l adle an d pour out i n
G laze
,
.
water the n s prea d on a dish a nd cal ci ne
, ,

60 parts in gl ost ove n with ple nty of ai r .

Flint 3 0 parts
Paris white 7 } parts . 1 O xi d e of Ti n .

Re d lead 1 4 0 parts G ranulate d tin 5 pounds


O n e part mazari ne bl ue stai n to 1 0 N iter 5 pou nd
parts glaze . Put on sa ucers a nd fire i n gl ost ove n .

Ma zar i ne Blue S tain . O xi d e o f Chr o me is made by mixi ng


O xide of cobalt powdered bichromate of potas h wit h
Paris W hite s ul phur as foll ows
S ul phate barytes Potas h 6 parts
Cal cine .
Fl owers of s ul phur 1 part

An oth er Pro cess Bo dy .


Put i n saggar i nside kil n s o that , ,

fumes are carrie d a way a n d place 4 or ,


Ball clay .
5 pieces of red h ot i ron on the top s o as
-

C hi na el a to ignite it L eave ab out 1 2 h ours then


.

Flint clay pound very fi ne a nd put i n sa ggar again


,
,

S t o n e cl a y
.

.
Cal cine i n hard place of biscuit oven
B l a ck sta i n Wash this until the water is quite clea r
.

. .

and dry for use .

c c c c c c c c c c c
Pro d ucti o n of Luster Col o rs o n Por
cel a i n a n d G la z e d Potter y —T h e l uster .

col ors are rea dily dec om pose d by acids


and atm os pheric i nfl ue nces beca us e ,

they d o n ot contai n i n c onsequence of ,

Bla ck S ta i n the l ow ba king tem perature e n o u h ,

silicic aci d to form re 51 sti ve c o mpo u n s


.

C hromate of iron parts


.

. 12 I n order to attai n this G Alefel d has , .

O xi de of nickel 2 parts patented process a cc ordi ng to whi ch


a
O xide of ti n 2 parts s uch compounds are a dded to th e l uster
Carbonate of c obalt 5 parts reparati ons as l eave behind a fter th e
purning a n aci d whi ch transfor ms th e
.

O xide of manganese 2 parts .

Calci ne a nd gri nd .
l uster pre parati on i nto m ore resistin g
CE R A M I CS 1 73

co mpounds I n this c onnecti on the a d K ensi ngto n M useums ; two are gi ven
mi xture
.

oi
s uch b odies has been foun d bel ow :
a d va ntageous as the y form ph os hides ,
‘with the metallic o x1 d e s of the u ste r s C opper s ul phide
after the b urni ng T hese p h os phi des .
S il ver s ul phide .

are es pecially fitted for the prod ucti on of M ercury sul phide
saturated resisti n g com ou nds n ot onl y , Re d ocher
on account of the i r i ns o u bili ty i n water ,

but als o o n accou nt of their c ol ori ngs T hese were round with vi negar a nd
a p lied with tfi
.

S i milarly tita nic m olybdic tungstic a nd e brus h to the al ready


, , ,

va nadi c com pou nds may be prod uced .


ba ed ena mel A great variety of iri
.

T h e metallic ph os hates prod uced by descent a nd metallic tones ca n be o b


the burni ng give a uster coati ng which t a i n e d by one or the other or a mi xture ,
,

as regards gl oss i s n ot i nferi or to the non of the foll owi ng form ulas :
m
,

saturate d etallic oxides whil e it mate , I I I I II IV V VI


r i a ll y excels th em i n ower of resistance .
C opper carb onate 30 28 95 . .

S ince the l usters to e a p plie d are used C opper oxalate .

d iss ol ved i n essential oils 1 t is necessary , Copper s ul phide .

to make the admi xture of h o sph o r i c S il ver carbonate .

s ubstance als o i n a f orm so l u b e i n essen Bis m uth subnitrate .

tial oils For the producti on of this


.
S tannous oxide 25 . .

a d mixture the res pective chl orides pre , Re d ocher 70 8 5 55 70 8 4


e minentl y ph os ph oric chl ori de are suit ,

able T hey a re mi xe d with oil of la v


.
S il ver chl oride and yell ow ocher may
e nder i n the rati o of 1 to 5 a n d the ,
be res pectively substituted f or sil ver car
resulting reacti on r o d u ct is ad ded to the bonate a nd red ocher T h e ingredients .
,

c ommercial metal i c oxid e l uster singly ground with a littl e gu m tragaca nth and
r e ci o u s m
,

o r in co n j u ncti on with etal water are a p li ed w 1 t h a brush to ena m


,

preparations ( gl ossy gol sil ver plati ,


els mel ti ng a out 1 8 1 4 F and are fur °
.
,

n u m etc ) i n the a pproxi mate propor


, .
naced at 1 202 F i n a reducing atmos °
.

t ion of 5 to 1 T hen r o c e e d as usual . . ph e r e . Aft er cooli ng the ferruginous


I nstea d of the chl ori es nitrates a nd ,
deposit is rubbed o ff a nd the col ors thus ,

acetates as well as a ny readily destru o


,
brou ht out .

tible organic c om pounds may als o be ,


S u phur free or c ombi ned is not nec
, ,

e m l oyed which a re entered i n to fusi ng


essary ci nnabar has n o acti on ocher
p
, ,
,

r os m or rosi nous li quids .


may be dis pensed with a nd a ny orga n i c ,

gummy matter may be used i nstead of


Metalli c L uster o n Pottery —Accord .
vi negar a nd broom is not needed i n th e
,

i n g to a process patented i n G erma ny a , furnace T h e intensity and tone of the


.

m i xture 15 ) r e pa r e d from va r l o u s natural iri descence depend on the d urati on of


or artificial varieties of ocher to which , the reduction a nd t he nature of the ,

2 5 —5 0 per cent of finely powdered more enamel Ena mels contai ni ng a c ol ori ng
.

or less metalliferous or s ul phurous coal is base — copper iron a ntim ony nickel , , ,
ad ded T h e mass treated i n this ma n
.
es pecially i n presence of tin give the ,

ner is brought together in saggars with best res ults .

finely divi de d organic s ubstances s uch


China —T o tough e n
,

as sa wd ust s ha vin gs wood wool cut ,


-
,
To Tough e n .

stra w etc a nd subj ected t o feebl e red


,

, .
,
chi na or gl ass pl ace the new article i n
heat . After the heati ng the material is col d water bring to boil gradually
, ,

taken out T h e gl a zi n 3 now exhi bit


.
boil for 4 hours a nd leave standi n i n ,

that thi n but stabl e meta lic col or which the water till cool G lass or c ina .

is governed by the s ubstances used tou hened i n this way will never crac k
wit ghot water
.

B e sxd e s c oal salts a nd oxides of sil ver , ,


.

c obalt ca dmiu m chrome iron nic kel


, , , ,
How to Tell Potter y Porcela i n an d
manga nese copper or zi nc may be e m
.

, ,
T h e foll owing si mpl e test will serve
pl oyed T h e col or-gi vmg la yer 1s r e
.
Hol d t h e piece up to the light an d if it
m oved by washin g o r brush i ng w h 1l e ,
can be seen through — that is if it is
,

the desi red col or 1 5 burned i n and r e transl ucent — i t is porcelain Pottery is .
,

mains I n this ma n ner hands ome shades


.
opa que a nd not s o hard an d white as
,
ca n be produced .
porcelai n T h e main di ff erences i n the
.

Meta lli c Gla ze s on Ena mels — T h e . man ufacture of stoneware ear thenware , ,

and porcelai n are due to the i n r e d i e n ts


_

formul as us ed by the Arabs a nd the 1 r


I talia n s uccess ors are pa rtl y di scl osed i n used to the way they a re mi xe and to
,

ma nus cr i pts i n the B r 1 tl sh a nd S outh the degre e of heat to which they are sub
1 741 C H EE SE

je cte di n firin g M ost o f the ol d English


. Whe n cheese-curd is kept i n a c ool
.

w a res fou nd i n this country are pottery place a series of tra nsformati on takes
or se mi ch i n a although the term chi n a
,
place i n conse que nce of whi c h I t a s
,

is com monl y a pplied to them all . sumes entirely ne w properti es ; i t ra du


ally becomes semi-tra ns pare n t a n m ore ,

or less s oft throu bo u t the whol e mass ;


it exhi bits a f e e bfiy aci d reacti on a nd
,

Ch eese d evel ops the c haracteristic caseous odor


,

Ma n uf acture — T he
process of chees e Fres h c h eese is very s pari ngl s ol uble i n
water but after h aving b ee n y
.

maki ng is one whic h is e minentl y i n ,


eft to itself
t e r e sti n g a nd scientific a nd which i n , ,
for two or three years i t becomes ( es
o usl y r e
every gradati on de pends on r i n ci l es , pe ci a ll y if a ll the fat be r e vx

whi ch ch emistry has devei o e an il m oved ) al most c om plete y s ol uble i n


l ustrated When a vegeta b
. l e or mi n col d water formi ng with it a s ol utio n
,

eral aci d is added to mil k a nd heat ,


which like m il k is c oagul ated by the
, ,

a lied a coa gul um is formed which ad diti on of the ace ti c or a ny m i neral


wp p
, , ,

e n separated from the liquid por aci d T h e chees e whic h whilst fres h is
.
,

tion constitutes cheese N eutral salts


, .
, i ns ol ubl e returns d uri ng the maturati on
, ,

earthy a nd metalli c salts sugar an d , , or ri pe ni ng as it is call ed t o a state si m


, ,

gum arabi c as well as s ome other su b


, il a r to that i n whic h it origi nally existed
stances als o r o d u ce the sa me e ff ect ;
, i n the mi l k I n t h ose English D utch
.
, ,

b ut that whi o answers the pu rpos e a nd S wiss cheeses whi ch a re n ea r l i n


best a nd whic h is al most excl usively
,
odorous an d i n t h e superi or ki n s of
,

used by dairy farmers is rennet or the , ,


French cheese the casein of the mil k i s ,

m ucous mem bra ne of the last stom present i n its unaltere d sta te .

ach of the calf Al kalies diss ol ve this


. T h e od or a n d flavor of the cheese i s
c urd at a boi l i n heat a nd acids a gai n , due to the decom positi on of the b utter ;
p reci i t a t e it he s ol.ubility of c a sein the non volatil e acids the ma r ga r i e a n d
-
,

i n mi k is occasioned by th e presence of ol eic acids a nd the volatil e b utyric acid


, ,

the phosphates and other salts of the alk a ca pric a nd caproic acids are liberate d
lies I n fres h mil k these su bstances may
. i n conse quence of the d ecom positi on
be readily detected by the r o pe r ty it of glyceri ne B utyric aci d i m pa rts t o
.

o ss e sse s of restoring the co or of red cheese its c haracteristic caseous odor


Bened litmus paper T h e addition of a n
,

. a nd the di ff erences i n its p unge nc y or


aci d neutralizes the al kali a nd s o pre , aromatic flavor depend u pon the propor
ci i ta tes the c urd i n a n i ns ol uble state . ti on of free b ut me ca pric a n d ca proic , ,

T e phil osophy of cheese making is th us acids present 11 the c heese of c ertai n


.

expounded by Liebig : dairies a nd districts val eria ni c a ci d has ,



Th e aci d indis pensabl e to the c o been detected al ong with the other a ci ds
M e ss r s Jl j e n j o a n d
'

a gul a t i o n of milk is not a dded to the mil k ust referre d to .

i n the pr e arati on of chees e but it is , a s k o w sk i foun d this aci d i n t h e cheese


f ormed m t e mil k at the expense of the of Li mb our g a nd M B olard i n that of , .

mil k-sugar resent A s mall qua ntity . R oquefort .


of water is eft i n contact with a s mall T h e tra nsiti on o f the i ns ol ubl e i nto

qua ntity of a calf s stomach for a few s ol uble cas ei n de pends u pon the d e
hours or for a night ; the water abs orbs com positi on o f the ph os ha te of li me by
the margaric aci d of t he b utter ; ma r
,

s o mi nute a or ti o n of the mucous mem


brane as to e scarcely ponderabl e ; this garate of li me is form ed whil st th e ph os ,
is mixed with milk ; its state of tr a n sf o r horic acid c om bi nes with the cas ei n
o r mi n g a com poun d s ol ubl e in water
,

mation is com municated ( a nd this is a .

m ost i m o r ta n t circumstance ) not to th e “


T h e ba d s mell of i nferi or kinds o f
c hees e , ut t o the mil k -sugar the el e , cheese especiall y th ose call ed m eager or
,

ments of whic h trans pose themselves poor cheeses is ca use d by certai n feti d
,

i nto lactic aci d which neutralizes the prod ucts c o n ta i n i n s ul phur a nd whic h
are fo rmed by the fie co m o si ti o n or pu
, ,
al kalies a nd th us causes the separation
,

of the cheese By mea ns of litm us pa per


. t r e f a cti o n of the casei n he alterati on .

the process may be foll owed a nd observ ed wh i c h the b utter u ndergoes (that is i n ,
through a ll its stages ; the al kali ne r e bec oming ra ncid ) or wh i c h occ urs i n the ,

acti on of the mil k ceases as s oon as the m il k s uga r still pres ent bein tra ns
-

mi tte d to the casei n c ha n es g


,
coagulati on begi ns If the cheese is n ot .
oth th e
i mmediatel y separate d from the whey
,

, c om positi on o f the latter su sta nce a n d


the formati on o f l actic acid c ontinues , i ts nutriti ve
qualities .

th e fluid turns acid a nd the cheese itself , Th e pri nc i pal conditi ons f or th e rep
pass es into a state of decom posi tion .
arati on of t h e su perior ki nds o f c ees e
1 76 C H EES E

tible to the palate of the c onnois seur . a pplied to pres s out the whey A fter 1 2 .

N o other ali mentary s ubsta nce a ppears hours it is placed u pon a board or wood
to be s o seri ously aff ected by sli ght e n trenc her a nd t urned e very d a u ntil
,

variati ons i n the quality of the materi als dry I t ri pens i n a bout 3 wee s
. A .

from which it is ma de or by s uch a , littl e salt is ge nerally a dded a nd fr e ,

pa r e n tl y trifli ng diff e re nces i n the met quen tly a little powdered l um p s ugar .

ods of prepari ng .

D a mso n — Pre pare d f rom da ms ons


T h e varieties of cheese me t with i n
.

b oiled wit h a little water the u i assed


c ommerce are very numerous and differ ,
through a sie ve a nd the n oi c with
,

gr ea tl from eac h other in richness col o r


,

a nd a vor T hese are comm only dis


, ,
about one -fourth the weight of suga r ,
.
until the mi xture s olidifies o n cooling ; it
t i n gui sh e d by na mes i ndicative of the
is next poured i nto s mall ti n m ol ds pre
places i n which they have bee n ma n ufa c v i o usl y d usted out with s uga r C herry
tura d or of the quality of the material s
.

,
cheese goose berry c heese pl u m chees e
from which the ha ve bee n prepared .
,

etc are pre pared i n the sa m e w a using


, ,

T hus we ha ve utch G l oucester S til


.
,
, ,
the res p e cti ve ki nds of fruit hey are
ton ski m med mil k ra w mil k crea m a nd
.

, , , ,
all very agreeabl e ca ndies or c onf e ctions
other cheeses ; names which e xplai n them
.

selves T h e f oll owi ng are the pri ncipal


. D e rbysh ir e — A s mall white ric h
. , ,

varieties variety very si mila r t o D unl op cheese


,
.

Ame ri ca n Fa ctory —S ame as C heddar . . D u n l o p —Rich white an d buttery ;


. , ,

Bri ck bat — N amed f rom its form ;


.
i n round forms weighi ng f rom 3 0 to 6 0 ,

made i n Wilts hire of ne w mil k a n d


, ,
poun ds
crea m . D utch (Hol la n d ) — O f a gl ob ula r .

Brie — A s oft white c rea m cheese of


. , ,
form 5 to 1 4 pounds eac h T h ose fro m
, .

Fre nch origi n .


Eda m a re very highly salted ; t hose fro m
G ouda less s o .

Ch e dd ar — A fine s pon y ki nd of
Em me nthaler -S a me as Gruyere
. ,

cheese the e es or vesicles 0 which con


,
. .

tai n a ric h oi made 11 i nto round thic k Gl oucester — S i ngle G l oucester from
cheeses of co n si d er a bF
,
.
,
e siz e ( 1 5 0 to 20 0
mil k depri ved of part of its c rea m ; d ou
pounds ) .
ble G l oucester from mil k retai ni ng the ,

Ch eshire — From new milk without


. whole of the crea m M il d tasted se mi .
.

s ki m mi n g the m orni ng s m i l k bei ng


,

buttery c onsistence without bei ng fri ,

mi xed Wi th that of the precedi ng even able ; i n large round fla tti sh forms , , .

i h s previously war med s o that the


, .
G ree n or Sa ge — From mil k mixed with .

w ol e may be brought to the heat of ne w the j uice of a n i nfusi on or decocti on of


mil k T o this the rennet i s added i n
.
,
sage lea ves t o which ma ri ol d fl owers
,
l e ss qua ntity than is comm only use d for a nd parsley are frequently a ded
other kinds of c heese O n this oi nt
.

m uc h of the flavor a nd mil d ness o the G r uyere — A fine kind of c hees e made
.

ch e ese is said to de pend A piece of .


i n S witzerla nd a nd la rgely cons umed ,

drie d rennet of the s i ze of a half-dolla r


,
on the C onti nen t I t is firm a nd dry .
,

put i nto a pint of wat er over night and


.
,
a nd ex h i bits numero us c el ls of c on
all ow e d to sta nd until the next mo m si d e r a bl e magnitude .

i n is s u fficient for 1 8 or 20 gall ons of Holl a n d —


as D utch S a me
mi k ; i n large round thick cheeses
. .

, ,

t o 2 00 ounds each ) T hey are gen L e gu mi no us — T h e C hi nese re pare


sop
.
.

era ll i d h omogeneous a nd dry a n d a n actual c heese from peas cal ed ta o


f r i a by
, , , ,

e rather than viscid . foo whic h they sell i n t he streets of Can


,

Cotte n h am— A rich kin d of cheese i n


.
ton T h e paste f ro m steepe d grou nd
.

flavor a n d consistence not unlike S tilton


,
peas i s bo nl e d whic h ca uses the starch to
,
,
d i sso l ve w i th the casei n : after stra i ni n g
from which however it diff ers i n shape
, ,

being flatter a nd broa der than the latter


,

.
the l i q u i d I t is c oa gulated by a s ol uti on
_

of gyps u m ; th i s c oagul u m is worke d up


Crea m From the stri ppings ( th e
— .

li k e s our mil k salted a n d presse d into
l ast of the mil k dra wn f rom the cow at
, ,

mol ds .

each mil king ) f rom a mixture of mil k


Li mbur ge r —A strong variety of chee se
,

a nd cream or from ra w crea m only a c


, ,
.
,

cordin g to th e q uality desired I t is .


s oft and wel l ripened .

usuall y m ade i n small obl on g sq uare or , ,


Li ncol n — From new mil k a n d crea m ;
.

rounded cakes a genera l pressure only in i e ce s a bout 2 i nches thick S oft a n d


wflpn ot k e e p over 2 or 8 m onths
,

(that of a 2 or 4 -poun d w ei ght ) being


.
,

.
C H EES E 1 77

Neufchfltel — A m uc h -estee med va ri . its peculiar flavor from the cu rd bei ng


ety of S wiss cheese ; ma de of crea m , a nd all owed to become partially utr id before
weig hs a bout 5 or 6 ounces . bei ng pressed I n s mall ba ls or rolls o f
.

Norf ol k — D yed yell ow with a nnotta


a bout 1 pou nd eac h .

or saff ron ; good but not superior ; i n , Wi ltshi re .


— Rese mbles C heshire or
cheeses of 3 0 to 50 pou n ds . G l oucester . T h e outsid e is pa inted with
Pa r mesa n — From the curd of s ki mmed
.
reddle or red ocher or whe y .

milk ha rdened by a ge ntle he a t T h e


, . York . From crea m
- . It will not keep .

renn et is a dded at a bout a nd a n


hour afterwards t he curdling mil k is set We i ve bel ow the c omposition of
o n a sl ow fire u ntil heated t o a bout 1 5 0
° s ome 0 th e pr mcxpa l varieties of cheese
F d uring whic h t he c urd separates i n
D ouble
.
,

small lu m s A fe w pi nc hes of sa ff ron


.

C hed G l o uce s S ki m
are the n t rown i n About a f ort n i ght
dar ter
.

after ma ki ng the outer crust is cut o ff ,

a nd the new surface va rnis hed with li n


seed oil a nd one si de c ol or e d red
, .

Ro que fort — From ewes


'
milk ; the
.

best r e pa r ed i n Fra nce I t greatly


resem b
.

les S tilton but is scarcely of ,

equal ric hness or q uality a nd poss esses ,

a pec uliar punge ncy a nd fla vor .

Ro quefo rt , Imi ta ti on — T h e gl ute n of .

whea t is knea de d with a little salt a nd a B utter


small porti on of a s ol uti on of starc h a nd ,

made u p i nto cheeses I t is sai d t h at .


M il k sugar a nd ex
, ,
this mixture s oon a cqui res the taste , tractive matters
s mell a nd u nctu osity of cheese and
.

,

, M i neral matte r .

w he n ke pt a certai n t me is not to be dis .

ti n gui sh e d from the cele bra te d Roquefort


cheese of which it possesses all the pe c u
,

lia r pungency B sli h tl y varyi ng the .


G ruyere O rdi nary
process other ki n s 0 c heese ma y be ( S wiss ) D utch
i mita ted .

Casei n
Sa ge —S a me as gree n c heese
.

. .
Fatty matter
S l i pcoat or S of t — A very ri ch white , . 90
cheese s ome what resem bli ng b utter ;
. N o u - nitrogenous or
f or prese nt us e onl y . a nic matter a n d
S ti l ton — Th e riches t a nd finest cheese
.

made i n Engla nd From ra w mi l k to .

which crea m ta ken from other mil k is


added ; i n c h eeses ge nerall twice a s high When a wh ol e cheese is cut and , th e
as t hey a re broa d Li e wine t his . , c ons u mption s mall it is e n er a l l fou nd ,

cheese i s vastl y i mproved by age an d is , to become u npleasa ntl y r y a n to l os e ,

therefore sel dom eaten before it is 2 fla vor before it is c ons ume d T his is .

years ol d A s puriou s a ppeara nce of


. best prevented by cutting a su ffi ci ent
age is s ometi mes g i ven to i t by laci n g qua ntit f or a few days cons umption
.

it i n a wa rm dam p cellar or p y sur, , from t e cheese and keepi ng the r e ,

roundi ng i t with masses o f ferme nti ng ma i n d er i n a cool place rather da m p ,

stra w or d ung . tha n d r y spr ea d i n a thi n fil m of butter


,

S ufi ol k — From s ki mmed mil k ; i n


over the fres h sur ace a nd c o v e r i n it ,

with a cl oth or a n to ke e p o ff the i r t


.

T his removes t p
rou nd flat forms from 2 4 to 30 pou nds .

each
,

Very hard a nd h orny


,

.
e objecti on e xisting i n
s mal l fa milies agai nst purchasing a
.

Swiss — T h e pri nci pal cheeses mad e


.
~
whol e c heese at a ti me T h e c om mon .

i n S witzerla nd a re the G ruyere t h e , practice of b uyi ng s mall q uantities of


N eufchatel a nd the S c h a bz i e er or
, c heese s houl d be a voided as n ot onl y a ,

T h e latter is a vo r e d
green c heese .
higher price is paid for any gi ven qual i ty
with mel i tot
.

.
but there is littl e likeli hood of obtaining
Westph a li a n — M a de i n s mall ba l ls o r exa ctl the sa me flavor t wice running ‘
.
.

r oll s o f a b out 1 pound eac h I t deri ves . S h o u d cheese become too d r y to be


1 78 C H EWI NG G UM S

a greeable it may be used for st e w i n


, I . m chicl e
—G u 1 pound
or f o r mak i ng grated cheese or Wels , S ugar 2 pou nds
rarebi ts . G l ucose 1 pou nd
Goats ’ Ch eese Mil k
oats mil k .
—G ’ Caramel butter 1 pou nd
cheese is ma de as foll ows : Warm 2 0 First mash an d softe n the gu m at a
quarts of milk a nd c oagulate it with gentl e heat Place the suga r a n d glu
.

rennet either the powder or extract


, .
cose i n a small co pe r pa n ; add en ough
S e arate the curds from the whey i n a water to diss ol ve t e sugar ; set on a fire
cop and cook to 244 F ; lift o ff the fire ; ad d °
ander After a fe w days the dry curd
.
.

may be shape d into larger or s maller the cara mel butter and lastl y th e gu m ;
cheeses the former onl y salted th e latter
,
-
,
mi x well i nto a sm ooth paste ; roll out on a
c ontaining salt a nd cara way seed T h e .
sm ooth marbl e dusting with finel y po w ,

cheeses m ust be turne d every day and ,


dered sugar ru n through sizi ng machi ne
,

s prinkled with salt a nd any mol d r e ,


to the proper thickness cut i nto strips , ,

m oved After a few days they may be


.
and agai n i nto thin slices .

put away on shel ves to ri pen a nd left for , I I — Chicl e


.

several weeks Pure goat s mil k cheese .


Pa r a ffi n e .

s hould be firm a nd s oli d all the way Balsa m of T ol u


through T wenty qua rts of milk will
.
Balsa m of Peru
ma ke ab out 4 pounds of cheese .
S ugar
G l ucose
CHEES E COL O RANT :
S e e Food
Water .

Flavoring en ough , .

CHEMICAL GAR D ENS : T riturate the chicle a n d balsams i n


S e e G ardens C hemical , .
water ta ke out and a dd the pa r a ffi n e
, ,

CHERR Y BAL S AM 3 first heated B oil th e sugar gl ucose


.
, ,

S e e Balsam .
and water together to what is kn own to

confecti oners as crac k h eat po u r the ,
CHERR Y CO R D IAL syrup over the oil sl ab a nd tur n into it
S ee Wines and Liquor the gum mixture which will make it ,

tough an d plastic Add a ny desired .

flavor
Ch ewi n g Gums I II G u m chicl e
.
— parts 122
Pa r a fli n e parts
. 42

Manufacture T h e making of chew — Balsa m of T ol u parts . 4


S ugar parts 384
.

i n g gum is by no means the sim pl e oper


. .

ati on which it seems to be M uch e x pe .


Water . parts 48

i
r en ce i n ma ni pulati on is necessary to D iss ol ve the su gar i n the water by th e
succeed and th e published formul as ca n
.
ai d of heat and pour the res ulta nt syru p
at best serve as a guide rather tha n as on a n oiled slab M elt the gu m balsa m
.
, ,

s omething to be abs ol utely a n d bli ndly and pa r a ffi n e to ether a nd pour on top


foll owed T h us if the mass is e i t h e r too
.
,
of the syrup a n work the whol e u p to
,

hard or s oft change the r o po r ti o n s until


,
gether .

it is ri ght ; ofte n it w l be found that


'

I V — G u m chicl e
. 24 0 parts
di ff erent purchases of the same article White wa x 6 4 parts .

will vary in their characteristics when S ugar .6 4 0 parts


w orked up B ut given a basis the ma n
.
, G lu cose 1 2 8 pa rts
uf a ct u r e r can flavor and alter to s uit Water 1 9 2 parts
Balsa m of P e ru
.

hi mself T h e m ost successful manu


.
4 parts .

fa ctu r er s attribute their success to the Flavori ng matter en ough , .

empl oyment of the m ost a pproved ma Proceed as i ndicated in I I


chi nery a nd the greatest attention to
.

d etails . T h e worki ng formulas and the V — Balsa m of T ol u


. 4 parts
processes of these manufacturers are l pa r t
guarded as trade secrets a nd aside from ,
White wax 1 part
ublishi ng general form ulas little i n Pa r a fli ne 1 part
p
,

o r ma ti o n ca n be given .
Powdere d sugar . 1 part
Chicl e gu m is p u rified by boili ng with M elt to ether mix well an d roll into , ,

water a nd se parati ng the foreign matter . sticks of t e usual di mensi ons .

Flavori n gs pepsin s ugar e tc , are , , .


, M i x a nd whe n s uffi ciently cool roll
, , ,

worke d i n u n der press ure by suitabl e out i nto sticks or a ny other desirabl e
m achi ner y Formula . form .
180 C H O LE R A REM E D IES— C I D E R

Ar o mati c Rh ubarb .
di ng but without press ure s o that th e
, ,

r e to u c hi n of the picture i s not di s


Cinna mon ground , parts
pa rts
. 8
8
turb a d P . l ac e 2 tabl ets of ordi nary
4 parts
kitchen gelati n i n S i ou nces of d i s ti lle d
l p e rt
or pure rai n water s oa k for a n h our a nd ,
_
,

Powdered opi um 2 parts


the n heat until the gelati n has com
pl etel y diss ol ved Pour this wa rm s ol u
.

O il peppermint 5 parts
.

Alcoh ol q s a d 1 0 0 parts
ti on over the pol is hed si de of the glass ,

s o that the li quid is e ve nly distri buted


. . .
,

M acerate the groun d drugs with 7 5


.

T h e best way is to pour the s ol uti on on


parts alcohol i n a cl osely covered per the u pper right han d corner a ll o wmg i t-
,
col e tor for several days then all ow per ,
to flow i nto the l eft-hand corner from
col ati on t o proceed usi ng su ffi cie nt a l,
there to the l eft bel ow a nd ri ght bel ow
,

,
cohol to obtai n 95 pa rts of percolate I n .

fi nally l etti n the su perfluous 11 m d


percolate dissol ve the oil of peppermi nt .

run o ff T a e th e photo r a ph w ich


. ,

Rh ubarb a n d Ca mphor . has bee n previously sli ght y moistened


T incture ca psicum .
on the back lay it Wi th th e picture
,

T incture opi um si de on th e gelati n -covere d plate cen ,

T incture cam ph or .
te ri ng it nicel y a n d s qu eez e out the,

T incture catechu .
excess gelati n s ol uti on gentl y pr efer ,

a bly by mea ns o f a ru b ber s quee ee


Ca re m ust be taken h owever n ot to g
T i ncture rh uba rb .
.

S pirit peppermint .
is . ,

pl ace the picture i n this ma ni pulati on as ,


Black berr y Mi xture it is casil s poil ed
Th e s oluti on m ust n e ver be all owed to
.
.

Fl uid e xtract black


berry root . . b oil si nce this woul d render the gelatin
,

Fl ui d gi nger soluble , . brittl e and woul d res ul t i n the i ct ur e ,

Fluid catechu after ba vi n been finis hed crac in o ff ,

Fluid opiu m for tinc from the g a ss i n a s h ort ti m e hen .

ture 1 6 0 mini ms the picture has been attached to the glass


8 ounces plate without blisters ( whi ch is best o h
4 pounds served from the back ) the edge of the ,

Essence cl oves 2 56 minims glass is cl ea nsed of gelati n preferably ,

Essence ci nnam on 2 5 6 mini ms by means of s mall 3 onge a n d luk e


a

Chl oroform 1 2 8 mini ms


. warm water a nd the p ate i s all owed to
,

Alcohol ( 2 5 per cent ) , dr over ni ght .

q 8 ad 1 gall on hen the picture a n d th e gel ati n are


. .

perfectly dry coat the back of the picture


CH OWCHOW
,

a few ti mes with castor oil u ntil it is per


See C ondi ments .
f e ctl y trans parent ; carefully rem ove the
CH ROM E YELL OW, TE ST F OR oil without rubbing a nd proceed with ,

S ee Pigments .
the pai nti ng which is best accomplishe d
,

with good n ot ove r -thick oil col ors The


CH ROMI UM GL UE
.
,

c ol ori ng m ust be observed from the glass


S ee Adhesi ves .
side a nd for this reas on the s mall details
, ,

such as eyes li ps beard a n d hair , , , ,

sh oul d first be sketched i n When the .

first c oat is dry the dress a n d the flesh


CH ROMO MAKI NG .
ti nts a re painted T h e wh ole surface .

T h e production of chrom o pictures may be pai nted over a nd it is n ot n e ces ,


req uires a littl e skill Practice is n e c e s . sary to pai nt s had ows as thes e are a l ,

sary T h e gl ass late to be used shoul d


. ready present i n the pi cture a nd con ,

be washed off Wi t warm water and then , sequently sh ow the col or through i n
lai d i n a 1 0 per cen t s ol uti on of nitric va r i n g strength .

aci d After one h our wash with cl ea n


. , , he n the col oring has dried a s econ d ,
col d water dry with a towel a nd ol i sh
, , glass plate sh oul d be l ai d on for pr otec
th e plate with good alcohol on t e i n ti on pasting the two edges together wi th
,

si de — holl ow si de — until no finger marks narrow stri ps of line n .

or strea ks are visibl e T his is best as .

c ert a i n e d by breathing on the glass ; the


breath s houl d s how a n even bl ue s urface Ci d er
on the glass .
To Ma k e Ci d er — Pick the a pl es . o ff
C oat the u nmou nted photogra ph to be the tre e by ha nd Ever a p e be f ore .

col ore d with benzi ne by mea ns o f wa d gow g i nto the press s h ou d e car ef ul l y
CI DE R 18 1

wiped . As s oon as a charge of a pples s mall ua n ti t of cider then ad ded to ,

is ground re m ove the pomace a nd put i n


, the bu an the wh ol e agitated u ntil
a cask with a false bottom and a strai ner thoroughly mixed T h e barrel shoul d .

beneath it a nd a vessel to catc h the


, the n be bu nge d and all owed to sta nd for
drai nage from pomace As fast as the . several days until the action of the s ul
,

j uice runs from the press lace it i n ph i te is exerted I t will reserve th e .

clea n s weet open tu bs or cas s with the


, , s weetness of ci der perfect y but care ,

heads out a nd provi de with a faucet ut , sh oul d be taken n ot to add too m uch as ,

in about two inches a b ove b ottom he . that woul d i m part a slight s ul ph urous
juice s houl d be cl osely watched and as taste .

soon as the l east sign of fermentation a p


pears ( b ubbl es o n top etc ) it shoul d be Ar tifi cia l Ci d ers -T o 25 gall ons of .
~

s oft water a dd 2 pounds of tartaric aci d


.
,

run o ff into casks prepared for this pur ,

2 5 or 3 0 pou nds of s ugar an d a i nt of


pose a nd placed i n a moderately c ool ,

room T h e barrels s houl d be e ntirel y yeast ; put i n a warm place a nd et fer ,


.

filled or as nea r to the bungh ol e as me nt for 1 5 days then ad d the flavori ng ,


,
matter t o s uit taste T h e vari ous fruit
possibl e Afte r ferme ntati on is well
.

ethers are for sale at a ny wh olesale dru g


under w a y the s pu me or foa m s houl d be h ouse
cra pe d o ff with s poon s everal ti mes a
aa When fermentati on has ceased
a

. Bottl ing Sw eet Ci d er — C ha m pa gne .

they ci der is rac k ed o ff i nt o cl ea n casks q uarts are ge nerally used for bo t tl m


cid e r as th ey are strong a nd will stan d
,

filled to the b u nghol e a nd t h e bung , ,

drive n i n tightl y It is now rea dy for . press ure besi des being a convenient
,

use or for b ottling . si ze for c ons umers I n making cider .

Ch ampa gn e Ci d er — I — T o convert o r cham pa n e t he li quor sh oul d be clari


fi ed a n bottled i n the s weet condition
. .

di n a r y C i der i nto cha m pa gne cider pro


,

T o 1 00 gall ons of good


,
that is to say before the greater part of
ce e d as foll ows :
,

the sugar which it c ontai ns has bee n


cider ad d 3 gall ons o f strai ne d honey ( or .

converted i nto alcoh ol by ferme ntation


2 4 pou nds of white s ugar W ill a ns wer
.

T h e fermentati on c ontinues to a certai n


stir i n well ti h tl y b ung a nd let al o ne
, ,
extent i n the b ottle tr a n sf o r mi n more
,

for a week a r if y the cider by ad ding


, ,
.

of the S 11 ar i nto alcoh ol an d t e car


a half gall on of ski m med mil k or 4 ounces ,
bo n i c aci bei ng unabl e to escape is
,

of gelati n diss ol ved i n s u fficient hot diss ol ved i n the ci der a nd produces th e
,

water a nd a dd 4 gall ons of proof s pirit '


.

s parkl ing
Let sta n d 3 days l onger the n syphon o fl
.

, ,
T h e greater the quantity of s ugar
bottle c ork a n d tie or wire down
, ,
.

c ontai ned i n the li qu or when it is b ot


Bungi ng the cas k tightly is done i n order tl e d the m ore com pl ete is its carb ona
,

to i nduce a sl ow fermentati on a n d thus ,


,

ti o n by the carbonic -aci d gas a nd con


retain i n the ci der as m uch carboni c acid sequently the m ore s parkli ng it is when
,

as o ssi bl e
fi — Put 1 0 gall ons of ol-d a nd cl ea n poured out B ut this is true only withi n
.
.

certai n li mits for if the producti on of


cider in a strong a nd iron b ou nd cas k ,
sugar is too high the fermentation will
,

pitched withi n ( a s oun d beer cas k is the be arrested


very thing ) a nd a dd a n d stir i n well 4 0
.

,
T o ma k e the most s parkling cider the
ounces of si m ) l e syrup Add 5 ounces
of tartaric a ci d l et diss ol ve then add 7 5
.

li qu or is all owed to sta nd for three four , ,

, ,
five or si x weeks duri ng which f er me n
ounces s odi u m bicarb onate i n powder .
,

t a ti o n proce eds T h e ti me varies a o


.
,

Ha ve the b un rea dy a n d the m ome nt c ording to the nature of the a p ples a nd ,


the s oda is a d ed put it i n a n d drive it als o to the tem perature ; whe n i t is very
home .T h e ci der will be rea dy for use warm the first ferme ntati on is usually
i n a fe w h ours .
compl eted i n 7 days .

Cid e r Pre ser va ti ve — I - Th e a ddition Before bo ttli n the li qui d must be


fined and this i s i e st done with catech u
. .

of 1 5 4 grai ns of bis m uth sub nitrate to 22 ,


gall ons of ci der pre vents or materi ally ,
diss ol ved in col d ci der 2 ounces of cate ,

retards the hardeni ng of the beverage on


,
ch u to the barrel of ci der T his is well .

ex o su r e to air ; more over the bis muth ,


stirred a nd left to settl e for a few days .

sa t re nders al coh olic ferme ntati on more Th e cider at this stage is still s weet ,

c om pl ete .
a nd it is point of consi derable nicety
a

I I — Cal ciu m s ul phite (s ul ph i te of not to carry the first ferme ntati on too
li me ) is l argel y u sed to preve nt f er me n
.

far Th e bottl e s houl d not be quite


.

ta ti o n i n ci der Ab out } to i of a n ounce


.
fill ed s o as to all ow m ore freedom for
,

of th e s ul phite is required for 1 gall on of the ca rbonic -aci d as which forms .

ci der . I t s h oul d first be di ss ol ve d i n a Wh e n the bott es have been filled ,


182 C I D E R— CI G A RS

corked a nd wired d own the s houl d be


, , The al coh ol may be replaced by twice
pla ce d i n a good cella r whi o s houl d be , its vol ume of good bo urbon w h i s key .

dry or else the ci der will taste of the m uch c hea er but c orres pondi ngly
s ubstitute or the a bove may be ma cp
, ,

c ork T h e b ottles s houl d n ot be lai d


. eoor
as
for four or five weeks or brea kage will , foll ows :
e nsue When they a re being laid they
. T we nty-fi ve gall ons of s oft water 2 ,

sh oul d be place d on laths of wood or on pounds tartaric a ci d 2 5 pounds of brown ,

dry sa nd ; they s houl d never be all owe d s ugar a nd 1 pi nt of yeast are all owed to
,

on cold or da m pfloors . sta nd i n a war m place i n a clea n cask ,

S houl d the Ci der be relati vely poor i n with the bu ng out for 2 4 h ours T hen , .

s uga r or if it has bee n ferme nte d too fa r


, , b ung u the cas k after a ddi ng 3 gall ons,

a bout 1 ounce of powdered l oaf s ugar of w h i s ey a nd l et sta nd for 4 8 h ours


, ,

ca n be a dded to each bottle or else a , after which the li quor is rea d y f or use .

meas ure of s ugar syrup before pouri ng CIDE R VINEGA R


i n the cider .

S e e Vi negar .

I mita tion Cider .

I — A form ul a for a n i mitati on cider is


Ci gar s
.

as foll ows
Rain water 1 00 gall ons .

Cigar S ize s a n d Color s — Ci ars are


Hone u nstrai ned 6 gall ons na me d a cco r d i n to t heir co or a nd
Catec u powdered 3 ounces , .

sha pe A dea d -b ac k ciga r for i nsta nce


.
,
Al u m o wd e r e d , 5 ounces .

is a n O scuro a very dark -brown one


,


Yeast re we t s pref ,

is a C ol ora do a m edi u m brow n is a


,
2 pi nts “ ”
C ol ora do C l a r a a nd a e ll o w i s h light
,

M i x a nd put i n a wa rm pl ace to fer b rown is a “


Cla ro ”
ost s mokers .

ment Let ferme nt for a bout 1 5 days ;


.
know the na mes of the s had es from
the n a dd the fo ll o w mg stirri ng well in : ,

Claro to Col ora do a nd that is as ,

Bitter al m onds crus h ed 8 ounces fa r as most of the m nee d to k n ow As to .

the s ha pes a “ N a poleon ” is t h e bi gest


,

S o un c e s ,
g

of all cigars being 7 i nches l ong ; a Per
Let sta nd 2 4 hours ad d two or three ,

fecto swe lls i n the mi ddle a nd ta pers
gall ons of good whis key a nd rac k o ff i nto ,
d own to a very s mall hea d at the lighting
clea n cas ks B ung ti htl l et sta nd 4 8 “ ”

hours then bottle I f a hi gher col or is


.
end ; a Pa natela is a thin straight u p , ,
, .

and—down ci a r with out the graceful


desi red use cara mel s u ffic i ent to pro curve of the Perfect o ” ; a Co nchas ” is
d uce the correct ti nge If honey is not .

very s h ort a n d fat an d a L ondres is


obtainable us e s u ga r-house m olasses
, “ ”
s ha ped li ke a Perfecto except that it
,

i n stea d b ut h oney i s prefera bl e


, .
d oes not ta er to s o s mall a hea d at the
II — T h e foll owi ng whe n properly
. .
l“ighting e”n “
A Rei na Victoria ” is a
pre pa red ma kes a passabl e substitute
,
L ondres that c omes packe d i n a ri b
for cider a nd a very pleasa nt dri nk :
,
bon tied b u ndle of 5 0 p i eces i nstea d of
-
,
Catechu powdered 3 parts
, .
i n the usual four layers of 1 3 12 1 3 a nd , ,
Al um powdere d , 5 parts .
l2
640 parts
How to K eep Cigars Ci gars kept i n —
Water . parts
3 2 parts
a case are i nfl uenced every t i me the case
I S o ened
p Whatever of tai nt there may
.

D iss ol ve t h e catechu al u m a nd honey , ,


be 1 11 the atm os phe re rus hes i nto the
i n the water a dd the yeast a nd p ut i n , ,
case a nd is final ly take n u p by the cigars
, .

s o me wa rm j lace to ferment T h e c o n
t a i n e r s h o ul dbe filled to the s quare open
.
Even th ough the ci gars ha ve the a ppea r
a nce of fr e s hness i t is not the origi nal ,
i ng ma de by sa wing out five or six i nches
,
fres h ness i n which the y were recei ve d
of the ce nter of a stave a nd the s pume ,
from the factor T he y ha ve bee n d ry
s ki m med o fi daily as it arises I n cooler .
or c om parati ve y s o a n d ha ve a bs orbed
,

,
weather from 2 weeks to 1 8 days will be more moisture tha n has bee n put i n the
re qui red for thorough fermentation I n .
case a nd it matters not what that m ois
,
warmer weather from 1 2 to 1 3 days will ture may be it ca n never restor e t h e
be s ufficient Whe n ferme ntation is com.
,

fla vor that was l ost d uri ng the dryi ng out -

pl ete a dd the foll owi ng s ol uti on : process .

O i l of bitter al m onds 1 part After all it is a c om parati vely si m pl e


, .

O il of cl over 1 part matter to ta ke good ca re of ci ga rs All .

3 2 parts that I s necessary is a c om a r a ti v el ai r


1 9 2 parts ti ght zi nc-li ned ch e st
°

, s s h ou ( 1 be .
18 4 CL A RIF YI NG — C LEAN ING PREPA R A T I ONS

CLARIFICATI ON OF G ELATIN A ND For cl arifyi ng li quors wines esse nce s , , ,

GL UE : etc take for e very q ua rt of l i qu i d 75


.
,

S e e G elati n . grains of the a bove mixture sha ke r e ,

pe a te d l y i n the course of a few days the ,

CLARI F YI NG .
mi xture bei ng ke pt i n a warm room ,

Clari ficati on is the process by which the n filter .

a ny soli d particles s us pended in a li qu i d Powdere d talcu m renders the sa me


are either ca used to coalesce together or servi ce a nd has the a dditional a d v a n
,

to a d h ere to the medi um us e d for clar ta ge of bei ng e ntirely ins ol ubl e How .

i fyi n g that they may be removed b fi l


,
ever the a bove mi xture acts more e ner
,

t r a ti o n ( which wou l d previ ously a ve ge ti ca l l y .

bee n i mpossible ) s o as to re nder t he ,


CLAY
liq uid clear
Clayi n g Mi xt u re for F o r ges T-T we nty
.

O n e of the best agents fo r this purpos e .

is alb umen Whe n clarifyi n g vegetabl e p arts fire clay ; 20 pa rts cast —i ron turn
i ngs ; 1 part c om m on salt ; 5 part sal a m
.

extracts the al b ume n which I S naturally


,

prese nt i n m ost pla nts accom plishes this m oniac ; all by meas ure .

purpose easily provi ded the vegetable T h e materials s houl d b e thoroughly


,

matter is extracted i n t h e c ol d s o as to ,
mi xed d ry an d the n wet dow n to the con
get as much al bumen as possible i n s ol u sistency of com m on m ortar consta ntly ,

tio n .
stirri ng the mass as the wetti ng proceeds .

Egg al bumen may als o be used T he .


A rough mol d sha pe d to fit the tuyere
eff ect of al bumen may be i ncreased by ope ni ng a trowel a nd a fe w m i nutes
, ,

the additi on of cell ul ose i n the form of a ,


ti me are all that a re needed to c om lete
fine magma of filteri ng pa per T his has .
the s uccessful cl a yi n g of the forge his
f
.

the further a dva ntage that the su bse mixture dries hard a n d whe n glaze d by
q uent filtrati on is much facilitated .
the fire will l ast .

S uspended particles of gum or pecti n Plasti c Mo d eli ng Clay — A perma


ma y be rem oved by ca utious r e ci pi ta
.

uently plastic clay ca n be obtai ne d by


ti on with ta nni n of which on y a n ex , first m i xi n g it with glyceri ne turpen ,
ce e d i n gl y s mall a m ount is u su a l l n e ce s
ti ne o r si m i la r b odies a nd then adding
, ,
sary It combi nes with the ge a ti n o us
.
vaseli ne or e tr o l e u m resi d ues ric h i n
s ubsta nces better with the ai d of heat vaseline T e proporti on of clay to the
.

tha n i n the col d T here must be no ex .


vaseline varies accordi ng to the desired
cess of ta nni n used .
c onsiste ncy of th e product the a d mix ,
Another method o f clarifyi ng li quids ture of vaseli ne varyi ng from 1 0 to 5 0
turbi d from pa rtic l es of gu m al bume n , , per ce nt It is ob vi ous that the ha rd ness
.

p ecti n etc is to add to the m a de fi nite


, .
, of the material decreases with the
qua ntity of alcohol T his causes the .
amount of vaseline a dded s o that the one ,
former substa nces to se parate i n m ore or richest i n vaseli n e will be the s oftest By .

l ess large flakes Th e qua ntity of a l co .


the us e of va ri ous varieti es of clay a nd
hol required varies greatly according to the suitabl e choice of a d mi xtures the ,
the nature of the liquid I t should be .
plasticity as well as the col or of the mass
, ,
determi ned i n each case by a n ex periment may be va ried .

on a s mall scale .

Resi nous or waxy s ubsta nces s uch as ,

are occasi onally met with i n honey etc


Cl ea n i n g Pr epar a ti on s
.
, ,

may be re moved by the a dditi on of bole , an d


u k ed fi l teri ng pa pe r a nd heating to
p mg
01 .
,
Meth od s
In each case the clarifying process (S e e a l so S oa ps Polis h e s a n d House
may be hastened by ma ki ng the se arat h old Formulas ) .
, ,

i ng particl es s pecifically hea vier ; t at is ,

by i ncorporati ng s ome heavier sub TO RE MOVE STAINS F RO M THE


St a nce s uch as talcum etc
, which may , .
,
HAND S :
cause the fl o cc ul i to si nk more ra pidly , Re mov a l of An i li n e -D ye S ta i n s fr o m
a nd to form a com pact sediment . th e Sk i n —Ru b the stai ned ski n with
.

Clarifyi ng powder for alcoh olic liquids : a pinch of sli ghtly m oiste ne d r ed crys
Egg al bu men dry , .
tals of c hrom i c tri oxi de u ntil a disti nct
S ugar of mi l k se nsati on of warmth a nnou nces t he de
S tarch s tructi on of the dye st uff by oxidation
a nd a n i ncipie nt irritati on of the ski n .

Reduce them to very fine powder, a n d T he n ri nse with s oa a nd water A si n


mi x thorough l y gle a pplicati on us ually s u ffices to re m ov e
. .


.
C L E A NI NG PR EPA R A TI ONS A ND MET H OD S 1 85

the stai n I t i s hardly necessa ry to call


.
strea ks take care that the positi on of the
,

attent i on to the pois on ous ness a n d strong a rticl e duri ng the dryi ng is not exactly
, ,
ca usti c acti o n of chromi c tri oxide ; but vertical .

onl y m oderate ca uti on i s re quire d t o To Clea n Fire -Gilt Arti cle s — Fire -gilt
avoi d e Vl l e ff ects .
.

a rticles are clea ned a ccordi ng to thei r ,

Pyr o ga lli c -Aci d S ta i n s o n th e Fi n ger s c onditi on with water dil uted hydro
, ,

( see also Photo r a phy) — Pyro stai ns may . chl oric a ci d a mm onia or potas h s ol u, ,

be prevented airly well by r u bbi n i n a ti on . I f h d r o c h l o r i c aci d is em pl oyed


little wool fat before be i nni ng wor A thorough di uti o n with water is es pecially
very effective way of e i mi n a ti n g devel necessary T h e acidity s houl d hardly
.

oper stai ns is to di the finger ti ps occa be noticea bl e on the tongue


d uring diav el o me nt i nto the
.

si o n a ll y T o clea n gilt a rti cl es suc h as gol d ,

cleari ng bath It is est t o use the


. m ol di ngs e tc when they have become
, .
,

cleari ng bath with a m pl e fricti on be


, , tarnis hed or c overed with fl yspe c k s etc , .
,

fore res orti ng to s oa p as the l atter seems , rub the m sl owl y with a n onion cut i n ha l f
to ha ve a fixi ng e ff ect u pon the stai n . a nd di ped i n recti fied al coh ol a nd was h ,

Lemon peel is useful for rem ovi ng pyro o ff lig tl y with a moist soft s ponge after

stai ns a nd s o a re the a m m oni u m per


, a bout 2 h ours
s ul phate red ucer a nd the thiocarba mi de Clea n i n g Gil d e d a n d Pol ych r ome d
clearer .
Work o n Al ta rs — T o cl ean bright ol d .

To Clea n Ver y S oile d Ha n d s — I n the . a fine littl e s onge is used whi o is


m orning was h i n wa rm water usi n a ,
m oiste ned b ut i gh tl y with tartari c aci d
stiff brus h a nd a pply glyceri ne a nd passed over the ild i n g N ext go
over the gilt work w i fii a s mall s onge
, e . .

peat the a p li ca ti o n two or th ree ti mes


duri ng the a y was hi ng and brushing a n
,
saturate d with al cohol to rem ove a di rt .

hour or s o afterwards or a pply a warm ,


For matt gil di ng use only a white fla nnel ,

sol uti on of s oda or potas h a nd was h i n ,


di pped i n lye a nd carefully wi pe off the ,

warm water usi n a stiff brus h as before


, . dea d gol d with this dryi ng next with a ,

Fi nall y rub the a nds with pumice or


,

fine li nen rag T o cl ea n Po l yc h r o me d .

i nfus orial ea rth T here are s oa ps mad e


. work s ponge with a lye o f rai n water ,

e specially for this purpose si milar to ,


parts a nd calci ne d potas h 68 , ,

those for use on wood work etc i n , .


,
parts a nd i m mediately wash o ff with a
,

which i nfusorial earth or si milar matter clea n s ponge a nd water s o that the l ye ,

i s i ncorporate d . d oes not attack the pai nt too m uch .

To R e mo ve Ni tri c -Aci d S tai ns — O n e .


S P OT A ND STAIN R EM OVE RS
la n to a voi d stai ns is to use r ubber To R em o ve Ani li n e S ta i n s .

nger stalls or ru bbe r gl oves N itric I — S odi um nitrate 7 grains


.
,
.

aci d stai ns ca n be re move d from the D il uted s ul ph uri c acid 1 5 grai ns


hands by pai nti ng the stai ns with a s ol u Water o o o o o o o 1 ounce
tion of perma nga nate o i potash a n d
'
.

washi n g o ff the perma nga nate with a 5 L et the mi xture sta nd a day or two
per ce nt s ol uti on of hydrochl or i c ( m uri before usi n Apply to the s pot with a
atic ) aci d After this was h the ha nds
.
s onge a n ri nse the goods with pl e nty
,

with pure castil e s oa p Any s oa p that 0 water .

I I — A n excelle nt medi um for the r e


.

roughens the s ki n s houl d be a voi ded at .

all ti mes Castile s oa p is the best to


.
m oval of a nili ne stai ns which a re ofte n ,

keep the s ki n i n good conditi on .


very stu bborn has bee n found to be ,

liquid opodeldoc After its us e the .

CLEA NING GILD E D ARTICLE S : stai ns a re sai d to disa ppear at once a nd


To Cl ea n G ilt Fra me s a n d G il d e d S ur e ntirely .

f ace s G e n e rall y — D i p s oft brus h i n


. a
Clea ns i ng Flui d s — A spot rem over i s .

alcohol to whic h a few drops of a m mon i a made as foll ows :


water has bee n a d de d a nd with it go I — S a ponine 7 parts
,

over the s urface D o not rub — a t least


.

not roughly or harshly I n the course


.
,
Water 1 3 0 par ts
,

of fi ve mi n utes the dirt will ha ve become


.

Alcohol 7 0 parts
.

T he n go over
B enzi ne parts
s oft a nd easy of re m oval
.

O il mirba ne 5 parts
.
,

the s urface agai n gently Wi th the sa me or


a si mila r brus h di ppe d in ra i n water .
I I — B enzene ( benzol )
. 8 9 pa rts
N o w lay the da m p arti cle i n the s unl i ght Ascetic ether 1 0 parts
to dry I f there is no s unl i ght place i t
. ,
Pear oil 1 part
nea r a warm ( b ut n ot h ot) stove a nd , T his yiel ds a n e ff ecti ve grease e r a d i
l et d r y c om pletel y I n order to a v0 1 d
. cator of a n a greea bl e odor
, .
18 6 CLE AN I NG PREPA R A TI ONS A ND M ET H O D S

lyceri e as a D eterge t —For cer


Il l — To R em ove S tai ns of S ulph ate
of G n n .

er or of salts -o f mercury , sil ver


or tai n ki nds of obsti nate s pots (s uch as
gopfrom the hands e tc was h the m first
co , ,

, .
,
c o ff ee and choc olate for i nsta nce ) there ,

with a dil ute s ol uti on either of a m m onia ,


is n o better deterge nt tha n glycerine ,

i odide bromide or cya nide of potassi um


, , ,
es pec i ally for fa brics with delicate col ors .

a nd the n with pl enty of water ; if the Apply the glyceri ne to the s pot W i th a ,

stains a re ol d ones they sh oul d first be s ponge or otherwise let sta nd a mi n ,

rubbed with the strongest acetic aci d ute or s o the n was h o ff with water or
,

a nd then treated as a bove .


al coh ol Hot glyceri ne is even more
.

R em ova l of Picric -Aci d S ta i ns — I . .


e fficient tha n col d .

Rece nt stai ns of i cr i c aci d may be r e CLEANI NG S K INS AND LEATHE R :


moved readily i f t e stai n is covered with S e e als o L eather
a layer of magnesi um carb onate the car ,

bonate m oistened with l i ttle water to a To Clea n Colore d Leath er — Pour car .

form a paste and the paste then rubbed ,


bon bis ul phi de on non -vulca ni zed gutta
over the s pot .
ercha a nd all ow it to sta nd a bout 24
,

II — Apply a solution of
.
ours .After s haki ng actively add more
B oric aci d 4 parts
utta pe r cha gra dually u ntil the s ol u tion
-

e c o me s of gelati nous c ons i stency


S odiu m benzoate 1 part
.

T his mixture is a pplied i n s uitable quan


.

Water 1 00 parts
.

tity to oil stai ned col ore d leather a nd


-

II I — D r Prieur of Besan con r e c o m


,
. .
, ,
all owe d to dry two or three hours T h e .

me nds lithium carbonate for the remova subse que nt operation c onsists merely i n
of picric -aci d stai ns from the ski n or r e mo vi n g the coat of
-
utta -percha from
fro m li nen T h e m ethod of usi ng it is
.
the s urface of the leat e r — that is rub ,
si mply to lay a s mall pi nch on the stai n ,
bing it with the fingers a n d rolli ng it o ff ,
a nd m oiste n th e latter with water Fres h .

the s urface
stai ns disa ppe a r al most i nstantly a nd
.

,
T h e c ol or is n ot i nj ured i n the least by

ol d ones i n a mi nute or two .

the s ul phuret of carb on ; only those


To R e move Fi n ger M ark s f rom Book s , leathers on whic h a d ressi ng containing
etc — I — Pour benzol
. .
( not benzi ne or starc h has bee n us e d l ook a little lighter
gas oli ne but M erck s c p crystalli a
,

. .
i n c ol or b ut the bette r class of leathers
,

a ble ) o n cal ci ned magnesia u ntil it be a re not s o d ressed T h e dry gutta -per .

comes a cru m bli ng mass and a pply this , cha ca n be re diss ol ve d i n s ul phuret of
to the s pot rubbi ng it in li ght] with the
, carbon a n d used over a gai n
Whe n t e be nzol
.

tip of the finger .

evaporates brus h o ff Any dirt that r e


,
. To Clea n Ski n s Use d f o r Poli s hi n g
ma i ns ca n be re moved by usi ng a piece Pu rpos e s — First beat the m th oro n h l y
.

of s oft ru b ber . to get ri d of d ust the n go over the s ur ace


,

II . I f the f o r ego i n
-
fails ( which it on both si des with pi ece of good white a

someti mes though rare y does ) try the, , , s oap a n d lay the m i n war m water i n
foll owi ng : M ake a hot s ol ution of sodiu m wh i ch has bee n put a littl e s oda Let .

hydrate i n distill ed water of strength of , the m lie here for 2 h ours the n was h the m ,

from 3 per cent to 5 per cent according , i n pl e n t of te i d water rubbi ng the m ,

to the age etc of the stai n


, Have pre .
,
. V i go r o u s y u nt i e r f e c tl y cl ea n T his .

pared som e bits of heavy bl otting a per bath s h oul d als o e ma d e al kali ne with
some what la rger tha n the s pot to he r e s oda T h e s kins are finally ri nsed i n
.

moved ; als o a bl otting pad or several , , warm water a n d drie d u i ck l y C ol d


, .

pieces of hea vy bl otting paper Lay the . water must b e a voi d ed at a 1 sta ges of the
s oiled pa ge face downward on th e bl ot cl eansi ng r o c e ss as it has a te n de ncy to
,

tin pad then saturati ng one of the bits shrink a n harde n the s ki ns
of g
, , .

) l otter with the h ot s odiu m hydrate T h e best way to cl ea n a c ha mois s ki n


sol ution put it on the stai n and go ov e r
, is to was h a n d ri nse it out i n cl ea n water
it with a hot s m oothing iron If one a p .
i m mediately afte r use b ut this pra ctice is ,

plicati on d oes n ot remove all the greas e a pt to be neglecte d s o that the s ki n be


or stai n repeat the op e ration T he n
,
. comes saturated with dirt a nd gri me .

saturate a nother bit of bl otti ng paper with T o cl ea n it first thoroughl y s oa k i n


,

a 4 per ce nt or 5 per cent solution of h y clea n s oft water T he n after s oa ing


, .
,

d r o c h l o r i c acid in distill ed water a pply , it a nd rolli ng it i nt o a c om pact wad eat ,

it to the place and pass the i ron over it , with a s mall rou n d stick — a b u ggy s poke ,

to neutral i ze th e strong alkali T his process . say — turni ng the wa d ove r re peatedly
will i nsta ntly restore a ny faded writing and kee pi ng it well wet a n d s oa ped .

or a nd ma ke the pa per bright T his s h oul d s u ffice to l oose n th e dirt


a n (p
, .

fres
ri ntihng agai n T he n ri ns e i n clea n water u ntil the s ki n
188 C LE AN I NG PREPA R A TI O NS A ND M E T H OD S

II .Apply a mixture of 1 part oil of


— Water gl ass .
5 parts
tur penti ne a nd 2 parts of a mm onia . S oda l ye , 4 0 ° B (2 7
.

T h i s is e fi e c ti v e even if the coat i ngs


,
per cent ) .

withsta n d the strongest lye T h e two . A m m onia water


liqui ds are shaken i n bottle u ntil they a Mi x .

mi x like mil k T h e mi xture is a p lied


R e movi n g Va rn i s h , etc —A patent
.

to the coati ng with a little oa kum ; a ter a .

fe w minutes the old pai nt ca n be Wi ped has bee n ta ken out i n En la nd for a
liquid for re movi ng varnis h a c que r ta r
off .

a nd pai nt T h e c om positio n is ma de by
.
, , ,

To Clea n Brushes a n d Vessels of D r y mixi ng 4 ou nces of ben z ol 3 ounces of ,

Pai nt ( see als o Brushes and Pai nts ) . fusel oil an d 1 ounce of al coh ol
,
It is .

T h e clea ning of the brushes a nd ves stated by the i nve ntor that this m ixture ,

sels i n which the va rnis h or oil ai nt had if a pplied to a pai nted or varnished sur
dried is u s ua ll d one by b oi i ng with face w ill ma ke th e s urface quite clean i n
,

soda sol ution his freq uently spoil s the


. l ess tha n 1 0 mi nutes and that a paint ,
“ ”
brushes or cracks the vessels if of glass ; s oa ke d brus h as hard as i ron ca n be
besi des the process is rather sl ow a nd
, made a s s oft a nd plia bl e as ne w by
dirty A m uch m ore s uita bl e r e me d is
. si m ply s oa ki ng for a n h our or s o i n the
amyl acetate whi ch is a li qui d wit a
, mi xture .

pleasa nt od or of fruit drops used mai n ly


To R e mo ve E n amel a n d Ti n S ol d er
,

for diss olvi ng and cementi ng cell ul oid .

Pour e nough of oil of vitri ol ( coneen


.

I f a myl acetate is poured over a pai nt


t r a t e d sul ph uric acid ) over powdered
brush the varnis h or hardened pai nt dis
fi u o r spa r i n a n earthe n or l ea d vessel s o
s ol ves alm ost immediately a nd the brus h ,

is again rendered servicea ble at once If as j ust to c over the parts whereby hydro
fl u o r i c aci d is generate d For use di p
.

necessary the process is repeated For .


,
,
the a rticl e s us pended on a wi re int o the
.

clea ni ng vess els shake the li qui d a bout i n


them which s oftens th e pai nt so that it li qui d u ntil the e na mel or th e ti n i s eate n
,

can be rea dily rem oved with paper I n a way or diss ol ved which does not injure ,

the a rticl es i n any way I f heated the


.

this ma nner m uch labor ca n be saved .


,

liqui d acts m ore r a i dly T h e w ork


.

T h e a myl acetate ca n be easily rem oved


.

from the brus hes etc by alcohol or oil .


sh oul d al ways be c on n ote d i n the open
, ,

of turpentine .
air a nd care sh oul d be ta ke n not to i n
,

hale th e fum es which a re highly inj u ,

Varnis h a n d Pa i nt R e mover — Di s . ri ons to the health a n d n ot to get any ,

sol ve 2 0 parts of caustic s oda (98 er li qui d on the ski n as hydrofluoric aci d ,

cent ) i n 1 0 0 parts of water mix the so u ,


~ is one of the m ost da n ge rous poisons .

tion with 2 0 parts of mi n eral oil a nd stir ,


Hyd r o fl u o r i c a ci d must be ke pt i n earth
in akettle r o v i d e d wit h a mechanical e n o r lea den vessels as it destroys glass , .

stirrer u nti the em ulsion is complete


, .
R e movi n g Pai n t a n d Va rn i s h from
N o w a dd with sti r r i n 2 0 parts of sa w
,

d ust a nd ass th e wh o e through a pai nt


Woo d — T h e f o ll o w i n
. c om pound is
mill to o tai n a uniform intermixt ure
'
give n as one which wi l cl ea n aint or
A pply the paste m oist
.

varnish from wood or stone wit out i n


.

j uri ng the m aterial :


To R em ove Va rni sh fro m M etal — T o . Fl our or wood pul p 3 8 5 parts . .

re move ol d varnish from metals it s uf , Hydrochl oric aci d 4 5 0 parts .

fi c es to di p the articles in e qual pa rts of


-
Blea chi ng powder 1 6 0 parts .

a mm onia and alcohol (95 per cent ) . T urpe nti ne 5 parts.

To R e move Water S ta i ns fro m Var T his m i xture is a ppl ied to the s urface
n i sh e d Furniture — Pour oli ve oil into a
.
a nd left on for s ome tim e I t is then .

dish a nd scra pe a littl e white wax i n to it .


brus hed off a nd brings the pai nt a way
,

T his mi xture s houl d be h eated until with it I t kee ps m oist quite l ong enough
.

the wa x melts a nd rubbed s pa ri ngly on to be easily rem ove d after it has acted .

th e stains Fi nall y rub the s urface with


.
,
Paste for R e movi n g Ol d Pa i n t or
a line n rag u ntil it is restore d to bril Var n i s h Coats .

l i a n cy
1 — S odi u m hydrate
.

. .

To R e move Pa i nt , Var n is h , etc , fro m S ol uble s oda glass


Woo d — Varnish , pai nt , etc , n o matter
.

. Fl o u r pa ste
Water
.
.

h ow ol d and hard ma be s oftened in a ,

fe w minutes s o that t e y ca n be easily II .

sc raped o ff by a pplyi ng the foll owi ng


, Potassiu m hyd rate .

m i xture : Potassi u m silicate .


C LEA NI NG PREPA R A T I ONS AND MET H ODS 1 89

To Re mov e old E n a mel — L a y the . ing with bl otters M alachite gree n in k .

arti cl es h ori zonta ll y i n a vess el c ontain is bleac hed by a m monia water ; sil ver
i n g a c once ntrate d s ol uti on of al u m a nd i nks b o ta ssi um cyanide or s odi u m
bOi l the m Th e s ol uti on s houl d be just
. h ypo suy pIp ite S o me a niline c ol ors a re
.

s ufficient t o cover the pieces I n 2 0 or . c asil rem o ved by al coh ol a nd nea rly all ,

25 mi nutes the ol d ena mel will fall i nto by c l o r i n a te d li me foll owed by dil uted ,

dust a n d the a rti cl e ca n be polis he d with


, acetic aci d or vinegar I n all cases .

emer y If na rro w a nd deep vessels are


. a ppl the substances with cam el s —hai r ’

used the operati on will re quire m ore brus es or feath ers a nd all ow them to ,

ti me remai n no l o n er tha n necessa r after


which ri nse we fiwith water and r y with
.

I NK E RADI CATORS bl otting pa per .

N o -S ol uti o n I n k Remo ve r I I — Citric aci d


. 0 0 0 0

Water distilled
0 0 0 0 0 0

I —(a ) Citric aci d


. ,

C once ntrated s ol u Concentrated s ol ution


tion o f b ora x 2 parts of b ora x 2 parts o o o o o o o o o o

D istill ed wate r 1 6 parts . D issol ve th e citri c aci d i n th e water


D iss ol ve th e aci d i n the water a d d the ,
an d a dd the bora x Ap l y to the pa per .


borax s ol uti on a n d mi x by agitati on
,
with a delicate cam el s ai r pe n crl t e ,

m ovi n any excess of water Wi th a bl ot


( b) C hl ori de o f li m e ter mi xture of oxalic citri c a nd tar
Water
.
.
, ,

taric acids i n equal pa rts dissol ved i n


C once ntrated bor ,

j ust enough water to gi ve a cl ea n s ol uti on


,

a x s oluti on 2 parts
acts e nergetically on m ost i nks .
,

Ad d the chl ori de o f li me to th e water ,

shake w ell a n d set asi de for a week the n ,


Erasi Po wd er o r Po u nce — Al um 1 . ,

d ecant the cl ear li qui d a n d t o it a dd th e part ; am er 1 part ; s ul hur 1 part ;


saltpeter 1 part M i x well together a n d
, ,

borax s ol u ti on . , .

For use saturate the s pot with s ol u


,
keep in a glass bottle If a littl e of .

ti on (c a ppl a bl otter to take off the ex this powder i s placed on a n in k s pot or


cess o li qui l ,

the n a ppl y s ol ution (b) .


fres h writi ng rubbi ng very li ghtl y with a
,

When th e stai n has d i sa ppeared a pl y ,


cl ea n li ne n rag the s pot or the writi ng
,

the bl otter a n d wet th e s pot with C c a n will disa ppear at once .

water ; finally dr y betwee n two s heets of R e m ovi n g I n k S tains — I —Th e ma .

bl otti ng pa er
.

t e r i a l requiri ng treatment s h oul d first be


.

I I — (a ) ix i n e ual parts potassi um


.
,

chlori d e potassi u m y o ch l o r i te a nd 0 1 1
,
soaked i n clea n warm water the s uper , ,

( b) g
fl u o us moisture rem oved a nd th e fa bri c
, ,

of pe e r mi n t odiu m chl ori de ,

h yd r o tIo r i c a ci d a nd water i n e qual


,
s pread over a cl ea n cl oth N o w all ow
.
.

,
a few mini ms of li qu or a m m oni ac forti s ,
parts .

s pecific gr avity to drop on the in k


Wet th e s ot with (a ) let d r y the n , ,
spot then saturate a ti n y tuft of absorbent
brus h it over i gh tl y with (b) a nd ri nse i n ,
,

cotton -wool with acidu m ph osph o r i cu m


clear water .

d i l u tu m B P a nd a pply repeatedly and


A good si ngl e mi xture which Wi ll a n
. .
, ,

with firm r essu r e over the stain ; repeat


s wer for m ost i nks is mad e by mi xmg th e roce ure two or three times a nd
finally ri nse wel l in warm water after
,
citric aci d a nd al u m i n e ual parts If
des i re d t o vend i n a li quiqform ad d a n
.

wards d rying i n the s un when eve ry


equal part of water I n use the po wde r . ,
trace of i nk will have va nished T his
,

is 3 rea d well over the s pot a n d (i f o n


.

method is e quall y reliabl e for ol d an d


cl ot or wove n fa brics ) well rubbed i n fresh ink sta i ns i s ra pid i n acti on a n d
, ,
with the fin ers A few dro s of water
.
.
will not inj ure the m ost delicate fa bri c .

are the n a d ed a n d als o rub e d i n , A .

I I — T o remove in k spots the fa bric


final ri nsi ng with water c om pl etes the
.

is soaked in warm water the n it is ,


process .
squeezed out a nd s prea d upon a clea n
In k Era ser s — I — I nks made with nut
. .
piece of li nen No w a pply a few drops
.

galls a nd c per a s ca n be removed by of li qui d a m mo n ia of a s ecific gravity


usi ng a m oq p er a t el concentrate d s ol u of to the s pot an pdab i t next ,

ti on of oxalic a ci f oll o wed by us e -o i with a wa d of cotton which has been


pure water a nd fre que nt dryi ng Wi th saturate d with dilute phosphori c acid .

cl ea n bl otti ng pa pe r M ost other black .


After re peati ng th e process several times
i nks ar e er a se d by us e of a wea k s ol ut i on a nd d ryi ng the piece i n th e sun th e in k ,

of c h l o ri nated l i me foll owed by dil ute ,


s pot will have d i sa ppeared with o ut l ea v
acetic aci d a nd water , Wi t h fre qu ent d r y ing the sli ghtest trace .
1 90 CLEANING P REPA RA TIO NS A ND M ET H OD S

III . s pots mIn k


-
a y be remove d by good quality cut i n s mall pi eces i n 8 0 0 0
, ,
.
,

the following mi xture pa rts of wate r T h e li qu i d i s a pl i ed by


.

O xalic a cid means of fla nnel a nd ri nse d 0 at onc e


S ta nnic chl oride with pure water .

Acetic acid To Remove Ani lin e S ta i n s fro m Ceil


Water to make i n gs , etc —I n renewing ceilings the ol d
. ,

Mix .
anili ne col or stai ns a re ofte n very a nnoy
I V —T h e customa ry meth od of cl ea n s
.
i ng a s they penetrate th e new coati n g
, .

ing ink s pots is to use oxalic acid T hic k .


Pai nti ng over with s hel la c or oil pai nt
bl ottin g pa per is soaked i n a c onee n will bring relief b ut other dra wbacks ,

tr a te d sol ut i on a nd dried I t is the n lai d .


a pea r A very practi cal rem edy is to
.

im mediately on th e bl ot a nd i n many ,
p ace a ti n vess el on the floor of the room ,

i nstances will take the latter out without a nd to burn a q uantity of sul hur i n it
l eaving a trace behi nd I n m ore stub .
after th e d oor s a nd wi ndows 0 the room
born cases th e cl oth is di pped i n b oiling have bee n cl osed T h e s ul ph ur va pors .

water a nd rubbed with crystals of oxal ic destroy the a niline stai n s whi ch d i sa p ,

acid after which it is s oaked i n a weak


,
pear e ntirel y .

sol uti on of chl oride of li me — say 1 ounce Ce ili n gs — I n dealing with ol d


Ol d
to a quart of water Under such ci rcu m
.

.
ceilings th e distem per must b e was h ed
stances th e linen sh oul d b e thoroughl y off d own to th e plaster fa ce all cracks ,
rinsed i n s everal waters afterwards .
raked out a n d stoppe d with putty ( plas
O xalic acid is undesi rabl e for certai n ter of Paris and diste m per mi xed ) an d ,
fabrics because it rem oves th e col or .
th e wh ol e ru b bed s m ooth with pumic e
V — Here is a m ore harmless m ethod
.
stone a nd water ; staine d part s s h oul d be
E qual pa rts of cream of tarta r and citric painte d with oil col or a n d th e W hol e ,
aci d o w d e r e d fine a nd mixed together
, , .
diste m pered I f ol d ceili ngs are i n bad
.

T his orms the salts of lem on s ol d by conditi on it is d esi rabl e that they sh oul d
drug i sts Procure a h ot di nner plate
.
,
be lined wit h pa per which sh oul d have ,
lay t e pa rt stai ned i n th e plate and ,
a coat o f wea k si ze before b ei ng distem
moisten with h ot water ; next rub i n the pered .

above powder with the bowl of a s poon


until the stains disa ppear ; then ri nse i n o n Wal l Paper — M ake a
Oi l S ta i n s .

cl ea n water a nd dry . medi u m thick paste of pi pe clay a nd


To R e move Red (An il i n e ) In k
water a p lyi ng i t carefully flat u pon the
oil sta in p
,

u t a voi di ng all fricti on


.

S tai ns of red anili nes except eosi ne are , The .

at once rem oved by m oi steni ng wit h


, ,
paste is all owed to remai n 1 0 t o 1 2 h ou rs ,

alcohol of 94 er cent aci dulated with after whi ch tim e it is very carefully r e
acetic a cid osi ne does not disa ppear
.
,
m oved with a soft ra g I n ma ny cases a .

s o easily T h e amount of acetic aci d to


.
repeated action w ill be necessary until
be used is ascertai ned by adding it drop the u r po se desire d is fully rea ched .

by drop to the al cohol testi ng the


,
,
Fi na l y h owever this will b e obtained
, ,
,

mixture from tim e to t i me u ntil when with out blurri ng or destroying t he de


dropped on the stai n the latter at once
,
si gn o f the wall pa per unless it be of the ,
,

disa ppears .
chea pest variety I n the case of a light .
,

del icate pa per th e paste sh o ul d b e com


,

C L EANI NG or WALLS , CEILINGS , AND posed o i magnesi a an d ben zi ne .

WALL PAPER : ToClea n Pain te d Wall s — A si m pl e .

S ee also Househol d Formulas .


method is to put a littl e a q ua a m monia
To Renovate Brick W alls — D iss ol ve . in m oderately war m water dam pen a ,

gl ue i n water i n the proporti on of 1 oun ce fla nnel with it a nd gé n tl y wi pe over th e


,

of l ue to every gall on of water ; a dd pai nte d s u rface N 0 s crubb i ng is n e c


w h ig
, .


e h ot a piece of al um the size of a
, essary .

he n s e g Q o un d Venetia n red a nd 1
Treat me n t of Wh itewa sh ed Wa l l s
, ,

pound pa nis brown Add m ore wate r .

It sug geste d that white wash ed walls


is
.

i f too dark ; more red a nd brown if too


light .
wh i ch it i s desired t o pa per with a v ie w ,

to r ev e n ti n g peeli ng s h oul d be treated


Clea ni n g Pa i nte d D oors , Wall s, etc ,
,

. Wi t water after which the scra per


,
T h e followi ng recipe is desi ned for s houl d be vi gorously used I f the wh i te .

a i n te d objects that are m uc s oiled .


was h has been thorough l y s oa ked it ca n
i mmer gently on the fire sti rring con , eas i ly be re m ove d with th e scra per
sta n tl y 30 a rts by weight of pul verized
.

. , ,
Care sh ould be taken that eve ry part of
b ora x a n 4 50 pa rts of brown s oa p of
,
the wall i s wel l scra p e d .
1 92 C LEA NI NG PREPA R A TIONS A ND MET H OD S

by the aid of heat eva porate i t to a s oli d Al cohol 1 2 0 parts


extract ; then powder a nd mi x it with the D ecocti on of quillai a
b ora x a nd the ox gall M elt the castil e . ba rk of 3 0 parts
°

s oa by adding a small qua ntity of water I V — Aceti c ether


. 1 0 parts
a n warming then ad d the other i ngre
, Amyl acetate o o o o o o o 1 0 parts
d i e n ts a nd mi x well .
Li quid a m m onia 1 0 pa r ts
About 1 0 0 parts of s oa p bark ma ke 2 0 D il ute al cohol 7 0 parts
parts of extract .

V — An other good n o n i n fl a mma bl e


.
~

I I — Cas til e s oa p
. 2 pounds . S pot rem over c onsists of e qual pa rts o f
Potassi um carbonate 5 pound . acetone a m m onia and dil uted alcohol
, , .

Q ou nce For use i n large qua n tities carb on tetra


5 ounce chl oride is s uggested .

Am monia wate r ounce VI —Castil e s oa 4 a v ounces


Water boi p
. .
. .

Hot water 5 pint or su fficient


, , .
ing
, 3 2 fl ui d o u n ces
D issol ve the potassiu m carbonate i n D iss ol ve a nd a d d
the water ad d the s oa previously r e Water
d uce d to thi n s havi ngs kee p wa rm over
,

,
A m moni a
a water bath sti rri ng o cca smn a ll y until
, , Ether
diss ol ved a ddi ng m ore water if n eces
,
Alcohol
sary a nd finally whe n of a consistence
To R e move S po ts f ro m Tr a ci n
, ,

to becom e se misol i d on cooli ng remove , Cloth .

from the fire Whe n nearly rea dy to


.
— I t is best to us e benzi ne whi o
,

set sti r i n the ca m ph or previously dis lied by mea ns of a cotton rag


b
.
, ,

enzi ne al s o takes off lea d pe ncil ma rks -


'

s ol ved i n the al cohol and the a m mon ,

T h e s oa p will a pparentl y be q uite as b ut d oes n ot atta ck I ndia a nd oth er i nks .

e fficaci ous without the ca m phor a nd T h e places treated with be nzi ne sh oul d
a m monia . s ubse q uentl y b e rub bed with a littl e
If a aste i s desire d a otas h s oa p tal cu m otherwis e it woul d n ot be pos
shoul d b
, ,

e used i nstead of t e castil e i n si bl e to us e the pe n o n the m .

the foregoing formula and a porti on or


all of the water omitted S oa ps made
,
R em o val o f Pai nt fro m Clothi n g .
.

Before ) aint becomes dr it ca n be
rem ove dfrom cl ot h by the liberal a pli
from otas h re mai n s oft wh i le s oda ,

s oa ps arde n on the eva pora ti on of the


water which they c ontai n when first cati on of t urpenti ne or be nzine I the .

made .
s o t is not lar c it m ay be i m mersed i n
,

A l iqui d reparation may be obtained t e liq ui d ; o t e r w i se a thick folded , , ,

of course b
,
a bs orbent cl oth sh oul d be place d u nder
y the addition of s u ffi cient
,

water a nd some more alcohol woul d


,
the fabric whi ch has bee n s potted an d ,

probabl y i m prove it .
the liq ui d s ponge d o n freel y e nough that
it may s oa k throu h carry i ng the greasy
matter with it g
,

Clothes -Cl ea n i n Fl ui d s o me s kill i n ma n i pu


.

S ee also Ho useh o d Formulas .


la ti on is req uisite to a void si mply s prea d

i ng the stai n a nd l e a vi n a ri ng to
I — B orax
. 1 ounce sh ow how far it has e xten ed
Castil e s oa p 1 ounce When benzi ne is use d th e operat or
.

S odi u m ca rb onate 3 drachms


.

m ust be careful to a pply it only i n the


A mm onia water 5 . ou nces absence of light or fire on a ccou nt of the
Alcohol 4 . . . ounces extre mely infla m ma bl e c hara cter of the
,

4 ounce s
Hot water to ma ke . 4 pints arnish stai ns whe n fresh a re t rea ted
, ,
D issol ve the b ora x sodium bi ca r bo , i n the sa me way b ut the a cti on of th e
,

nate a nd s oa p i n the hot water mi x the


, , s ol vent m ay possi bl y n ot b e s o com pl ete
a cetone an d al coh ol together u nite th e , on accou n t of th e gu m rosins present
Whe n either pai nt or varnis h has
.

two s olutions a nd then add the ammonia


,

water T h e additi on of a couple of


.

.
dr i ed i ts rem oval bec omes m ore d i ffi
,
ounces of rose water will render it s ome cul t I n such case s oa ki ng i n strong
.

what fragra nt .

am m on i a water may a ns wer A n e m ul


l l — A s tron decocti on of s oa p bark
.

reserve d by fh e a ddition of al cohol


S i on formed by s ha king together
2 pa rts
. .
, ,

, of a m m onia water a n d l of s pi rits of tur


orms a good liquid cl ea nser for fa brics penti ne has been rec om me nded
,
o f th e m ore delicate s ort
.

Re mov e Va sel i n e S ta i n s fro m


.

To
l l l — Chl oroform Cloth i n g — M oiste n the spots with a mi x
.
. .
.

tur e o f 1 part of a nili ne oil , 1 of pow


C L EA NING PRE PA R A T IONS A ND MET H OD S 1 93

dered s oa p an d 1 0 of water After


. mil k for 2 4 h ours A ieee of Venetia n .

a ll o w mg the cl oth to lie for 5 or 1 0 mi n


.
.

s oa or a ny other goo s oa is s cra pe d


utes wash with water p
, a n stirred i nto 2 quarts o l rai n water
.
.

T o this a qua ntity of hone a nd fres h ox


To Re move Grea se S pots fro m Pl us h
gall is added a nd the whole is stir red for
.

— Place fres h brea d rolls i n the ove n ,

s ome ti me I f it becomes too thi ck ,

break the m apa rt as s oon as they have .


,

become very h ot a nd rub the s pots with m ore water is a dded T his mass is a l .

the cru mbs contin ui ng the work by u s l owe d to sta nd for half a day an d the ,

Wra p a
.

i ng new rolls u ntil all traces of fat ha ve wet laces a re painte d with it .

disappeared from the fa bri c Purified wet cl oth aroun d the roller of a ma ngl e ,

win d th e la ces over this put another wet


. '

benzi ne whi c h d oes n ot alter eve n th e


,
,

most delicate col ors is als o useful for cl oth o


p top a nd press wetting a nd r e , ,
»

t h e a pplication several ti mes


,

this purpose .

p leating
e xt di p the laces i n a clear sol uti on of ,
.

To R e move Iro n R ust fro m M usli n equal arts of s ugar a nd gu m ara bi c ,

a n d Li ne n — We t with l e mon j uice a nd


. ass t e m agai n through the ma ngl e ,

salt a nd expos e to the s un If o n e a p e t w e e n two clea n pieces of cl oth a nd


. ,

plicati on d oes not re m ove the s pots a hang them u p to dry thoroughl y attach , ,

second rarely fails to d o s o i n a wei ht to the l ower e n d . .

V oak gol d laces over night i n .

K er o cl e a n T his n on i nflammabl e
.
chea p white wi ne a nd the n proceed as
cleanser re m oves grease s pots from deli with silver laces If the gol d I S worn o ff .
,
cate fa bric s without i nju ry cl ea ns all put 77 1 grai ns of shella c 3 1 grai ns of ,
,
ki nds of j e wel ry a nd ta bl eware by r e dragon s bl ood 3 1 grains of turmeri c i n ’
,
moving fats a nd tarnis h kill s moths stron al coh ol a nd pour o ff the ruby -col
ore d g
, ,

i nsects an d h ousehol d pests by s u tto


, uid D i p a fine hair pencil i n this .
,
cation a nd extermi nati on and cleans pai nt the pieces to be rene wed a nd h ol d
,
,
ironwa re by re m ovi ng rust brass ware by a hot fl a ti r o n a few i nches a bove them
,

removi n g grease copperware by r e mo v


,

s o t hat only the laces receive the heat


,
.

ing verd i gris I t is as clear as water


.
V — S ilver em broi deries may als o be .

and will stan d a ny fire test cl ea n e d by dusting them with Vienna


.

1 ounce l i me a nd brushi ng o ff with a vel vet ,

Carbo n t et ra c h l o ri d e br ush
'

For gildings the stu ff is di p ed i n a


O il of citronella s ol uti on of gol d chl ori de and t is is r e
. . ,

M i x an d filter if necessar y If a d uce d by means of hydrogen i n a nother


. .

stron od or of ca rb on bi sul h i de is de vessel .

tecte i n the carbon t e tr a c l o r i d e first For sil vering one of the fo l l o w i n two ,

shake wi th powdered c harcoal and filter processes may be em plo yed : (a ) ai nt .

i n g with a s ol uti on of 1
pa rt of phos
To Clea n G o l d a n d S il ver Lace ph o r u s i n 1 5 parts bisul ph i de of carbon .

I — Al kali ne li ( uids s ometi mes use d for a nd di p in g i n a s ol uti on of nitrate of


clea ni ng gol d l ace are unsuita bl e for sil ver ; ( 5
.

) d l ppi n g for 2 hours i n a sol u ,

they generally corrode or change th e ti on of nitrate of sil ver mixed with a m ,

col or of the sil k A s ol uti on of s oa als o


. m onia the n exposing to a c urre nt of pure ,

i nterferes with certain c ol ors a nd s oul d h ydrogen , .

therefore n ot be e m pl oyed Alcohol is


To Re mov e S il ver S tains fro m Wh ite
.

an e ff ectual rem edy for restori ng the Fabrics — M oist e n the fa bric for two or _

luster of gol d a nd it may be us ed w i th three minutes with a sol ution of


.

5 parts
,

out a ny danger to the sil k but where the


gol d is worn off a nd the ba s e me ta l ex of bromi ne a nd,
5 00 parts of water .

,
T hen rinse i n clear water I f a yell ow
O

posed it is not s o s uccessful i n aecom


,
ish stai n remai ns i m merse i n a sol uti on
.

pl i sh i n g its purpose as by r e mo vmg t h e


,

of 1 5 0 pa rts of s odi um hy posul phite i n


,

tarnis h the bas e metal becomes m ore 5 0 0 parts of water a nd agai n ri nse i n
disti nguis ha bl e from the fine ol d cl ea r water .
,

II — T o cl ea n sil ver lace ta e alabas


.

ter i n very fi ne powder l ay the lace u pon R ust -S pot R e mover — D iss ol ve pot e s
, .

a cl oth a nd with a s oft brus h take u p


,
si um bi oxalate 2 0 0 parts i n distill ed .
, ,

some of the powder an d ru b both s i des water , parts ; add glycerine , ,

with it till it bec omes bright a nd cl ean parts a nd filter M oiste n the rust or , , .

afterwards pol is h with a n other brus h w k 5 ots with this s ol uti on : l e t the li nen ,

until all rem nants of the powder a re r e etc i e for 3 h ours rubbi ng the m oist .
, ,

moved a nd it exhi bits a l ustrous surface


,
ened s pots frequently a nd then was h well ; .
,

l II — S il ver la ces are put i n curdled


. with water .
M ET H O D S

1 94 CL E ANI NG PRE PA RA T I ON S AN D

To Clea n Qui lts — Q uilts are clea ned .


l pumice stone Pil e the m oist rags one
.

by first was hing the m i n l ukewarm soap u pon a nother pla cin g a layer of t he pow
,

s uds the n laying them i n col d s oft ( rai n )


, ,
der between each t wo T hen press sepa . ,

water over night Th e next d a y they . rate an d dry


,
.

are pressed as dry as possi ble a nd h ung Clea ni ng Pow d er .

Up; the ends i n which the moisture r e


mai ns for a l ong time m ust be wrung
,
B ol e . 5 00 parts
M agnesiu m carbo
,

out from ti me to time .

I t is very essential to beat the dryi ng


nate 50 pa rts
quilts freq uently with a s m ooth stick or M i x a nd ma ke i nto a paste with a
b oard T his will have the e ff ect of
.
s mall quantity of benzi ne or water ; a pply
s welli ng u p the waddi ng a nd preventing ,
to stai ns mad e by fats or oils on t he cl oth
it fro m felti ng Furtherm ore the quilts .
,
i ng a nd whe n dry rem ove with a brus h .

sh oul d be repeatedly turned d uring the


dryi ng from right to left a nd also from CLEANI NG PAINTED AND VAR
top to bottom I n this ma nner strea ks .
NIS HEB S UR FACES :
are avoided Cl ea ni n g a n d Pr eser vi n Polis h e d
W oo d work — Ru b do w n all t e polis hed
.

R em oval of Peru via n -Balsa m S tai ns


.
.

— T h e fabric is sprea d out a piece of work with a very wea k al coholic s ol u


filter pa per bei ng placed beneath the
,
tion of shella c ( 1 to 2 0 or eve n 1 to 3 0 )
stai n a n d t h e latter is the n co i o u sl y a nd li nseed oil s prea d on a li ne n cl oth
, .

T h e rubbi ng s h oul d be firm and hard


,

moiste ned with c hl oroform a p i e d by .

Rub bi ng
,

means of a tuft of cotton wool .


S pots on the polis he d s urface made by ,

is to be avoided alcohol tinctures water etc shoul d be


, , , .
,

rem oved as far as possible and as s oon as


.

S olutio n for R em ovi ng Nitrate o f S il possible after they are ma de by the use ,

ver S pots .
of boiled linseed oil Afterwards they .

Bic hl oride of m ercury 5 parts s houl d be rubbe d with the shellac a nd


A mm oni um chl oride 5 parts . linseed oil s ol uti on on a s oft linen rag .

D istilled water 4 0 parts . I f the s ots are d ue to a cids go over the m


Apply the mixture to the s pots with a with i ttl e dil ute a m m onia water
a Ink .

cl oth then rub T his removes al m ost


, .
,
s pots may be re move d with dil ute or (if
i nsta nta neously even old stai ns on li nen , ,
necessary ) concentrated hydrochloric
cotton or wool ,S tains on the ski n thus .
aci d foll o w i ng its use with dil ute a m mo
,

treated become whitis h yell ow a nd s oon nia water I n extre me cas es it may be
.

disappear .
n e c e ss a r y h use the scra per or sa n d pa
per o r bo tl l
, .

Clea ni ng Traci ngs — T racing cl oth .


O a k as a ge neral thi ng is n ot polis hed ,
ca n be very quickly a nd easily clea ned ,
but has a matt s urface whic h ca n be
a nd pe ncil marks rem oved by the use of washed wit h water a nd s oa p First all
be nzi ne which is a pplied with a cotton
.

,
stai ns a nd spots sh ould be gone over
s wa b It may be rubbed freely over the
.

with a s p o nge or a s oft brus h a nd very


traci ng without i nj ury to lines drawn i n wea k a m m onia water T h e carved work
i nk or even i n water col or but the pencil
.

, ,
s houl d be freed of dust etc by the use
marks a nd dirt will quickly disa ppea r
.
, ,
.

of a sti ff brush an d fi nally washed


T h e be n zi ne eva orates al most i mme d i
,

ately l e a v i n t e traci m unharmed


with dilute a m m onia water When dry .

Th e s urface however has been s ofte ned


o
,
.

it shoul d be one over very thi nly and


, ,
evenly with b r u n o li n e a p pl ie d with a
a nd must be rub bed down with tal c or ,
soft pe ncil I f it is desi red to give a n
s ome si milar s ub sta nce before dra wing
.

,
es pecially ha ndso me finis h after the
any more ink lines .

s urface is enti rel y dry gi ve it a preli m


,

T h e laze may be restored to tracing


,

i n a r y coat of br u n o li n e a nd foll ow this


cloth a ter usi ng the eraser by rubbi ng on the day after with a second B runo
the roughened s urface with a piece of li ne may be purchase d of a ny d eal er i n
.

hard wa x from a n ol d phonogra ph paints T o make it p ut 7 0 pa rts of li n


cyli nder T h e surface thus prod u ced is
.
,
.

seed oil i n a very ca paci ous vessel ( on


s u peri or to that of the origi nal glaze as ,
accou nt of the foa m that ens ues ) a nd add
i t I S abs ol utely oil a nd water-proof .

to it 20 parts of powdered litharge 2 0 ,


Rags for Cleaning a n d Po l i sh i n parts of powdered mi ni um a nd 1 0 parts ,

I mmerse flann e l rags in a sol uti on 0 2 0 of lea d acetate als o powdered , Boil .

parts of dextri ne a nd 3 0 parts of oxalic until the oil is com l et e l y oxidi zed stir ,
acid i n 2 0 parts of l ogwood decocti on ; r i ng constantly he n c om pl etel y o xi
.

gen tly wri ng them out a nd sift over the m , dized the oil is no l on er red b ut is of a , .

a m i xture of finel y powdered tripoli a nd dark brown col or he n it acquires .


1 96 C LEANING PREPA R A TIONS A ND M E T H OD S

Essential oil al mond 5 . drops a pasty mass Ru b the marble with it


.

O i l bergamot 1 drach m vigorously a nd e n d the cl e an i ng w i th


,

O i l cl oves 5 . drops s oa p a nd water .

M ix T o be a pplied with
. a s ponge III O x gall
.
- 1 pa rt
.

or soft cl oth .
S aturated s ol uti on
of s odi u m carb o
STONE CLEANING nate 4 pa rts
Clea nin g a n d Poli sh ing Ma rble .
O i l of turpenti ne 1 part
I — M a rbl e that has become dirty by
.
Pi pe clay enough to form a past e .

ordi nary use or expos ure may be cl eaned


by a si m ple bath of s oa p a nd water . I V —S odiu m carbonate
. 2 ounces .

If this does not re move stai ns a weak Chl ori nated lime 1 ounce
Water
,

sol ution of oxali c aci d s houl d be ap plied 1 4 ounces


with a s pon ge or rag washi ng qu i ckly , M i x well a nd a pply the magma to t h e
a nd t h o r o u gli l y with water to mi nimi ze marble with a cl oth rubbing wel l i n an d , ,

inj ury to the surface .


finally rubbi ng dry It may be meces .

Rubbing well after this with chal k sa ry to repeat this operati on .

moistened with water will i n a measure , , V — Was h the surface with a mi xture
.

restore the l uster Another method of .


of finely o w d e r e d pumice stone a nd vi n
finishi ng is to apply a sol uti on of white egar a n lea ve it for several hours ; then
,

wa x in turpenti ne (about 1 i n rub brus h it ha rd an d was h it clean When .

bi ng th oroughly with a piece of fla nnel dry rub with whiting a n d wash leather
, .

or s oft l eather .

If the ma rble has been much ex o se d VI — S oft s oa p


. 4 parts
Whiti ng
,

s o that its l uster has been seri ous y i m 4 parts


pai red it may be necessary to repolish S odi u m bicarbonate 1 part
,

it i n a m ore th orough ma nner T his .


C opper s ul phate 2 parts .

may be accomplished by rubbi ng it first M i x thoroughly a nd rub over the mar


with sand be i nning with a moderately
,
bl e with a piece of flannel a nd l eave it ,

coarse graine articl e a nd cha ngi ng this


- on for 2 4 hours then was h it o ff with ,

twice for finer ki nds after which tri oli , clea n water a nd polis h the marbl e with
,

or pumice is used T h e final polis is . a piece of flannel or a n ol d pi ece of felt .

give n by the so called putty powder A - . VII — A strong s ol uti on of oxalic aci d
.

plate of iron is generally used i n applyi ng e ff ectually takes out i nk stai ns In .

the coarse sand ; with the fine sa nd a ha ndling it the pois on ous nature of this
l ea den plate is used ; and the pumice is aci d should n ot be forgotten .

employed in the form of a smooth s urfaced -


VI I I — I r 0 n m ol d or i nk s pots may
.

piece of convenient size For the final . be taken out i n the foll owi ng ma n
pol ishi ng coarse li nen or bagging is used , ner : T ake t ounce of butter of antimony
wed ged tightly i nto a n i ron plani ng tool . a nd 1 ounce of oxalic aci d a nd dissolve
D uri ng all these applications water is the m i n 1 pi nt of rain water ; ad d en ough
all owed to trickl e over the face of the flour to bri ng the mixture to proper a

stone . consistency Lay it evenly on the


.

T h e putty powder referred to is bi n stai ned part with brus h a n d after it a , ,

oxi de of ti n obtained by treati ng metal


, has remained for a few days wash it off ,

lic ti n with nitric acid which converts and repeat the ) r o c e ss if the stai n is not
wholl y re move d
,

the metal i nto hydrated metastannic acid . .

T his when heated becomes a nhydrous


.
, . I X — T o rem ove oil stains a pply com
.

I n this conditi on it is known as utty m on clay saturated with benzine If .

powder I n practice putty pow er is


. t he rease has remained i n l ong the
mixed with al um sul phur a nd other , , olis will be inj ured but the stai n will ,

s ubsta nces the mixture used bei ng de


. e rem oved .

endent u ) on the nature of the stone to X — T h e foll owi ng m eth od for r e mo v


e o li s h e d
.

.
i ng rust from iron d epends upon the s ol u
cc o r di n g to Warwick col ored mar , bili ty of the sul phide of i ron in a s ol ution
ble s houl d not be treated with s oa p a nd of cyanid e of potassiu m Clay is made .

water but only with the s ol ution of bees


, i nto a thi n paste with a m m oni u m s ul
wa x a bove m enti oned .
ph id e and the rust s pot s mea red with
,

II — T ake 2 parts of sodiu m bi ca r bo n


.
the mi xture care bei ng taken that the
,

ate 1 part of powdered pumice stone


, , s pot is onl y j ust c overed After ten .

and 1 part of finely pul veri zed chalk .


m i nutes this paste is washe d o ff a nd r e
Pass through a fine sieve to screen out placed by one c onsistin g o f white bole
all rticl es ca able of scratchi ng the m i xed with a s ol ution of potassi u m
ma rp a
l e a n d a d s u ffi cie n t wa t er to f or m
, c ya n i d e ( 1 to whi ch i s m i ts tur n
C LEA NI NG PREPA R A TIONS AND MET H ODS 1 97

washed o ff after a b out 2 } hour s S h oul d a pply the aste uniformly on the s pot
with a brus ii and l eave the coati ng al one
.

a reddis h s pot remai n after washing off ,

the first paste a second layer may be a p


, for two to three days before it is washed
plied for a b out 5 mi nutes . o ff. I f the spots are not rem oved by a
XL — S oft s oa p ounces 4 singl e a pplicati on repeat the latter I n , .

ounces 4
usi ng Javelle water 1 or 2 drops shoul d
S odi u m carbonate ounce 1 be carefully poured on eac h spot ri nsing ,

Water s u ffi cient qua ntity o ff with water


.

, a .

M ake i nto a thi n paste a p l y on the To Rem ove Grease S ots fro m Ma rble .
,
— I f the s pots are fres rub them over
soiled s urface a nd was h 0 , after 2 4
hours .
with a piece of cl oth that has been di ppe d
XI I — I n a s a ci o us tub lace a tall
.
i nto pul verized china clay repeati ng the ,

vessel u psid e own O n t is s et


operati on several times and then brus h ,

When the s pots


.

articl e to be clea ne d s o that it will n ot with s oap and water .

sta nd i n the water which woul d l oosen a re ol d b rush with distilled water and
,

the cemented parts I nto this tub pour .


finest French plaster energetically then ,

a few i nches of col d wate r —hot water bleach with chl ori de of li me that is put
renders marbl e d ull — take a s oft brus h on a piece of white cl oth If the piece of .

and a piece of Venetia n s oa p di the ma rble is s mall enough to permit it soa k ,

former i n th e water a nd rub on th e fatter it for a few h ours i n refined benzine


,
.

careful ] br u shi n
W Preparatio n for Clea n i ng Marble ,

o fl the articl e from
top to b ottom he n i n this ma nner
.
Furniture , a n d Metals , Especiall y Cop
dust a nd dirt ha ve bee n diss ol ved wash , per .

T his preparati on is clai med to give
o ff all s oa p particl es by mea ns of a water ver quickly perfect brilliancy persisting
wity
,

ing pot a nd col d water dab the object , out s oilin g either the hand or th e
with a cl ea n s ponge whic h a bsorbs the , articles a nd Wi t h o u t l ea vi n g any odo r of
,

moisture place it upon a cl oth a nd ca re


, copper T h e foll owi ng is the com posi
.

fully dry with a very clean soft cl oth , , ti on for 1 00 parts of the product : Wa x ,

rubbi ng gently T his treatment will .

parts ; O i l of turpenti ne parts ; ,

restore the former gl oss t o the marble . acet i c aci d 4 2 parts ; citric acid 4 2 parts ;
, ,

XI I I — M i x a nd sha ke thoroughly i
. white s oa p 4 2 parts , .

a bottle e qual qua ntities of sul phuric aci


Remo vi n Oil S tains from Marble
and le mon j uice M oisten the s ots a nd .

S aturate ful er s earth with a sol ution of


. ’

rub them l ightly with a linen c oth an


the will di sa ppea r equal parts of s oa p li ni ment am monia , ,

and water ; apply to the greasy part o f


.

I V —Ink s pots are treated with acid


the ma rbl e ; keep there for some h ours
.

oxalate of potassium ; bl ood stains by pressed down with s moothing iron


,

a
brushing Wi th ala baster d ust and dis s ufficientl y hot to warm the mass a n d
tilled water th en bleaching with chlori ne
,
as it evaporates occasi onally rene w th e
,

solution Aliza ri ne i nk a nd anili ne ink


.

s olution Wh en wi ped o ff dry the stai n


spots can be m oderated by laying on rags
.

saturated with Javelle water chl orine w a will have nearly d i sa p eared S ome .

,
days later when more oi works toward
ter or chl ori de of li me paste O l d oil ,
,

sta ins ca n only be e ffaced by placing the


.

the s urface repeat the operati on A few .

such treatments shoul d suffice


whole iccc of marbl e for hours in ben
.

zine . resh oil or grease s pots are o bli t Cl e a n i ng Te r ra Cotta —After having .

crated by repeated a pplicati ons of a carefully rem oved all dust pai nt the terra ,

littl e da m p white clay a nd s ubsequent


,
cotta by means of a brush with a mix
, ,

brushing with s oa p water or wea k s oda ture of slightly gu mmed water and finely
sol uti on For ma ny other s pots a n a p
.
powdered terra cotta .

plicati on of benzine and magnesia is useful . Re novation of Polish e d a n d Varn ishe d


X V — M arble sla bs keep well an d d o
. S urfac e s of Woo d , S tone , e ta — T his is
not l ose their fres h col or if they are com posed of the foll owi ng ingredients
cleaned with h ot water onl y with out the
,

, though the proportions may be va ri ed :


additi on of s oa p which is inj uri ous to ,
Cereal flour or wood pul p 3 8 % parts ; ,

the col or Ca re must be taken that n o


. hydrochl oric aci d 4 5 parts ; chl ori de of
,

li quid dries on the marble I f s pots of . li me 1 6 parts ; turpentine t part After


, , .

Wi ne co ff ee beer etc ha ve al ready a p


, , , .
,
mixing the ingredi ents thoroughly i n
pea r e d they are clea ne d with dil uted
,
order to form a h omogeneous paste the ,

s pirit of sal a m m oniac highly dil uted , o bj ect to be treated is smeared with it
oxalic acid Javelle water ox gall or
, , , , a nd all owed to stand for s ome time .

take a q ua ntity of newly slaked l i me mi x , T h e paste on the surface is then rem ov e d


it with wate r i nto a paste -like consistency , by passi ng over it quickly a piece of soft
1 98 CL EA NING PREPA R AT IONS A ND MET H ODS

leather or a brush which will rem ove ,


contai ning a little s ul phuric aci d After .

dirt grease a nd other del eteri ous sub


, ,
the a rticl es ha ve bee n i n the liqui d for
stances By rubbing ge n tl
. with a several days or a week the rust will have ,

cl oth or piece O f l eather a po i sh e d s ur com pl etel y disa ppea red T h e l ength of .

face will be i mparted to wood an d o h , time will depend upon the de th to


jects of m etal will be rendered l ustrous which th e rust has pe netrated littl e
T h e addition of chl oride of li m
. .

e tends sul phuric a ci d ma y be ad ded from tim e


to keep the paste moist thus a l l o w i n the , to ti me b ut the chief poi nt is that the
,

ready removal of the paste without a m zinc al ways h a s good electric contact
a ging the varnish or polish whil e the , with the i ron T o i ns ure this a n i ron
.

turpentine serves as a disinfectant and wire may be firmly wou nd a rou nd the
renders the odor l ess disagreeable d uring i ron object a nd connecte d With the zi nc .

the operati on . Th e iron is not attac ked i n the least as ,

T h e preparation is rapi d i n its acti on , l ong as the zinc is kept i n good electri c
and does not a ff ect the varnished or contact with it Whe n th e a rticles are .

li sh e d s urfaces of wood or marbl e taken fro m the l i qui d they assu me a dark
p ighile energetic i n its cleansin g acti on o n
.

gra or black col or a nd are the n washed


brass and other metalli c ob ects it is , an oiled .

attended with no corrosive e ect . I V — T h e rust on iron a nd steel o h


.

Ni trate of S i l ver S o ts — T o rem ove . j ects es pecially large pieces is readily


, ,

these s pots from w ite marble they ,


re move d by rubbi ng the pieces wit h O i l
sh oul d be pai nted with Javelle water ,
of tartar or with very fine e mery a nd a
,

a nd after having been was hed assed ,


littl e oil or by putti ng powdered al um i n
,

over a concentrated s ol ution of t i o sul strong vi negar a n d rubbi ng with this


phate of s oda ( hyposul phite ) .
a lum e d vi negar .

To R em ove Oi l -Pa i n t Spots from V — T ake cyanide of cal ci um 2 5


.
,

S a n d sto nes — T his may be done by arts ; white soa p powdered 2 5 parts ; , ,

pa mis h white 5 0 a rts ; a nd water 2 00


.

washing the s pots with ure tur e n ti n e , ,

o il the n covering the p ace wit white parts . T riturate a l well a nd rub the
,

argillaceous eart h ( pi pe clay ) leaving it ,


piece with this paste T h e e ff ect will be .

to dry and finally rubbi ng with sha rp


,
quicker if before usin g this paste the
s oda lye using a brus h , Caustic a m .
rusty obj ect has been s oaked for 5 to
m onia also re moves oil -paint s pots from 1 0 mi nutes i n a s ol uti on of cyani de of
sa ndstones .
potassiu m i n the rati o of 1 part of eya
nide to 2 a rts of water
R UST R EMOVERS
.


VI 0 rem ove rust from polis hed
.

To Rem ove R ust from Iro n or S te el steel cyanide of po ta ssiu m is excellent .

Ute n sils . If possi ble soa k the i nstrum ent to be


,

I — Apply the foll owing solution by


.
clea ned i n a sol uti o n of cya nide of po ta s
mea ns of a brush after havi ng rem ove d , s ium i n the proportion of 1 ounce of eya
a ny grease by rubbing with a clea n dry , n i de to 4 ounces of water All ow this .

cl oth : 1 0 0 parts of stannic chl ori de are to act till a ll l oose rust is rem oved a nd ,
dissolve d i n part s of water ; this then polis h with cya ni de s oap T h e .

s ol ution is a dded to one containing 2 latter i s ma de as foll ows : Potass i u m cya


parts tartaric aci d dissolved i n n i de preci i ta t ed chal k white castile
, ,
pa rts of water and finally 2 0 cubic cen , soa p M a e a saturate d s ol uti on of the
.

ti me te r s i n di o soluti on dil uted with cya nide a nd a d d chal k s u ffi ci ent t o make
g ,

parts 0 t water are ad ded Af ter , .


a crea my paste Add the s oa p cut i n .

all owing the s ol ution to act upon the fi ne s havings a nd th oroughl y i ncor porate
stai n for a few seconds it is rubbed clean , , i n a m orta r Whe n the m i xture i s sti ff
.

first with a moist cl oth then with a dry , ceas e to add the s oa p I t s h oul d be r e .

cloth ; to restore the ol i sh use is ma de of me mbered th at potassi u m cya ni de is a



sil ver sa nd a nd je we ers rouge . Vi rulent pois on
I I — When the rust is recent it is r e
.

.
VIL — Apply turpenti ne or kerosene
moved by rubbi ng the metal with a cork Oi l a nd after letti ng it sta nd ove r night
,

charged with oil I n this manner a per .


clea n with finest e mery cl oth .
,

feet polis h is obtai ned T o ta ke o ff ol d .


VIII — T o free a r ticl es of i ro n a n d
.

rust mix e ual parts of fine tripoli a nd


, steel from rust a n d i mbedde d grai ns of
flower s of su hur mingling this mixture , sa n d t h e articl es a re treated w i t h
fl uo r
with olive Oi s o as to orm a paste t .
hyd ri c ac i d (a bout 2 per ce n t ) 1 to 2
Rub the iron with this preparati on by hours whereby th e i m puriti es but not the
,

means of a ski n .
meta l a re d i ss ol ved T his is foll owed by .

1 11 — Th e rusty piece is connecte d a washi n wi th li me mil k to neutraliz e


a n y fl u o r gd r i c aci d re mai ni ng
.

,
with a piec e of zi nc a nd placed i n wate r y .
2 00 C LE A NING PREPA RA TIONS AND M ET H OD S

Clean i n g Copper . Ever particl e of c a rb onac e ous matter


I —Use Armenian bol e mixed into a
.
will t us be o t ri d of a n d the b urner be ,

paste with ol ei c acid .


as clea n an serviceabl e as ne w T his .

ought to be d one at least every m onth


I I -Rotten stone 1 part
,
. .

b ut the light woul d be better if it were


I ron s ubcarbonate 3 parts .

don e every 2 weeks


Lard oil a s ufficient quantity
.

.
,

TIL — I ron oxi de 1 0 parts .


G ol d -Ware Cl e an er .

Pumice st one 3 2 parts Aceti c acid 2 parts


O leic aci d a s u fficient quantity , . S ul phuric acid 2 parts .

O xalic aci d 1 part


I V — S oa p cut fi n e 1 6 parts ’
.

Preci i t a t e d chal k
, . .

Jewelers rouge 2 parts


2 pa rts
D istill ed water 2 0 0 pa rts
Jewe ers rouge 1 part

M i x the aci ds an d water and sti r in the


.

Crea m of tarta r 1 part . .

M agnesi um carbonate 1 part rouge after first rubbin g it u p with a por


,

Water a s u fficient q uant i ty


,
.
ti on of the li quid Wi th a clean cl oth .
,

wet with this mi xture go well over the


D iss ol ve the s oa p i n the s mallest quan
,

r ti cl e Rinse o ff with hot water a n d


tity of water that will e ff ect s ol uti on over a
.

i y
r
a water bath Add the other ingredi ents
.

to the sol ution while still hot stirring , Cle an er — M a ke a thin past e
S i l ver w are .

constantly .
of l evigate d ( not preci pitated ) chal k a n d
To R em ove Hard Grease , Pai nt , etc , s odi um h ypo s ul hite i n e qual arts
rubbed up i n distil led water
.
, ,

f ro m M a ch i nery — T o remove grease . , ppl y .

pai n t etc from mac hi n ery add half a


, .
,
this paste to the surface rubbing well ,

poun d of causti c s oda to 2 gall ons of with a s oft brush Rinse i n cl ear water .

water and boil the parts to be cleaned i n a nd dry i n sa wdust S ome authorities .

the flui d It is possi ble to use it several


.
a dvise the cl ea ner to l e t the paste dry on
ti mes before its strength is exhausted .
the ware and the n t o rub o ff an d ri nse
,

with h ot water
S olutio n s for Cleani ng M etals
.

I — Water
. 2 0 parts Cleane r — M a ke a bath of
S i l ver -Coi n .

Al um 2 parts 1 0 parts of s ul phuric aci d a nd 90 parts of


T ri poli 2 parts water an d l et t he coi n lie i n this until th e
,

Nitric acid 1 part crust of silver sul phi de is diss ol ved From .

5 to 1 0 mi n utes usually s u ffice Ri nse


Water
.

II —
.
r un n i n water then ru b with a soft ,

O xali c a ci d brus h an castil e s oa p rinse a gain dry , ,


T ri poli with a soft cl oth an d then ca refully rub ,

To Clea nse Ni ck el - I -Fifty parts of . .


wi th cha mois .

rectified alcohol ; 1 part of s ul ph uric


aci d ; 1 part of nitric aci d Pl unge the .
Clean i n g S i l ver -Plate d Wa re — Into .

piece in the ba t h for 1 0 to 1 5 s econds a wi de -m outhe d b ottle provide d with a


rinse it o ff i n cold water and di it next
,
good cork put the fo ll o w mg mi xture :
Crea m of tarta r o o o o o o 2 parts
,

into recti fied alcohol D r y wit a fine .

li nen rag or with sa wdust .


Levigated chal k 2 parts
II — S tearine oil
. 1 part .
Al u m 1 part
A mm onia water 2 5 parts .
Powder the al u m and rub u p with the
Benzine 5 0 parts other ingredients an d cork tightly
When re qui red for use wet s u ffici ent of
. , .

Alcohol 7 5 parts
.

Rub up the stearine with the a m monia ,


the powder a n d with s oft li nen rags rub
add the benzi ne an d then the alcohol ,
the article being ca reful n ot to use
,

and agitate until homogeneous Put i n .


m uch press ure as other wis e the thi n ,

de -mouthed vessels and cl os e care la yer of plating ma be c ut through .

Ri nse in hot s uds a n a fterwa rds in clea r


fully ,

When
.

water an d dry i n sa wd ust


To Clea n Petroleu m Lamp Bur ne rs
, .

.
badly bl a ckene d with sil ve r sul phi de if ,
D iss ol ve i n a quart of soft water a n s mall the a rticl e may b e di pped for a n
,

ounce or a n ounce an d a half of washing instant i n hydrochl oric a ci d an d i m me


s oda using a n ol d half -gall on tomato can
, . di a te l y rinsed in r un n i n water La rger .

I nto this put the burner after re moving articles may be t r e a te as coins a re
the wick set it on the stove and l et it
, , i m merse d for 2 or 3 mi n utes in a 1 0
b oil strongly for 5 or 6 min utes then , per cent aq ueous s ol uti on of s ul ph uri c
ta ke out rinse un der the tap an d dry
, , .
acid or the s urface may be ra pi dly wi pe d
,
CL EA NING P REPA R ATI ONS A ND M ET H OD S 201

w it h a s wa b carryin g nitric aci d an d i n al kali a nd it has been f ound that afte r


,

sta n tl y r i nsed i n runn i ng water . e mpl oying this remedy the dirt layer is
Cl ea n i n g Gilt Bro nze Ware —If greasy .
l oosened a nd the gree n plati na rea ppea rs .

was h caref ully in s uds or better d i int o


,
Potash has been found to be a n efficaci ous
, ,

a hot sol uti on of causti c potas h an then


,
re medy even i n the case of statues that
,

was h in s uds with a s oft rag a n d rinse i n


,
had apparently turned completely black .

running water I f n ot then clean an d


.

To Clea n Po l is h e d Parts of Ma ch i n e s .

bri ght di p into the foll owin g mixture


, — Put in a flask parts of petroleu m ;
N itric acid 1 0 parts
.
a dd 2 0 parts of paraffi ne s ha ved fine ; ,

Al u min u m s ul phate 1 part cork the b ottl e a nd sta n d asi de for a


Water . . 4 0 parts c o n l e of days giving it an occasi onal
,

M i x Ri ns e i n runnin g water
. .
sha e T h e mi xture is now rea dy for
.

use T o use s hake the bottle pour a


Brita n n ia Meta l Clean er —Rub first
.
, ,


.
littl e of t h e li quid upon a wool en rag an d
with j ewelers rouge made i nto a paste rub evenly over the part to be cl eaned ;
with oil ; wash i n s uds ri nse dry a nd , , ,
or a pply with a brush S e t the articl e
finish with cha mois or was h l ea ther
.

.
aside and next day rub it well wit h a
, ,

To Re mo ve I n k S ta i ns o n S il ver . dry woole n rag E very particle of rust


, .
,

S ilver arti cl es i n domesti c use a nd es e , r e si n i fi e d grease etc will disa pear


, .
,

c i a l l y sil ver or plated i nkstands t e , provided the article has not been neg e cted
uently become ba dly stai ned with i nk too l ong I n this case a further a p lica
qhese stai ns ca nnot be rem oved b ordi
. .

tion of th e oil will be necessary f too .

nary processes but r ea di l yi e l to a


, great pressure has n ot bee n made or the ,

paste of chl oride of li me a n water Ja r u bbi n z continued too l ong the resid ual
oil fi n a ll y l e a ves the surface r o t e c te d by
.
,

vell e water may be also used .

Remo v i n g Egg S ta i n s — A inch of table


a delicate layer of pa r a ffi n e t at will pre
vent rusting for a l ong ti me
.

salt take n betwee n the thu m a nd finger .

a nd rub bed on the s pot with the end of To Clea n Ar ti cles of Nic k el — Lay .

the finger will us ually remove the darkest the m for a few seconds i n al cohol con
egg stai n from silver .
taining 2 per cent of s ul phuric a cid ; r e
To Clea n S i l ver Orna me n ts —M ake a .
m ove was h i n runnin g water ri n se in
, ,

strong sol utio n of s oft s oa a nd water ,


alcohol a n d rub dry W i th a linen cl oth
, .

a n d i n this b oil the articl es or a fe w mi n T his process gives a brilliant polis h and
utes — fi ve will usually be enough T ake .
i s es pecially useful with plated articl es on
out pour the s oa p s ol uti on i nto a basi n
, ,
the plating of which the usual o l i sh i n g
a nd as soon as the li quid has cool ed down materials act very destructive y T h e .

sufficiently t o be borne by the ha nd with ,


yell owest a nd brownest nickel ed articl es
a soft b rus h scrub the articles with it .
are restored to pristine brillia ncy by
Rinse i n boiling water a nd place on a l ea ving them in the alcohol a nd aci d for
porous s ubstance (a bit of tili ng a brick , ,
1 5 seconds Fi ve seconds suffi ce ordi
.

or u ngl aze d earthenware ) to dry Pi . n a r il y .

nally gi ve a light rubbi ng with a cha m ois


How to Re no vate Bro n ze s
.

For gilt —
Arti cles thus treate d l ook as bright as .

n e w.
work first rem ove all grease dirt wa x
, , , ,

etc with a sol ution i n wat e r of po ta s


.
,
S ol ve nt fo r Iro n R us t — Articl es a t s i u m or sodi um h drate then dry an d , ,

tacked by rust may be conveniently with a soft rag app y the foll owi ng
cleaned by di ppi ng them i nto a well
saturated sol uti on of sta nnic chl ori de .
S odi um carbonate 7 parts
S ani sh whiting 1 5 parts
T h e l e ngth of ti me of the action m ust be
.

regulate d a ccording to the thickness of A c oh ol 8 5 per cent 5 0 parts


,

1 2 5 parts
the rust As a rule 1 2 to 2 4 hours will
.

suffi ce b ut it is essential to revent a n


,
G o over every part carefull y using a ,

e xcess of acid i n the bath as t is is liable ,


brus h to get i nto the minute crevices .

to attack the i ron itself Afte r the o h . When this d ries on brush o ff with fin e , a

j ects have been rem oved from the bath linen cl oth or a s uppl e cha mois ski n .

they m us t be ri nse d with water and s ub , O r the foll owing pla n may be used :
se que ntl y with a mm onia and then , Rem ove gr e as e etc as directed a bove , .
, ,

q ui ckly dried G reasi ng w i th vasel i ne


.
dry a nd go over the s pots where the gi l t
seems to prevent ne w format i on of rust . surface is discol ore d Wi th a brus h di pped
O bjects treated i n this manner are sa i d in a sol ution of two parts of al um i n 2 5 0
to rese m ble dea d sil ver . parts of water a nd 6 5 parts of nitric acid .

Pr o f es so r We b er pro pos ed a dil ut e d As soo n a s th e gil din g rea ppea rs or th e


202 C LEA NI NG PREPAR A TI ONS A ND MET H ODS

surface becomes bri ght wash o ff an d , , gl e port i ons with mixti on (gil d i n
d r y i n the direct sunl i ght .
oil ) a nd gil d as us ual S uch crosses l oo .

S till another cl eaner is made of n i tri c better whe n they are n ot altogether
a cid 3 0 parts ; al umi nu m s ul phate 4 black O rnaments ma be very well
treated i n c ol ors with o i fpa i n t an d then
.

, ,

parts ; disti lled or rai n water 1 2 5 parts ,


.

Cl ean of grease etc as above and a pply


,
.
, ,
va rnished T h e crosses treated i n this
.

the sol ut i on with a ca mel s-ha i r pen a l ’


. manner a re preserved for m any yea rs ,

Rinse o ff and dry i n sawdust Fi nally . , but it is essential t o use good exteri or or
some articles are best cleane d by i m coa ch varnis h for v a r n i sh i n a n d not the
mersing in hot soa p suds and rubb i ng s o called
- bla ck varnis h w fii ch is mostl y ,

w ith a soft brush Rinse i n cl ear hot. , c omposed of asphalt or ta r .

water using a s oft brush to et the residual


,

suds out of crevices L et r y then fin i s h Cleani ng I n f erior G ol d Arti cle s — T h e .

brown fil m whic h f or ms on l ow-qual it


. ,

ol d articl es is rem oved by coatin g wit y


by rubbing the gilt s pots or pl aces Wi th a
soft l inen ra g or a bi t of ch a moi s
u mi n g hydrochl oric acid
.
, ,

T here a re some bron zes gilt with i mi whereu pon ,

t a ti o n gold an d varnished Where the .


they are brushed o ff with Vienna l i m e
work is well done and the i l d i n g has not
.
an d petrol eum Fi nall y cl ea n the o h .
,

ects with ben zi n e rinse agai n i n pure


'

bee n on too l ong th e wil deceive even ,

the practi ced eye Tye d ece pti on h ow


,
e n z i n e and dr y i n sa wdust
, .
. ,

ever may casil be d etected by touching


,
To Cl ean Bronze — Clean th e bronze .

a spot on the gi t surface with a glass rod with sof t soa p ; next wash it i n l e n t y of
di pped i n a sol uti on of corrosive suhli water ; wi pe l e t d ry a nd ppl y light e n
mate I f the gilding is true n o discol or caustic mixture com posea of spi rit of
, ,
.

ati on will occur but if false a brown ,


f u r c utine i n whic h a small q uantity of
s pot will be produced .
yel ow wax has been dissolved T h e e m .

To Clea n a Ga s S tove — An easy meth .


causti c is sprea d by means of a li nen or
o d of removing grease spots consists in wool en wad For gil t bronze add 1 .
,

i mmersing the separabl e parts for sev spoonful of al kali to 3 spoonful s of water
eral h ours i n a wa rm lye heated to about ,
and rub the a rticl e with this by m eans
7 0 C ( 1 58
°
. sai d l ye to be made of
° of a ball of w a dd i n N ext wi pe with a
9 parts of caustic soda and 1 8 0 parts of cl ean cham ois si m i ar to that e m pl oyed ,

water T hese pieces together with the


.
,
in sil verin g .

fixed parts of the stove may be well ,


Ho w to Clea n Brass and S te e l — T o
brushed with this lye and afterwards clean brasses quickly an d econ omically
.

rinsed in cl ean warm water T h e , .

ru b them with vi negar an d sal t or with


,

grease will be dissolved a nd the stov e ,


oxali c acid Wash i m m ediatel y after
restored al m ost to its original state
.

the r u bbi n g a nd poli sh with tri poli an d


Cl ea n i n g Copper S ink s — M ake rot .
sweet oil Un l ess the a ci d i s washed off
.

ten stone into a sti ff paste with soft soap the articl e will ta rnis h quickly C opper .

and water Rub on with a woolen rag kettles an d sauce ans brass a n di rons
fenders an d candlesti cks a nd trays a re
. , ,
,

and polish with d r whiti n and rotten ,

stone Fi nish wit a leat er and dry


.
best cleaned with vi negar and sal t .

whiting M any of the substances and


.
C ookin g vess el s i n constant use nee d onl y
mixtures used to clea n brass will e ff e c to be well washed afterwa rds T hings .

tively cl ean copper O xalic acid is sai d .


for sh ow — even pots a n d pans — need
to be the best m edi um for cl eaning co the oil o l i shi n g whic h gi ves a d eep , ,

per but after usin it the surface of t e


,
r i ch yel ow luster good f or si x months
, , .

copper must be we l washed dri ed and O xali c acid and salt should be employed
for furniture brasses — i f it touches the
, ,

then rub bed with sweet oil a nd tripoli or


Wi pe
,

some other o li shi n g agent O therwise .


wood it onl y im proves the tone .

the metal Wi I soon tarnish again .


the brasses well with a wet cl oth a n d
. ,

o l i s h ah o r o u h
Treatme n t of Cast-Iro n Gr a ve Crosses
g y with oil a nd tri poli
go me ti me s ow ered rotte n ston e d oes é
.

-T h e rust must first be th orough


] re better tha n t e tri poli Rub after u sin g .
, ,
m oved with a steel wire brush hen - .
e i ther with a dry cl oth or l eather u nti l ,
this is d one apply one or two coats of red there i s n o trace o f oil T h e brass to b e
.

l ead or r a phi te aint After this pri m .


cleaned must be freed completely from
ing has ecome a rd paint with dou bl e , g rease ca ked di rt an d gri m e
, Was h , .

burn t lam pblack and e ual arts of oil of W i th stron am m onia sud s and rin se dry
turpentine and va r n i s his c o a ti n g
before beg i n ning wit h the a cid an d salt .

is foll owed by one of lam pblack rou n T h e best treatment for wrou ht steel
with coach varnish N o w paint t e si n g
i s to wash i t ver
y cl ea n with a sti ff brus h
.
2 04 C LEANI NG PREPA RA TI ONS A ND METH OD S

mo l di n s and i n fact all kinds of gil ded


, , ,
II . efficaci ous preparati on i s o h
- An
work t e best mediu m is liqu or potassas
, , t a i n e d by mi xi ng beech-wood ash e s 2
dil uted with ab out 5 volu mes of wate r . parts ; Venetia n s oa p r fir part ; c o o k i n ,

D ilute alco hol is also excellent M ethyla ted . salt 2 parts ; rai n water 8 parts
, B rus , .

woo d spirit if the odor is not objectionable


, , the sil ver with this lye usi ng a somewhat ,

answers admirably . stiff brus h .

I I I — A s ol uti on o f c rystallize d pot e s


To S cal e Ca st Iro n — T o rem ove the
.

.
si um permanga nate has bee n r e c o m
scal e from cast iron use a s ol ution of 1 m en d ed
art vitriol a nd 2 parts water ; after mi x
.

p I V — A grayish violet film which sil ver


i n g a p l y to the scal e Wi th a cl oth rolled
.

,
wa re acquires from pers pirati on ca n b e ,
i n the orm of a brus h usi ng eno u gh to ,
readily re moved by mea ns of ammonia .

wet the s urface well After 8 or 1 0 h ou rs .

V — T o re move s ots from sil ver lay i t


was h o ff wit h water when t he hard scal y
.

, ,
for 4 hours in soa pma ers lye then th row o n ’
,
s urface will be completely removed .

fine powdered gypsu m m oisten the latter ,

Clean i n g F un n els a n d Meas ures with vine ar to cause it to a d here d r


near the fir e and wi pe o ff
. ,

Fu n n els and measures used for me a su r N ext r u


, .

i ng varnishes oils etc may be cl ea ne d


, , .
, the s pot with d ry bra n T h i s not only .

by soaking the m i n a strong s ol uti on of causes it to disa pea r but gives e xtr a o r ,

l e or pearlas h Another mixture for . d i n a r y gl oss to t e sil ver .

t e sa me ur po se consists of pearlas h VI —Cl eaning with th e us ual fine


.

wit h quie lim e i n a queous sol ution . powders is attende d with s ome di fficulty
T h e measures are allo w ed to soa k i n the and i nconvenience An e xcellent res ult .

sol utio n for a s ho rt time when the resin , is obtai ned without i nj ury to the sil ver by
o us matter of the paint or varnis h is

e m pl oyi ng a sat urated s ol ution of hy o


easily re moved A thin coating of pe . s ul phite of soda which i s put on wit pa ,

t r o l e u m l ubricating oils ma be removed , brus h or r a T h e a rticle i s then


it is said by the use of nap tha or petro
, washed with p en ty of water .

leu m benzine . VII — N ever use soa p on sil verware


.
,

To Clea n Al uminu m — I — Al umi num . .


as it d ulls the l uster g i vi ng the a rticle ,

a rticl es are very ha rd to clean so they will more the a ppea rance of pewter tha n
have a bright n e w a p peara nce T his is sil ver When it wa nts cl ea ning rub it
.
,

with a piece o f soft leather a nd prepared


, .

es pecially the case Wi t h the matted or


frosted pieces T o restore the pieces to
.
chalk ma de i nto a paste with pur e water
, ,

brillia ncy place the m for so me ti me i n entirely free fro m grit .

water that has bee n slightl y aci dulated


To Clea n D ul l Gol d — I — Tak e 8 0
W
with s ul h ur i c aci d .
parts . .
,

II — ash the al uminum with coal —oil


.
,
by wei ht of chl oride of li m e a nd rub it
, ,

gas oline or benzine then put it i n a con u p wit gradual a ddition of water i n a
,

c e n t ra t e d sol uti on of caustic potas h a n d


porcelai n morta r i nto a thi n eve n paste , ,

after washing it wit h pleut of water


,

,
whic h is put into a s ol utio n o f 8 0 parts ,

by wei ht of bicarb onate of soda a nd 20


parts g wei ht of salt i n
d i p it in the bat h compo se of 5 nitric , ,

aci d a nd Q water Next subject it to a . ,


, parts , , ,

bath of conce ntrated nitric acid and ,


by weig t 0 water S hake it and let , .
,

finally to a mixture of rum and olive oil .


sta n d a fe w days before usi ng If the .

T o render al umi nu m ca pa ble of being pre paratio n is to be kept for a n y l ength


worked like pure cop per i of oil of tur ,
t of t i me the bottl e s ho ul d b e placed well ,

e n ti n e a nd steari c a ci d a re used .
c orked i n the cella r ,For use lay the .
,

or polis hing by ha nd take a solution of ,


tarnished articl es i n a dish pou r the .

3 0 parts of bora x and parts of l i quid which has previousl y been well
,

water to which a fe w dro ) s of spirits of s hake n over the m s o as j ust to co ver


a mm o n ia have been adde d
,

them a n d leave the m ther ei n f or a fe w


,

,
.

days .

How to Clean Tar n ish ed S i l ver — I —Bicarbonate


II o f s oda
. .

If the articles a re only slightly tarnis hed .


. 31 parts
mi x 3 parts of best washed and purified
,
C hl oride of li me . . parts
chal k and 1 art of white soa p addin Cooking sal t 15 pa rts
Water
.

water t i ll a t in paste is formed w hi c


.
24 0 parts
,

s houl d be rub bed on the silver with a dry G rin d


the chl oride of l i me with a littl e
brus h till the articles are quite bright
. . water to a thi n aste i n a porce lai n ves ,

As a substitute whiting mixed with cau s


, , sel a nd ad d t e remai ning che mi cals
Was h the obj ects with t he ai d of a s oft
, .

tic a mmonia to form a paste may be ,

used T his mixture is very effective b ut


.
,
brus h wit h the s ol uti on ri nse severa l ,

it irri ta tes th e eyes and n os e


.

. ti mes i n wa te r , a n a d r y i n fine sa wd ust .


CLEANI NG PREPA R AT I O NS A ND MET H OD S 2 05

Cl ea n in g Bro n ze 0 bj e cts —Em pl oy . bran a fter use a nd clea ne d per fectl y .

powdered chic ory mi xed wit h water s o , N e w pewter is polis hed with a paste o f
as to obta i n a aste whic h i s a pplie d , whiting a n d brandy rubbing the dishes ,

with a brus h fte r the brushi ng rinse


.
, with it u ntil the mass becomes d r y .

o ff a nd d r y in the s un or nea r a stove


To Clean Fil es — Files which ha ve be
.

Cl e a n i n g Gi l de d Bro n z es — I — C o m . . come cl og ed with ti n or l ea d a re


me nce by r e mo v i n the s pots of reas e cleaned by i ppi n g for a fe w seconds int o
a nd wax with a litt e potas h or so a dis concentrated nitri c acid T o rem ove .

sol ved i n water L et dry a nd a p ly the iron filings from the file cuts a bath o f
fol l owi ng mixture with a rag : Carb
'

.
, ,

onate bl ue vitr i ol is em pl oyed After the file s .

of s oda 7 parts ; whiting 1 5 pa rts ; al co


, , have been rinsed i n water t h e are like
h ol 5 0 parts ; water 1 2 5 parts . wise dipped i n n itric acid ile -ridges
When thi s c oating is dry ass a fine line n
, .

cl os ed up by zinc are cl ea ne d by i m
cl ot h or a piece of s upple ski n over it
'

. mersi n the files i n dil uted s ul h ur i c


T h e holl ow pa rts are cl ea ned with a acid . uc h as have become fi ll e wit h
brush . cop per or brass are a l so treated with
I I - A fter re m ovi n g th e r e use spots
.
, nitri c acid but here the process has to be
,

let d r y a nd pass over all t e da ma ge d repeated several ti mes T h e files s houl d .

pa rts a pe n c i l di pped i n t he f ol l o wmg al ways be ri nsed i n water after the treat


mixture : Alu m 2 arts ; nitric acid 6 5 ; , , ment brushed with a sti ff brush a n d
, ,

water 2 50 rts , h e n the gil di ng be . dried i n sa wdust or by pouri ng al coh ol


comes brig t wipe a nd dry i n the sun or rer them a nd letting it b urn o fi o n the
E ie
'

, , ,

n ear a fire . .

I I I — Was h i n hot water c onta i ni ng a


Clean e r — About the q uick
.

S ca l e Pa n
littl e s oda d ry a nd pass over the gild i ng
,
.

a pencil soa ked i n a liqui d made of 3 0


,
est clea ner for brass scale pa ns is a sol u
pa rts nitric a ci d 4 pa rts of al umi nu m tion o f potassi u m bichromate i n dil ute
h os phate a n d 1 25 parts o f pure water
,
sul phuric acid usi n g a bout 1 pa rt of
,

p chromate i n ) o wd e r to 3 arts of aci d


.
,

a nd 6 parts oi water I n t is i mbibe a


) r i n sa wd ust .
, ,

V — I m merse the objects i n b oili ng


.

cl oth wra pped around a stic k (to protect


.

soa p water a n d facilitate the action of


,

th e soa p by rubbi ng with a soft brus h ;


the hands ) a nd with it rub the pans
, .

D o this at ta or hydra nt so that no ti me


put the obj ects i n hot water brus h the m is l ost in pp
,
,
acing the a n i n running
water after having rub p
carefully a nd l et the m dr i n the air ;
,

whe n the y are q ui te d ry r u the shi nin g ed it with the


parts only wit h a n ol d l i ne n cl oth or a a cid s ol ution For pans not ve ry badly
.

s oft l eather without touching the others .


soiled r ubbi n with a m monia water and
,
ri nsing is su ci e nt .

S tri ppi n g Gi l t Arti cl e s — D e gild i n g or .

st r i pi ng gilt a rticl es ma y he done b a t Tar n ish El e ctro -Pla te Go ods


on

tac p i t i ve poy
i n g the ob ect to t h e

T hi s ta rnis h ca n b e removed by dipp i ng
j pos
a battery a nd i m mersi ng i t i n a s oluti on
e of
_
the articl e for fro m I to 1 5 mi n utes
co m o se d of 1 pou nd of cya n i de d i ssolved
that is until the tarnis h shall h a ve bee n
,

i n 8 out 1 gall on of water


. D esil veri ng .
re moved — l n a pickle of t h e f oll o wi n
ma y be efi e cte d i n the sa me ma nner .
com position : Rai n water 2 all ons an
potassi um c a n id e é poun D issolv e
To Cl ea n Ta rn ish e d Z i n c — A pply with
'

. together a n fill i nto a ston e j ug or ar ,

a rag a mi xtur e of 1 pa rt s u
,

l phuri c aci d a nd close ti ghtly T h e arti cle a ter .


,
with 1 2 pa rts of water Ri nse t h e z i nc . having been i m m e rsed must be ta ken ,

with cl ea r water . out a nd thoroughly ri nsed i n several


Cl ea Pew te r Ar ti cl es — Pour hot waters t hen dried with fine cl ea n sa w
, ,

l ye of wo 5ashes upon the ti n thro w o n


.
.

,
dust T arni s h o n j ewel r y ca n be spee d
.

sand a nd rub with a hard wool en rag il y re moved by th i s process ; b ut i f the


, ,
,

hat felt or whis k until all particles of dirt cyanide is not com pletel y r e move d i t
,

ha ve been diss ol ved T o pol i s h pewter .


will corrode the goods .

plates it is well to ha ve the turner make n. GREAS E PAI NT-S POT E RAD
si m il ar wooden forms fitti ng the plates ,
ICATORS :
a nd to ru b the m cl ea n this wa y N ext .

they are rinsed with clea n water a nd Gr ea se a n d P a i n t -Spo t Era di ca to rs


placed o n a ta ble with a clea n l i n e n co ve r I — B en zol
. 5 0 0 part s
.

on w h ich they are left to dry wi thout


c

Ben zine 5 00 pa rts


.

bei n g touched otherwis e s pots Wi ll a p ,


best white
pea r T his scouri ng i s not necessar so s aved 5 parts
Wat er warm s uffi cient
.

o fte n i f th e pewte r is rubbe d Wi th w eat , , .


2 06 C LEA NI NG PREPA RA TI ONS A ND MET H OD S

D issol ve the soa p i n the w arm water R e mo vi n g Spo ts f rom Furn i tur e .

White s pots on polished ta bl es are r e


,

usi ng from 50 to 6 0 parts M i x the ben .

z ol and benzine a n d a dd the soa p sol u ,


m oved in the foll owing ma nner : C oat th e
tion a littl e at a ti me shak i ng up well
, ,
s pot with oil a nd po ur o n a rag a fe w: ’

after eac h a ddi tion If the mixture i s .


drops of mixtura balsam i ca oleosa ,

sl ow i n e mulsifyi ng ad d at one ti m e from ,


which ca n be bought i n every drug store ,

5 0 to 1 0 0 parts of warm water and shake ,


and ru b on the s pot which Wi ll d i sappea r ,

viol entl y S et the e mulsion asi de for a


. i m mediately .

few days or until it separates then d e fro m D raw i ngs ,


Re mo v e S pots
,
,
To
cant the superfluous water a n d po u r the
resi dual pasty mass after sti rri ng i t up
,
. _
etc — Place s oa pstone fine meers chaum
.
,
,
shavings a mianthus or owdered mag
and ipnecessary lay
well i nto suita bl e boxes , ,

n e si a on th e s pot
, .

, , ,

I I -S oa p spi rit
. 1 00 parts . on white filtering p aper saturating it ,

Ammonia sol ution , w ith peroxid e of hydrogen All ow this .

1 0 per cent t o act for a fe w h ours a nd r em ove the ,

Acetic ether . . a pplication with a brush I f necessary .


,

repeat the operation I n this manner .

II I —
. Ext ract of quillaia 1 part black co ff ee s pots were re moved from a
l pa r t val uabl e diagram W ithout eras ur e by
O x gall , fresh 6 parts knife or rubber .

T all ow soap 1 5 parts

T riturate the quillaia and b ora x to WATCHMAK ERS AND JEWELERS ’ ’

ether incorporate the ox gall and CLEANING PR EPARATI ONS :


finally add the tall ow soa a nd mix
, , ,

, To Clea n th e Tops of Clock s i n Re


thoroughl y by k n ea d i n he prod uct pair i n g - S prinkl e wh iti ng on th e top .

is a plasti c mass w hi c may be rolled , Pour good vinega r ove r this a n d rub
into sticks or put up into boxes . vigorousl y Rinse in cl ean water a nd
.

d ry sl owl y i n the su n or at the fire


Re mo vi n g Oil Spots fro m Leath er .
good polish will b e obtai ne d .

T o re move oil sta i ns from leather da b


Clea n Watch Cha i n s — G ol d or
,

the spot carefully with s pirits of sal a m To .

moniac and after a ll o w mg it to act for


. sil ver watch chai ns ca n be cl ea ned with
a while wash with clea n water T his
, . a very excelle nt result n o matter whether ,

treatment may have to be repeated a few they be matt or pol ished by laying them ,

ti mes taking care h owever n ot to i nj ur e


, , ,
for a few seconds i n pure a qua a m m onia ;
the color of the leather S ometimes the . they are th en rinsed in alc ohol a nd ,

s pot may be re moved very si mply by fi nally shake n i n cl ea n sa wdust free from ,

s preading the place rather thickly with sa nd I mita tion gol d a nd plated chains
.

butter and letting this act for a few hours . are first cl ea n ed i n ben zine then ri nsed ,

N ext scrape off the butter with the poi nt i n al cohol a nd afterwards s ha ken i n d ry
,

of a knife and rinse the stai n with soa p


, sa wd ust O rdinar. c ha i ns a r e fi rst
and lukewarm water dip ped i n the fol o w i n pickl e : Pure
nitri c aci d is m ixed with concentrated
.

To Clea n Li n ole um — Rust spots a nd .


sulphuric aci d i n the proporti on of 1 0
other stains can be removed from li no pa rts of th e form er to 2 a r ts of the latter ;
leu m by rubbing with st‘eel chi ps .
a littl e ta bl e salt is a d ed T h e chains .

To Re mo ve Pu tty, Gre a se etc , f rom


are boil ed i n this mi xture the n ri nse d ,

Plate Glass — T o remove a ll kinds of


.

several tim es i n wate r afterwa rds i n ,

al cohol a n d finall y dried i n sa wd ust


.

greasy material s from glass and to leave ,


, .

the latter bri ght a nd clean use a paste , Clea ni ng Bras s Mo un ti n gs o n Clo ck
ma de of ben z me a nd burnt magnesia of Cases , etc — T h e brass m ountings a re
.

s uch consistence that W hen the ma ss is first cleaned of dirt by di ppin g the m for
r e s se d between the fin ers a drop of a s hort time i nto bO i li n g s oda lye an d
Wi t this mixture
,
e n zi n e will exude .
next a r e pic kl ed still warm if possibl e , , ,

and a wad of cotton go over the entire , i n a m i xture consisting of nitric acid 6 0
,
surface of the glass rubbing it well , .
parts ; sul phuric a cid 4 0 pa rts ; c ooki ng ,
O n e rubbing is usual ] s ufficient After salt 1 part ; a nd shinin s oot ( la m p
black ) 5 part whereby firey a cq ui re a
.
,

d rying a ny of the su stance l eft i n the


, , ,

corners etc is easily removed by brush


, .
, ha ndsome gold en -yell o w col ori ng T h e .

i ng with a suitable brush T h e sam e


.
.
pi ckl i n gmi xture however must n ot be e m , ,
preparati on is very useful for cleaning pl oyed i mmediately after pouring to gether
mirrors a nd r e mo vmg grease sta ins from the acids whic h ca uses a strong genera
.

books pa pe rs etc
, , . ti on of hea t but s ho ul d settl e f or at l east
,
2 08 C LEA NIN G PREPA RA T I ONS AN D MET H OD S

wood or ivory T h e best method is to . parts by weight of a m monia ; 20 pa rts


, ,
.

e mpl oy dia mond powder T ake a littl e . of acetic ether ; 1 5 parts of e t h yh c ether ;
of the powd e r make i nto a paste Wl th 2 0 0 parts o f Vie nna li me ; pa r ts o f

Wi th
,

bol us ; a nd 5 5 0 parts o f ol e i ne
. _

fine oil on the en d of a copper ol i sher


the surface of which has been fres p
.
,

l y filed this mixture b oth glass a nd m eta l ca n b e


and slightly rounded T h e marks wi ll . quickly a nd th oroughl y cl ea ned I t i s .

ra pidly disappear whe n rubbed Wi th th i s . particularly recom mende d for sh ow


T h e s urface 15 l eft a little d ull ; it may be wi ndows orna mente d with m etal .

rendered bright b rubbi ng Wi th the Paste for Cle a n i n g Gla ss .

sa me o w d e r mixe with a greater qua n


tity 0 oil and applied with a stick of Pr e pared chal k 6 pounds .

pegwood
,

Watchmakers will do well to


.
Powdered F r e n c h
c hal k 1 } pounds
try on d isused dials several degrees of
fineness of the dia mond powder .
Phosphate calci um 2 1 pounds .

Clean i n g Pearls — Pearls turn yell o w Q ui ll a ia bark 2 } pounds


.
Carbonate a m m onia 1 8 o unces
i n the course of ti me by a bsorbin g per
. .

Rose pi nk 6 ounces
spirati on on a ccount of bei ng worn i n the
hair at the throat a nd on the arms
,
M i x the i ngre dients i n fine powder , ,
, .

T here are several ways of rendering and sift through musli n T h e n mix .

the m white again .


with s oft water t o the c onsistency of
I — Th e best process is said to b e to
.
crea m and a pply to t he glass by mea ns
,

put the pearls i nto a bag wit h wheat bra n of a soft rag or s ponge ; all ow it to dry on ,

a nd to heat the bag over a coal fi r e with wi pe 0 3 with a cl oth a nd polis h with ,
,

constant m oti on .
cha mois .

I I — Another method is to bri ng 8


. Clea n i n g Opti ca l L en ses — For this .

parts each of well -cal ci ned fi nely pow , purpose a G erma n conte m orary rec
dered li me a nd wood charcoal which , o mme n d s v e eta bl e pith T e m edulla .

has been strai ned through a anze sieve of rus hes e l ers or s unflowers is cut out

, , , ,

to a boi l with 500 parts 0 p u re rai n t h e pieces are dried a nd pasted si ngly
water s uspen d the pearls over the stea m
, al ongside of one an other upon a piece of
of the boiling water until they are cork whereb y a brus h -like a pparatus is
,

warmed through a nd then boil the m i n , obtained wh i ch is passe d o ver the s ur


,

the li quid for 5 minutes turni n g fr e , face o i the l ens For very s mall l enses .

quent] Let them cool i n the l i quid , pointed pi eces of el der pit h are em
take t e m out a nd wash off well with ,
pl oyed T o di p dirty a n d reasy l enses
.

clean water . i nto oil of turpenti ne or e t er a nd rub


I I I — Place the pea rls i n a piece of fine
.
th em with a line n rag a s has been r o ,

linen throw salt on them a nd tie them


, , posed seems hazard ous beca use the a n
, ,
up .N ext rinse the tied-u pea rl s i n a da balsa m with which the l enses are
l ukewarm water u ntil all t e salt has ce mented might diss ol ve
been extracted a nd dry the m at a n ordi
.

,
To Re mo v e Glue fro m Gl a ss — I f gl ue
te m tur e
.

y
nar era
has si m ply dried u pon the l ass h ot
.

l
I he pearl s may al so be boil ed
a bout hour i n cow s mil k i nto which a ’ water ought to re m ove it If o w e ve r .
, ,

little 0 ees e or soa p has been scr a ped ; the spots a re d ue to size ( the el a ti n o u s
take the m out ri nse o ff i n fresh water was h used by pai nters) when rie d they
a nd dry them with a clean white cl oth
, ,
become very refractor a nd recourse
V — Another method is to h a ve the
, .

m ust be had to c h e mi ca m ea ns for their


removal T h e comm onest size bein a
.

pearls strung on a silk thread or wrapped


.

u i n thin ga uze mixed i n a l oaf of bread sol ution of gelatin al u m a n d rosi n is , ,

0 p
,

barley flour a nd to have the l oaf baked sol ve d i n a sol uti on of soda an d com
bi n e d with starch h ot sol uti ons of caus
well i n an oven but n ot too brown ,

When cool remove the pearls ti c s oda or of potash may be used


, .

If .

that fails to rem ove the m try dil ute d


.

VI — Il ang the pearl s for a coupl e of


.
,
.

m i nutes i n hot strong wi ne vinegar or , ,


hydrochl oric s ul ph uric or a n of the
, ,

h i ghl y dil uted sul phuric aci d remove stronger aci ds If th e s pots sti l remai n
.

a nd ri nse the m i n water D o not lea ve


, ,
s ome a brasive powder ( fl o u r of e mery )
.
must be used a nd the lass repolis hed
Wi th Jewelers rouge a plied by means of
the m too l ong in the acid otherwise they o .

Wi ll be i n j ured by it
,

GLASS CLEANING
.

a cha mois ski n


p
g to the varie d. m
nature of sizes used the ab ove a r e only
Cl e a n i n g Pre par a ti o n for Gla ss wi th s ugges ti ons .

M e ta l D ecorati o n s —M i x pa rts of .
Clea ni ng Win d ow Pa n es — T ake di .

d enaturiz ed s pirit (9 6 per ce nt ) with 1 6 0 l uted n i tri c aci d ab out a s strong as strong
CLEANING PREPA RA TI ONS AND METH OD S 20 9

vinega r a nd pass it over the l ass pa ne panes m ust be es peciall y protected be


lea ve it to a ct a min ute a n t? throw o n
, ,

cause these pain t s destroy the polish of


pul veri zed whiti ng b ut j ust e nough to , th e glass Rubbin g the spots with
.

give off a hissi ng sou nd N o w rub both . brown soa p is also a good wa of r e mo v
with the han d over the wh ol e pa ne a nd i ng the s pots but care must e ta ke n i n
,

polish wi th a dry rag Ri nse o ff with . rinsing o ff that the win dow frames are
cl ea n wat e r a nd a littl e alc ohol a nd polis h n ot acted u pon .

dry a nd cl ear Repeat the process on


Re mo v i n g S i l ver S ta ins — T h e
f oll ow
.

the other side T h e nitric ac i d re m oves


.
.

all i m purities which have re mained on i ng s ol uti on will remove sil ver stai ns
the gl ass at th e factory and even with from the ha nds a nd also from woolen , ,

i nfer i or pa nes a good a ppearance is o h


,
linen or cotton goods
,

ta i n e d .
M erc uric chl oride 1 part
Ammonia m uriate 1 part
Clean S tor e Wi n d ow s — Fo r cl ean
. .

To
'

.
8 parts
i ng the large panes of glass of store wi n Th e compound is poisonous
dows a nd als o o rdinary S h ow cases a
.

, ,

semili qui d paste may be em pl oyed ,


M SC ELLANEO US CLEANI NG M ETH ~
made of cal ci ned magnesia a n d puri fied ODS AND PR O CES S ES
benzi ne Th e gl ass s houl d be rubbed
Un i versa l Cl ean er
.

with a cotton rag until it is b rilliant .


.

G reen soa p 20 to Q6 parts


Cl ea n i n gLam Globes — Pour 2 s poo n
f uls of a sl i ghtly p
.
B o i l i n water 75 0 parts
e a t e d sol ution of potas h Li qui am monia ,
i nto the gl obe m oisten t he whole s u rface
, ca ustic .3 0 to 4 0 parts
with it a nd r ub the stains with a fi ne
, Acetic ether 20 to 3 0 pa r ts
line n rag ; ri nse the globe wit h cl ean
water a nd carefully dry it with a fine soft M ix .

cloth . To Clea n Playi n g Card s — S lightl y .

soiled l ayin cards may be made clea n


To Clean Mi r r o r s — Ru b th e mirror .
by rub ing tg em with a soft rag di ped
wit h a ball of soft pa per slightly da mp i n a sol ution of ca m phor Very litt e of .

ened with methylated s pirits then with a ,


the latter is necessary .

duster on w h ich a little whiti ng has been


spri nkled an d finally polis h with clea n
, To R e move Ve geta bl e Grow th fro m
pa er or a was h l eather T his treatment
'

. B ui ld i ngs — T o re move m oss and


. lichen
wi make the glass be a utif ully bright . from stone a nd mas onry a pply water ,

i n which 1 per cent of ca rbol i c acid ha s


To Cl ea n Milk Gl a ss -T o remove oil .
been dissol ved After a fe w h ours the
.

5 ots fro m mil k glass panes an d lam p


plants ca n be washed o ff with water
globes knea d b urnt magnesia wit h ben
.

S oli d Clea n sing Co mpound — T h e


,

zine to a plastic mass which m ust be , basi s .

kept i n a tight-closi n b ottle A littl e of . of most of the solid grease era dicators
th i s substa nce r ubbe on the s pot wit h a is benzi ne a nd the si mplest form is a
l inen ra g will ma ke it disapp e ar . benzine j elly made by s ha ki n 3 ounces
of ti ncture of q uillaia ( soa p ark ) with
To Re mo v e Oil —Pa i n t S pots f ro m
e nou gh be nzi ne to ma ke 1 6 fl ui d o un ce s
Gl a ss — If the window pa nes have b e en
.

.
B e n zme may also be soli d ified by the use
bes a tte r ed with oil paint i n pai nting of a soa with a ddition of a n excess of
wal s the s ots are of cou rse ea sil t e o r mul a s
move d Wh B
, ,
al kal i in which s oaps are
Whe n the y ave
,
.

e w et .

used in thi s way foll ow


become dry the operation is more dith
c ult a nd al cohol a nd turpentine i n e ual I — C ocoa nut-oil soap
. 2 av ounces . .

parts or spirit of sal a m m oniac s houl be Am monia water 3 fl ui d o u n ce s


.

used to s ofte n th e paint After that go .


S ol uti on of po ta s
over i t with chal k Polishing with salt siu m I } fl ui d o u n ce
Wa ter e nough to
.

will als o re move pai nt s pots T h e salt .

grates som ewhat but I t i s n ot hard ma ke 1 2 fl ui d o u n c e s


,
.

e n ough to ca use scratches i n the glass ; a D issol ve the s oa p with th e ai d of heat


subse u e n t polishin g W i th chal k i s also i n 4 fl uid o u n ce s of water ad d the a m ,

a d v i sa l e as the dry i ng of the salt m i ght


, _
m onia a nd potassa a n d t h e remai nder of
i nj ure the glass For scratch i ng o ff soft
.
the water .

paint s pots sheet zinc m ust be used a si t , I f the benzine is adde d i n small por
cannot da mage the glass on account of i ts tions a nd thoroughl y a i ta ted 2 } fluid
, ,
1

s of tn ess I n the case of silicate pa i nts


.
ounces of the a b ove wil be found s ufli
( the a o -ca l l ed weath er-proo f coa ti ngs ) the ci ent to s olidi fy 3 2 fl ui d o un ces of benzine .
L R EP R A T I O N S — COFFEE
21 0 C E A N I NG P A

II . soa p white S t a v ou n ces


—Castil e ,
. .
CL OTH TO I R ON, GL UEI NG
Water b oil i n g 3 5 flu i d o u n ces S e e Adhesives .

Water of a m monia 5 fl u i d ra ch ms
.
,

CLOTHES CLEANER S :
B enzi ne enoug h to S e e Cl ea ni ng Pre parations a nd M eth
make 1 6 fl u1 d o u n c e s
ods ; also Household Form ula
,

D issol ve the s oa p i n the water a nd


CL OTH S F OR P O LI S HING :
,

whe n cold a dd the other ingredients .

S e e Pol ishes
,
.

To Clea n Oil y Bottle s — Use 2 heaped


tables poonfuls (for every quart of capac CLOTH , WATE RPROOFING :
S e e Waterproofing
ity ) of fine sa wdust or wheat bra n a nd ,
.

shake well to cover the interior s urface CLOTHI NG , CAR E O F :


thoro n h l y ; let sta nd a few min utes and S e e Household Form ulas .

the n a d a bout a gill of cold water If


C OACH VARNIS H
.

the bottl e be then rotated i n a horizontal


S e e Va rnishes
position it wil l usually be found clea n
,
.

after a si ngl e treatment I n the case of . C OALS TO EAT B URNING :


d r yi n oils especially when ol d the bot S e e Pyrotechnics
tles shoul d be moistened inside wit h a
, , .

COAL OI L
litt l e ether a n d left sta ndi ng a fe w hours
S ee O il
,

before the i ntrod uction of sawd ust .

T his method is clai med to be m ore ra pi d


a nd c onve nie nt tha n the c ustoma ry one
of using stri ps of pa per soa p s ol ution , ,

etc .
C OCOA S
S e e Beverages .

Cork Cleaner — Wash in 1 0 per cent .

COCOA CORD IAL


solution of hydrochlori c acid then i m
S e e Wi nes a nd Li quors
,

merse in a sol ution of sodi um hypo .

s ul phite a nd hyd rochl oric acid Fi nally . C OC OA NUT CA K E :


the corks a re was hed with a sol ution of S e e Househol d Form ulas a nd Reci p e s .

soda a nd pure water Corks containi ng


R E M ED Y :
.

o il or fat ca nnot be clea ned by this COCHI NEAL I NS ECT


met h od .
S e e I nsecticides .

To Clea n S ponge s — Ri nse well first i n .


C OD -LI VER OIL AND ITS E M ULS I ON :
very weak wa r m ca ustic soda lye the n
, ,
-
,
S e e O il 9 C od -Liver .

wit h clea n water and finally lea ve the


COFFEE , S UB S TITUTE S F OR
.

s ponges i n a sol ution of b romi ne i n water .

unti l cl ean T hey will white n sooner if


.
I — Acorn — From a corns de pri ved of
. .

exposed to the s u n i n the bromi ne water .


their shells hus ke d dri ed a nd roasted
, , , .

T hen r e peat t h e r i n s i n s in weak lye II B e an — Horse bea ns roasted along


.
-
.

a nd clea n w ater usin t e latter till all , with a little h oney or sugar
s mell of bromi ne has i sa ppe a r e d D r y
.

III — B e et R oot — From th e yell ow .

quickly a nd i n the s un if possible


.

.
beet root sliced drie d i n a kil n or oven
, , ,

CLEARI NG BATHS : a nd ground with a little c o fi e e .

S e e Photography . I V — D a n d elion
. From da ndelio n .

roots sliced dried roasted a nd ground


CLICH E METALS :
, , , ,

with a little cara mel .

S e e Alloys .
All the above a re roasted before rind ,

CLOC K -D IAL LETTE RI NG i ng t h em with a little fat or la rd


, hose .

S e e Watc h makers Formulas which a re la rger tha n coffee berries are


'

cut i n to s mall slices before bein roasted


CLOC K -HAND CO LORI NG
.

T hey possess none of the ex i la r a ti n g


S e e M etals .
properties or me dici nal virtues of t h e
ge n ume
'

CL OCK OI L : co fi e e .

S e e O il .
V .

Ch ico r y — T his is a com mon a dul .

CLOC K REPAI RI NG te r a n t T h e roasted root is prepared by


.

S ee Watchma ki n g .
cutti ng the full grown root i nto s l ices -
,

and exposing it to heat i n i ron cyli nders


CLOCK MAK E RS CLEANING P RO C
,
'

along with a bout 1 § per cent or 2 e r


E S S ES .
cent of l ard i n a si mila r way to t at ,
S e e C l e a n i n g Preparations a nd M et h adopted for co ff ee Whe n ground to .

od s .
po w der i n a mill it constitutes the ch i
212 CO LD A ND COUG H MI XTURES — CONDI MENTS

i n the sick room in cases of whoopi n g COLORS F OR PAI NTS


c ough : S ee Paint .

COLOR PH OTOGRAPHY
T inc ture of eucal yptus .

S ee Photogra phy
of ben z o m
.

T incture

Water enough to aka m


Pour some of the mixture on a
1 00 0 COLORS F OR S YRUPS :
S ee S yru ps .

M ix .
C ONCR ETE
cl oth and h ol d to mouth so that th e mix S ee S tone Artificial
ture is i nhaled thereby gi vmg rel i ef
.
,
.
,

E xpectorant Mi xtur e s .

L — Am m on chl oride
Con di men t s
1 drach m
. .

Potass chl orate 3 0 ra i ns


. .

Paregoric 2 uid r a ch ms
S yrup of i eca c 2 fl ui d r a ch ms .
Ch o w ch o w .

S yru p wil cherry Curry powder . 4 ounces


enough to mak e 2 fl uid oun ce s M ustard powder 6 ounces
D ose : O n e teaspoonful .
S o un ce s
T urm eric . 2 ounces
I I — Pota ss chlorate
. . 1 drachm .
Ca yenne . . 2 drach ms
T i ncture guaiac 3 } drachms Black pepper p owder . 2 d rachms
T incture rh ubarb 1 } drachms . 1
C oria n der 1 drach m
S yrup wil d cherr Allspice l drach m
eno u gh to ma e 3 fl ui d o un ce s 3 0 grains
D ose : O n e teas poonful . T hym e . 3 0 grains
Sa vory 3 0 rai ns
E ucal yptus Bon bo n s for Cough s
.

.
Cel ery seed -
m 2 r a ch s
Eucalyptus oil 5 parts Ci der vi negar 2 gall ons
T artari c acid 1 5 pa rts .
M i x all th e powders with the vi negar ,
Extract of malt 2 4 parts .
a nd steep the mixture over a very gentl e
Cacao . . 1 00 parts
re for 3 h ours Th e pi c kles are to be
Pep e r mi n t oil
.

parts parboile d with salt and drai ne d and the , ,


B on o n mass pa rts spiced vinegar prepared as a bove is to , ,

M i x and make i nto bonbons weighing be poured over th em whil e it is still


30 grains each .
war m T h e ch owchow keeps b est i n
.

small jars tightl y covered


COLD CREAM , .

S ee C osmetics .
Esse n ce of E x tr act of S oup Herbs .

COLI C IN CATTLE T hym e 4 ounces ; winter savory 4 ounces ;


, ,

S e e Veterinary Formulas .
s weet marj ora m 4 ounces ; sweet basil , ,

4 ounces ; grated lem on peel 1 ounce ; ,

COLLOD ION .
eschal ots 2 ounces ; bruised cel er y seed
, .

T ur pentine 5 parts
.
1 ounce ; al coh ol ( 5 0 per cent ) 64 ou nces , .

Ether and alcohol 1 0 parts . .


M i x th e ve etabl es r o per l y bruised add , ,

Coll odi on 9 4 parts


. .
the a l co h o cl os e t e contai ner and set
1 part aside i n a m od eratel y warm pl ace to di est
D issol ve the turpenti ne i n the eth er for 1 5 days Filter a nd press out
. .

and al cohol mixture ( i n e qua l parts ) an d serve i n 4 -ounce bot tles well corked , .

filter then a dd to the m i xture of coll o


,
To ma to Bo ui llo n E xtr a ct -T oma
di on a nd castor oil T his makes a goo d
.

.
toes 1 quart ; a rrowr oot 2 ounces ; ex
,
el astic coll odio n .
tract o f beef 1 ounce ; bay leaves 1
,

S ee als o C ourt Plaster Li quid


, ,
, .
ounce ; cl oves 2 ounc e s ; red pe pper 4
drach m s ; Worces tershi re sa uce quanti ty
, ,

COLOGNE ,

S ee Perfumes . suffic i ent to fla vor M i x . .

COLOGNE F OR HEAD ACHES Mock Tur tl e E xtr a ct — E xtract of


S ee Headaches .
beef 2 ounces ; conce ntrated chicken
, ,

C OL ORS 2 ou nces ; cla m j uice 8 ounces ; tincture ,

S e e D yes and Pigments .


of blac k pe per 1 ou nce ; extract of ,

’ cel ery 3 dra ms ; extract of orange peel


,

cOLon s, F US IBLE ENAME L


,

sol uble 1 drach m ; h ot water e nough to


,
S ee Ena m eling . ma ke 2 qua rts .
COND I MEN TS

RELIS HES Ca psicu m 1 dra ch m


Di ge sti v e Rel i sh .
M ustard 2 ounces
S hall ots bruised 2 ounces
I — T w o ounces
. Ja maica ginger ; 2 ,

S alt 2 ounces
ounces black peppercorns ; 1 ounce m us
tard seed ; 1 ounce coria nder fruit (seed ) ; Brown su ar 8 ou nces
T amarin s 4 ou nces
1 ounce pi mento ( alls pice ) ; 5 ounce
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

S herry wine 1 pi nt
mace ; ounc e cl oves ; i ounce nutmegs ;
ounce chili pods ; 3 drachms carda mom Wi ne vi nega r 2 pi nts
seeds ; 4 ou nces garlic ; 4 ounces escha T h e S pices must be freshl y bruised .

l ots ; 4 pints malt vinegar .


T h e i ngredients are to simmer togeth er
Bruise spices garlic etc a nd b oil in , , .
,
w ith the vinegar for a n hour a ddi n g ,

vinegar for 1 5 m i nutes and strain T o more of the vine a r as it is l ost b eva p
orati on ; then a c the wine a n if de
.

thi s add 2 } pints m ushroom ketchup ; ,

15 I ndia s o y sired som e caramel c ol orin S et asi d e


pgai
.

‘intsn sim mer for 15 minutes a nd for a week strain a nd h o t e , , .

strain through m usl in .


Table sau ce — B rown s ugar 1 6 parts ; . ,
I I — O n e pound so
. 50 ounc e s best tamarinds 1 6 parts ; onions 4 parts ;
, ,
vi negar ; 4 ounces kete up ; 4 ounces gar p owdered ginger 4 parts ; salt 4 part s ; , ,
lic ; 4 ounces eschal ots ; 4 ounces ca psi garlic 2 pa rts ; cayenne 2 parts ; s oy 2
, , ,
cum ; 4 ounce cl oves ; ounce mace ; 1 parts ; ripe appl es 64 parts ; m ustard ,
ounce ci nnamon ; 1 drach m carda mom powder 2 parts ; cur powder 1 part ;
, ,
seeds B oil wel l an d strai n
. .
vinegar quanti ty su ci ent Pare an d
, .

Li n col n sh ir e Rel i s h — T w o ounces gar .


core the a p les boil the m i n suffi ci ent ,

lic ; 2 ounces Ja maica ginger ; 3 ounces vinegar wit the ta marinds an d raisins
black peppercorns ; 1 ounce cayenne pep u n til soft then pul p throu h a fine sieve
, .

per ; ounce ossei n ; 2 ounce nutmeg ; Pound th e oni ons and gar i c i n a m ortar
a nd add the pul to that of the a ples
T hen a dd the o t er i ngredients a n dvi n
2 ounces salt ; 1 } pints I ndia soy
.
.

Enough malt vine ar to make 1 gall on .

Bruise s i ces ar ic etc a nd S i mmer .


egar 60 parts ; heat to boiling cool an d
, , ,
, ,
,
add sherry wi ne 10 parts and en o u zh
vi negar to make the sauce just po ura bie
in i} a ga l on o vi negar for 2 0 mi nutes ,
, ,

strai n a nd ad d soy a nd sufi ci e n t vinegar .

t o ma k e 1 gall on then boil for 5 mi nutes


l
.
If a sweet sauce is desired add sufli ci e n t
,

K eep i n bul k as l ong as possibl e .


treacl e b efore the final boiling .

Epi cure ’s S auce — Eight ounces ta m


Curr y Powd e r
.

a ri n ds ; 1 2 ounces sultana raisins ; 2


.

I — C oriand er seed
.
ounces garlic ; 4 ounces eschal ots ; 4
ounces h orse-radish root ; 2 ounces black
Fresh ginger .
pepper ; 4 ounce chili pods ; 3 ounces
m n seed
gi
p
raw Ja maica ginger ; 1 5 pou nds golden
. .

ac l pep er syrup ; 1 pound burnt sugar ( caramel ) ;


Pop y seeg 1 ounce o w d er e d cloves ; 1 pi nt India
G a r ic so ; 1 gal on ma l t vinegar Bruise roots
y .
,

Ci nnam on .
S pi ces etc and boil i n vinegar fo r 1 5
, .
,

Carda mom .
minutes th en strai n T o the strai ned
, .

Cl oves . . liquor add golden syr up so y and burnt ,


~
,

C hil li es sugar then simmer for 1 0 minutes


, .

G rated cocoanut .

Pi c cal illi S a uce — O n e drach m chili .

I I —Coria nder see d


. pods ; I t ounces black pep percorns ;
T urm eric 5 ounce pi mento ; i ounce garl i c ; 5 gal
Ci nnam on seed . . lon malt vine ar Bruise spices and .

Cayenne . . garlic boil in t e vi negar for 1 0 minutes


, ,

M ustard a nd strai n .

G rou nd ginger O n e ounce ground Jamaica ginger ;


Alls pice . 1 ounce turmeric ; 2 ounces flower of mus
Fe nugreek seed tard ; 2 o u nces powdered natal arrowroot ;
8 ounces strong acetic aci d Ru b pow
TABLE S A UCES
.

ders i n a mortar with a cetic aci d and


Wor ce ste rsh i r e S auce .
add to a bove then boil f or 5 minutes , ,

or until it thickens .

Black pepper . .
FLAVORING S PICE S .

I - Five ounces powdered cinna mon


.

C ur ry powder . . bark ; 2 } ounces powdere d cl ove s ; 2 }


2 14 C OND I M ENTS

ounces powdered nutmegs ; 1 } ounces The flavors ; other tha n that o f the
powdered cara way seeds ; 1 } ounces m ustard itself of the variou s prepara ,

powdered cori a nder seeds ; 1 ounce o w tions are i m parted by the j ud i ci ous use
dered Ja maica inger ; Qounce pow ere d of spi ces — cinna mon nutmeg cl oves
L et ag
, , ,

allspice . 1 be dry a nd i n fine pow pi me nto etc — aromati c herbs s uch as


, . ,
_

der M i x a nd pass through a sieve


. .
thyme sage chervi l parsley m i nt
, , , , ,

II — Pi ck li n g S pi ce — T e n pounds .
marj ora m tarragon etc a nd finall y
, ,
.
,

chi ves oni ons shal l ots l ee ks garlic


.

s mall Ja maica ginger ; 2 § pounds blac k , , , , ,

pe ppercorns ; 1 } pounds white pepper etc .

corns ; 1 } pounds alls pice ; pound l ong


1
I n preparing the musta rds on a large .

pepper ; pounds mustard seed ; 5 scale the m usta rd flower a nd whea t


,

o un d ch i l i ods C ut up g i nger and



or rye flour are mixed and ground to a
p .

s mooth paste wit h vi negar must ( un


ong pep er i nto smal l pieces and mi x ,
,

g
all the o t er i ngredients intimately .
ferme nted rape uice ) wine or what , ,

O n e ounce to each pint of boil i ng v m ever is use i n t e preparation a mi ll ,

egar is sufficient but it may be made si milar to a drug or aint mill being used
his d ough i mmed i
,

stronger if desired hot .


for the purpose .

ately becomes s pon a nd in th i s condi


Esse nce of S avory S pi ces — T wo a nd
o ne -half ounces black peppercorns ; 1
. ,

tion technicall y cag


, led “
cake is use d ,

ounce pi mento ; o unce nutmeg ; Qounce as the basis o f the vari ous m ustards o f
mace ; ounce cloves ; ounce cinna mon com merce .

bark ; 1 ounce caraway seeds ; 20 grai ns M usta rd Ca k e s .


— I n the mi xture , th e
caye nne pepper ; 1 5 ou nces s i rit of wine ; a mount of flour u sed de e n ds on the
5 ounces distilled water ruise all the .
pungency of the m ustard ower and t he ,

spices and having mixed spirit and water , flavor desired to be i m parted to the fi n
digest i n mixture 14 days sha king f r e , ish a d r o d u ct T h e ca kes are broadly .

quentl y the n filter ,


.
di vi de i nto the yell ow an d the brown .

MUSTARD A general formula for the yell ow cake is


Th e Prepare d M ustard s of Commerce .
Yell ow mustard from 2 0 to 3 0 per ,

— Th e m ustard i e the flower or pow , . .


,
cent ; salt from 1 to 3 per cent ; s ices
, ,

dered seed used i n pr e ari ng the d i fl e r e n t


,
'
from 1 to b of 1 per cent ; wheat our ,

condi me nts is deri ve from thr ee varie ,


from 8 to 1 2 per ce nt .

ties o i B rassica ( C r uci feraz) -B r a ssi ca Vi negar m ust or wi ne compl ete t h e


, , ,

a l ba L B r a ssi ca n i gr a and B r a ssi ca ,


mixture .


Th e brown cake is ma de with black
j un cea T h e first yi elds the white
.

mustard and conta ins a bout the f ollow


seed of com merce which produces a mild ,
,

“ ” in o r ti o n s
gzp
ro
m ustard ; the second the black seed
m ustard f rom 2 0 to 3 0 per
,

ac
yiel di ng the more pungent powder ; a nd
,

the latter a ver pun ent and oily mus cent ; sal t f rom 1 to 3 per cent ; spices
, ,

from to of 1 per cent ; wheat or rye


tard much e m oyed y Russia ns T h e
i
'

un ge n cy of tp
flour mm 10 to 1 5 per cent
.
,

l e cond i ment is also a i

fie cte d by the method of preparing the


.
,

T h e variati ons a re s o wi de how e ver , ,

paste excess i ve heat destro ying the


,
that it is i m possibl e to give exact pro
s harpness c ompletely T h e pungency .
portions I n the ma nufacture of tabl e
.

is further controlle d a nd tem ered i n ,


m ustards i n fact as i n every other ki n d
, ,

the col d processes by the a dition of ,


of ma nufacture excell ence is attained ,

wheat or rye flour which also has the ,


only by practice a nd the exercise o f
adva nta ge of serving as a bi nder of t h e s ound Judgment a n d taste by the manu
musta rd T h e m usta rd flour is pre
.
facturer .

pared by first decorticating the seed ,


M o u ta r de d es Je sui tte s sar .
— T wel ve
then gri nding to a fine powder the ex ,
dels a nd 28 0 ca ers are crushed i nto a
pression of the fixed oil fro m whic h paste and stirre i nto 3 pints of boiling
com pl etes the process T his oil u nli ke .
,
Wi ne vinegar Add 4 ounces of brown
.

the volatil e is of a mil d l ea sa n t taste


, , ,
ca k e a nd 8 oun ces of yell o w ca ke a nd
a nd of a greenish color w ich it is said , , ,
mi x w ell .

makes it val uable i n the so phistication


a nd i mi ta ti o n o f oli ve Ol l s refined
“ ”
o , , K i rs ch n er Win e M ustard .
— Reduce 80
c ottonseed or peanut oil bei ng thus con
, quarts of freshly expressed ra p e j uic e
verted i nto h ml e vi er ge de L ucca Fl or

, to half that qua ntity by b oi i n over a ,

ence or s ome other noted bra nd of olive


. moderate fire o n a water bath ,i ssol ve .

on .
l I t is a lso extensi vely used for ill u i n the b oili ng liqui d 5 pounds of s ugar ,

mi n a ti n g purposes especiall y in south


.
, a nd pour the s yrup through a c ola nder
ern Russ i a . conta i n ing 2 or 3 large h ors e ra dis h e s c ut
2 16 CONDI MENT k C ONFECT IONERY

COND IM ENTS , TES TS FOR AD UL a easy to make a hard ca nd y b ut


ti ve l y ‘
,

TERATED to put the material i nto td r o p form


S ee
Foods .
a ppa r e ntly req ui res ex er i en ce a nd a
mac hi ne T o make t e ca ndy itself
COND ITI ON P OWD E RS
,
F OR C AT
.

put say a pint of water i nt o a s u i ta bl e


TLE pan or kettle hea t t o bOi l mg a nd a dd
, ,

,
S ee Ve terinary Formulas ,
.
grad ually to it 2 poun ds or more of suga r .

C OND UCTIVITY OF AL UMINUM AL s tirri ng well s o as to a vo rd the r i sk of .

LOYS : burni ng the sugar C onti nue b orl i ng .

S e e All oys . the syrup s o formed unti l a l i ttl e of i t


poured on a col d sla b forms a mass of the
requi red hardness I f the can dy i s to be .

of ora nge fla vor a littl e f res h o i l of o r


Con f ecti on er y
,

ange is adde d j ust before the mass is


rea dy to se t a nd t he taste is i m proved
Cre a m Bonbons for Hoarseness . a ccording to the general vie w at least
S tir i nto 500 parts of crea m 5 00 parts by a dding als o say 2 drac h ms of ci tric
, , ,

white s u gar Put i n a pa n a nd c ook


.
, acid d iss olved i n a very littl e water As .

with conti nuous stirri ng until it becomes a col ori n a n infusion of s affl ower or
tincture o f tur meric is used
,

brown a nd viscid N o w put i n a ba k . .

i ng ti n a nd s mooth out as neatly as pos , T o ma ke s uch a mass i nto tablets it is ,

sible to the thi ckness of sa twic e that


, ,
necessary only to pour out on a well
of the back o f a tabl e kni e a nd let i t greased sl ab t ur n i n the edges bac k if ,

ha rden Before it gets co mpl e tely hard


. i nclined to r u n unti the candy is firm , ,

dra w lines with a knife across the sur and then scoring wit h a knife so that
face i n s uch ma nner that when it is quite it c a n easil y be b r oke n into”
pieces whe n
ha rd it will brea k al ong them easily i nto , , col d T o ma k e
. drops a s uitable
bits the size of a l ozenge . mol d is ne cessary .

Nut Can d y S t i ck s — Cook to 3 20 F ° Experi ment as to the sufi ci e n cy o f the


. .

boiling i n ma k i ng ca ndy may be saved


8 pounds best sugar i n 2 i nts water ,
a nd reater certainty of a good resu l t se
with 4 pounds gl ucose adde Pour out
o n a n oi l ed slab a nd ad d 5 pounds a l c ure gbv the use of a c hem i c al t h e r mo m
mo n ds pr e vi o usl bla nched cut i n s mall eter As the syrup is boiled and the
.

pieces and drie in the dryi ng room


,
water eva porates the te mperature of the
,

M i x up well together to i ncor porate the


.

liquid rises Whe n it reaches 2 2 0 F


.
°

n uts thoro n hl y with the sugar When the “s u gar is then i n a conditi on to yiel d
” “
the threa d form ; at 2 4 0
.
°

it has coole enough to be ha ndled form soft ball


“ ”
into a round mass on th e slab a nd spi n
,
is

formed ; at hard ball ; at 2 52
°

” “
out i n l ong t hi n sticks crac k ; a nd at hard crack .

By S i m ply s us pendi ng the thermometer


.
,

Fi g S u t es . —
Place 5 poun ds of i n the l i qui d a nd observi ng it from time

s uga r a n 5 ounds of gl ucose in a cop to ti me one may know exactly when to


,

per pa n wit water enough to dissolve


,
end the boili ng .

the s ugar S et on t he fire a nd when it


m
.
,

sta rts to boil ad d 5 pounds of ground Gu Dr o


G ri nd 25 pounds of s. —
figs S ti r a nd cook to 2 4 0 ° on the ther Ara b a or e n e ga l gum ,
pl ace it in a
. i n
mo me te r S et o fi the fi re a nd then ad d
.
, copper pa n or i n a stea m 1a ck e t kettl e ,

5 pounds of fine cocoa nuts ; mi x we ll a nd and pour 3 gall ons of bo ili n water over
pour out on greased marble roll s mooth , , i t ; sti r i t u
p well N o w set t e pa n wit h .

a nd c ut li ke cara mels . t he
gum i nto a nother a n c ontai ning
bo ni n water a nd stir t e gu m sl owly
.

Caramel s — Heat 1 0 pounds su ar a nd


u nti l g
.

i sso l ve d the n strai n it through a


8 pounds gl ucose i n a copper kett e until ,

N 9 4 0 sieve C ook 1 9 po unds of su ar


d i ssol ved Add crea m to the mi xture
.
. .

w i t h suffi cient water 2 pou nds of g u


,

at i ntervals unti l 2 } uarts are used ,

cose and a teas o o n ful o f crea m of tar


, .

Add 2 1 pounds ca r a me butter and 1 2 ,

oun ces pa ra ffi n e wax to the mixture tar to a stiff bal pour it over the gu m
mi x well set the pa n on the kettle with the
,
.

C oo k to a rather st i ff ball add nuts pour . ,


,

out between iro n bars a nd when cool ,


hot wate a nd let it stea m for l § h ours
r
, ,

e noug h c ut i nto stri ps


, For the white .
tak i ng care that t h e water i n the kettle
ones flavor with va ni lla a nd add 2 ,
does not run d ry ; t h e n 0 e n the d oor of
pou nds melted chocolate liquor for the the stove a nd cover t he re with as hes ,

c hocolate cara mel whe n nea rly cooked .


a nd let the gu m settle for nearly a n hour ,

the n re move the scu m whic h has settled


Ca n dy Ora n ge Dro ps — I t is compar . on top fla vor a nd ru n out with th e f un
,
CONFECTIONER Y 217

nel d ropper i nto th e starc h i m pressions t he drops are chi pped u a nd be f ore
S i tti n g rub s ome ic i ng wit p
. ,
and place the trays i n the dryi ng room , them .

f or 2 days or u ntil d r y ; then ta ke the


Me d icate d Co ugh D rops
,

dro s out of t he sta rch cl ean the m o ff


wel p
,

a nd place the m i n crystal pans one ,


L ight-brown sugar
or two laye r s C ook sugar a nd water
. T artaric acid
to 3 4 4 on t he s yru p ga u e a n d pour ove r
°
Crea m of tartar o o o o o o
the d rops l ukewa rm i e t sta nd in a . Water
moderately wa rm l e c e over night the n Anise -seed cayenne
dra i n the s ru p o Ea nd a bout an hour
, , ,

cl ove and pepper ,

afterwards n ock the gu m dro ps out on a mint flavoring a few ,

cl ea n table ick the m apart a nd dr ops of eac h


r trays un ti d ry when they are rea ( p
.
, ,

ylace
for Proceed as before prescri bed but
p a}
,
,

e
.
when sufli ci e n tl c ool pass the batch
A G oo d S u mmer Ta fi y — Place i n a .
through the aci tabl et rollers a nd dust
kettl e 4 pound s of s o ar 3 pounds ,
wit h sugar .

lucose a nd 1 ; pints 0 water ; when Horehoun d Ca n dy


goils d rop i n a piece of butter half the
, .

D utch crushed sugar 1 0 pounds


siz e of a n egg an d a bout 2 ounces of
.

- D ried horehound leaves 2 ounces


p a tfi n e wa x
a l C ook to . pour o n a .
Cream of tartar fl ounce
slab a nd whe n cool en c u h pull flavor
, , , ,
Water 2 quarts
and color if y ou wis h ull until light . ,
Anise-seed flavoring ,
then spin out on the table i n stri ps about 3 quantity sufficient .

inches wide a nd cut i nto 4 or 4 5-i nc h


Pour the water on the lea ves and let it
le n gths
th e cou nter
T hen wra p i n wa x pa per for
.

T his ta fi y keeps l ong with g ently sim er till m


reduced to 3 pints ; then
strain the i nfusion through m uslin a nd
.

out being grai ned by the heat


.
,
.

a dd the liquid to the sugar Put the pa n .

Ch e wi n g Ca n d y — Place 2 0 pounds of . containing the syr u o n the fire and ,

sugar in a copper pan ad d 2 0 pounds of , whe n at a sharp bo add the crea m of


gl ucose a nd e n o u h water to easily dis tarta r Put the lid on the pa n for 5 mi n
solve the s ugar Se t on the fire or cook
, .

. utes ; then re move it a nd l e t the s ugar ,

in the stea m pan i n 2 qua rts of water . boi l to stiff boil degree T ake the pa n .

Have a pou nd of egg al bu me n soa ked i n off the fire a nd rub porti ons of the
2 quarts of wate r: B eat this like eg s sugar against the side until i t produces a
into a very stiff froth a d d gra dually t lg e , creamy a ppearance ; then ad d the fla vo r
sugar a n d gl ucose ; when we l l beate n u p '

, ng . S tir all wel l a n d po u r i nto square


,

add 5 po unds of powdered su e r a nd , i n fra mes previously well oiled


,
.

beat at very little heat either in t e stea m


beater or on a pa n of boil i ng water unt i l Menth o l Cough D rops .

light an d does n ot s tick to the back pf


,
G elatin 1 ounce
the hand flavor with vanilla a nd put i n G lyceri ne ( by weight ) 2 5 ounces
Whe n col d
, ,

trays d usted with fine sugar . O ran e-fl o w e r water 2 5 ounces


it may be cut or else it may be stretched M ent c l 5 rai ns
,

out on a s ugar-dusted ta bl e cut and , , Re cti fi e d spirits l g ra c h m

w ra ped i n wa x pa per T h i s c hew i n g S oak the elati a i n the water for 2


ca n dy has to be ke pt i n a v ery d r y pla ce
.

, ours then eat o n a water bat h until


,

or else it will r un a nd get sti cky dissolved a nd add H ounces of gl ycerine .

D issolve the menthol in the spirit mi x


,

Mo n tpel i e r Co ugh D rops with the rem a inder of t h e glyceri ne add


,

B r o w n s uga r .
to the l yco -gelatin mass and our i nto
a n oile dtin tray ( s uch as the li of a hi s
‘ ’ ,

T artar i c aci d
Crea m of ta rta r cuit box ) When the mass is col d d i Vi d e
.

i nto 1 0 dozen pastilles .

An i s e-see d fla vor i ng ,
M enthol pastill es are sai d to be a n
qua n tity s ufficient .
e xcell ent remed y for tickli ng cou h a s
M elt t he su a r i n the water a nd when , wel l as l a r yn i tis T hey shoul be .

a t a s harp b0 1 a d d the crea m of tarta r . freshly prepare a nd cut obl o ng so that ,

C over the a n f or 5 minu te s Remove . the patie nt may ta ke hal f of one or les s , ,

the li d a n d e t th e s uga r b o i l u p to crack as may be necessary .

de ree T urn out the batch on a n O i led


.

a nd whe n cool enough to hand le Vi ol e t Fl a vor for Ca n dy —Viol et fla


sl a
.

m ol d in the aci d a nd fla vori n g Pass i t .


vors li ke violet perf u mes are very cp m
, ,

plex mixture s a n d“ thei r i m i tati on i s a


through the aci d drop rollers a nd when
,
,
218 C ONFECTI ONERY

correspon dingly d ifi cul t un dertaking .

T h e basis is vanilla ( or vanillin ) rose , ,

a nd orris w ith a very little of some pun


,

ent o il to bring up the flavor T h e fol


F
.

o w i n g will ive a basis 11 on which a


satisfactory g avor may be ui l t : S ugar -Black Paste .

O il of orris 1 drach m .
Carbon black
l d r a ch m G ra pe sugar
Vanilli n 2 drachms wa te r . . U C 0 0 I l

30 grai ns Ci n n a ba r Red ! .

O ilof cl ove 8 0 mini ms


S carl et
Al cohol 1 1 ounces
5 ounces
White dextri ne
Potat o flour
M ake a s ol uti on addi ng th e water l ast , .

Bl uish R o se ! .

CONFECTIONE RY COL ORS Th e .


G renadi ne
foll owi ng a re excellent a nd e nti rely White dextri ne
harmless col oring agents f or the pur Potato flour
poses na med :
Yel lo wi sh Ro se .

Red — Cochi neal syrup prepared as


Rosa I I
.

foll ows o o o o o o o o o o o o o

Citron ell o w o o oooooo


C ochineal i n coarse , White e xtr i n e
powder 6 pa rts
.
Potato flour
Potassiu m carbonate 2 parts
D istill ed water parts Vi olet .

Al coh ol 1 2 parts Re d vi olet


White d extrine
. o o o o o o o
o o o o

S i m pl e syrup enough
to make 500 parts Potato flour
Rub u p th e potassium carbonate and Carmi ne Gree n .

the cochineal together adding the water


a nd alcohol littl e by l ittl e under constant
,
W oo d r ufi ( Wa l d mei s
, ,
ter ) reen 5 5 parts
Rosa 1 ?c c c c c c c
triturati on S et asid e over night then
5 pa rts
.
,

a dd the syr up and filter


D extri ne t t t t t t 3 5 parts
.

Pin k . Potato fl our 5 parts


T o the c ol ors m ark ed with a n asterisk
Liquor po ta ssae add f or eve ry 4 pou n d s 4 § ounces a
, , ,

Rose water enough , grain and a half each of o ta ssi u m i odide


to make 4 8 pa rts a nd sodiu m nitrate ol ors given i n .

M i x S h oul d the col or be too hi gh


.
form of powders sh oul d be dissolved i n
dilute with wate r unti l the re quisite t i nt
,
h ot water for use .

is acquired .
Ye l low — Vari ous shad es of yel l ow
.

O range — T i ncture of red sandal wood may be obtained by the m acerati on of


B e si el l o sa ff ron or turmeric or grai ns
.
,

1 part ; ethereal ti ncture of orlean quan , ,

d Avi gn o n in al coh ol until a strong tinc


, ’

tity s uifi ci e n t Add the ti ncture of o r


.

lea n to the sandal wood tincture until th e ture i s obtained D il ute with water .

desired shade of oran ge is obtai ned .


u nti l the desi red shade is obta ined An .

A red added to any of th e yel l o w s gives ' aq ueous s ol uti on of quercitrine als o
a n orange col or .
gives a n excelle nt yell ow .

T h e aniline col ors made by the Ak B l ue .

ti e n gese ll sc ba f t fii r Anili n Fabrika


” I ndigo carmi ne
ti on of Berlin are absol utely non -toxic
.

, , ,

a nd can be used for the purposes r e co m


me nded i e the col oration of syrups M ix .

, .
,

cakes candies etc with perfe ct co n fi


, , .
, l n di o carmine is a beauti ful p ower ,

dence i n thei r inn ocuity . ful a n harml ess agent I t may usually
, .

Pa sti ll e Yellow be bought com m erciall y but if it can ,


.
be readil y obtai ned proce e d a s fol ,
Citron yell ow 11 7 parts ]nows
ot :
G ra pe s ugar , first I nto a ca ps ul e put 3 0 grai ns o f i ndigo
quality i n powder place on a water bath a n d
White dextrine
. .
,

Whe n en ti rel y d r y put


,

heat to dry ness .


2 20 C OPPE R

oxide o f copper is freel y sol ubl e in wit h i mpurities i n the copper a nd t h us ,

metallic cop er and thus pe n e tr a t e s to renders them i nert For exa m pl e , th e .

all parts of t e co per and parting w i th ,


.

oxide of arsenic or a nti m ony i s i nca


its oxygen o xi i zes the i mpuri ti es a bl e of combining m ore tha n mecha n
,
.
p ‘

T h e ob j ect of th e red ucing part of the l eally with the copper b ut when i ts oxy ,

refining process is to chan ge the excess e n i s rem ove d the arsen i c or a nt i m on y


g
of the s uboxide o f copper to metall i c i s l eft free to combi ne Wi th t h e copper . .

copper C opper contai ning even l ess


.
T his forms a brittl e all o an d o n e that
than 1 per cent of the suboxid e of copper corresponds al m ost exact y i n i ts rop er
shows decrea sed malleability a nd d u e ties Wi th o ver po l ed copper T o e sure .

ti l i ty a nd is both col d —short an d re d o ve r po l e d co per is s upposed to contai n


carbon b ut fii a t thi s is n ot th e essenti a l
,

short If the copper to be refined con


. ,

tains any i mpurities such as arsenic or rul ing r i n ci pl e in case of a n n e a l i n is


show n b
,

anti mony it is well n ot to rem ove too


, y the fact that pure copper o es
much of the oxygen in the refining proc not undergo this change under cond i
ess I f this is don e o ve r po l e d co pper
. ,
ti ons that rui n i m ure c opper a nd als o ,

is produced I n this condition i t is .


by the fact that t e sa me s tate may be
brittl e granular of a shini ng yell ow prod uced by a nneali ng i n pure hydro
gen and th us r e mo vmg the oxygen that
, ,

col or and m ore red -sh ort tha n col d


sh ort When the refini ng has been prop
,

.
renders the a rsenic or a ntim on i nert .

erl done and neither too much nor too


,
N o attem pt is made t o de n y t e well
lit e ox ge n i s rese n t the copper is i n ,
known fact that carbo n d oes combine
the con itiou of tough pitch a nd is i n ,

with copper t o the extent o f per cent
a fit state to be worked . a nd cause it t o bec ome e xc e edingly
Co pper is sai d to b e “ tough pitch brittl e I t is si m pl y cl ai med that thi s i s
.

when i t requires fre qu e nt bendi n g to break proba bly not what occ urs i n the pro
it a nd when after i t is broken the col or
, , ,
duction o f so -call e d b ur nt co per during
is pal e red the fracture has a silky l us
,
annealing T h e a m ou nt 0 i mpurities
.

ter and is fibrous li ke a tuft of silk On ca pabl e of re nderi n co er casil burnt


is exce e d i n l y s mal g T p
.

is ma y e bet
,

hammering a piec e to a thi n plate it


shoul d show no cr acks at the ed e At . ter a pr e C i a t ed whe n it is considered
that mm
_

tough pitch copper o ff ers the i gh e st to per cent expresses


"

de gree of mallea bil ity and ductility of the a m ou nt o f oxygen necessary to r en


wh i ch a given s pe cimen is capabl e . der the i m pu r iti es i nert Th e re moval .

T his is the conditi on in which refined of thi s very s mall a mount o f ox gen ,

cop er is ( or shoul d be ) placed on the which is often s o s mall as t o be a most


mar et and if it coul d be worked with
,
within th e li mits o f the errors of a n a lysis ,

out changing this tough itch any , will suffic e t o render c opper o ver pol e d
speci men of copper that coul d e brought and rui n it for a n y use .

to this conditi on woul d be suitabl e for T here are methods of a voidi ng th e


rolling or drawing But tough itch is . numerous accid ents that ma y occur i n
changed if oxyge n i s either a ded or the an n ealing of cop er d ue t o a chan e ,

take n from refined copper . of pitc h As a l r e a y poi nted out t e


.
,

B y far the m ore i mportant of these is quality of re fined copper is l owered if


the rem oval of oxygen especially f no m , oxygen be either a dded to or taken from
those speci mens that contain more tha n a it
. It is quite a p arent therefore that , ,

mere trace of i m purities T his is shown . a really good met c d o f a n neali ng cop
b the a bsol utely worthl ess condition per will prevent a n y change i n the state
0y o ver po l e d copper T h e addi tion of . of oxi dati on I t is necessary to revent
.

carbon also plays a very i m portant part access to the h eate d c opper b ot o f a t
i n the production o f o ver pol e d copper . mosph er i c air whic h woul d oxidize it
, .

T hat the addition of oxyge n to refined a nd of the re duci ng gases used i n heat
i n g the mu fii e whic h woul d ta ke oxygen
.

c op er i s n ot s o da magi ng is shown by
the p
,

act that at present nearly all the cop a way from it O b viousl y the onl y wa y
.

e r that is worked is cons i derably c xi of accom l i sh i ng t h is is to incl ose th e


p i ze d at some stage o f the process and , c opper w p en heate d a n d till cool i n a n
not especially to its detri ment . atm os here that ca n neither oxidiz e nor
B urnt copper is nothi n more or l ess
.

d eo x1 i ze cop er B y s o doing copp e r


.

tha n copper i n the ove r 0 ed conditi on .


may be h e a te to the melting poi nt a nd
T h i s i s brought about y the action of all owed to cool agai n without s u ff erin g
reduci n gases in th e mufii e By this as re gards its pitch T he re are co m
means tg
. .

l e s ma ll a mount o f oxygen nec parat i vely fe w gases that ca n be used fo r


_

essary to gi ve the copper its tough p i tch th i s purpose but fortunatel y one which
. , ,

i s rem oved T his oxygen i s combi n e d


. is e xceedi ngl y cheap a n d u n i v er sa ll y
COPPER 22 1

preval e nt f ul fill s all re ui r e men ts vi z , .


, s oon as the desi red col or i s attai ned
steam I n order to app y the pri nci pl es
. the metal shoul d be r a idl y cooled by
enunciated it is necessary onl y to anneal q uen chi ng i n water h e metal thus .

cop er i n the ordi nary a nneali ng pots colored ma y be varnished .

suc as a re used for i r on care being ,

taken to i ncl ose the copper while heating To D Copp er Parts Violet a n d Or
e
a n ge o l i sh ed cop per acqui res a n
and whil e cooli n i n a n atmosphere of .

stea m T his wil eff ectual ] y excl ude ai r orange -like col or l e a mn g to gol d when ,

di pped f or a f ew seconds into a sol utio n


.

and prevent the ingress Qt gases use d


in heating the a nnealer T wenty-four .
of cr ystalli zed co per acetate A han d .

hours ma be used i n the process as i n some vi ol et is o ta i n e d by placi ng the


,

the a n n ea ing of iron wire wi th no d etri metal for a few minutes i n a s ol uti on of
,

ment to the wire T his may seem i n


.
a nti mon y chl oride and rubbi ng it after
credibl e to those manufacturers wh o wards Wi th a piece of wood covered with ‘

c otton D ur i ng this operatio n the co


per m ust be heated to a degree bearable
have tried to anneal copper wire after .

the manner o f a n n ea l i n iron wire By


to the ha nd A crystalline a ppearance
.

this method per f e ctl ri ght a nneal ed .

wire ma y be prod uce S uch a process


is prod uced by boil ing the article i n
of a n n ea li n copper o ff ers man y a d va n c opper sul phate .

tages I t a l ows the use of a grade of


.
Pic k le for Coppe r —T ake nitri c acid .
,
co per that has hitherto been worked 1 00 parts ; kitchen salt 2 arts ; cal ci ned
onp
,
y at a great disadva ntage owi ng to its , soot 2 parts ; or nitric aci 1 0 arts ; sul
,
te n denc y to get out of pitch I t all ows .
ph u r i c acid 1 0 parts ; h yd r o ch o r i c acid
, ,

the use o f a nneal ers s uch as are ordi 1 part As these bl eachi ng baths attack
.

n a r il y e mpl oyed for a n nealing iron a nd , the copper ui ckly the objects must be ,

thus cheapens the a nnealing consi der l eft i n only or a f e w seconds was hin
ably as co m are d with the present use of
,

them afterwards i n pl enty of water an


mufll e s T her e is no cha nce o f produc
,

.
drying i n sawdust bra n or s pent ta n , ,
.

ing th e o ver po l ed c onditi on f rom the


action o f red uci ng gas e s used i n heating Pr epa ra ti o n s of Co p er Wa ter — I . .

the mufl es T here is no cha nce of pro


.
Water , parts ; o xa i c aci d 3 0 parts ; _ ,

d u ci n the u nder l) ol e d conditi on d ue to spirit of wine 1 00 parts ; essence of tur


the ab
,

sorpti on e f suboxi de of copper penti ne 50 parts ; fine tripoli 1 00 parts , .

I I — Water
. ,

N one of the m etal is l ost as scale a nd the ,


. parts ; oxalic acid
, ,

savin that i s th us eff ected a mounts to a 3 0 parts ; al cohol 5 0 parts ; essence of ,

cou si er a bl e per ce n ta e of the tota l t urpenti ne 4 0 parts ; fine tripoli 5 0


, ,

val ue of the c opper he expense and parts .

II I —S ul phuric acid 300 parts ; sul


.

time o f cl ea n i n are wholl y saved I n


br i ght a nne a l ed copper is
.
. ,

ci d e n ta ll
phate of al umi na 8 0 pa rts ; water 520 , ,

prod uce by a process which is a ppl i parts


Temper ed
cabl e to copper of an sha pe size or , ,
Copper — o bjects made of
condition — a product t at has hitherto
.

copper ma y be satisfactoril y te rn ered


been obtai ne d only by processes ( m ostly b y s ubj ecti ng the m to a certai n e gr ee
secret ) which are too cu mbers ome an d o f heat for a determi ned
peri od of ti me
.

too expensive for exte nsive use ; a nd as ,


a nd bestrewi n g them Wi th o wd e r e d
is the case with at l east one r o ce ss with ,
s ul phur d uring the hea ti ng hile hot .

th e da nger of produci ng t e o ver po l e d the obj ects are pl unged into a bath of
conditi on often i n o n ly a small section bl ue 1 tri ol ; after the bath the y may be
'

heatedagai n
,

of the wire but thus rui ni ng the whol e


, .

piece .

COPP E R COLORING COPPER A LLOY S


S ee All oys .

B la ck i n Coppe r — T o give a cop per


article a b
.

lack coveri ng cl ea n it Wi th , C OPPER CL EANING


e mery paper heat ge n tl ,
i n a B unsen or S ee Cleaning Preparati ons a nd M eth
a spirit fla me i mmerse o r: 1 0 seconds i n
, ods .

s ol uti on o f copper filings i n d i l ute n i tr i c


acid a n d heat agai n .
COPP ER ETCH ING :
,
S ee Etchi ng
Red Col ori n g o f Coppe r — A fi n e red
.

c olor m be i ve n to copper by ra du C OPPE R IN FOO D


a
y g
ally heati ng it i n an a i r bath Pro o n ge d .
S ee Food
heatin g at a c om parati vel y l o w temper
.

ature or ra pi d h ea ti ng at a hi h tem
,
.
C OPP E R LA CQUERS
S ee L ac quers
pera tur e produces the sa m e r e su t As .
.
,
2 22 C OPPER— C OPY IN G PRINTED PI C TURE S

COPP ER PAP E R viewed by means of its reflected i mage ,

S ee Paper M etallic ,
.
when the true rel ation s of right and left
will be seen M oreover if sufi ci en tl y
COPP ER PATINI Z I NG AND PLATI NG :
. ,

im portant a n exact counter art of the


,
S e e Plating .
origi nal may be taken from t e reversed
COPP ER P OLISH ES copy by layi ng a nother s heet face down
S e e Polishes . ward upon i t a n d rubbing on the back
,

C OPPE R ’ SEPAR ATIO N or GOL D of the fresh s heet j ust as was done i n
making the reversed copy T h e i m
F Ro M
.

pression thus r o d uce d Wi ll b e fai nter


S e e G old .

tha n the first ut al m ost al ways it can


,

C OPPER S OL DE R be made dark e nough to s how a disti nct


S ee S olders . outline which may afterwards be r e
C O PPER VARNi sri Es :

touched with a lea d pe ncil .

S ee Varnish e s .
For indicator cards the pa per is pre
pared by coati ng one surface with a suit
C OPYI NG PRI NTED PI CTU RES .
able com pound usually zi nc oxi de mixed
,
“ ”
T h e so call ed
- metallic pa per used with a littl e starch a n d enough gl ue to
for steam -engine indicator cards has a make it adhere After d ryi ng it is
.

sm ooth surface chemically prepared so , pa ssed betwee n cal enda r rolls under gr eat
that bl ack lines can be draw n u pon it r e ss ur e .T h e various brands manu
with pencils made of brass co per sil , , a c tu r e d for th e trad e th oug h perhaps ,

ver al umi num or any of t e softer ,


equally good for i ndicator di agrams a re ,

When used on the i ndicator it


,

metals . n ot equally well suited for copyi ng I f .

receives the faint l ine drawn by a brass pa per of firmer texture coul d b e pre are d
point at one end of the pencil arm a nd ,
with the sa m e surface finish pro abl y ,

i ts special advantage over ordinary paper m uch lar 8 er copies could be produced .

is that the metallic e n ci l slides over its O ther kinds of pa per notably the
surface with very l i ttP
,

e fricti on and keeps heavy plate pa ers use d for some of the
best trad e ca t a F
,

its poi nt m uch l onger tha n a graphite o gu e s o sse ss this trans,

pencil . fer pro e r ty to a sl i g t degree thoug h ,

This paper ca n be used as transfer a they W l l not receive marks from a me


paper for copying engravi ngs or sketches , ta lli c pe ncil T h e latter feature woul d
.

or anything printed or written i n i nk or see m to recom me nd the m for transfer


drawn in pencil . purposes ma king the m less likely to be
,

Th e best c opies ca n be obtai ned by c ome s oil ed by contact with metallic


f o ll o wi n the directions below : Lay obj ects but s o far no kind has bee n
,

th e meta lic transfer paper face u p u pon , , found which will re move e non h ink
at least a doze n sheets of blank paper , t o give copies a nywhere near a s ark a s
and l ay the ) r i n t face d own upon it O n the i ndicator a pe r
the back o f the print place a sheet of Fairly gooptra nsfers ca n be made
, .

heavy a per or thi n cardboard and ru n


, , from al most a n y com m on printers ink ’
,

the r u bi n tool o v er this protecti ng


'
b ut some inks copy m uch better tha n
s heet I n t s manner it i s com parative
. others a nd some yi el d only the faintest
,

l y easy to prevent sli pi n g a nd pri nts 8 i m pressions Th e length of time si nce a


or 1 0 inches on a 8 1p
, .

i e may be c opi e d pi cture was printe d d oes n ot seem to de


satisfactorily . term i ne its c opyi ng qual ity S om e very .

Line drawings pri nted from relief ol d pr ints can be copied better tha n new
plates or pictures with sharp contrast
, ones ; i n fact it was by accidental trans
,

of black and white wi thout a ny half , fer to a n indi cator card from a book
tones give the best copies Very few
, .
nearl y a hundre d years ol d that the
half -tones ca n be tr a nsferred sa ti sfa c pecul i ar property of th is meta llic ”
to r il y ; al most all give streaked indis , pa per was d i scovered .

ti nct copi es a nd man y of the results are


,

worthless .
Copyi n g Pro ce s s o n Woo d — If wood .

T h e trans f er taken off as described is surfaces are exposed to direct s unl ight
a reverse of the ori inal print If the the wood will exhibit after 2 weeks
question of right a n d l eft is not i mpor
.

.
,

acti on a browni ng of dark tone i n the


,

tant t his re versal will seldom be o bj e c e xposed pl aces C ertai n parts of the
.

ti o n a bl e for it i s easy to read back


, surface be i ng covered up during the e n
ward what few letters generally occur .
ti re exposure to the su n they retai n their ,

However if desired the paper ma be


, , or i gi nal shade a nd are set o ff cl earl y a nd
held u p to the light and exa mi ned r o m sh a r l
p aga i nst the parts browned by the
th e back or placed bef ore a mirror a nd
, s un l i g t Base d o n this property o f th e
.
2 24 C O RKS — C ORN C U RES

No n -Poro us Corks — For benzine tur ,


cedi ng one After a fe w a p plicati ons . ,

pentine a nd varnish ca ns i m merse the


, ,
the mass drops off bringi ng the i nd ura ted ,

corks i n hot melted pa r a ffi n e K ee p .


porti on a nd frequently t h e w hole of the
,

th e m u nder about 5 minutes ; hol d them corn o ff with it


,
.

down with a piece of wire scree n cut to II — Compoun d S al i c ylate d Collo di o n


.

fit the dis h i n whic h you melt the paraf Corn Cur e — S alicylic acid 1 1 pa rts by , ,

fine . Wh e n ta ken out l a the m on a weight ; e xtract of I ndia n h em p 2 parts , ,

scree n till cool Chea p cor cs ca n i n this


. by weight ; alco h ol 1 0 arts by wei ght ; , ,

way be made gas and air -tight a nd ca n , flexi bl e coll odio n U P a suffi c1e n t , . .,

be cut a nd bore d with ease . qua ntity to m a ke 1 00 arts by wei ht , .

S ubsti tute for Cork — Wood pul p or .


T h e ext rac t is disso ved i n the a coh ol
other ligneous material may be treated and the aci d in about 50 parts by weight , ,

to i mitate cork For the success of the .


of coll o d i on the s ol uti ons mixed and , ,

composition it is necessar y that the con the liquid made u p to the required
s ti tu e n t s be mingled and treated under
a mou nt T h e I ndia n hem p is resum
.

special conditi ons T h e vol umetric pro .


ably i nte n ded to prevent pai n ; w ether i t
portions i n whic h these c onstitue nts serves this or a n y other useful purpos e
comb i ne with the best results are t h e fol seems a matter of doubt T h e aci d is .

l owi ng : Wood ul p 3 parts ; cornstal k f r e u e n tl us ed without this ad dition


fil
.
,
,

pith 1 part ; ge atin 1 part ; glyceri ne xtr a ct of ca nna bis i ndica 90


.
i
,
, , ,

1 part ; water 4 pa rts ; 2 0 per cent formic


,
grai ns ; salicylic aci d 1 ou nce ; alcohol 1 , ,

aldehyde s ol ution 1 part ; but the pro ,


ounce ; coll odion e nough to ma ke 1 0
portions may b e varied After d i si n t e .
ounces S often the extract with the
.

grati ng the li gneous s ubsta nces and ,


al cohol then a dd the coll odi on a n d
, ,

while these are i n a moist a nd hot condi lastly the acid .

tion the y are mingl ed wit h the sol uti on IV — Resorci n


. 1 part by weight ; , ,

of gelat i n gl cerine a nd water T h e


, , .
salicylic aci d 1 pa rt by wei ht ; lactic , ,

mass is stirredythoroughly so as to obtai n acid 1 part by weight ; coll o i o n e l a sti


, ,

a h omogeneous mixture T h e excess of .


cum 1 0 parts by weig h t
, Pai nt the , .

moisture is rem oved As a last opera .


corn daily for 5 or 6 days with the above
tion the formic al deh yde is introduced ; sol uti on and take a foot bath i n very hot
and the mass is left to coa ul e te i n this water T h e corn will readily come off
. .

sol uti on Th e f ormic al de yde renders


.
C o m Plaster - Yellow wa x 24 parts . , ,
t h e roduct insoluble i n nearly all l iquids by we ight ; Venice turpe ntine 3 parts
p .
, ,

S o i t is i n this last 0 e r a ti o n that it is by w e i gh t ; rosin 2 arts by weight ; , ,


necessary to be ca r e fu in ro d u ci n g the . .

sal i cyl i c aci d 2 parts y weight ; balsa m


m W e n the oper
, ,
c o position properl of Peru 2 pa rts by weight ; lanol i n 4
ati on is term i nated ty ;e s ubstance is sub
.
, , ,

parts by we i ght
mi t te d to press ure during its coagulation
, .

Corn Cu re — M el t soap pl aster 8 5


,

eit h er by m olding it at once into a desir ed .


,

a r ts b wei ght a nd ello w wa x 5 a r ts


p y wei y t i n a va por y
form or into a mass which is afterwards
,
,
.
, ,

converted i nto the fi n ished product .


ath a n d sti r n e l y
, ,

gr u i sali cylic acid 1 0 pa rts by weight


i np o i;
, , ,
CORK S TO CL EAN
sec Clea ning Pr eparations and M eth
R emo va l o f Co ma — T h e liquid used
I

ods under M iscella neo us M ethods


, .

by ch i ropodists with pumice stone for the


CO RK TO METAL , FA STENI NG re moval of corns a nd cal l osities is us ually
S e e Ad hesives u nder Pastes , .
noth i ng m ore tha n a s ol utio n of potassa
C ORK -AS A P RESE RVATIV E or concentrate d lye the l u mi c e stone
bei ng dipped into the solii ti o n by the
.
,

S e e Preserving .

C ORK S WATERPROOF ING operator j ust before using


W
.

S ee aterproofing . Treatme n t of B unio n s — Wear right .

and l eft sto cki n s a nd shoes the inner


C ORN C UR ES edges of the s o e of whic h are perfectly
,

I -S ali cyl i c-Aci d Co rn Cure - Extract


. . stra i ght T h e buni on is bathe d night
.

ca nnabis i ndica 1 pa rt by measure : a nd mo r n i n i n u 4 per cent sol ution of


.

, , .

salicylic acid 1 0 parts by measure ; oil , , carbol i c a ci for a f e w mi nutes foll owe d ,

of turpenti ne 5 parts by measure ; acetic, , by p l a i n water If after several weeks .


, ,
acid l a ci a l 2 parts by measure ; coca
, , , the bursa i s still distended with flui d it ,
i n e a a l o i d a l 2 parts by measure ; col
, , , i s as pirated If the bu ni on is due t o .

l o d i o n elastic suffici ent to ma ke 1 00


, , fi a tfo o t the a rch o f the foot must be
,

pa r ts Appl y a thin coating ever night restored by a plate Whe n the j oints
putting ea ch la yer directl y on the pr e
.
, .

are e n la rge d because o f go ut or r h euma


C ORN C URES — C O S METI C S 22 5

ti sm, t he
c onstitutional co n ditions m ust growth care being ta ken that the y pe n
,

be treate d I n other cases osteotomy


.
, e tr a te well i nto the s ubcuta neous tissue .

a nd tenotomy are re quired . S e i z mg the parts i n cl u ded i n the i ncision


with a a i r of dissecti ng force 5 a wed e
s ha pe f piece of tiss ue — i nc udi ng t e
,

Th e Treat me nt of Corns — Any corn .

may be s peedily a nd perma ne ntly c ured . c o m a la er of s k i n a nd s ubc uta neous


, ,

T h e treatme nt is of three kinds — preve n ti ss ue an the b ursa if prese nt — is dis


,

tive palliati ve a nd c urative


, , . se c te d o ut T h e oozi n g is pretty free
.
,

. I — T h e preventive treatment lies i n a nd i t is s ometi mes necessary to torsion a


adopti ng s uc h measures as will secure s mall vesse l ; but the he morrhage is
freed o m fro m r e ssu r e a nd friction for ne ver se vere T h e edges of t h e wound
.

the parts m ost i a bl e to corns T o this . are brought to get h er by one or two fine
e n d a well -fi tt i n g shoe is esse ntial T he . s utures ; a n a nt i septic dres sing is a pplied ,

shoes s houl d be of well -seasone d leather , a nd the wou nd is left to heal — pr i mary
soft a nd elastic a nd sh oul d be cut to a ,
u nion i n a fe w d ays bei ng the rul e T he .

proper model . ra pidity of the healing is often phenom


I L — T h e palliati ve treat me nt is ge n e nal T here is produced a scar tissu e at
.

e ra l l y carrie d out with che mical s u b the site of the corn but this l eads to n o ,

stances T h e best method is briefly


.
, , ,
u ntoward res ults .

as follows : A ri ng of glyceri ne jelly is


Cosmeti cs
pai nted arou nd the circu mference of the
corn to for m a raise d ra m part A piec e
, .

of salicylic plaster m ull is the n cut to the


size a nd s ha pe of t he central depressi on ,
C OL D CREAM .

and a pplied to the s urface of t he corn . I — O il of al m onds


. 4 25 parts
T his is the n c overed with a layer of glyc La noli n . 1 85 parts
eri ne j elly a nd before it sets a pa d of
,
White wax 62 parts
.

cotton wool is a pplied to the surface . S permaceti 62 parts


T his process is repeate d as often as i s Bora x 4 5 parts
necessary u ntil the horny lay er se parates
,
Rose water 3 00 parts
a nd is cast o ff .
M elt together the fi rst four in r e d i e n ts ,

If the poi nt of a sharp thin -bladed , then i ncorporate the sol utio n 0 borax in
knife be i ntroduce d at the groove which the rose water .

runs arou nd the margi n of t he corn a nd ,


II — T ra gacanth
. .

be ma de to p e netrate toward its ce ntral B ori c aci d


axis by the exercis e of a little ma n ua l
,
G lyceri ne
dexterity the horny pa rt of t he corn ca n
.

Expressed oil of a l
be easily ma d e to separate from the parts
'

m onds .

beneath .
Gl coni ne
I I I — Any method of treatme nt to be
.

O i of la vender
c urat i ve m ust secure the re moval of the
.

enti re c orn to ether with t h e under


Water e nough t o
,
ma ke parts
lying b ursa t is mai nly i n connection
M i x the tragaca nth a nd the boric
.

w i th t h e l atter structure that co mplica


tions whic h al one ma ke a co m a matt er a cid with the l yc e r i n e ; a dd the al mond
,

( i f seri ous i m port are likely to arise ,


.
oil lavender oif and egg l yc e r i te which
, , ,

Freela n d confide ntly advises the full a nd have been previously wel i nc orporated ,

comp l ete excisio n cf corns o n the ba sis ,


a nd lastly a dd th e water i n di vided
, ,

o r ti o n s unt i l a clear jelly of the desired


of his experi ence i n u wa rd o f 6 0 cases .

Every prec auti on a vi n g bee n ta ken consistency is obtain e d .

to re nder the o perati on ase ptic a s pot is , I II — O i l of al monds


. 2 6 ounces .

se l e ct e d f o r the i njection of the anaesthetic Castor oil ( odorless ) 6 o unces .

sol uti on T h e ski n is re nd e r e d i n sen Lard ( benzoated ) 8 ounces


White wax
.

s i ti ve with ethyl chl oride a nd 5 m inims ,


8 ounces . .

of a 4 per cent sol uti on of coca ine i s i a Ros e water (i n wi n


j e cte d i nto t h e subcuta neous ti ssue be ter l e ss i n su m ,

mer more tha n


.

neath the corn Af ter a wa i t of a few . ,

minutes th e s uperficial parts of the S i te quantit na med ) 1 2 ounces


of the i ncision are rendered i nsensitive O range owe r water 8 ou nces
wit h ethyl chl oride An aesthes i a i s now O il of rose 1 5 minims .

Extract of j as mi ne
.

comp l e te .
6 drach ms .

T w o se mielli pti cal i n c i s i ons meeti n Extract of cassia 4 drachms


g
'
.

a t their extre m i ties ar e made throu


2 ounces
th e ski n a r o un d th e ci rcumfe re n ce o f t e Gl ycerl n e 4 o unc e s
. .
2 26 C OS M ET I CS

M elt the oil of s weet al monds wa x a nd , , G eranium oil , Afri


l ard together and stir i n t h e castor oil ;
, can
make a sol ution of the bora x in the Le mon O i l
glyceri ne a nd rose and ora nge fl o w e r -
I I I —R ose Poma d e
waters ; add this sol uti on a little at
. .

, a

ti me to the melted fat stirri ng con Al mond oil


,

sta n tl y to i ns ure thorough i ncorporati on ;


,
Wa x white , .

finally a dd the oil of rose diss ol ved i n the Al ka n ni n . .

extracts a nd beat the oi ntment until G era ni um oil .

cold . I V — Yellow Poma d e


. .

IV — S permaceti ( pure ) 3; ounce ;


.
,
Vaseline oil W hite , .

white wax ( pure ) ou nce ; al mond oil 1 , ,


»

Wa x white , . 2 00
pound ; b utter of cocoa 1 pound ; lan o ,
S permaceti 2 00
li n 2 ou nces
, .
S a ffron s urrogate 10
M elt a nd sti r in 1 drachm of balsa m
.

Cl ove oil 20
of Peru After settling pour o ff the clea r
.
,

portio n and add 2 fl u i d r a ch ms of orange V .



W h i te Poma d e .

flower water a nd stir briskly u ntil i t Vaseline oil white , . parts


concretes .
Wa x white, 300 parts
Ca mphorate d Col d Cream .
Bitter al mond oil
gen uine parts 10
O i l of s w e e t a l Lem on oil parts 2
mo n ds
.

White
.

VI .
— Pa r a fli n e 4 9 0 parts
S e r ma c eti .
Vasel ine 4 9 0 pa rts
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

a mphor .
O i l of le m on 0 75 parts .

Rose water O i l of vi olet parts


B ora x ( in fine pow Carmine qua ntity s uffi cient
, .

der ) Li po l For treati n s ore rough or



O i l of rose
i nfla me d li ps a pply t g
.
, ,
.

e foll owi n g night


M elt the wa x a nd S permaceti add the
,

, a nd morning rubbi ng i n well W i th the


o i l of sweet al monds i n whic h the c a m
,

, fi n e r ti ps :
o Ca m phor 5 ounce ; men ,
hor has been dissolved with very gentl e tho k ounce ; eucaly ptol 1 dra chm ;
, ,

eat ; t h en gra dually add t h e rose water , petrolatum ( white ) 1 pound ; pa r a ffi n e , ,

i n which the b orax has pre viously bee n } pound ; al ka net root
1 ounce ; oil of ,
dissol ved beating or agitating con
, bitter al monds 1 5 drops ; oil of cl oves
, ,
sta n tly with a wooden spatula until cold 1 0 d rops ; oil of cassia 5 drops
.
D igest , .

Lastly add the oil of rose .


the root i n the melted pa r a ffi n e a nd pe
Petrolatum Col d Crea m .
t r o la t u m strai n ad d the other i ngre
, ,

d i e n ts a nd pour i nto li p j ars hot


Petrolatum 7 ounces , .

Pa r a ffi n e ounce MANIC UR E PR EPARATI ONS


Lanoli n
Water
.

. .
Pow d ere d Nail Polis h es .

O il of rose I — T i n oxide
. 8 d rachms
Alcohol . Carmi ne drachm
A s mall q uantity of bora x may be R ose oil 6 drops
a dded if desirable a nd the pe rfume may N eroli O l l 5 drops
,

be vari ed to suit the taste .


II — Ci nnabar
. 1 d rach m
I nfus orial ea rth 8 d rach ms
LIP S ALVE S
Po ma d es for th e Li ps —Li p pomatum .
III -
Putty powder ( fine )
. 4 drachms
whic h is said al ways to retain ha nd Carmi ne 2 rains
1 d
a

s ome red col or a nd never to grow ra ncid O i l of rose rop .

is prepared as follows : IV — White castile s oa p


. 1 part
I .
—Pa r a fii n e Hot water 1 6 parts
Zinc c hl oride s ol u
.

Vaseline
tion 1 0 per cent
.

Anch usi ne .
, ,

Bergamot oil quant i ty suffi cie nt .

L em on D iss ol ve the soa p i n t h e water a nd to


the s olution a dd the zi nc chl oride s ol u -

II — Vasel i ne Poma d e
. .
tion until n o furth er preci pitati on o c
Vaseli n e oil w h ite , pa rts curs L et sta nd over n i ght ; pour o ff the
Wa x wh i te
.
.

. 3 00 pa rts su pernata nt fluid wash the preci pita te ,


228 C O S M ETICS

gins to set then a d d the er fume a nd


,
Aci d tartaric 3 pa r ts
stir i n A little a r ti fi ci a essence of
.
Glycerole of
stra wberries may b e a dded T h e odor . starch 60 to 1 0 0 parts
usually employed is rose ab out 1 drop to , M i x a n d mak e a poma de .

every 2 pounds
Wh ite C o sme ti que
.

VII — S tick Po ma de
. .
Jas mi ne pomade
T all ow . T uberose poma de
Ceresi ne . White wa x
Wa x yellow
.

, . Refined s uet
Rosin light , . R ose o il
P a r 3 Hi 11 e 0 i l.
M elt the wa x a nd s uet over a water
( thick ) . 3 00 parts bat h the n a dd th e poma des a nd finally
, ,
O i l of cassia . 5 pa rts the otto .

O il of bergamot 5 parts
Cu cumber Jelly
.

O i l of clove 2 parts G lyce r i n e and .

VIII —Va se l i n e Poma de — ‘M elt 2 5 0 G elati n 1 60 to 24 0 grai ns


. .

B oric aci d 2 4 0 rai ns


6 fl
parts of fres hly rendered l ard a nd 2 5 .

G lycerine ui d o u n ces
pa r ts of white wa x at m oderate heat a nd
mix wel l with 2 0 0 pa rts of vasel i ne .
Water n n n n n 1 0 fl uid o u n ce s
Add 1 5 parts of berga mot oil 3 parts of ,
Pe r fume to s uit Th e perfume m us t
.

lave n d er oil 2 pa r ts of geraniu m oil a nd


, ,
be one t hat mi xes without opalesce nce ,

2 parts of l em on oil m i xin g well , . otherwise it mars the beauty of the prep
aration O ra nge -fl o w er water or ros e
I X — Wi tch — Ha zel Jel l y
.

. .
water coul d b e s ubstituted for the water
O il of s weet a l if desi red or a n oth e r perfum e cons istin g
,

monds 256 parts of


Extract of witc h S pirit of va nilli n ( 1 5
hazel fl ui d 1 0 parts
ou nce ) 2 fluidr a ch ms
grai ns
. .

G l ceri ne 3 2 parts
.

S o ft s oa p
.
S pi rit 0 fper
cou mari n
20 pa rts
( 1 5 grai ns per
. .

T incture of m usk qua ntity suf ,


ounce ) 2 fl ui d r a ch ms
fi ci e n t to perfume
.

S pirit of bitter a l
.

M i x i n a large m ortar the glycerine m onds (k) 8 minims


a n d soft soap a nd stir until incorporated .
to the qua ntities gi ve n above woul d
Add a nd rub i n the witch-hazel a nd , prove agreea ble .

t hen a dd th e oil sl owly letti n it fal l


C ucumber Po ma d e
, ,

i n a v ery thi n s mall stream n u er con


, ,
.

sta nt ag i tation ; add the perfume keep , C ucum ber po ma de 2 ounces .

i ng u p the agitation u nti l com l ete i h Powdere d white s oa p ounce


corporati on is attained T e n drops of
.

. Powdere d b ora x 2 drachms .

musk to a qua rt o f jelly is s uffi cient . C herr -laurel water 3 ounces


Any other perfum e ma y be used
.

. Recti ed s pirit 3 ounces .

Colo rs fo r Pomade — Poma de may b e D istil l ed water t o make 4 8 ounces


.

col ored red by i n fusi n al ka net in the Rub the pomad e wit h th e s oa p a nd
grease ; yell ow may be 0 ta i n e d by using b ora x u ntil i nti matel y mi xed the n a dd ,

annotto i n the sa me way ; a n oil -sol uble the di still ed water ( which may be
chl orophyll will give a green col or b y warm ed to bl ood heat ) ou nce by ounce , ,

admi xture to form a s mooth a nd u nif orm c ream


When 4 0 ou nces of water ha ve bee n s o
. .

I n col oring grease by mea ns of al ka net


or annotto it is best to tie the drug up i n i ncorporated diss ol ve a ny essential oils
,

a piece of coarse cl oth place i n a s mall ,


des i red as perfu me in the s pirit a nd a dd ,

portion of the grease heat gent l y sq u e e z , ,


the cherry-la urel water ma king u p to ,

i n g well with a rod from ti me to time ; 4 8 ounc e s with pl ai n water .

a nd the n a ddi ng this stron l y col or e d


R 0 UGES AND PAINTS
grease to th e re mainder his pr o ce .

d ure ob viates e xposing the entire mass G rease Pa i n ts — T heatrical f ace


. pai nts
t o heat a nd neither deca ntati o n n or a r e so l d i n stic ks , a nd there a rema ny
, o

strai ni ng is needed . var i eties of col or Yell ows a re obtai ne d


.

Wi th ocher ; browns with b urnt u m ber ;


Broc q’s Poma de for I tchi n g .
a nd bl ue is ma de with ultra mari ne .

Aci d phenic 1 part


. T hese c ol ors s houl d in eac h case b e l e vi
Aci d sali cylic 2 parts .
gated finel y a l o ng with their own weigh t
C OS MET ICS 229

of equal pa rts of r e ci pita te d chal k a nd D eep , or Bor d eau x , Red .

oxi de of Z i nc a nd i l ute d with the sa me to


.

Zinc oxide 3 0 parts


the ti nt req uired then made into sticks ,
B ismuth s ubnitrate 3 0 parts
wi t h mut t on s uet ( or vaseli ne or paraf
Al uminum o xyc hl o r
fi n e eq ual parts ) well perfumed By
, .
i de 30 parts
blendi ng these col ors other tints may ,
Ca rmi ne 1 part
thus be obtai ne d .

A mmonia water 5 parts .

Essence b ou quet 3 parts


Wh i te G rea se
Pai n ts .
Peppermi nt ca mphor etc qua n , , .
,

I .
— Prepa red chal k 4 av ounces
. tity s uffi cient .

Zinc oxi de . 4 a v ounces


.
M i x the zi nc bismut h and al uminum , ,
Bis m uth s ub h i salts D issol ve t h e ca rm i ne i n th e a m
.

trate . . 4 a v ounces
.
m onia a nd a dd sol ution to the mixtur e .

Asbestos powder . 4 a v ounces


.
Add 2 4 grai ns of ca m phor a nd 24 mini ms ,
S weet al mond oil , of oil of peppermi nt diss olved i n the
about .

esse nce bouquet a nd ma ke the whole ,

i nto a paste with oil of s weet al m onds


mi n t
.

Oil e ppe r .

Eso o u q u e t ex Ver mi lion


tract 3 fl u i d r a ch ms
. .

Vermili on
S ufficie nt al m ond oil s hould be use d T incture of saff ron
to form a mass of proper consiste nce . O rris root powdered ,

C hal k precipitated
,
II .
— Zinc oxide . 8 parts Zi nc ox i de
Bis muth s u bnitrate 8 parts Ca mphor .

Al umi n u m o xyc hl o r Essence bou quet


8 a rts O il of pep permi nt
Al mond oil q ua ntity s u , cient or , Al mond Oi l qua ntity ,
5 — 6 parts
M i x as before
.

Perfum e q ua ntity sufficient


.

.
,

M i x the zi nc bi s m uth a nd al uminum, ,


Fl u k
oxych loride th oroughly ; ma ke i nto a aste Zinc carbonate .

with the oil A n perfum e may be a ded


.
, Bism ut h subnitrat e .

l but that ge neral y used i s com pose d of l Asbestos .

drachm of essence of b ouquet 1 2 rains Expressed oil of a l


of ca m phor a nd 1 2 mini ms of oil 0 gpe p
,

, m onds .

per mi nt for every 3 5 ounces of paste . Cam hor .

O il 0 peppermint
Br i gh t Re d . Perfu me .

Eo sme
Zinc oxide 10 parts
.

Bi s muth s u bmtmte n 10 parts D a r k Re d Like the precedi ng but



Al p mmu m
.
,
o xyc hl o r col ored with a s ol ution of carmi ne .

i de 10 parts
Al mond oil qua ntity suffi c i ent ,
. R o uge .

M i x the zi nc bis m uth a nd al umi num


, ,
Zinc oxi de 2 %oun ces
salts a nd to ever y 4 ou nces of the mix
,
Bismut h s ubnitrate 2 § ounces
ture add 2 } grai n ; of eosi ne diss ol ved i n Al uminum plu mbate 2 § ounces .

a drach m of esse nce of b ou quet 1 2 mini ms ,


Eosine . 1 drachm
oil of pe e r mi n t a n d 1 2 gra i ns of ca m ,
Essence b ou quet 2 drac h ms
phor ake the wh ol e i nto a paste Wi th
.
Ca m ho 6 drachms
al mond oil .
O i l 0 pep permint 2 0 mini ms .

Al m ond O i l qua ntity sufficient , .

R ed .
D issol ve the eosi ne i n the esse nce
Caca o b utter bouquet a nd mi x with th e cam phor a n d
,

White p eppermint ; a dd the powder a nd ma k e

O li ve oil .
i nto a paste with al m ond Oi l .

gilg
f
f Blac k Gre a se Pai n ts .

of neroli
O il I — S oot
. . 2 a v o un c e s.
.

T i nctu re m usk . S weet al mond Oi l . 2 fl u i d o u n ce s


Carmi ne Caca o b utter 6 a v ounces .

Amm onia water Perfume suffi cient , .


23 0 COS M ET I C S

soot sh oul d be deri ved f r om stiff paste wi th a l ittl e water an d a p l y


to the nose ha vi ng p revi ously pa i ute p
The
burning ca mph or and repeatedly washed ,

with al coh ol I t shoul d be triturated to


.
with spi rit gum .

a sm ooth mi xture with the oil ; th en ad d l I — White wax 8 parts ; rosin white
.
, , ,

to the melted caca o butter ; a dd the per 8 parts ; m utton suet 4 parts ; col or to ,

fume a nd form i nto sticks


,
.
s ui t . M elt together .

Brown or other col ors may be obtai ned


by addi ng a ppropriate i gme n ts such as ,
Rose Po w d er — As a ba se take 2 0 0 .

finely l evigated burne umber S i enna , ,


parts of powdered iris root ad d 60 0 parts ,

ocher j ewel er s rouge etc to the fore


,

,
.
,
of rose petal s 1 00 parts of sandal wood
, ,

going base instead o f l am pblack 1 00 parts of a t c h o u li 3 parts of oil of


gera ni um a n s2 parts of true rose oil
. ,

.
,
I I — Best
.
1 d rach m
Caca o butter 3 drach ms Ro u e Ta bl ets — T here are two dis .

O li ve 3 drachms tinct c asses of these ta bl ets : those i n


O il of neroli 2 drops . .
whic h the c ol ori ng m atter is carmine ,

M elt the caca o butter and oil ad d the , and th ose i n which the aniline col ors are
l ampblack and stir constantly a s the
,
used T h e best are th ose prepared with
.

mixture cool s addi ng the perfume ,


carmine or a m m oni um ca rminate to
, ,

toward the end . spea k m ore c orrectly T h e foll owi n g is .

a n excell ent formula :


III — L am pblack
.

Cac a o butter Amm oniu m carmi nate .

O il neroli suffi c i ent ,


. Ta le i n ,

M el t the caca o butter an d th e lam p D extrin .

bl ack an d while cooli ng make a n inti S i mpl e syru p suf ficient , .

mat e mixture adding the perfume toward ,


Perfum e to taste suffici ent ,

the l ast .
M i x th e ta l e a nd dextri n a nd add the
I V — La mpbl ack
.
perfume prefera bl y i n the sha pe of an
,

Expressed oil of a l essential oil ( atta r of rose synthetic oil of ,

m onds jasmine or vi ol et, using 6 to 8 ,

O il cocoanut .
dro s to every 4 ou nces of other i n
Perfume s uffi cient , .
gre i e n ts I ncor orate the a m m onium
.

Beat the lam pbl a ck i nto a stiff paste carmi nate a nd a d j ust en ough simple
with glycerine Apply with a s ponge ; sv r u
p to make a mass easily rolle d out .

Cu t i nto tabl ets of th e d esi red size T h e


.

if necessary mi x a littl e water with it .

whe n using
,
a m m oni um ca rmi nate is ma de by adding
1 part of carmi ne to 2 § parts of strong
.

V — B eat the fines t l am pbl ack i nto a


.
am m onia water M i x i n a vial cork .
,
sti ff paste with glycerine a nd a p l y with tigh tl y and set asi de until a sol ution is
,

a sponge ; if necessary add a litt e water ,


formed shaki ng occasi onall y T h e a m
, .

to the mixture whe n u si ng O r you ca n .


mo n i u m car minate is made by dissolving
make a rease pai nt as foll ows : D rop
black 2 drach ms ; al m ond O i l 2 drachms ;
carmi ne i n a mm onia water to saturation .

, ,

cocoanut oil 6 drach ms ; oil of l em on 5, , Rouge Palette s — T o prepare roug e


mi nims ; oil of neroli 1 m i n im M ix , . . palettes rub u p together :
Fatty Face Po wd ers — T hese have a .
o o o o o o o o o o o

s mall pe r ce n t a e of fat mi xed with the


in order to ma e the powder adhere to . a - o o o u c

the skin .
A dd en ough tra acanth mucil a e to
D issol ve 1 drach m anhydrous lano make the mass ad ere an d spr e a the
li n in 2 drachms of ether i n a mortar .
wh ol e evenly on the porcelai n palette
Mi x
.

Add 3 d rachms of light magnesia .

well dry and then ad d the foll owing :


, , Li qui d Rouge .

French chal k 2 ou nces ; powdered , I — Carmine


.
4 parts
starch 1 } ounces ; b oric acid 1 drachm ;
, ,
S tron ger a m m o n i a
perfume a suffici ent q uantity A good
, .
4 parts
perfu me i s coumari n 2 grains and atta r , , Essence of rose 16 parts
of rose 2 mini ms , .
Rose water to make . 500 pa rts
No se P utty Mix 1 ounce whea t flour .
—1 — Mix A very deli ghtful vi olet odor if
.
,

with 2 drachms of powdered traga canth


.

th i s is preferred is obta ined by using ,

a nd ti nt with carmine T ake as m uc h . i onone i n pl ace of ros e essence A cheaper .

of the powder as necessa ry knea d i nto a , pre parati on may be ma de as foll ows
232 COSMETICS

C a rmi ne No 4 0 .
M i x the bay ru m a n d glyceri ne ad d ,

G lycerin the a mm onia water a nd finall y the rose ,

Amm onia sol ution ounce .


water It is especially efficaci ous after
.

Water to s ha vi ng .

Heat this to drive off the a m monia II — As glyceri ne i s ba d for the sk 1 n


.

a nd mi x all S ha ke set asi de ; the n of many people here is a recipe whic h ,


,
will be fou nd m ore e nerally satisfactory
.

as it contai ns l ess gg
filter and ad d
yc e r i n e : Bay rum
,
,
S ol ution of l ouone 1 drac hm .

3 ounces ; glyceri ne 1 ounce ; ca rbolic ,

Add a fe w drachms of ka oli n a nd aci d f dra chm (30 drops )


,
Was h t h e .

filter u n til bright . ha nds well a nd a pply whil e ha nds are


soft prefera bly j ust before going to bed
B LACK HEAD R E MED IES
.
,
.
Rub l n thoroughly T his ra rely fails to
drac h m
.

I —Lactic acid
. 1 “ ”
c ure the worst c ha ps i n two ni g hts .

Boric acid . 1 drachm I II — A s ure re me dy for cha pped


1 drach m
.

Ceresi ne hands consists i n kee pi ng the m ca refully


Pa r a fii n e oil 6 drachms . .
dry a nd r e a si n g them now a nd the n with
Hyd rous wool fa t 1 } ounces a n a uby rous fat ( not col d crea m ) T h e .

Castor oil 6 drachms best s ubsta nces for the purpose are n u
II —Unna advises hyd rogen dioxi de
.
gu e n t u m cere u m or ol eu m o li v a r u m .

i n the treatment of black h eads his pre ,


If the ski n of the ha nds is al rea dy
scri pti on being cracked the foll owi ng prepa ration will
Hydrogen dioxide 20 to 4 0 parts heal it
Hydrous wool fat 1 0 parts .
Fi nely grou nd zi nc oxide parts ; ,

Petrolatu m 3 0 parts .
bis m uth oxyc hl oride parts ; with fat ,

oil parts ; next a d d glyceri ne


I II — T hymol 1 part
, ,
. .

parts ; la nolin parts ; a nd scent with


B oric acid 2 parts
. .

rose water pa rts


,

T incture of witch
.
,

I V — Wa x sal ve ( oli ve oil 7 parts a nd


hazel 1 8 parts
.

yell ow wax 3 parts ) or pure oli ve oil


,

R o s e water s uffi
.
,

c i e n t to make 2 00 parts . Ha n d-Clean i n g Paste — Cleaning pa stes .

M ix A Ap ly to the face ui ht a nd are c omposed of s oa p a n d rit either


mo r n i n wit pa spo n ge first was i n g the
.
,

,
with or without s ome free a l ali Any “
.

face wit h ot water a nd castil e soa pgand .


s oa may be us e d but a white soa p is ,

dryi n git with a c oarse towel using force ,


pre erred Castile s oa p d oes not make
.

e n o u h to start the dried secreti ons An .


as firm a paste as soa p made from a ni mal
excel ent p l a n is to stea m the face by fats a nd the l atter als o lather better
, .

hol di ng it over a basi n of hot water ,


For rit a nythi ng may be used from
, ,

kee pi ng the hea d c overed with a cl ot h .


pow ered pumic e to fine sa nd .

A good paste may be ma de by d i sso l v


1 drach m i n g s oa p i n the least possible qua ntity of
2 drachms hot water a nd as it c ools a nd sets stirring
,
2 drachms l n the grit A good form ula is
.
°

3 d rachms
White soa p
e
b
.

T his paste should a plied at night Fi ne sa nd


T h e face s houl d first b
.

e thoroug hly Water


stea med or washed in water as hot as
can be comforta bly borne All pus .
Lotio n for th e Ha n d s .

tu l es sh oul d t h e n be opened a n d bl ack B oric acid 1 drach m


hea ds e mptied with as little vi ole nce as G lycer i ne 6 drach ms
possibl e After ca reful d r yi n the paste D iss ol ve by heat a nd mi x with
s hould be thoroughly rubbe d into the
.

L a noloi n 6 drach ms
aff ected a reas I n t h e mor a in after
.
,
Va se l me 1 ounce
removi ng the aste with a bla n soa
bathe with coo water a nd dry with litt e Ad d a ny perfu me desired T h e bora .

friction ted glyceri n e sh oul d be c oo l e d before


m i x i ng i t with the l a noli n


.

HAND C REAMS AND LOTIONS Cos me ti c Jell y .

Ch appe d S k i n . T ra ga ca nth ( white ri b


I — G lycer i ne
. . .
b on )
Bay r u m Rose w ater
w
.

Am monia a ter M acerate for two days a nd strai n


Rose water . f o r c1 bl y through coarse m usli n or c hees e
C OS METICS 2 33

cl oth Add gl yceri ne a nd al cohol of


.
, Ca sei n Ma ssa ge Cre a m —Th e basis of .

each 1 ounce Perfu me to s uit Use . . the m odern massage crea m is casein
im mediately after bathi ng rubbi ng i n
.

, Casein is now produced very chea ply i n


well until dry . the powdered form a nd by t reatme nt ,

Pe rspiri n g Ha n ds —I -T a ke rectified with glyceri ne and e r f u me s 1t is po ssibl


to turn out a satis actory crea m
. .

eau de c ol ogne 5 0 parts ( by weight ) ; Th e .

bellad onna dye 8 parts ; glyc erine 3


,
foll owing f o rm ula is suggested :
, ,

arts ; r u b ge ntly twi ce or three ti mes a S ki mmed m i l k 1 gallon


ga y with half a tabl es poonful of this
.

wa ter of a m m onia 1 ounce


mixture O n e may also e m pl oy c hal k
.
, Acetic acid 1 ounce
carbonate of ma gnesia rice starch hot , , O i l of rose gera niu m 1 drach m
and col d baths of the ha nds ( as h ot and O i l of bitter al m on d l d rachm .

as col d as ca n be borne ) d uri ng 6 mi n , O il of a nise 2 d rac h ms


.

utes follo we d by a s ol ution of 4 parts of


, C ol d crea m ( see bel ow ) enough , .

tanni n i n 3 2 of gly ceri ne . Carmin e en ough to col or .

I I — B ub the ha nds several times per


.

.
Add the water of am m onia to the mil k
day wi th the foll owi ng mixture a nd l et it stan d 924 hou rs T hen add .

By weight the acetic acid and let it sta nd another 2 4


Rose water 1 2 5 parts hours T hen strain throu h cheese cl ot h
.

Work t is th o r o ughl
.

B ora x 1 0 parts and add the oil s


Wedgwood m ortar a ddi n g e n o u ii
.

G lycerine 8 parts . in a ,

carmine to col or it a delicate pmk


.

o
Ha n d Bl e a ch — L a nolin 3 0 parts ;
.

. ,
the product th us obtai ned add a n equal
glyceri ne 2 0 parts bora x 1 0 parts
, ,
amount of col d crea m made by the for
eucalyptol 2 pa rts ; essential oil of a l
,
m u l a herewith give n :
monds 1 part After ru bbi n g the hands
White wax
, .

with this mi xture c over them with gloves


ma ceti
,

during the night .


S er o o o o o o o o o o

For the rem oval of de vel oping stai ns ,


hite petrolatu m
see Photogra phy .
R ose water
B ora x
MASS AGE CR EAMS M elt the wax S permaceti a nd petro
, ,

Massage Appl i catio n . latu m to ether over a water bath ; dis


White otas h soa p solve the o r a x i n the rose water a nd add
s ha ve p
,

2 0 parts to the melted mass at one time Agitate .

G lycerine 3 0 parts violently Presu mably the b ora x s ol u


.

Water
.

30 parts
.
tion s houl d be of the sa me te m perature
Al c ohol 1 0 parts as the melted mass .

D iss ol ve the s oa p by heating it with Massa ge S k i n Foo d s .

the glyceri ne a nd water mixed Add , .


T his prepa ration is used i n massa ge for
the al cohol a n d for e very 3 0 ounces of
, r e mo vmg wr i nkles :
the s ol utio n a dd 5 or 6 drops of the mis
tura ol e os o balsa mica G erma n Pha r I — White wa x
. ou nce
,
S permaceti ounce
ma co poei a Fil ter wh i le h ot
. .

C ocoa nut 0 1 1
.

1 ounce
Me di cate d Massa ge Bal l s are .
— T hey La nolin 1 ounce
the balls of pa r a ffi n e wa x m ol ded with O il of s weet al monds 2 ounces
a s mooth or rough s urface with menthol , M elt i n a porcel ai n dish remove from ,
ca mphor oil of Wi ntergreen oil of e p
, , the fire a nd a dd
,
permi nt etc a dded before s ha pi ng pe
O ra nge-fl o w e r water 1 ounce
. .
, ,

c i a ll y useful i n h ea daches neural gi as


T i nc ture of be n zo m 3 d rops
, ,

and rheu matic affecti ons and many ,

other affl ictions of the s ki n and bones . Beat briskly u ntil crea my .

T h e method of usin the m is to roll the I I — S now-W h i t e c o l d


ball over the a ff ect e part by the aid o f
.

crea m . 4 ou nces
the pal m of the ha n d with press ure .
La noli n . 4 ounces
Co n ti nue u ntil relief is obtai ned or a O il of the obroma 4 ounces
sensati on of warmth T h e only external .
White petrolatum oil 4 ounces
method for the treatment of all ki nds of D istilled water 4 ounces .

hea daches is the menthol medicate d mas


sage ball be made Wi th I n hot weather a d d
T his ma
ma ceti
.

s mooth or corrugate s urfaces K ee p . S er

wra pp e d in f oil i n cool place s . h i te wa x


284 COS M E T IC S

In
wi nter the two latter are l eft out a nd An d grad uall y stir i nto this a s ol uti on
the pro o r ti o n of cocoa b utter is m odi
fied . r e pa r e d a nd perf u med i n pro B ora x .

porti on sa me as col d crea m . G lycerine .

Rose water
TI L — White petrol atum 7 a v ou nces
C oncentrated nitric
Pa r a ffi n e wax
aci d 5 drops
.

La n oli n 2 a v ounces . .

Water 3 fl ui d o un ce s
. III —L an oli n
. 3 0 gram s
O i l of rose 3 drops . O il sweet al m ond 1 0 gram s
Va nillin 2 gra ms . B ora x 1 gra m
Al coh ol 1 fi ui d r a ch m
. G lyceri ne 1 5 gra ms
.

M elt the pa r a ffi n e ad d th e l a n olin and S ol uti on hydrogen


,

petrol atum a nd when these ha ve m elted


,
peroxi de 1 5 grams
pour the mi xture i nto a warm m ortar , M i x the la noli n an d oil then i ncor ,

and with c onsta nt stirrin g i ncor orate


, , po t ate the bora x previ ously dissol ved i n
the water When nearl y col d a d the
. the mi xture of glycerine a nd peroxide
oil a nd va nilli n diss ol ved i n the al coh ol , . sol uti on .

P reparati ons of this ki nd shoul d be I V — O i ntment am monia c


.

rub bed i nto the skin vigorously as fric ,


m ercury 5 grams 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

ti on a ssists the abs orbed fat in devel oping O intment zi nc oxi de 5 gra ms .

the m uscl es a n d als o i m parts s oftness


,
La noli n 3 0 grams
a nd full ness to the ski n .
O il s weet al m ond 1 0 grams
S K I N B LEACHE S , BAL M S , L OTI ONS , B ora x 2 grams
ETC . : G lycerine 3 0 gra ms
S ee also Cl ea ni ng M ethods and Photog Rose water 1 0 ra ms
r a ph y for removal of stains ca used
N itric aci d C P 5 r o ps , .

by ph otogra phi c devel opers .


Pre pare i n a si milar ma nner as the
f o r e go 1 n g R ose oil i n either oi ntment
Astri n ge nt W ash for Fl a bby Ski n
.

T his is used to correct coarse pores and


.
makes a good perfume B oth O intments .

,
may of course be e m pl oyed as a general
to re medy a n oil or flabby skin Apply , ,

with s p o nge n i gfit a nd m orning : skin bl each whic h i n fa ct is their real


.

, , ,

o th ee — cos metic crea ms


C ucu mber j uice
i

1 5 ounces
T i n ct u r e of benzoi n Emo lh e n t S k 1 u Balm
5 ounce .

Col og n e Q uince seed ; ounce


3
El der—fl o w e r wate r: Water 7 ou n ces
Put the ti ncture of benz oin in a n G lyceri ne 1 5 ounces
8 -ounce b ottl e add th e other ingredie nts
, ,
Alc ohol 4 5 ounces
r e v i o u sl y mi xed a nd shak e sli ghtly S alicylic a cid 6 grains .

, .

here will be s ome precipitati on of h e n Carb olic aci d 10 grai ns


zoi a i n this mixture but it will settle out O l l of bay 1 0 drops
, ,

o r i t may be strai ned out through cheese O il of c l oves 5 d rops .

0 l o t 11 .
0 11 of orange peel 1 0 drops
O i l of Wi ntergree n 8 drops
B l eaching Sk in S a l ves — A skin -bl each .
O il of rose 2 drops
i ng acti on due to the presence of hydro
.

D igest the quince seed i n the water for


,

ge n peroxide is possessed by th e foll ow


,
hou rs a nd the n press through
g mi xtures :
1n , a

cl oth ; d i ss ol ve the salicylic acid i n the


I — La nolin 3 0 parts
. .

al cohol ; ad d the carbolic acid to the glyc


Bitter al m on d oil 1 0 parts .

eri ne ; put all togeth e r sha k e well a nd


M i x an d stir with this salve base a
, ,
o ttl e .

s ol ution of
Sk i n Lotio n
B ora x 1 part
.

G l ycerine Zinc sul ph o ca bo


1 5 parts q
Hydrogen peroxide 1 5 parts .
late
Al coh ol ( 90 per cent)
For i mp ure skin the foll owin g com G lycerin e
po s1 t1 0 n i s rec om mended : T incture of cochi
I I — White m ercurial oint
.
neal 1 fl ui d r a ch m
ment O r a n g e-fl o w e r
Zinc oi ntment water 1 1 fl ui d oun ces
Lan ol i n .
Rose water (tripl e )
B i tter al m ond 0 11 to ma ke 6 fl ui d o u n ccs
23 6 COS METICS

b e st to dil ute it largely with water S uch . sl owly with consta nt sti r r i n until all h a s
a l oti on may be ma de by mi xi ng bee n added a nd s m oot crea m h a s
a

G lycerine 1 part
.
bee n formed Fi nally a d d the two vola
.
,

Rose water 9 parts til e oils .

Plai n water may of course be used , ,


V — M elt at moderate heat
.
, ,

a s the dil uent b ut a slightl y perfumed


,
By wei ght .

re parati o n is generall y cons i dered more White wa x 1 00 parts


ge su a bl e T h e e r f ume may easily be S perma ceti pa rts
obtai ned by diss ol ving a very small pro
.


T hen stir i n
porti on of ha ndkerchief extract or
s ome essential oil in the glycerine a nd ,

then mixi ng with plai n water .

I L — White wa x ounce .

S permaceti By weight .

O i l of sweet a l 1 0 parts
monds 2 5 ounces
. . 5 parts
M elt remove from the fi re a nd add 4 parts
, ,

Rose water 1 } ounces By weight .

VI — Castor oil 5 0 0 parts


Beat until creamy : not until col d When
.

White wa x
.

1 00 parts
.

the crea m begi ns to thicke n a dd a few


.

Al mond oil 1 5 0 parts


drops of oil of rose O nly the finest
M elt at moderate heat a nd sce nt with
.

al mond oil s houl d be used Be careful .

i n weighi ng the wa x an d S permaceti .


By weight .

T hese preca utions will i nsure a good 6 parts


prod uct .
5 parts
1 0 parts
I I I — White wa x
. .

S permaceti .
By weight .

S we et a l m o n d VI I — Al mond oil
. 4 00 parts
.

oil 6 fl ui d o u n c e s L a noline 2 0 0 parts


White wax
.

G lyceri ne 4 fl ui d o u n ce s .
60 parts
O i l of rose gera S permaceti 6 0 parts
ni um 1 fl ui d r a c h m Rose water 3 0 0 parts
T i n cture of ben By weight
VI II — White wa x
.

zoi n . . 4 fl ui d ra c h ms . 6 parts
M elt the wa x a nd S permaceti a dd T all ow fres h l y
,
,

the oil o f sweet al monds then beat in the ,


tried out .

glycerine tincture of benzoin a nd oil


,
S permaceti .

When all are i ncor


,

of rose gera ni um .
O i l of s weet a l
m onds 6 parts
po r a t e d to a s mooth crea my mass pour
. .
, ,

i nto m olds .
M elt together a nd whil e still hot ad d ,

I V — S weet al monds
. with c onstant stirring 1 part of s od i um ,

bla nched 5 ou n ces .


carbo n ate d i ss ol ved i n 7 9 parts of hot
C a stil e s oa p water S tir until col d
. Perfume to the .

white .
taste .

White wax .
I X — O i n t m e n t of
.

S permaceti rose water 1 ou nce


O il of bitter a l O il of s w e e t
monds 1 0 drops . .
al monds
O il of berga mot 20 d ro s G lyceri ne
Alcoh ol 6 fl ui ounces B oric aci d
Water s uffi cient , .
S 0 1 u t i o n of
M ake a n emulsion of the al monds s oda 2 } fl ui d o un ce s
with water s o as to obtai n 1 6 fl ui d o u n ce s M u c i l a g e of
of product strai ning through cotton
, qui nce see d 4 fl ui d o u n c e s
which has previ ously been washed to Water enough to
remove starch D issol ve the soap with
.
ma ke c c c c c c c 4 0 fl ui d o u n ce s
.

the aid of heat i n the necessar a mount O i l of rose oil of bitter al m onds
li q ui d a d d the wa x
,
, ,
of water to form a , of ea ch su fficient to perfu me .

a nd S permaceti continue the heat u ntil ,


Heat the oi ntme nt oil a nd s ol utio n of , ,
the latter is melted transfer to a mortar , , s oda to ether sti rr i ng consta ntly u ntil
,
a nd i nc orporate the al m ond em ulsion a n e mu S i on or saponace ous mi xture is
C OS M ET ICS 2 37

f ormed T hen warm together the glyc


. Th e foll owing als o ma kes a fi n e cream :
eri ne aci d a nd m ucila ge a nd a bout 3 0
, ,
XII I — S e r ma ce ti 3 parts
fl ui d o u n ce s of water ; mi x with the emul
.

hite wax 2 parts


S i on stir u nti l col d and add the r e
.

, ,
O il of al m onds
ma i n d e r of the water L astly a dd the .
,
fresh 1 2 parts
volatil e oils
.

Rose water double 1 part


.

T h e rose -water oi ntment used shoul d ,

“ G lyceri ne pure 1 part


be the c ol d crea m ” of the United S tates , .

Ph a r ma c o pa i a ‘
.
M elt on a water bath the S permaceti
a nd wax a dd the oil ( which sh oul d be
X — S e r ma ce ti
,
. . .
fres h ) a nd pour the whole i nto a sli ghtly
,
hite wax .
warmed mortar under c onstant and l i vely
,
S weet al m ond stirri ng to prevent gran ulati on Con .
,
oil 1 4 fl ui d o u n c e s
.
ti n ue the triturati on until the mass has
Water distilled 7 fl uid o un ce s
, a white crea my appeara nce a nd is
, ,
B ora x powder 6 0 grains , a bout the consistence of butter at ordi
C oumarin {1
O il of bergamot 2 4 drops
.
nary tem perature Add littl e by littl e .
, ,

under c onstant stirring the orange ,


O i l of rose 6 drops .
fl o w e r water a nd glycerine mi xed a nd ,
O il of b i t t e r finally the perfu me as before C on .

al m onds 8 drops tin n e the stirring for 1 5 or 20 minutes


T incture of a m
,

the n i m mediately put i nto contai ners .

be r gr i s 5 drops
Crea m
.

Ch a ppi n e
M el t the s e r ma c e ti a nd wa x a dd the ,
.

sweet al m on oil i ncorporate the water , Q ui nce seed


in whic h the b ora x has previously been G lycerine
dissol ved a nd fi nally add the oils of h e r
,
Water c c c c c c
ga mot rose a nd bitter al m ond
, ,
.
L ead acetate .

Flavoring s u fficient
Hone y 2 a v ounces
.
,

M acerate t h e qui nce see d


. .

Castil e s o a i n wate r ,

wh i te pow er 1 a v ounce .
strain a dd the gl yc e ri ne and
, lea d ace
O il s weet a l tate previ ously dissol ved i n
,
s u fficient
monds 2 6 fl uid o u n c e s water ; flavor with j ockey cl ub or ora nge
O il bitter a l essence .

m onds 1 fl ui d r a ch m
Cu cumber Creams
5 fl ui d r a c h m
.

O il berga m ot
I — White wa x
.

O il cl oves 1 5 drops . . .

Peru 1 fl ui d r a c h m S permaceti .

Li q uor potassa .
Benz oi nated lard .

S ol uti o n carmi ne of each s u ffi ,


Cu cumbers
cient . M e lt to gether t h e wa x S permaceti a nd , ,

M i x the h oney with the s oa p i n a mor lard a nd i nfuse i n the l i quid the c ucum
,

tar a n d a dd enough li q uor potassa bers previously grated All ow to c ool .


,
,
stirring well ; let stand a day ”remelt
( about 1 fl ui d r a c h m) to produce ni ce , ,
a “
crea m M i x the vol atile oils a nd balsa m
.
strai n a nd a gai n stir the cream u ntil
with the s weet al m ond oil mi x this with ,
cold .

t he crea m a nd conti nue the triturati on


, I I — Benzoinated lard
. 5 ounces
until thoroughly mi xed Fi nally add .
, S uet 3 ounces
if desi red e nough carmi ne s ol uti on to
, C ucum ber Ju i ce 1 0 ounces .

i m part a rose ti nt . Proceed as i n making col d cream .

X I I — White wa x
. .

Gl yceri ne Crea ms .

S permaceti
S w e e t al m ond I — O il
. of s weet a l
oil parts m onds 1 00 parts.

White wa x
. .

D istill ed water parts . .


1 3 parts
B ora x 50 parts
.
G lyceri ne pure 2 5 parts ,

B erga m ot oil 20 parts Add a su fficient q uantity of any


Atta r of rose 5 parts .
suitable perfum e .

C oumari n part . .
M elt on th e wat e r bath the oil wa x
,
_
, , ,

Add for each pou nd of the cr e am 5 an d glyceri ne together rem ove and as ,

dro s of etheric oil of bitter al monds the m ass cools down a dd the perfum e i n
su fficient quantity to mak e a cr ea m y
,

a n 3 dro ps ti ncture of a m bra Proceed .

as i n m a ki n g c ol d cr eam . mass .
2 38 C OS M ET ICS

II .

Q ui nce seed ounce . 1 Aqua n a ph ae 1 0 parts
B oric acid grains . 16 D istilled water 1 5 parts .

S tarch ounce
. 1 G lycerine 5 parts .

G lyceri ne ounc e s . 16 B oric aci d 4 parts .

Carb olic acid mi nims 30 B ora x 4 parts


ounces 12 G era ni um oil s u fficient , .

O il of la vender mi ni ms . 30 Extract tri pl e of ylang-yla ng


, , ,

O i l of rose drops . 10 qua ntity s ufficient .

E tract of white rose


x
ounce 1 II I Anhydrous la noli n 650 drachms
Water enough to make
. .

ounces 64 Al m ond oil 200 drachms


D issol ve th e b oric acid i n quart of a Water . 1 5 0 drachms
water a nd i n this sol uti on macerate the O il of yla ng -yla ng 5 drops .

ui n c e seed for 3 h ours ; then strai n Preparati ons which ha ve been intro
g
.

l eat together t h e starch a nd t h e gl y ce r d u ce d years ago for th e care of th e ski n


ine until the starch gra nules are broken , a nd com plexi on are the glyceri ne gel é es ,

a nd mi x with this the carb olic acid .


which have the a dvantage over la noli n
D iss ol ve the oil s and the e xtract of rose that they go further but present the ,

i n the al cohol a nd add to the qui nce , drawback of n ot bci n s o q uickly a h


s eed mucil age ; then mi x all together , sorbed by the ski n T e se products are .

strain a nd a dd water e no ugh to ma ke


, fill ed either i nto gl asses or i nto tubes .

th e prod uct weigh 6 4 ounces .


T h e l atter way is preferabl e a nd is more
I I I — G lyceri ne
. 1 ounce a nd m ore ad o pted owi ng to th e conve m ,

B orax 2 drachms i e n ce of handl i ng .

B oracic acid 1 drachm A good reci pe for such gelé e is the a

O i l rose gerani um 3 0 drops foll owi ng :


O i l bi tte r al m ond 1 5 drops . M oisten white tragacanth powder 50 ,

M il k 1 gall on parts with glyceri ne 2 00 parts and s pi rit


, , ,

Heat the mil k u ntil it curdl es and of wine 1 00 parts a nd shake with a suit
, ,

all ow i t to stand 1 2 h ours S trai n it .


abl e a m ount o f perfume ; the n quickl y
through chees e cl oth and all ow it to mi x and shake with warm distilled water ,

sta nd a gai n for 1 2 hours M i x i n the .


65 0 parts .

salts a nd glyceri ne and triturate i n a A trans parent sl i m e will form i m me


mortar finally addi ng the odors and d i a te l y wh i ch ca n b e dra wn o ff at once .
,

col ori ng if wanted T h e curdl ed mil k .

M uci l a ge Cre a ms
must be entirely free from water to avoid
.

separati on If the mil k will not curdle


.
I .
— S tarch . .parts 30
fast enough the a ddition of 1 ounce of Carrageen m ucilage parts . 4 80
water a m monia to a gall on will hasten it .
Boric acid parts 15
T ake a gall on of mil k add 1 ounce a m G1 ceri ne parts 240
,

m onia water heat ( not boil ) all ow to , ,


C o ogne water parts . . 2 40
stand 2 4 h our s a nd no troubl e will be '

,
B oil the starch i n the carrageen m uci
found i n forming a good base for the lage add the boric aci d and the gl yce r
,

C ream .
me Let c ool a nd a d d the col ogn e ,

I V — T his is off ered as a substitute


.

for cucumber crea m for toilet uses .


II .

Li nseed mucilage 24 0 parts
M elt 1 5 parts by wei ght of e l a ti n i n , , B oric acid 2 parts .

hot water contain i ng 1 5 y weight , , S ali cyl ic aci d parts


of boracic acid as wel lparts as 1 5 0 parts , G l ceri ne 60 parts
by wei ght of k lyc e r i n e ; the total a mount C o ogne water parts
of water used sh oul d not exceed 3 0 0
, 1 20
Rose water 1 20 parts .

parts by weight I t may be perfumed


, .

I nstead of the col ogne water a ny ex


or not .

tracts i nay be used Lilac a nd yl ang .

Lanol i n Cream s . ylang are recom mende d .

I — A n h yd r o u s l a n o l i n
. 6 5 0 parts .
Witch Ha zel Cream s-
Peach kernel oil 2 00 parts
-

I — Q ui nce seed
.

Water 1 5 0 parts
.

B ori c a ci d
Perfume with ab out 1 5 drops of G lyceri ne .

ionone or 2 0 drops of sy nth eti c ylang Alcoh ol .

yla ng .
Carbolic acid .

II — L a noli n
. 40 parts C ol ogne water
O live oil 1 5 parts . O il lavender flow
Pa r a ffi n e o mt me n t 1 0 parts . . ers 40 d rops
2 40 C OS M ETI CS

D i ss ol ve the s oa p i n 2 fl uid o u n ce s of Aci d chrys opha nic ,

warm water als o mi x the la noli n with


, from 1 to 4 parts
2 fl ui d o u n c es of warm water ; then i n Acid salicyli c 1 to 2 parts
cor orate the two with eac h other , C oll odi on 4 0 parts
fi n a l y a dding the tincture T h e l atter .
V — When there is need for a m ore
.

may be replaced by 90 grains of pow c om plicated treatment the foll owi ng i s ,


.

dered b orax .
used :
Jas mi n e M ilk parts o f w a te r .
— T o 25 (a ) C orrosive sublimate 1 part
O r a n g e - flo w er
.

a dd gra dually with constant sti rrin g , ,

1 part of zi nc white 2 quarts of gra i n ,


water parts
spi rit a nd , to part of glyceri ne ; Aci d hydrochl ori c
, ,

finall y stir i n to part of jas mi ne dil ute .

essence Filter the mixture and fill into


.
(b) Bitter al m onds .

glass b ottl es For use as a cos metic


.
, G lycerine
rub on t h e ras pberry paste on retiri n g at O r a n g e -fl o w e r
n i ht
g a nd i n the m orning use the j as
, water . parts
m i ne mil k to remove the paste from the Ru b u p to a n em ul si on i n a porcelai n
ski n T h e two work together i n their
.
capsul e Filter a nd ad d drop by drop
.
, ,
eff ect .
a nd under c onstant stirring 5 grams of ,

tincture of benz oi n Fi nally mix the


S UN B URN F R ECK LE RE ME
.

AND w o s ol utions a ddi ng the s econd to the


D IES .
g rst.
,

I .

Appl y over the a ff ected ski n a T his preparation is a ppli ed with a
sol uti on of c orrosive s ubli mate 1 in 50 0 , , s ponge on reti ring to the a ff ected places
, , ,
or if the patient ca n stan d it 1 in 3 00
, , , a nd all owe d to dry on .

morni ng a nd evening and for the night , VI — Acc ording to Brocq the follow
.

a pply e mplastrum h yd r a r gyr i com ing sh oul d be pencil ed over the a ff ected
positum to the s pots In the m orning .
s pots :
rem ove the pl aster a nd all remnants of Fresh pure mil k
it by rubbi ng fresh butter or col d crea m
over the s ots .

A c i d hydrochl ori c
For re ness of the ski n apply each concentrated
,

5 parts
other day zi nc oxide oi ntment or oi nt
.

ment of bismuth subnitrate Am moni um chl orate 3 parts .

II — Besnier recommends rem oval of


. VII — O ther external reme d ies that
.

the mercurial oi ntment with green s oap ,


may be us ed a re l actic aci d dil uted with
and the use at night of a n oi ntm ent , ,
3 vol umes of water a pplied with a glass ,

c om posed of vaseli ne a nd Vigo s pl aster ’


rod : dil ute nitric aci d and finally per , , ,

( em plastrum h yd r a r gyr i c o mpo si tu m) ,


oxi de o f hydrogen which last is a very ,

i n equal parts I n the m orni ng wash o ff . powe rful agent S houl d it cause too .

with s oa p an d warm water a nd apply ,


m uch infla m mati on the latter may be ,

the foll owing assuaged by usi ng a n ointm ent of zinc


Vaseli ne white 20 parts
oxide or bis muth s ubnitrate — o r one ma y
Bismuth carb onate 5 parts
,
use the foll owi ng :
5 parts 4 parts
Mi x an d make an ointment
, .
1 0 parts
G lyceri ne 4 parts
I I I — Lel oir has found the f o ll o w i n M agnesiu m carb onate 2 parts
Clea n the affected art w i tfi
.

of service .
Zi nc oxi de 2 parts
green soa p or with alcoh ol an then a p ,

ply several c oats of th e foll owi ng Freck le Re me d ie s .

Aci d chrys ophanic 1 5 parts I - Pop y oil 1 part


Lea da cetate
.

C hloroform 1 00 parts . 2 parts


Bl i x Apply with a camel s hair pencil ’
-
T i ncture ben zoi n 1 part
.

T i ncture quillai a
.

5 parts
When the a pplication dries th orou ghl y , S pirit nitrous ether 1 part
o over i t with a layer of traumaticine
ghis a p l i ca ti o n will loosen itself i n Rose water 9 5 parts
.
.

several ays whe n the process shoul d Sa ponify th e oil with the l ead acetate ;
,

be repeated .
add the rose water a nd foll ow with th e ,

I V — When the ski n is onl y slight ] ti nctures


?
.

discol ored use a pomade of salic ylic a ci d l I — C hl oral hyd rate


.
.

or a ppl y the f oll ow i ng: C arbolic a ci d


C OS METI CS 24 1

Ti n ct ure io d i ne drops 60 V — B oroglycerine ,


. 50
G lycerine . ou nce 1 per cent . 1 pa rt
M i x a nd dissolve A pply with .
O intment of rose ‘

ca mel s-hair pe ncil at night .
9 parts
I IL — D istill ed vinegar 660 parts . .
VI — S odi um
. bi ca r bo n
L e m o n s , cut i n ate _

O i ntment of rose
small pieces 1 35 part s
A l c o h o l 8 5 per ,
water 7 parts
parts 88 VII —Bicarbonate of s oda 2 drach ms
.

L avender oil 23 parts . Powdered bora x 1 drachm .

88 parts C om o u n d ti ncture
Citron oil 6 parts
. of a ve n d e r l l drachms .

G lyceri ne 1 ounce
T his mi xture is all owed to stan d for 3
Rose water 4 ounces
or 4 days i n the sun and filtered C oat .
,
.

b mea ns of a s ponge before retiri ng the D iss ol ve the soda a nd b orax in th e


py
,

aces of the sk i n where the freckles are glyceri ne a nd rose water a nd a dd the ,

and all ow to dry .


ti ncture Appl y with a small piece of
.

ponge 2 or 3 ti mes a day T hen gentl y


sr y by da bbing with a s oft towel
.

Fre ckl e s a n d Li v er Spo ts — M odern .

dermatol ogi cal m ethods of treating V I I I -Q ui nce seeds


.

freckl es a nd li ver spots are based partl y D istilled water .

on remedies that cause desqua mati on G lyceri ne .

and those that de pi gm entate ( or de Alcohol 94 , per


str o or neutrali ze pi gmentati on ) B oth 1 ounce
mety
.

l ods may be disti nguished i n res ect Rose water 2 ounces


p
to their effects an d m od e of using i nto B oil the seeds i n the water for 1 0 mi n
the foll owi ng : T h e acti ve i ngredients of utes the n strai n o ff the li qui d a nd when
the desqua mati ve pastes a re reductives ,

col d add to it the glyceri ne alc ohol a nd


,

which prom ote th e formati on of e pi th e ros e water .


, ,

lium a nd hence ex pedite desqua mati on


I X — White soft soa p
.

T here are many such meth ods a n d ,


. 2 £ drachms .

especiall t o be mentioned is that of G lyceri ne 1 5 drachms


Unna w 0 uses res orci n for the pur ose
, .
Al m ond oil 1 1 drachms
Lassar makes use of a paste of na p th ol Well mix the glycerine a nd soa i n a
and sul phur . m ortar a nd ver gradually ad d t p
, e oil ,

stirring consta nt y u ntil perfectly mixed


S un b ur n Re medie s
.

X — S ub nitrate of h i s
.

I —Zinc sul ph o ca r bo
.

.
m uth 1 5 drachm s
l ate .
Powdered French
G lyceri ne .

chal k . 30 rai ns
Rose water .
G lyceri ne 2 . r a c h ms
Al coh ol 90
, per Rose water 1 1 ou nces
ce nt
M i x the powders a nd rub down care
.

C ol ogne water ,

fully with t h e glyceri ne ; the n a dd the


.

S pirit of ca m ph or
rose water S hake the bottle before use
.

. .

II — B orax
.
XL — G lycerine crea m 2 drachms
Potassiu m chl orate Jorda n al m onds 4 drachms
G lyceri ne .
Rose water 5 ounces
Al cohol . .
Essential oil of a i
Rose water to make m onds 3 drops

TIL — Cit r i c acid Bl anch the al m onds and then dry a nd ,

Ferrous s ul ph a te
.

b eat the m up i nto a perfectly sm ooth


( cryst ) . 18 gra ins paste ; then mix i n the glyceri ne crea m
C a m ph or 2 ra i ns a nd essential oil G ra dually add the
gd
.
.

El der -fl o w e r wate r 3 ui o u n ce s rose water sti r r i n well after eac h addi


,

tion ; then strai n t rough m usli n .

I V — Potassi u m carb on
.

ate .
Ta n a n dFr eck l e Lo ti o n .

S odiu m chl oride . S ol uti on


A:
O r a n g e - fl o wer Potassi u m i odide iodine glyceri ne , , ,

a nd infusi on rose .

Rose water D issolve the potassi u m i odi d e i n It


242 C OS M ETI C S

s mall q ua ntity of the infusion a nd a ply i n the morning after the us ual a bl u
d rach m of the l y c e r i n e ; with this fluid tions a nd let dry on the face
, .

m oiste n the 10 i n c in a glass of water I I — Bichl oride of mercury i n coarse


.
,

a nd r u b it down r a d ua l l y ad di ng m ore ,
powder 8 grains ; witch -hazel 2 ounces ;
, ,

liqui d u ntil com p ete s ol ution has been


,
rose water 2 ounces , .

obtai n ed ; the n stir i n the re mainder of Agitate until a sol ution is o btai ned .

t h e i n gredients a nd bottle th e mixture ,


. M o over the a ff ected pa rts K ee p out .

f t 6 way of ignora nt persons a nd chil


S ol uti on B :
S odium thi os ul phate a nd rose water .
gren .

With a s mall ca mel s -hair pe ncil or piece ’

TOILE T P O W D E RS :
of fine s ponge a pply a little of sol uti on A
to t h e ta nned or frec kl ed surface until a ,
Almo n d Pow d ers for th e Toi l e t .

sli ht or tolera bly uniform brownis h I —Al mond meal


. parts
ye o w s ki n has bee n produced At the . B ra n parts
expi rati o n of 1 5 or 2 0 mi nutes m oisten S oa p powder 60 0 parts
a piece of ca mbric li nt or soft rag wit h , , Berga m ot oil 50 parts
B a nd lay it upon the a ff ected part r c , Le mon oil . 15 pa rts
movi n g s queezi ng a way the li quid
, , Cl o ve oil 15 pa rts
so a k i n it afres h and agai n a pplyi ng 6 parts
until tfie i odine stai n has disa ppeared
,

II Al mond
.

Repeat the thrice daily b ut .

di mi nish the fie q ue n c y of a pplication if


r o c e ss ,
B ra n
tenderness be prod uce d Vi olet root
Borax
.

A Cure for Ta n — Bichl oride of mer . Bitter al mond oil .

c ury i n coarse powder 1 0 grains ; dis


, , Pal marosa oil
til l ed water 1 pi nt ,Agitate the two . B erga m ot o i l
toget h er until a complete sol ution is
o btai ned Add 5 ou nce of glycerine I II . Al mo nd meal .

Bra n
. .

Apply with a smal l s ponge as often as


a r e e a bl e T his is not strong enough to
.
Wheat flour
b ister an d ski n the face i n average cases
Le mon oil
.

It may be i ncreased or reduced i n strength .

by addi ng to or taki ng from the a mount Bitter al mond oil


of bic hl oride of mercury D o not for . Bath Po w d e r .

get that this l ast in redient is a powerfu l ou nces 4


poison and shoul be kept out of the S alicylic a ci d drachm I
reach of c hil dre n and ignora nt persons .
Extract of cassia drach m . 1
Impro ve d Carron 0 i l — S uperior to .
Extract of jas mine 1 drachm .

the old and more s uita ble A desi rable .


O il of la ve nder 2 0 mi nim s
preparati on for burns ta n freckle s un , , , Ru b the oil a nd e xtracts with the borax
bur n scalds a brasions or l u n g a ff e c
, , , a nd salicylic a cid until the al cohol has
tions .D oes not oxidi ze s o quickly or eva orated Use a hea pi ng teas poonf ul
.

d r up s o ra pidly a nd less liable to ra n


_
to t e body bath .

Cl i ty .
Br u n e tte or Ra ch ell e .

L inseed oil . .
Base 9 pounds
L i me water Powdered Fl ore nti ne
Para ffi n e li quid ,
orris . 1 pound
M i x t h e li nseed oil and water a nd a dd ,
Perfume the sa me .

t h e pa ra ffi n e . S hake well before using .


Powdered yell0 W
ocher (a v ) 3 ounces 1 20 grains .

LIVER S POTS . Carmi ne N o 4 0 c c c c c c 6 0 grai ns


.

I -C orrosive s u b l i
. Ru b do w n the carmi ne a nd ocher with
mate alco hol i n a m ortar a nd s prea d on glass
White s ugar
. ,

to dry ; then mix a nd sift .

White of egg .

Vi olet Pou d re d e Ri z
L e mo n j ui ce
.

Water to ma ke I — C ornsta rch


. .

. u u u u u u u u u
. .

Rice flour
M i x the subli mate sugar a nd alb u , , Powdered talc
me n i ntimately then a dd the lem on , Powdered orris root
j u i ce a nd water D iss ol ve sha ke well .
, , Extract of ca ssia l

a nd afte r sta n di ng a n h our filte r Ap , . Extract of j as mi ne


2 44 COSMETI CS

V — T al cum ation al s o l etti n the li qui d dry on th e


skin T h e regug
. .
,

S tarch . ar use of thi s p r epara


O il of neroli ti on for 4 wee ks will gi ve the sk i n a n
O il of ylang-ylang . extra ordi nary fineness cl ea rness a nd , ,

freshness
VI — T al cum
.

Ro ttma n n er ’ s Bea u ty Water — K oll er .

O rris root says that this preparati on consists o f 1


O il of berga mot . part o f ca mphor 5 arts of mil k of sul ,

phur a nd 5 0 parts 0 rose water


VI I — T alcum
.
,
. .

S tarch Bi r ch Waters Birc h water which . ,

La nolin has ma ny cos metic a ppli cati ons espe ,

O il of rose . c i a ll y as a hair wash or a n i ngredi ent i n ,

O i l of neroli . h a ir washes may be prepare d as follows


,

TOILET VINEGARS I — Al cohol 96 per cent


.
, parts
Pumi l l o To i let Vi n e gar Water 7 00 parts
Potash s oap parts
.

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 00
Alcohol 8 0 per cent, parts Gl ceri ne 1 50 parts
Vi negar 10 , per '

0 of birch b uds8 . 50 parts


cent 8 4 0 parts Essence of spri ng
O il of inu s u mill o 4 4 parts flowers 1 00 a rts
O i l of e ve n er 4 parts .
Chl orophyll qua ntity su ci e nt to ,
O i l of l emon 2 parts col or .

O i l of bergam ot 2 parts
9 .

D iss ol ve the oi ls i n the al cohol ad d M i x t h e water w i th 7 00 parts of the


the vi negar l et stand for a week a nd fil ter
,
,

.
al cohol a nd i n the mixture diss ol v e the
,

soa Ad d the essence of s pring flowers


Vi n a i gr e R o uge .
a n bi rch oil to the remai nder o f the
Aceti c acid al cohol mi x well a nd t o the mixture add
, , ,

Al um little by littl e a nd with constant a i ta ti o n


, ,

Peru balsa m the soa p mi xture Fi nall y a dd t e gl 0 . ,

Carmine N o 4 0 erine mi x t h o r o u ghl an d set aside or


8 days fil ter a nd color the filtrate with
.
'
, .
,

Amm onia water .


,

Rose water di s , chl orophyll to whic h is a dd ed a littl e


,

5 75 parts ti ncture of sa ff ron T o use ad d a n . ,

Alcohol parts equal vol u me of water to produce a


D issol ve the balsa m of Peru i n the lather .

alcohol a nd the al um i n the rose water


, .
I I — Alcohol 96 per
Mi x the two s ol uti ons a d d the acetic
.
,

, cent
acid a nd l et sta nd overni ght
, D is .
Water
sol ve the carmi ne in the a mmonia water T i ncture of ca n
a nd add to mixture S hake th orou ghly .
, th a r i d e s 2 5 pa rts
l et stan d for a few mi nutes the n deca nt , .
S alicyl ic aci d 2 5 pa rts
TOILET WATERS Gl ceri ne 1 00 parts
O i of birch b uds 4 0 parts
B e auty W ater ”
.

.
B erga m ot oil 3 0 parts
Fresh egg al bumen 5 0 0 parts . G era n i u m oil 5 par ts
Alcohol 1 25 parts D issol ve the oil s i n the al coh ol add ,
L em on oil 2 pa rts the aci d a nd ti ncture of canth ari des ;
La vender oil 2 parts .
mi x the water an d gl ycerin e a nd ad d
O i l of thyme 2 parts
,

and finall y col or as before


, ,
M i x the ingredients well togeth e r
.

When first mixed the li quid becomes I II — Al coh ol


.

fl occ ul e n t b ut after sta nd i ng for 2 or 3


,
Birch j uice
days cl ears up— someti mes becomes G lyceri ne .

e rf ectl y clear an d may be decanted


,
Ber ga mot o rl
Va ni lli n
.

t forms a li ht am b e r—col ored li qui d,

that remai ns c ear for m onths G era ni um o il 1]

At night before retiring pour about a


, ,
.

Water
teaspoonful of the water i n the pal m of the I V —Al coh ol o o o o o o o o o
.

hand a nd rub it over the face a nd neck


, , O i l of birch
letting it d ry on I n the mo t ui n a bout
.
B erga m ot oil
a n hour before the bath repeat e ope r , L emon oil
COTT ON 24 5

parts 1 00 II — B l ea chi n g w ith Calci um S ulph ite


. .

parts 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The cotton goods are i mpregnated


1 5 0 parts with 1 part by weight of water 1 art , , ,

parts of caustic lime a nd if part of bi s ul p ite ,

Vi olet Ammo n ia Water — M ost prep .


of 4 0 B é ; next stea med during 1 - 2
°
.

a r a ti o n s of this character consist of h ours at a r e ssu r e of 5 atmos phere ,

either coarsel powdered a m m oni um washed aci ul a t e d washe d a nd dried


, .

carb onate wityor without the addition


,

T h e res ult is as white a fabric as by the


,

of a m m onia water or of a coarsely pow ol d method with caustic li me s oda and , ,

dered mi xture which sl o wl evol ves th e


,
cal ci u m chl ori de T h e bisul phite may .

,
also be re lace d by calciu m h yd r o sul
a n d instead ?
odor of a m m onia the wh o e bein pe r
fu med by the a dditi on of vo l a t ig ph i te of stea ming the
,

e oil
, ,

poma de essences or ha ndkerchief ex


,
fabric may be b oiled for several h ours
tract T h e foll owing are typical for
.
,
with calci u m sul phite .

mulas : III —
Bleach i ng of Ve etable Fi ber s
I — M oisten coarsely powdere d a m
.

.
with Hyd rogen Pero xi d e ass the pieces
mo n i u m carb onate contai ned i n a suit
.

,
through sol ution containing ca ustic
a
able b ottl e with a mixture of coneen
,
s oda soa p h drogen peroxide a nd burnt
, , ,
tr a t e d ti ncture of orris root 2 } ounces ; ,
magnesia he pieces are pil ed i n heaps
.

aromatic s pirit of a m m onia 1 drach m ; ,


on carriages ; the latter are shoved i nto
violet extra ct 3 drach ms , .
the well known a p aratus of M ather
-

II — F ill suitabl e b ottles with coarsely


.
Platt ( kier ) a nd t e li quid is pum ped ,
powdered a m moni u m carb onate an d ad d on for 6 hours at a pressure of 3 atmos ,
L

to the salt as much of the foll owing sol u ph e r e N ext wash acidulate wash a nd
.
, ,
tion as it will absorb : O i l of orris 5 , dry Th e bleachi ng may al so be d one
.

minims ; o il of la vender flowers 1 0 ,


on a n ordi nary reeling vat For 5 .

minims ; vi ol et extract 3 0 minims ; , pieces are needed about parts by ,


stronge r water of a m monia 2 fluid wei ht of water ; 1 0 parts by weight of
soli d ca ustic soda ; 1 part of burnt mag
,
, , ,
ounces .

III — T h e foll owi ng is a formula for


.
n e si a ; 30 parts by weight of hydrogen , ,
a liquid prepa rati on : Extract vi ol et 8 , peroxi de After 3 —4 hours boiling ’

flui d r a ch ms ; extract cassia 8 flui dra chms ;


.
,

, wash acidulate wash a nd dry T h e


spirit of rose 4 fl ui d r a c h ms ; tin cture of
.
, ,

, bleaching may als o be performed by


orris 4 fl u i d r a c h ms ; col ogne spirit 1
, , passin through bari um peroxi de then ,
pi nt ; s pirit of a m m onia 1 ounce S pirit , .
throng sul phuric aci d or hydroc hl oric
of ionone may be used i nstea d of extract aci d a nd next through soda lye It is
, .

of vi olet .
r a cti c a bl e also to commence with the

Vi olet Wi tch -Hazel .


atter and finally give a treatme nt with
hydrogen peroxi de
S pirit of i on one
.

T h e whiteness obtai ned by the a bove


.

Rose water
r o c e ss is handsomer tha n that produced
D istilled extract o f
witch -hazel enough b y th e ol d method with hypochl orites ,

1 6 ounces
and the fabric is weake ned to a l ess ex
to ma ke tent .

TE STS F OR COTTON
Cotton
.

I — C otton when freed from e xtr a n e


.
,

ous matter by b oiling with potash an d ,


BLEACHING O F COTTON afterwards with hydrochl oric acid yields
I — Blea ch i n g by S t e a mi n g —T h e
,

. . pure cell ul os e or abs orbent c otton which , ,

singed a nd washe d cotton goods a r e according to the U S P is sol ubl e i n . . .


,

assed through hydrochl oric aci d of 2 °


copper am m onium sul phate sol ution
ii é L eave the m in hea ps during 1
.

. T h e B P is m ore s pecific a nd states


. .

hour was h pass through s odi um h ypo


, ,
that cotton is sol uble i n a concentrated
chl orite of 1 0 Ré dil ute d with 1 0 tl me s
°
. s ol ution of c o per a mm oniu m sul phate .

the vol u me of water Let the pi eces lie . T h e st a n d a r test s ol ution ( B P ) is . .

i n hea ps for 1 h our wash pass through , , made by diss ol ving 1 0 parts of copper
caustic s oda lye of 3 8 Ré dil uted Wi th 8 °
. sul hate in 1 60 parts of disti ll ed water ,

times its vol u me of water stea m put , , an ca uti o usl v adding sol uti on of a m
a gai n through s odi um chl ori de wash ,
.
, monia to the li quid until the preci pitate
acidulate sli h tl y with hydrochl ori c a ci d , first formed is nearly dissol ve d T h e .

wash a nd r y S houl d the wh i te ness . product is then filtered a nd the fil trate


n o t be su ffici e nt repeat the o perati ons ,
. m a d e up to 2 00 parts wit h distilled
46 C OTT ON— COUG H M I XT URES

water T h e c oncentrated s ol ution is


. Ar o mati c Cotto n — Aromatic cotton is
.

produced as follows M i x ca m p hor 5


.

pr ared by using a s mall er qua nti ty


fe p
,

i sti ll e d water . pa rts ; pine leaf oil 5 parts ; cl ove oil


-
, ,

II — S ch weitzer s reagent for textil e


.
’ 5 parts ; 8 irit of wine ( 90 per cent ) 8 0 ,

fibers a n d cellul ose is made by d i ssol vmg pa rts ; a n distri but e evenl y on cotton ,

1 0 parts of cop e r s ul phate i n 1 00 parts 500 parts by mea ns o f a n atomi z er Th e


,
.

of water a nd a di ng a sol utio n of 5 parts c otton is l eft pressed together i n a tightl y


of potassi u m hydrate i n 5 0 pa rts of water ;

cl os e d tin vessel for a few days .

the n was h the prec i pitate a nd dissol ve i n Co tto n D e gr ea si n g — C otton waste i n . ,


2 0 per cent a m monia u ntil saturated .
a greasy condi ti on i s placed i n a n acid
,

T his s ol ution diss ol ves cotton linen and , , proof a paratus where it is si mul ta
,

sil k but not wool T h e reagent is sai d n e o usl


y reed from grease et c a nd pre
.
,
, .
,

to be es pecially useful i n micros copy a s , pared for bleachi ng by the foll owing
it ra pidly diss ol ves cell ul ose but has no , process which is perf or med with out the
,
action on lignin .
waste being re moved f rom th e a ppa ra
[ IL — Jan d n er ’s Test for Cotto n i n
'
tus : ( 1 ) treatment wit h a s ol ve nt such ,

Woole n Fabrics — Was h the sa mple of .


a s benzi ne ; ( 2 ) stea ming for the purpose ,

fabric a nd trea t with sul phuric acid of va porizi ng a nd e xpe lli n from the
( 20 Ré ) for half a n hour on the water c otton waste the sol vent stil re maini ng
i n it after as much as possi ble of this has
.

bath T o 1 00 to 200 parts of this s ol u


.

ti on add 1 part res orcin a nd o ve r l a on bee n recovered by d r a i n i n ( 3 ) treatmen t


with a mineral acid ; ( 4 ) b
,

concentra ted s ul phuric acid free rom oiling with a n


nitrous prod ucts T h e heat devel oped
.
al kali lye ; ( 5 ) washing with water .

is su fficient to give a col or at the conta ct COTTONS EED H UL LS AS STOCK


poi nt of t he li q uids but intensity of col or , F OOD .

may be i ncreased by sli I h tl y heati ng I f


the prod uct resulti ng from treati ng the C ottonseed hul ls or other material
.

cotton is ma de u p 1 i n res orci n contai ning fiber difficult of digesti on a re


will gi ve a n ora nge col or ; a l ph a n a phto l thoroughly mi xed with a b out 5 per ce nt
a purple ; gallic aci d a gree n r a d u a ll y of their weight of hydrochl oric a cid ( spe
ci fi c gravity a nd heated i n a
becoming violet dow n i n the aci hydro ,

qui none or p r o ga ll ol a brown ; morphi ne cl osed vessel provided with a stirrer to


, ,

or c o d e i n e a a ve n d e r ; t h mol or menthol
,
a tem perature of 2 1 2 ° to 8 00 F T h e °
.

a pi nk C otton may e detected i n


.
a m ount of a cid to be a dded de en ds on
c ol ored o o d s using boneblack to de
,
the material em pl oyed a nd on t e d u ra
tion of the h e a ti ng By h ea ti n for 3 0
mi nutes the a b ove percenta g e 0 ?aci d is
c ol orize t e s ol uti on i f necessary , .
.

I V -O ve r be c k s test for cotton i n



.
required but the qua ntit may be r e
,
woolen consists i n soa king the fabric i n d uce d i f the heating is r o o n ge d After
a n aq ueous s ol ution of a l l o xa n ti n e ( 1 i n p .

heating the s ubsta nce i s rou nd a nd at


,
a nd after dryi ng expos e to a m monia the sa me ti me mi xe d wit s ome basic
va por a nd ri nse i n wate r Wool e n ma .

s ubsta nces such as s odi um carbonate


t e ri a l is col ored cri mson cotton remai ns
,
,
chal k cottonseed kernel meal etc t o
,
blue
.
, ,

n e utrali ze the aci d D uri ng the heati ng


.

.
,

V — Lie ber man n ’s Test — D ye the fab the aci d va ors coming from the mixture
may be l e pi nto a second q ua ntity of
. .

ric for half a n hour i n fuchsine sol ution


rendered li ht yellow by ca ustic s oda materi al c ontai ned i n a separat e vessel ,

s ol uti on a n the n was he d with water a i r being dra wn through bot h vessels to

sil k is c ol ored dark red ; wool light red ; ,


facilitate the rem oval of the acid vapors .

fla x pi nk ; a nd c otton re mai ns col orl ess


,
COTTONS EED
.

OIL
To Di s ti n gui sh Cotto n fr om Li n en . S ee O il .

T a ke a sa m l e a bout a n inch a nd a half


5 uare of t e cl oth to be tested a nd COTTONS EED OI L I N F OOD , TE STS
p unge it into a tepid alcoholic s ol ution FOR :
of c a ni n s After the col oring matter
.
S ee
Foods .

has ee n a bs orbed by the fiber ri nse it , COTTONS EED OI L I N LARD , DETEC


i n wate r and the n
pl un e into d il ute s ul TI ON OF :
ph uri c aci d If it is o cotton the sam
.
S ee Foods a nd L ard .

ple will be al m ost c om l e tel y bleached


whil e line n preserves t e bl ue col or a l
,
CO UGH CAND Y
most uncha nged I f the sa mple be then .
S ee Confecti onery .

pl unged in a mm onia the bl ue will be , CO UGH MIXTURE S F OR CATTLE


strongly rei nforced .
S ee Veter i nary Formulas .
2 48 CREA M— C R Y S TA L CEMENTS

1 . S ecure pure crea m a nd as fresh as the ch u rn d ri ves ai r into the crea m a nd ,

possi bl e .
bl ows a n i nfinity of tiny b u bbl es wh i ch ,

2 S urround the b owl i n which the


.
forms the whippe d crea m ; therefore i n ,

crea m is being whi pped with cracked churni ng raise the dasher gentl y and
,

ice a nd perform the operati on i n a cool sl owly a nd bri ng it d own ui ckl y a nd


,

When the second owl i s full


,

place . forci bly .

3 As ra pidly as the whipped crea m


. of whippe d cre a m pour off the liquid ,

a rises ski m it off a nd pla ce it i n a noth e r


,
cream which has settl ed to the bottom
, ,

b o wl likewise s urrounded with ice


,
. i nto the first b owl a nd whip it a gai n , .

4 D o not whip the crea m too l ong or


. K ee the whi ppe d crea m on i ce .

too vi ol ently . T e a dditi on of an even teaspoonful


5 T h e down ward m oti on of the beater
. of salt to 1 quart of sweet crea m before ,

shoul d be m ore forcibl e tha n the upward w hi i ng wi ll make it whi p u p very


r ea d
, ,

as the first has a tendency to force the air i y an d sti ff a n d sta nd up much ,

i nto the crea m while the second on the , , l onger a nd better .

c ontrary tends to expel it . .

6 A little powdered su ga r sh oul d be


.
CRE SOL E M ULS ION .

added to th e crea m after i t is whi pped , O n e of the best starti ng p oi nts for the
“ ”
i n order to s weeten it repa rati on i s th e cre os ote obtained
p
.

7 M ake whi pped crea m i n s mall


. rom bl ast furnaces whi ch is rich in ,

quan titi es a nd kee p it on ice . cres ol s a nd contai ns com parati vel y li ttle
I —C u mmi n s ’s Whi ppe d Cream
. .
phenol s T h e proporti ons used are :
.

Pl ace 1 2 ounces of ri c h crea m on t h e ice C reos ote 30 parts ; s oft s oa p 1 0 parts ;


, ,

for about 1 hour ; then with a whipper a nd sol uti on of s oda ( 1 0 per cent ) 3 0 .

beat to a consistency that will withsta nd parts B oil the ingredie nts together for
.

its own weight a n hour the n pla ce asid e to settl e Th e


.

, .

dark flui d is afterwards drai ned fro many


.

I I — Eberl e ’ s Wh i ppe d Cre a m — T ak e


. . oily porti on floa ti n g u pon t h e top .

a pi nt of fres h sweet cream which has , ,

been chill ed by b ei n l ace d on the ice ,


R EAM , C OLD
add to it a h e a pi ng ta es po o n ful of pow S ee C osmetics .

dered s u ga r and 2 ounces of a sol ution CR EAMS FOR THE FACE AND S KIN
of gelati n (a s poonful dissolved in 2 See Cosmetics .

ounces of water ) whi p sl owly for a ,

mi nute or two u ntil a heavy froth e thers


on top S ki m o ff the dense frot a nd
.

put in c ontainer for c ou nter use ; c on CREOSOTE S OAP


ti n ue this u ntil you have frothed all that
S ee S oa p
is possibl e
.

CR OCK ERY
III — Fo y’s Wh i ppe d Cream -Use
S e e Cerami cs
. .

onl y pure crea m ; have it ice cold and i n


.

a. convenient dish for whipping with a CR OCK ERY CEMENTS


wire whi pper A cl ear easy quick a nd .
, , ,
S e e Ad hesi ves .

c onve nient way is to use a beater Fill .

CR OC US
about one -half full of cream and beat ,
.

vigorously for 2 or 3 minutes ; a little o w Th e substa nce known as crocus ,

dered sugar may be a dded before eat which i s s o exceedi ngly useful as a pol
i ng T h e crea m may be left i n the
.
i sh i n g m ediu m for steel etc may be , .
,

h e a ter a nd pl aced on i ce
, .
very ge nerally obtained i n the ci nders
produced from c oal c ontai ni ng i ron I t
I V — Ame r i c a n S o d a Fo u n tai n Co m
.

.
Wi ll be easil y recogni zed by its rusty
a n y s Wh i ppe d Cream — T ake 2 earthen

powls a nd 2 ti n pans each 6 or 8 inches col or a nd shoul d be coll ected a nd r e


.

,
, d uce d to a powder f or f uture use S teel .

greater i n diameter than the bowls ; place burn i shers may b e brought to a hi h
a bowl i n each pan surround it with ,
state of c lis h with this s ubstance }
broken ice put the crea m to be whi pped t e m u on a butt ma de of sol :
.

r bbi n
u
,

i n 1 b owl a nd whi p it with a wh i ped


,
di ers

el t or ard wood After this
crea m churn T h e crea m sh oul be
.

operation the b urnisher sh oul d be


,
pure a nd rich a nd neither sugar nor ,
rubbed on a second bu ff cha rged with
gel ati n sh oul d be added to it As the ’
Jewelers rouge
.
.

whi ppe d cream rises a n d fill s the bowl ,

re move the churn and skim o ff the , CRYSTAL CEM ENTS F OR RE UNIT
w hi ped crea m into the other bowl . I NG BR OK EN PIE CES
he ph i l osophy o f the process is th at S e e Adhesi ves u nder C em en ts , .
C R Y STA LL IZ A TION— D A MA SK EENI NG 249

CRYSTALLIZATI ON, ORNA MENTAL tom s o as to h ol d the metal forced i n


, .

S ee G a rdens C hemical N ext the ol d or sil ver ,i e c es s uitably


formed a re ai d on top a n dha m mered i n
, .
,

C UC UMB E R E SS ENCE
S ee Essences a nd Extracts .
so as to fill up the openin g Finally the .

surface is one over aga i n so that the


C UC UMBER J ELLY ,
,

j UICE , AND s urface of t e inlay is perfectly even with


M ILK : the rest I f the i nlays h owever are not
.
, ,
S e e C os metics .
i n the form of lines but are com posed of ,

C URA OA CORD IAL : larger pieces of certai n outli nes they are ,

S ee ines a nd Liquors s ometi mes all owed to project beyond th e


surface of the metal decorated At times
.

C URTAINS , COLORING OF there are inlays agai n i n the raised por


S e e L a undry Pr pa r a ti o n s ti ons of a nother metal ; thus Japa nese
p .

bronze articles ofte n contai n figures of


,

C URRY P OWD ER
S e e C ondi ments
raised gol d inlaid with sil ver .

O wi ng to the high val ue which da m


.

a sk e e n in g i m parts to articl es artisti c


ally dec orated ma ny atte mpts ha ve
,

C USTARD P OWD ER been ma d e to obta i n similar e ffects


i n a chea per ma nner O n e is el ectro .

pounds 7 etching describe d further on Another


, .

Arrowroot pounds 8 process for the whol esal e ma nufacture


O i l of al m ond 20 drops .
of obj ects cl osely resem bling da mask
O i l of nutmegs 1 0 drops e en ed work i s the f ol l o w i n By
T i ncture of sa ffron to col or .
mea ns of a steel pu nch on w fii ch the ,

Mi x the ti ncture with a little of th e decorati ons to be produced proj ect i n


mixed flours ; the n add th e esse ntial oils relief the d esigns are stampe d by m ea ns
,

and ma ke i nto a paste ; dry this until it of a dro ha m mer or a stam pi ng press
can be red uced to a powder a nd then into gol lated or sil ver plated sheet
m etal on the si de which is to s how the
,

mix all the i ngredients by sifti ng several


ti mes through a fine hair sie ve da maskeening finally rin ding off th e
surface s o that the sunken porti ons are
. ,

agai n l evel N aturally the stam pe d


.
,

porti on as l ong as th e depth of the


,

C UTLE R Y GEM ENTS stam pin g is at least equal to the thick


S e e Adhesives ness of the ) r eci o us metal on top will
a p ear inlai d
. ,

CYLIND ER OIL t is believed that m uch of the ea rly


S e e L ubrica nts .
da maskee ning was done by wel ding to
CYMBAL M ETAL gether iron a nd either a steel or a n i m
S ee All oys .
pure or all oye d iron a nd treating the ,

surface with a c orrodi ng aci d that a ffect


ed the steel or all oy with out cha ngi ng
the iron .

T h e variety or damaskeening known


as koftgari or k uft work r a ct i ce d i n
-
,

Da ma sk een i n g
I ndia was produced by roug -etching a
,

metallic su r face a nd layin on gol d -leaf ,

which was i m bedded so t at it adhere d


D amaskeeni ng practiced from m ost
, only to the etched parts of the design .

ancient ti mes c onsists i n orna mentally


,

i nlayi ng one m etal with a nother fol , D a ma sk ee n i n g by El ectroly si s .


— Da m
l owed us ually by polishi ng G enerally a sk e e n i n g of metallic latesmay be
done by el ectrolysis X copper plate
.

ol d or sil ver is em pl oyed for i nlayi ng . .

he a rticl e to be decorated by damas is covered with a n isol ati ng layer of


keeni ng is usually of iron (steel ) or feeble thickness such as wa x a nd the
, ,

copper ; i n O rie ntal ( espe ci ally Ja pan ‘

desired design is scratched in it by the


ese ) work als o f r e u ently of bronze
, , use of a poi nted tool T h e pl ate is sus .

which has been blac ened or at least , , , pended i n a bath of sul phate of c opper ,

darkened s o that the d amaskeeni ng is connecting it with the ,o si ti ve pol e of a


battery whil e a secon d copper plate is
,

e fl ecti ve l y set o ff from the ground



If .
,

the design consists of li nes the grooves , connected with the negati ve pole T h e .

are d ug out with th e graver i n such a current etches grooves wherever the wax
ma nner that the y a re wider at the b ot has been removed When enough h a s .
2 50 D A MA S KE E NING— D ECAL C O M A NI A PR OCE S SES

be e n eate n a way rem ove the plate from T h e mixing pro o r ti o n s of the two so
l utions em pl o e d as well as of the a d :
,

the bath clea nse it with a littl e hydro


h e si ve a n d th
,

c hl ori c acid to rem ove a ny traces of oxide e dextri n s ol uti ons va ry ,

of copper whic h might a ppear on the s omewhat a cco r di n to th e ph ysical co n


li nes of the desi n ; then wash it i n plenty d i ti o n s of the poree ain its porosity etc , , .

of water and p ace it i n a bath of sil ver T h e foll owi ng may serve f or a n exam ple :
or nickel connectin g it now wit h the neg
, D issol ve 5 parts of s hella c or equi val ent
ati ve the positi ve pole being r e pr e gum i n 25 parts of s pirit a n d e m ulsify
sente (p
,

by a lea f o f pl ati n um
ole After a this liquid with 20 parts of varnish and
.

certai n ti me the h oll ows are c omplete l 8 parts of liquid gl u e After dr i ng the
filled with a deposit of sil ver or nicke y gla ze is put on a nd the ware t us pre
.
,

a nd it only remains to polis h the plate pared is placed i n the grate fire , .

which has the a pe a r a n ce of a piece T h e process descri bed is especially


da mas keened by a nd a da pted for fil m pi ctures i
. for such , . e .
,

as bear the picture o n a c o h er i n layer '

D a ma s k ee n i ng o n Ena mel D ia l s
,

us ually c ons i sti u of collodi on t ca n .


.

D i p t h e dial into molte n yell ow wax n ot be em ploye outright for gu m pic ,

trace on the dial the designs desired tures i e for s uc h pictures as are ,
, . .
,
penetrati ng d own to the ena mel D i p c om osed of di fferent pressed surfaces
p
.

,
the dial i n a fl uo r hyd r i c acid s u fficient c ons i sting mai nly of gu m or similar ma
a

l ength of t i me that i t may eat to the teri a l If this process is t o be ada ted .

des i red depth N ext was h i n several


.
t o these pictures as well th e ware w ich
,
, ,
waters rem ove the wa x by means of
, has bee n i ven th e biscuit ba ki ng is ,
tur e n ti n e i e leave the p i ece covere d
, . .
, first provi e d with a crude l aze coat ~

wit wa x i mmersed i n essence of turpe n ing whereu pon th e detail s 0 the proc ,
ti ne By filli ng up the holl ows th us o b
.
ess a r e c a r r i e d out as describe d abov e
t a i n e d with ena mel very pretty e ff ects with the exec ti on that there is another
a re prod uced .
glaze c oating etw e e n the a dhesive coat
a nd the bisc uit-ba ked ware I n t his case
D AND R UFF C URE
.

the article is al s o i m mediately placed i n


S e e Hair Preparati ons the grate fire I t i s i m materi al which
.
.

of the t wo ki nds of meta ch r o ma types


(transfer pictures ) is used i n every case
the baki ng i n the m u e etc is dropped m ,
,

.
, .

D ECALCOMANIA PRO CE SS E S T h e transfer pictures may also be pro


d uce d i n a l l c ol ors for the grate fire
S e e als o C hromos Copying Processes ,
.

and T r ansfer Proce sses


D e ca l co man ia a er — S mooth
.

Th e decalco ma nia process of tra ns P un .

s i zed aper not too t ic k is coate d with


fop
ferri n pictures requires that the pri nt , ,

the l owi n g s ol utions


( us ua y i n col ors ) be ma de on a pe S
I -G
c i a lly prepared pa per Pri nts made on .
elat in 1 0 pa rts diss ol ved i n .
, ,

3 00 parts warm water T his s olution is


decalcomania pa per may be tra nsferred .

i n the reverse to chinaware wood ce ll u a ppl i ed with a s ponge T h e paper


,
.

loid metal or a n v hard s mo oth surface s houl d be drie d flat ,


.
, ,
I I — S ta rc h 5 0 parts : gu m traga
,

a nd bein g varnish ed after tra nsfer ( or .


,

burnt i n i n the case of pottery ) acquire ca nth dissol ved i n 600 parts o f water , .

(T h e gum traga ca nth is soa ke d i n 300


,

a fair degree of perma nence T h e origi .

nal pri n t is destroyed by the tra nsfer parts of water ; i n the other 3 0 0 parts the .

sta rch i s boiled to a paste ; the two are


Appl yi n D ecalco mani a Pi ctu res on then poured together a nd b oil ed ) T h e
Cera mi c ro du cts un d er a G laze — A
.

dri ed pa per is brus hed with this paste .

biscuit-ba ked obj ect is first coated with


l
un i form u fairly thick c oat bei ng a

yhe pa per is then all owed to dry p , .

a mixture of alcohol shellac varnish pl i ed , , , .

a nd li qui d gl ue T hen the prepared .


a ga i n .

picture pri nt is tra nsferred on to this I I I — O n e par- t bl ood albu men is .

ad hesi ve layer i n the customary manner soaked i n 3 parts water f or 24 h ours A .


.

T h e glaze however does not ad h ere to


. s mall qua nti ty of sal a m m oniac is ad ded
, .

this coating a nd woul d therefore n ot T h e pa per after ha ving been c oated


, ,
,
c over the picture w hen fused on T o
_

w i t h these three s ol utio ns a n d d ried is.

,
attai n this the layer beari ng the tra nsfer
, run through the pri nti ng press t he pic? ,
picture as well as the latter are si m ul
, tures h owever being pri nte d reversed
, , ,

ta n e o u sl y coated with a dextri n sol ution so that i t may a pea r in its true positi on
of a b out 1 0 per ce nt Whe n this dex
tri n coating is dry the picture is glazed
whe n tr a n sfer r e
be used
,
.
Any col ore d i nks a y
. .
m .
2 52 D E NT I F RI C ES

T his powder will cost ab out 15 ce nts a water add all to the orris a nd set aside
, ,

pound . to dry R u b the col ors u p with water


.

Pi n k rose -fla vo r ed powder of the Caswell


,
a nd s ome chal k a nd when dry pass all ,

a nd Hazard Hudnut or M c M a h a n type


, , , through a mi xer a nd S ifter twice to bri n g
once s o popular i n N e w York I t w a s . out the col or .

made i n t wo styles with a nd without


Camph orate d a n d Carbolate d Pow d ers
,

soap .
.


A cam phorated tooth powder may be
I L — Precipitated chal k 1 pound
F l ore ntine orris 2 ounces
.

ma de by l eavi ng out the oil of wi nter


.

green i n the first form ula a nd adding 1 5


S ugar 1 5 ounces
ounces of powdere d ca mphor
White castile soa p 1 ounce .

Carbolate d tooth powder may like


.

N o 4 0 carmine 15 rai ns wise be ma de with the first form ula by


. .

O i l of rose 12 r o ps
s ubstituting 2 drachms o f l i q u e fi e d car
O i l of cl oves 4 drops
.

bo l i c acid for the oil of W i ntergreen .

D iss ol ve the carmine i n an ounce of B ut the tooth powder grad ually l oses the
water of a m monia and triturate this with odor a nd taste of the aci d I t is not of .

art of the c halk until the chal k is uni m uch u ti li t a nyway as the castile soa p
o r ml y dyed
,
T hen spread it i n a thi n
.
i n the pow er is of far greater a ntiseptic
layer on a s heet of pa per a nd allow the po w er tha n the s mall a mount of carbolic
a mmonia to evaporate When there i s .
acid t h at ca n safely be com bi ned i n a
no a mm oniacal odor left mi x this dyed , tooth po wder S oap is one of the best .

chalk wit h the rest of the chalk a nd a ntise ptics .

sift the whol e se veral ti mes until thor Al kaline salts b ora x s odiu m bicar , ,
oughly mixed T he n proceed to ma ke .
b onate etc are su perfluous i n a powder
, .
,
up the o w d er as i n t h e previous formula , already contai ni ng s oa p T h e only use .

first si ti ng each i n redient separately f u l u r po s e they might serve is to correct


a nd the n together ci n g careful thor , aci dity of the mouth a nd that en d can be ,
oughly t o triturate the 0 115 of rose and reached m uch better by r i n si n th e
cl oves with the orris after it is sifted a nd mouth with a sol uti on of sodiu m i ca r
before it is ad ded to the other o w d e r s .
bonate Acids have n o place i n tooth
.

T h e oil of cloves is used to bac u p the powders the French C ode x to the con
,
oil of rose It strengthens a nd a cc e n
.
t ra r y notwithsta ndi ng .

t ua t e s the rose odor Be careful not to .

get a drop too much or it will pr e d o mi , Pep er mi n t as a Fla vor — I n Fra nce .

nate over the rose . a nd a i over Europe peppermi nt is the


Vi olet Tooth Pow de r popula r fla vor as Wi ntergreen is i n this ,

country
.

Precipitated chal k 1 pound . .


Englis h a pothecaries use s u ga r of milk
Fl orenti ne orris 4 ounc e s a nd hea vy calci ned ma gnesia i n many of
Castile soa p 1 ounce their tooth powders N either has any .

S uga r I i ounces artic ula r virtue as a tooth clea nser but


poth are harmless Ca ne sugar is pref
. .

Extract of violet ounce .

.
,

Evergre e n coloring R F qua n , . .


, e ra bl e to mil k suga r as a s weete ner a nd
tity s u fli ci e n t .
saccharine is more e fli ci e n t though o b
,

Proceed as i n the second formula d ye , j e ct e d to by s ome ; it s houl d be used


i n g t h e c hal k with the evergreen col or i ng i n the proportion of 2 to 5 grains to
to the des i red s h ad e before mi xing he pound of po w der a n d reat care
a ke n to have it thoroughly 5i str i bute d
.
,

I I I — Preci i ta te d chal k
. 1 6 pounds .

Pow ered orris 4 pounds .


h r o u gh o ut .

Powdered c utt l e fi sh An antiseptic too th po wder containing ,

bo n e he a ntiseptic i ngredients of listerin e is ,

Ultra marine .
o pul a r i n s ome l ocalities .

G era nium la ke .
I V — Preci i ta te d chal k
.
1 o un d
Jasmine .
Casti e s oa p 5 r a c h ms
O il of neroli .
B ora x 3 dra chms
O i l of bitter a l T hymol 2 0 grai ns
monds .
M enthol 2 0 grainso o o o o o o o o o o

Va nillin .
Eucaly ptol 20 grai ns
Artificial musk O il of W intergree n 2 0 grai ns
( L a uti e r s )

6 0 grains Al coh ol ounc e
S acchari ne 1 4 0 grai ns .
D isso l ve the thy mol a nd oil s in the
Rub u p t h e perfumes with 2 ounces of alcohol a nd triturate with the chal k a nd
,

proc e ed as i n th e first f or mula


.
,
alcohol d i s sol v e th e sacchari n e in war
.
.
D ENTIF RIC ES 2 53

O n e fault with this po wder is the dis


i —
C harcoal a nd s uga r e ual weights
M i x a nd fla vor with cl o ve oi
.
, .

agreea ble taste o i the th ymol T hi s .


.

may be omitted a nd the o rl of wi nter


green i ncreased to the i provement of m I I — C ha rcoal
.

Re d ki no
1 5 6 parts
1 5 6 parts
the taste b ut with s ome l oss of a n ti se p
,

ti c power .
S ugar 6 pa rts
Fla vor with pe ppermint oil
An ti septi c Po wd er .
III — Cha rcoal
. .

V — B oric acid
. .
S u l phate of
S alicyli c acid qui ni n e .

D ra gon s bl ood M a gnesia



.

Calci u m ca rbon S ce nt to liking


ate
.

.
parts
Esse nce spearmint 1 2 parts .
I V —C harcoal
. 3 0 parts.

Red uce the dra gon s bl ood a nd cal ’ Crea m of tar


o ium carbonate to the fi nest powder tar 8 parts
a nd mi x the i ngredients thoroughly
,
Yell ow c i n
T h e powder s houl d be used twi c e a day
.

chona ba rk 4 parts
,
S ugar 1 5 parts
or eve n oftener i n ba d cases It is e s , .
.

pe ci a ll y recom me nde d i n cases where


S cent with oil of cl oves
t h e ena mel has bec ome erode d from the V — S ugar
. .

eff ects of iron .


Alum .

Me n th ol Crea m of ta r
Po w der M enthol
Tooth .
ta r
lea ves a cool a nd pl easa nt se nsation i n Cochineal
.

the m outh a nd is e xcelle nt for fetid


,
. .

breath I t may be add ed to m ost for


. VI — Crea m of ta r
.

m ulas by taki ng a n e qual qua ntity of oil tar


of Wintergreen a nd diss ol vi ng i n al cohol .
Al um . .

1 part
Carbonate of
8 parts
ma gnesia 3 7 5 parts .

S oa p grate d fi ne S ugar 3 7 5 parts


2 0 parts
.
.
,

Calci um ca rbonate 20 parts Cochi neal 7 5 parts .

Essence Cey
. .

M agnesia ca rb onate 6 0 parts


Essentia l oil of mint 2 parts l on ci nna
m on
.

9 0 parts
Powder finely a nd mi x
.

I f there is .
E s s e n c e
much ta rta r o n the teeth it will be well cl oves 7 5 pa rts
to a dd to this form ula from 1 0 to 20 Essence Eng
parts of pu mice po wdered very finely , .
lis h p e p
Tooth Po w d ers a n d Paste s — Al th o u h .
permint 4 5 parts .

the direct obj ect of these is to kee p t e VII S uga r


. 2 00 parts
teeth cl ea n a nd white they als o prevent , Crea m of ta r
decay if it is only by force of mere clea n
, tar
li n e ss a nd i n this way (a nd als o by r e
, M agnesia .

moving dec om posin g pa rticles o f food ) S tarch . .

tend to kee p the breath s weet a nd whole Cinna mon .

some T h e necessa ry propert i es of a


.
M ace .

tooth powder a re clea nsi ng power n u S u l p h a t e of


accom pa nied by a ny a brading or chem i q uinin e 1 6 parts .

cal a ctl o n on the teeth themsel ves cer , a Carmine 1 7 pa rts


.

tain amount of a ntise ptic power to ena ble S cent with oil of peppermint a nd oil of
it to deal with pa rticles of stale food a nd ,
rose .

a comp l ete a bsence of a ny disagreeable


taste or s mell T hese condi tions are
.
VIII —Blea ching pow
.

easy to realize i n practice a nd there i s a


.
der
Re d coral
,

very large n um ber of e ffic i ent a nd good .

powders as well as not a few wh i ch are


, I X — Re d cinchona
.

a pt to inj ure the teeth if ca re i s not taken ba rk .

to rinse out the m outh very thoroughly Ma n es a i .

after usi ng T hese powders i ncl ude some


. C oc in cal . .

of the best clea nsers a nd ha ve hence , Al um .

bee n a d mitte d i n the foll owi n g rec i pes , Crea m of ta r


m ostl y take n from En glish collect i ons . tar 1 00 pa rts
2 54 D ENTIF RI CES

English pe p XV . C oral
-

permi nt 0 11 4 parts S ugar


Wood char
. .

Ci nnam on oil 2 parts


coal
-
6 parts
G ri nd the first five ingredients se a Essence of ver
r a tel y then mi x the al u m with th e c oc i
,

neal a nd then a dd to it the crea m of tar


,

tar and the bark I n the mea nti me the


.
X VI — P r e c i i ta te d
.

ma nesia is mixed w ith th e essential oils cha k


a n g finally the wh ol e mass is mi xed
,

O rris root . .

through a very fine sil k sieve .


Carmine . .

S ugar
Wh i t e wo o d
.

X —
.
E s s e n c e of
250 parts rose . 4 parts
Cinchona Essence o f n e
bark .
roli
S ugar
X VI I — C i n c h o n a
.

P e p e r mi n t .

12 parts bark
Ci nna mon oil 8 parts Chal k
M yrrh
XL — P r e c i i t a t e d O rris root
cha k . . 75 0 parts Ci nna m on
Crea m of ta r Ca rbonate of
tar . . 25 0 parts a m m onia
Fl orence o r O il of cl oves .

ris root . 250 parts X VII I G u m arabic


S a l a mmoniac parts
.

60
Cutch
Ambergris . 4 parts Lic orice j ui ce
Ci nna m on parts
.

4
.

Cascarilla
C oria nder . 4 parts M astic
Cl oves 4 parts O rris root
Rosewood 4 parts O il of cl oves
XII — D . ragon s ’
O i l of pepper
bl ood 250 parts mint .

Crea m of tar E x t r a c t of
tar. . 30 parts a mber
Fl o re n c e o r E x t r a c t of
ris root m us k 5 parts
Cinna mon .
XI X — Chal k
. 200 parts
Cl oves C uttl eb on e 1 00 pa rts

O rris root 1 0 0 parts
X III P r e ci i t a t e d
.
B e r ga mo t oil 2 pa rts
cha k 50 0 parts L em on oil 4 parts
D ra g o n 8 N erol i oil 1 pa rt
bl ood 250 parts Portugal oil 2 parts
Re d sa ndal
wood 1 25 parts XX — B ora x
. 5 0 parts
Al um 1 25 parts C hal k 1 00 pa rts
O rris root 250 . . parts M yrrh 2 5 parts
Cl oves 15 parts O rris root 2 2 pa rts
Ci nnamon 15 . parts Ci n na m on 2 5 parts
Vanilla 8 pa rts X XL — Wood cha r
Rosewood 15 . parts c oal 3 0 parts
Carmin e lake 2 5 0 parts White h one y 8 0 parts .

Carmine 8 . parts Vanilla sugar 3 0 parts


XI V — Cream of tar
.
Cinch ona
tar bark 1 6 pa rts
Al um Fl a vor with oil of peppermi nt .

Cochi neal . .
XX I I — S yr u of 3 3 ° B
. 8 8 pa rts
.

Cl oves C utt eb on e 200 parts


Ci nnam on .
Carmine la ke 3 0 parts
Rosewood .
Engl ish oil of
S cent with essence of rose . peppermint 5 pa rts
2 56 D ENT IF RICES

Oil o f cl ove pa rt . 1 VI .
— White casti l e soa p oun ces . 1}
O il of ci nna mon part . 1 O i l of orange 1 0 m i ni ms
.

Sa fi r o n 1 part . . O il of cassia 5 m i n ms
i
D eod orized alcohol
8 50 parts . O i l of wi ntergreen 1 5 m i mms .

Water 3 0 0 parts G lyceri ne. 8 ou nces


O r cassia 4 parts an d va nilla 1; part Al c O h O I 8 ounces
Water e nough to make 1 quart
, , , , ,

may be s ubstituted for the saffron .


.

LIQUID D ENTIF RI CE S AND TOOTH VII White castile soa p ounces 3


WAS HES :
. .

G lyceri ne ounces 5
A Fre nch D e n tifri ce — I — A prepara . .
Water ounces 20
tion whic h has a re putat i on in France as Al cohol ounces 80
a liquid dentifrice i s com posed of alco O i l of peppermint drachm . 1
hol 9 6 per cent
, parts ; M itcha m ,
O i l of Wi ntergree n drachm . l
peppermi nt oil 3 0 parts ; a niseed oil , ,
O i l of ora nge peel drachm . 1
5 parts ; oil of Acorus cala m us parts , .
O il of a nise drachm l
Fi nely powde red cochineal a nd crea m O il of ca ss i a drachm
. l
of ta rtar 5 parts each are used to ti nt
, , Beat u the s oa with the gl ceri ne ;
the s ol ution T h e mi xed ingredients .
dissol ve t e oils i n t e alcohol a n add to
are set aside for 1 4 days before filteri ng .
the s oa p a nd glyceri ne S ti r well until .

So z o d o n t .
the s oa p is c om pletel y d issol ved .

I I — T he
.


li quid tooth preparation VIII —White castile s oa p 1 ounce
. .

So zodon t is said to contai n : S oa p O rris root 4 ounces


powder 6 0 pa rts ; glyceri ne 60 parts ;
, , R ose leaves 4 ounces
al cohol , 3 60 pa rts ; water 220 a r ts ; oil s . O i l of rose 0
Q drachm
0 0 0 0 0 0 0

of peppermint of aniseed of c over and , , , O i l of nerol i Q drachm


of ci nna mon 1 part eac h ; oil of winter , C ochineal 5 ounce
green 1 -2 00 pa rt
, .
D il uted al cohol 2 quarts
I I I — T hymol 2 grains
I f the wash is inte nde d sim ply as an
.

Be nzoic acid 2 4 rains . .


e l ixi r for s weeteni ng the breath the fol
T incture eucalyptus 2 r a c h ms ,

l owi n prepa rati on rese mbling the cele


br a te gea u d e botot will be found very
Alcohol qua ntity su fficient to ,

make 2 ounces .
desira ble :
,

M ix S ig :
. A teas poonful dil uted
.

IX — O il
of pe ppermi nt 3 0 mini ms
with half a wi neglassful of water . .

O il of s e a r mi n t
.

1 5 mi nims
I V — Carbolic aci d pure 2 ounces
O il of c oves o o o o o o
.

5 mi nims
,

gl
cerine l 2 60 1 ounce
°

yWi ntergreen O i l of re d ceda r


, ,

6 drachms .

O i l ci nna mon 3 d rachms


wood 6 0 minims
T i ncture of myrrh
.

Powdered cochi 1 ounce .

neal Al cohol 1 pint


i drach m
. .

S V R . 4 0 ounces
.
Care m ust be take n not to confoun d
D istilled 4 0 ounces the o il of ceda r tops with the oil of cedar
D issol ve the acid in the l yce r i n e with wood Th e form er has a n od or li ke tur
.

the aid of a gentle heat a n the essen ti al pe ntine ; the l atter has the fragra nce of
oils i n the s pirit ; mi x togethe r and ad d the red ceda r wood .

the water a nd cochi neal ; the n l et the For a cl ea nsi ng wash a solution of ,

D r e pa r a ti o n sta nd for a week and filter .


soa i s to be recom m ended It may be .

A mixture o f cara mel a nd cochineal ma e after the foll owing formula


col ori ng N F gives a n agreeable red
, . .
, X —. White castile s oa p ou nce . 1
color for sa ponaceous tooth washes It .
Alcohol ounces 6
is not perma ne nt however , .
G lycerine ounces 4
Var i ations of this f ormula f oll ow : Hot water 6 ounces
V - White castile soa p
. 1 ounce . O i l of pe permi nt 1 5 mi nims
p .

T incture of asarum 2 drachms O l l of Wi ntergreen 20 mi ni ms


O il of pe ppermi nt 5 drach m . O il of cl oves 5 mini ms
O il of Wi ntergreen 5 drachm . Extract o f va nill a ounce .

O il of cl oves 5 drops .
D issol ve t h e s o a p i n the h ot water a nd
O i l of cassia 5 dr ops a
dd the gl ce ri ne a nd e x tra ct of va nilla
D i s sol ve t y
.

G lycerine
.

4 ou nces e o xl s i n the al cohol mi x the ,


Alcohol 1 4 ounces sol utions a nd after 24 h ours filter
Water
.
,

14 ounces .
through pa per .
D ENT IF RI C ES 257

I t is customary to col or such repara Ch erry Tooth Paste .

ti ons A n a greea bl e b rown -yel ow ti nt In


g322112:
alk ig
.
.

may be g i ven by th e additio n of a small


qua ntity of ca ra mel A red col or ma Po v
be give n by c ochi neal T h e col or will gg
red
. ‘ ‘

te
Ol l l s
.
r 1 00 d rac h ms
fad e but will be found r e a so n a bl per Po wdere d
ma nent whe n kept from strong lig ht
,
rose
.
l eaves 60 drops
O il of cl oves 55 dro s
TOO TH SOAP S AND
Tooth S oaps .
PAS TE S : of ma ce
O l l of gera ni um .
55
55
g
(h o s
drops
I - White castil e soa arts 22 5
Preci pitate d chalk g
.
Ch i n ese Tooth Paste
arts 2 25

:
O rris root parts
. 0 2 25 IV . Powdered pum i ce drach ms
1 00
O il of pe ppermint parts 7 St Ch ’
drachms
20
0 11 o f pe ppe r m1 n t 40
.

O i l of cl oves parts 4 drops


Water a s u ffi cie nt quantity Car mme
_

, . i drach m

II —Castil e soa p 1 00 drach ms


E ucal yptus Paste — Forty drachms .

preci i ta ted chal k 1 1 drach ms soa p


. .

Preci pitated chalk 1 00 drachms ,

pow er 1 1 drachms W heaten starch


.

Powdered orris root 1 00 drachms , ,

drach m carmi ne 3 0 drops oil of pep


.

White s uga r 50 drach ms .

permi nt 3 0 drops oil of gera ni um 60


,

Rose water 50 drach ms , ,

drops eucalyptus oil 2 d rops oil of


.

O il of cl oves 1 0 0 drops ,

O il of peppermin t 3 drach ms
cl oves 1 2 drops oil of a nise mixed to
,

gether a nd incorporated to a paste with


.

D issol ve the soa in water a dd the ,


a m ixture of equal parts of glyceri ne a nd
rose water the n r u up with the s uga r
, s pi ri t .

with which the oils ha ve bee n ) r e v i o u sl y


triturated the orris root a n d the pre
,
Myr rh Tooth Paste .

c i pi t a te d chal k . Preci pitated chalk 8 ounces


O rris 8 ounces
III — Potassi um chl orate 2 0 drachms ;
.

powdere d white s oa p 1 0 dra ch ms ; pre


,
White castile soa p 2 ounces .

c i pi ta te d chal k 20 drach ms ; peppermint


,
B ora x 2 ounces
.

oil 1 5 drops ; cl ove oil 5 d rops ; gl yce r


,
M yrrh 1 ounce
.

G lyceri ne qua ntity s ufficie nt


, ,

ine s ufficient to mass Use with a soft


.
,
.
,

brush .
Col or a nd perfume to suit .

A thousa n d grams of levigated pow


S apo n a ceo us Tooth Pastes .
dered oyster shells are ru bbed up with
I — . Preci pitated ca r 1 2 drachms of cochi neal to a hom ogene
bonate of li me ous powder T o this is added 1 drach m
.

S oa p powder of potassium ) erman a nate a nd 1 drachm


b oric acid a n dr u bbe well up Foam up
.

O ssa se pia pow ,


.

15 parts 200 drach ms castil e s oa p a nd 5 drachms


T i ncture of cocaine 45 parts chemically pure glycerine a nd mix it with
O i l of pe ppermint . 6 parts the foregoi ng mass a dding by teaspoon ,

O il of yla ng-ylang parts ful 1 50 grams of boiling stra i ned hone '

T h e wh ole mass is agai n t h o r o u gh iy


.

G lyceri ne 30 . parts
R ose water to ca use l i q u e fa c rubbed up adding while doi ng so 200
,

ti on . Carmi ne s ol ution to drops honey Finally the mass shoul d .

col or .
be put into a m ortar a nd pounded for a n
hour and the n kneaded with the han ds
Preci pitated car for 2 hours .

bonate of li me 150 parts


Tooth Paste to be put i n Colla ps i bl e
. .

S oa p powder 45 parts
45 parts Tu be s
Arrowroot .

O il of e ucalyptus 2 parts Calcium carbonate ,

O il of peppermi nt 1 part .
l evigated 1 00 parts
O i l of gerani um 1 part Cuttlefish bone i n fine ,

O il of cl oves parts powder 25 parts


O i l of a nisee d parts .
Castile soa p old white , ,

G lycerine 45 parts powdered 2 5 parts


C hl oroform water to ca use li que T incture of carmi ne ,

a mm oniated
.

faction C arm i ne sol ut i on to


.

col or .
S i m pl e s yru p
2 58 D ENTIF RI CES

pa rts 2 B or o to n i c .

Alcohol 5 parts V — Aci d bori c


. 20 parts
Atta r of rose or other perfume qua n , O i l Wi ntergreen 10 pa rts
tity su ffi cient .
G lyceri ne 1 10 parts
Rose water s uffi cie nt to ma ke a paste .
Alcohol 15 0 parts
Beat the soa p with a little rose wate r , D istilled wate r
t h e n warm u ntil softened a dd syrup , e n ough to ma k e 6 00 parts
a nd ti n cture of ca rmine D issolve the .

M eet Sa licyl
perfume a nd me nthol i n the alcoh ol a nd .

a d d to soa p mi xture Add the solids .


VI — Aci d salicylic
.

and i ncorporate thoroughly Fi nally .


,
S acc hari ne
work to a pro per consiste ncy for filli ng S odi um bica r
i n to colla psi bl e t ubes adding water i f bonate
Alcohol o o o o o o
, ,

necessa ry .
o o

MOUTH WASHES .
Foami n g Ora n ge .

I — Q uillaia bark
. 1 25 pa rts .
VII — Castile soa p
.

G lycerine . 9 5 pa rts O il orange


Al cohol . . 1 55 pa rts O i l ci nna m on
D isti ll e d water
M acerate for 4 days a nd a dd : Al coh ol
Acid . ca r b o l .

4 parts Australian Mi n t .

O l gerann
. parts VIII —T hy m ol
.

0 1 ca r yo ph yll
. parts Acid benz oic
O l rosse
. parts T incture euca lyp
0 1 ci n n a m
. parts
.
tus o o o o o o o o o o

T inct ra ta n hae
. 45 parts . Al c ohol o o o o o o o o
Aqua r osae 900 parts O il pe pper mi nt .

M acerate agai n for 4 days a nd filter .


Fragr a n t D e n ti n e .

T hymol 20 parts I X — S oa p ba rk parts


. 1 25
Pe ppermint 0 11 10 parts G lycerine 95 parts
Cl ove oil 5 parts Al cohol 1 55 parts
S age oil 5 parts Rose wate r
.

4 50 parts
M arj ora m oil 3 parts
M acerate for 4 days a nd a dd :
.

S assafras oil 3 parts


Wi ntergreen oil parts . Carbolic a c i d
Couma rin parts cryst 4 parts
Al cohol dil , parts
. . O il cra ni um parts
A teaspoonful i n a glass of water .
O il c oves parts
O il rose parts
I L L—T incture orris ( l O il ci n na mon parts
in 4 ) T incture rhata n y 4 5 parts
Lave nder water .
Rose wate r 4 50 parts
Ti nct C i n n a mo n
.

1 part All ow to sta nd 4 days ; th e n filter .

T i nct yell o w cinc h


. Ar o ma n ti septi c .

X — T hy mol
. 20 pa rts
Ea u de cologne . .
O i l peppermi nt 10 parts
Orr is a n d Ro se .
O i l cl oves 5 pa rts
I II — O rris root
. . 80 O i l sa ge 5 parts
Rose lea ves . 8 O i l ma rj ora m 3 parts
S o a bark . 8 O il sassa f ras 3 parts
C oc i n e s l 8} O il Wi nte rgree n .
pa rts
D il uted al cohol . 475 Coumari n parts
O il rose . 80 D iluted alcohol pa rt s .

O il neroli . 40 T h e prod ucts of the f ore goi ng form ulas


are used i n t he pro o r ti o n of 1 teas poon
Myrr h Astr i n ge nt f ul i n a half glass i
.

of wate r
.

I V — T i nct ure myrrh


.

1 25

Foa mi ng
. .

T incture benzoi n 50 .
.

T incture cinchona 8 XI —S o a
.
bark powder 2 ounces
C oc meal powder 60 grai ns
,

Alcohol 22 5
.

O il of rose 30 Glyce n n e 3 ounces0 0 0 0 0 0


2 60 D EPI L ATO RI ES — D IA M O ND TEST S

skin for 5 mi nutes then wash o ff with a ,


D EVEL OPE RS F OR PH OTOGRAPHIC
s ponge a nd i n the c ours e of 5 m i nutes
,
P URP OS ES
l onger the hai r will c ome o fi on sl i ght S e e Photogra phy .

friction with the s ponge .

S trontium s ul p h ide i s a n e ffi c i ent de D EXTRIN PAS TE S AND MUCI


i l a to r y A convenient form of applyi ng LAG E S
p .

i t is as foll ows S e e Adhesi ves .

I I I — S tronti um sul phide


.
2 parts
D IAL CEM ENTS
Z i nc oxide 3 parts ’
.

S ee Ad hesi ves under Jewelers , Cc


Po wdered starc h 3 pa rts
me nts .

M i x well a nd kee p i n the dry state n u


til wa nted for use taki ng then a sufficient ,
D IA L CLEANERS
quantity formi n g into a aste with warm
,
s Cleani ng Prepa rations a nd M eth
water a nd a plyi ng to t e s urface to be o d s ee .

d eprived of air All ow to remai n from .

1 to 5 minutes according to the nature D IAL REPAIRING :


Watc h makers Formul as
,

of the hai r and skin ; it is not a d visa bl e Se e .

to continue the a pplicati on l onger tha n


the last na med period Re move i n al l .
DIAMALT
cases at once when a ny caustic action is S e e M il k .

felt After the removal of the paste


. ,

scrape t he skin gently b ut firmly with a D IA M OND TE S TS


bl unt-e d g: d blade ( a pa per knife for i n ,
S e e als o G ems a n d Jewelers ’
For
sta nce ) until t h e loosened hair is r e m ulas .

m oved T hen i m mediately was h the


To D i stin gui sh Ge n ui n e D i amon d s
.

d en uded surface well with warm water ,


.

a nd a pply col d cream or s ome si mila r If characters or marks of a ny ki nd are


e molli ent as a dressing .
d ra wn with a n al um inu m pencil on glass ,

porcelain or a ny s ubsta nce contai n ing


,

sil ex the marks ca nnot be e rased by


,

I V — Al cohol
. .
rubbing howe ver energetic the friction
, ,

Collodion a nd eve n acids will n ot cause them to dis


I odi ne a ppear entirel y unl ess the s urfa ce is e n
,
Essence of turpe n t i r el y free d from greasy matter which ,
ti ne parts can be accom plishe d by r ubbi n with
Castor oil 2 pa rts whiti ng and passi ng mo i ste n e cloth a

Apply with brush on the a ff ected


a over the surface at the ti me of writing .

rts for 3 or 4 days i n thic k c oats S o i n order to distin guis h the true dia
p ahe n the c oll odion plaster thus formed
. ,

m ond from the false i t is necessary only ,

is pull ed o ff the hairs ad here to its i nner


,
to wi pe the st one ca refully a nd trace a
surface .
li ne on it with a n al umi nu m pencil a nd ,

t h en rub it briskl y with a m oiste n ed cl oth


V -
.

Rosin sticks are inten ded for the


.
I f the line continues visi bl e the stone is ,
remova l of hairs a nd are mad e fro m col o surel y false I f o n the contra ry the stone
. ,
phony with a n ad mi xture of 1 0 per cent is a true dia m ond the lin e will disa ppear
,

,
of yellow wa x T h e sticks a re heated
.
without l ea ving a trace a n d without i n ,
li ke a stick of seali ng wa x until soft or to the stone
j u ryhe com m on test for recognizing the
.

semi -liq uid ( 1 4 2 and lightly a pplie d


°

on the place from whic h the ha i r is to be diam ond is the file which d oes not cut it , ,
re moved a nd the mass i s all owed to c ool
, .

though it readil y atta cks imitat i ons


T hese rosin sticks are sai d to give good
.

T here a re othe r stones not a ff ected by


satisfacti on .
the file b ut they ha ve characteristi cs of
,

D EPTHI NGS , VER IF I CATI ON OF c ol or a nd other e ff ects by which they are


S e e Watc h ma kers Form ulas read i l y disti nguished
'
.
.

T h i s test shoul d b e c onfirmed by


D ES ILVE RING others From the foll owing the re ader
.

S e e Plati n g .
ca n sel ect the m ost c onvenient :
A piece of gl ass on whic h the ed ge of a
dia m ond is drawn will be cut without ,

m uch press ure ; a sli ght bl ow is su ffi


D ETE RGE NTS cient to separate the lass A n i mita .

s Clea ning Pr e pa rations a nd M eth ti on may scratc h the g ass b ut this wil l ,
o d s ee
.
not be cut a s with t he dia m ond .
D I A M OND TEST S — DIG ES TI VE POWDERS 261

I f a s mall d rop of water is placed upon Di e Ve n ti n g —M a ny pressmen have


.

the face of a dia m ond and m oved a bout s pent hours a nd days in the endea vor to
by mea ns of the oi nt of a pin it wil l roduce s ha rp a nd full i m r e ssi o n s o n
p
,

preserve its gl obu a r form r o v i d e d the , gu r e d patterns If all the e e p recesses


.

stone is cl ea n a nd d ry If t e attem pt is . i n dee p -fi gu r e d dies a re vented to allo w


ma de on gla ss the drop will sprea d , . the air to esca pe when the bl ow is
A diamond i m merse d in a glass of struck it will do m uch to obtai n perfect
,

water will be distinctl y visi ble a n d will , i mpressions a nd req uires only half the
,

shine cl earl y through the liquid T h e . force that is necessary i n u nvented dies .

imitation stone will be c onfounded with T his is not known i n many shops a n d
the water a nd will be nearly i nvis i ble . conseq uently thi s little air c osts m uch i n
By l ooki ng through a dia mond with a power a nd worry .

glass at a black poi nt on a s heet of white


aper a si ngl e d i sti nct point will be seen D IG ES TIVE P OWD ERS AN D TAB
geve r a l oi nts or a foggy poi nt will a p
.
,

LETS
pear i f t p
.
,

e stone is s purious . I .
— S odi u mbicarb onate . 93 parts
Hyd ro fluo r i c a ci d disso l ves all i mita S odi um chl orate . 4 parts
tions but has n o e ff ect on true diam onds
,
. Cal ciu m carb onate . 3 parts

I hi s acid is ke pt in gutta -percha bot
'
5 parts
tl es. Am moniu m ca rb on
For a n eye practiced i n compa risons l pa r t
it is not d i fii c ul t to discern that the facets
II — S odium bicarbonate 1 20 parts
in the c ut of a true dia m ond are not as . .

reg ula r as a re th ose of the i mitation ; for S odi um chl orate 5 . parts
S a l h ysi o l o gi c ( see
in cutti ng a nd polis hing the real stone a n
eff ort is made to preserve the origi nal as h e ow ) 4 parts
much as possibl e preferring s ome slight M agnesiu m carbon
,

irre ul a r i ti e s i n the la nes a nd edges to ate 10 parts


t h e oss i n the weig t for we all k n ow , I II .
— Pepsin saccharated,

that diamonds are sold by weight I n a n .


(U S P )
. . .

imitat i on h owever whether of paste or


, , Pa ncreati n .

another less val ua bl e stone there is a l , D iastase .

wa ys a n a b unda nce of chea p material Acid l actic


,
.

wh i ch may be cut a way a nd there by S ugar of mil k .

for m a perfect-a ppea ring stone —Pancreati n


IV parts
.

3
T ake a piece of a fa bric striped red
.

S odi um bicarbonate parts


,
15
and white a n d draw the stone to be .

tested over the c ol ors


,

If it is a n i mi .
M il k s ugar . 2 parts
ta t i o n the c ol ors will be seen through it
, ,
S a l Ph ysi o l o gi cum — T h e form ula for .

while a dia mond will n ot all ow the m to this i ngredient , th e so -call ed nutriti ve
be s e en .
salt ( N a h r sa l z ) , is as foll ows :
A genuine dia m ond rubbed on wood ,
Cal ciu m ph os phate 40 parts
or metal after ha vi ng bee n previously .

exposed to the li ght of the electric arc Potassiu m sul hate . 2 parts
becomes ph osph oresce nt i n darkness
,
S odium ph o sp ate . 20 parts
,

which d oes not occ ur with i mitations .


S ul phuri c preci pita ,

Heat the stone to be tested after i vi n g ted .

,
S odi um chl orate
it a coating of bora x a nd l et it fa i nto .

cold water A dia m ond will u ndergo


,
M agnesi um phos
.

phate 5 parts
the test with out the slightest da mage ;
the glass wil l be broken in pieces .
Carlsba d salts arti ,

Finally try with the fingers to crus h


S ilicicacid
,

an i mitati on a nd a gen ui ne d ia mond be


tween two c oi ns a nd y ou will soon see Calci um fluoride .

the di ff ere n ce .
D igesti ve Ta blets .

D IAM OND CEM ENT : Powdered d o ii bl e re

S ee Adhesives under Jewelers ,



Cc fined s ugar 3 00 parts
ments S ub nitrate bism uth 60 parts
S accharated pe psm 4 5
.

parts
D I ARR HEA I N BI RD S Pa ncrea ti n o o o o o o o 45 parts
S e e Veteri nary Form ulas .
M uci lage 35 pa rts
G i nger 30 parts
D IA RR HEA R E M ED IE S :

S e e C holera Re med i es .
M i x a nd divide into s uitabl e sizes .
2 62 D IOGEN DEVEL OPER— D I S I NFEC T A NTS

D I OGE N D EVEL OPER : V .


— Cam ph or 1 ou nce
S e e Ph otogra phy . Carb olic aci d (75

D I P F OR B RA SS : Aqua
S e e Plating and Brass .
S oft salt water

D IPS To be dil uted whe n re quired for use .

S ee M etals .


VI . Hea vy ta r o i l 1 0 gall ons .

D IPS FOR CATTLE Ca usti c s oda dis


S e e D isi nfectants and Veteri nary For s ol ve d i n 5 all ons
mul as . water 6 0 0 30 pou nds
°

D IS H WAS HING : M i x the soda lyes with the oil a nd heat ,

See Househol d Form ulas the mixture entl y with constant stir
ring ; a dd W i en j ust on the boil 20
, ,

pounds of refuse fat or tall ow an d 2 0 .

pounds of s oft s oa p ; c onti nue the heat


Di si n f ect a n t s until th o r o u hl y sa po n i fi e d a nd ad d ,

water gra dua l y t o make u p 4 0 gall ons .

D isi n f e cti ng Fluid s .


L et it settle ; the n deca nt the cl ear li quid .

I .
— Creosote or W ee d -Ki ll ers
D isi n f e c ti n g Fl ui d s .

Rosin powdere d
, .
I — C ol d water 20 gall ons ; powdered
.
,
Caustic s oda lye 3 8 ,
°
rosi n 5 6 pounds ; cre os ote oil 4 0 gall ons ;
, ,
gall ons 9 sul phuric aci d gall on ; caustic soda lye , ,
B o ili n water gall ons 12 30° B 9 ga l l o n s
M e th y a ted spirit
. .
,
gall on . 1 Heat water an d dissol ve the rosin ;
Black treacl e pounds . 14 then add creosote a n d b oil to a brown
M elt the rosin and add the creosote ; mass an d shut o ff stea m ; next run i n
ru n in the lyes ; then ad d the matter an d sul phuric aci d a n d then the lyes .

meth lated spirit mi xed together and


Water
,

add t e treacle ; boil all till dissolved a nd II .


— 40 gall ons
mix well together .
Powdered b l a c k
rosi n
I I — Hot water
. .1 2 0 pounds S ul phuri c acid .

Ca ustic s oda lye 3 8 ,


°
Cre os ote
B 1 2 0 pounds M elted itch
Rosin . 3 0 0 pounds Pearlas boil ed i n
Creos ote 4 5 0 pounds 1 0 gall ons water 5 6 pounds . .

B oil together the water lye a nd rosi n


till dissol ve d ; turn off steam a nd sti r i n
, , ,
B oil water and dissol ve rosi n and acid ;
the creosote ; keep on steam to n early then a dd cre os ote an d boil well again ;
boili ng all the ti m e but s o as n ot to boil a dd pitch and run in pearl ash sol ution
( b oil i ng ) ; then sh ut o ff stea m
,

over until th oroughly i ncorporated


, .
.

I I I — Fresh made
.
~
soa p III ( White ) — Water
.
40 gall ons ; .
,

turpenti ne 2 gall ons ; a m m onia 1} gal


( hard yell ow ) ,

l on ; carbolic crystals 1 4 pou nds ; caustic


,

G as tar ,

Wa te r w ith 2 pounds
,
lyes 2 gall ons ; white su ga r 60 pounds
, , ,

2 1 pou nds
diss ol ved i n 40 pounds water .

D issolve s oa p ( cut in fine sha v ings ) Heat water to b oilin g a nd a dd first


.
,

i n the gas tar then ad d sl owly th e soda


' tur pent i ne next a m m onia a nd th e n car
, ,

bo l i c crystals S ti r well until th oroughly


a nd water wh i ch has been dissolved .
.

dissol ved and add lyes and sugar solu


,

I V — Rosin
. . 1 cwt . ti on .

Caustic soda l ye 1 8 ,
°

1 6 gall ons D IS INFECTING POWD E RS .

Black tar oil } gall on


1

N itro - n a ph t h a l e n e I .
— S ul phate of iro n 1 0 0 pa rts .

dissol ved in boil S ul hate of zinc 5 0 pa rts .

in g water (a bout 0 a ba rk powde r 4 0 parts , .

Ta r 5 parts
5 gall o n ) 2 pounds
Oll 5 parts
M elt the rosin add the caustic lye ;
.

,
.

then sti r i n the ta r oil a nd ad d the nitro I I — M i x t ogeth er chl ori de of li me a nd


.

na phthalene .
burnt u m ber a dd water a nd set on plates . , .
2 64 D IS I NFE CT A NT S

Another poi nt to be remem bered i n all a bout 2 20 F a nd a dd as m uch c a ustic


°
.
,

cases of d i smf e cti o n by formalde hyde is s oda e wder 98 per ce nt stre n gth a s the
, ,

that a mecha nical clea nsing m ust pre oil Wi l ta ke up T h e qua ntity de pen d s .

cede the a cti on o f the a ntiseptic If . upon the a m ou nt of acetic a cid i n the
there are thick deposits of orga nic mat oil. If too m uch soda is add e d it will
ter which ca n be easil y disl odged with a re main at the bottom Wh en th e rosi n .

sc r u bbi n brush they ca n only be dis oil has ta ke n u p the s oda a dd creos ote
i nfected %
, ,

y the use of la rge qua ntities a nd let it sta n d .

of formal dehyde used during a long period


of ti me .
Od orless D isi n fe cta n ts .

I Ferric c hl ori de
— 4 parts
Ge nera l D isinfectants
. .

Zi nc c hl or i de 5 pa rts
.

I . 1 0 ounces Alu mi nu m chl ori de 5 parts


S odiu m carbonate
.

10 ounces .

Calci u m chl oride 4 parts .

Am moni um chl oride 2 ounces M a nga nese c hl ori de 3 parts


Z i nc chl ori de 1 ounce Water 6 9 parts
S od i u m chl ori de 2 ounces .

Hydrochl oric acid quantity su ffi If desire d 1 0 grai ns thym ol a nd 2


,

fl ui d r a c h ms o i l of rosema ry
,

cient .
r e vi o u sl ,

Water to ma ke 1 gall on .
dissol ved i n a b out 1 2 fl ui d r a c ms of a
D iss ol ve the al um i n one half gall on
cohol may be a dded to e ach gallon
, .

of boiling water a nd a dd the sodium , II — Al um


. . 1 0 parts
carbonate ; the n a dd hydrochl oric acid S odi u m carb onate 1 0 parts .

u ntil the preci pitate formed is dissol ved .


Am m oni um chl orid e 2 parts
D i ssol ve the other salt i n water and add S odiu m chl ori de 2 parts .

t o the previous sol ution Finally add .


Zi nc chl ori d e 1 art
p .

e nough water to ma ke t h e whole measure Hydrochl oric aci d su ffi c i ent


Water
.
,

1 a ll on a nd filte r , .
1 00 parts
u use this is di l uted with 7 parts of
,

water .
D iss ol ve the al u m i n ab out 50 parts
boili ng water a nd a d d the s odi um car
II — For th e S i ck R oom — I a using
. .
bonate T h e resulting preci i ta te of
.

this ventilate fre que ntly : G uaiac 1 0 parts ; ,


al umi nu m hydrate dissol ve wit the aid
eucalyptol 8 parts ; phenol 6 parts ; me n
, ,
of j ust s ufficient hydrochl oric a ci d and
thol 4 parts ; thymol 2 parts ; o i l of
, ,
a dd the other i ngredients previously dis
,

cl oves 1 par t ; alcohol of 9 0 per cent


, ,
sol ved i n the remainder of the water
1 70 parts
.

Atom i zer Li qu i d for S ick Rooms III .


— M ercuric chl orid e
part . 1
C upric sul phate parts 10
I II — Eucalyptol
. .

Z i nc s ul phate parts 50
T hyme oil
S odi u m chloride parts 65
.

Le mon oil Water to make 1 0 00 parts


.

Lavender oil
S pirit 90 per ce nt 11 , . . Paris S a l ts — T h e disi nfecta nt known
.

T o a pi nt of water a teas poo nful for by this na me is a m ixture ma de from the


e va porat i on .
foll owing reci pe :
No n -Poiso nou s S h eep D ips — Paste
Zinc sul phate
A mmo n i a al u m
. .

I — Creosote ( containing
.
Potas h perma nga
1 5 pe r cent to 20 nate 1 part
per ce nt of e a r Li me 1 part
bo l i c aci d 2 parts
T h e i ngredie nts are fused to ether
S teari ne or o r k s hi r e ,

i xe d with a l i ttle calci um ch ori de


grease 1 part ,

Caustic s oda lyes a nd perfu med with thym ol .

s pecific gra vity ,


Platt ’ s Ch lor i d es .

l pa r t
I — Al umi nu m sul phate 6 ou nces
Black rosi n 5 per per , cent to 1 0 .
.

cent Zi nc chl oride 1 } ounces


S odiu m chl oride
.

2 ou nces
M elt the r e si n and a dd grease a nd s oda Calciu m chl oride 3 ounces
l yes a nd then a dd creosote col d
, .
Water en ough to ma ke 2 pi nts .

II — Creos ote 1 part


.

II — A m ore ela b orate form ul a for a


.

Crude hard rosi n oil 1 part


pr e pa r a ti o n sa i d to rese m ble the proprie .

Put r osin oil i n copper a nd heat to tary article i s as foll ows :


DI SI NFECTA NT S — D OS ES 2 65

Zi nc , i n stri ps .
make s pecial varieties or as in the ease , ,
L ea d ca rbo nate of I nd i a n meal for chea pness ,Rye .

C hl ori nated li me flour would gi ve a o e d flavor but it


dries sl owly a nd the b
.

M agnesi um ca rbon
,

isc uits woul d have


,

ate .
. ounce to go through a special process of d r yi n
Al u m i nu m h ydrate 1 } ou nces after ba king else they woul d m old a n
Pota ssmm hydrate
,

.
1. ounc e spoil D o g brea d m ust be ma de fro m
.

H d r o chl o r i c aci d . 1 6 ou nces good wheat flour o f a medi um s ort , ,


1 6 ounces mixed with 1 5 or 1 6 er ce nt of s weet dry
Whiti ng e nough c hopped meat well b
,
, .
a ked a nd dried like
,

D iss ol ve the zinc i n the a cid ; then a dd il ot brea d or crackers T his is the rul e
p
.

the other sal ts sin l y i n the order na med ,


or all the sta ndard d og brea d on the
letti n eac h diss o ve before the next is market T here are a dmi xtures which
.

adde Whe n all are dissol ve d ad d the a ff ect more or l ess its nutriti ve val ue ,

water to the sol uti on a nd after a cou pl e ,


s uch as salt vegeta bl es chopped bones
, , ,

of hours a d d a little whiting to n e utral i ze or bone meal phos phate of lime a nd , ,

an e xcess of a cid ; the n filter . other n utriti ve salts I n pre paring the .

i nc chl ori de ra nks very l ow a m ong d ough a nd i n baki ng ca re m ust be ta ken ,

disinfecta nts a nd the use of s uch sol u


,
to kee p it light a nd porous .

tions as these by gi vi ng a fal se se nse of


EAS ES AND THEIR RE ME
,

g
D OG l
security from disease erms may be the
mea ns of s prea di ng rat er tha n of check
,
D ég
i ng the s prea d of sickness .
S ee Vete rinary Form ulas .

D OG S OAP
Coati n g — Carb oli c aci d
Di si n f ecti n g
S e e S oa p
,

2 parts ; ma nga nese 3 parts ; cal ciu m


.

chlori de 2 parts ; chi na clay 1 0 parts ;


, , D ONAR I TE
infus orial earth 4 parts ; dextrin 2 , , See Expl osi ves .

parts ; a nd water 1 0 parts , .

D OORS , TO CLEAN
DIS TEMP E R IN CATTLE s Cleani ng Preparations an d M e th
S ee Veteri nary Form ulas .
o d s ee
.

D OS E S F OR AD UL TS AND CHIL DREN .

T h e usual method purs ued by medical


DI URETIC BALL
men in c alculating the doses of medici ne
S ee Veterinary Form ulas .
for chil dren is to average the dose i n
proportion to their a pproxi mate weight
D OG APPLICATIONS or to figure out a d ose 11 on the a ssump
S ee I nsectici des .
ti on that at 1 2 years 0 a ge half of a n
a dult d ose will b e a b out r i ght C a l c u .

DOG BIS C UIT .


lated o n this basis the d oses for those
Th e waste porti ons o f meat a nd tall ow , under 1 2 will be i n direct propor ti on to
i ncl udi ng the ski n a nd fiber have for , the a ge i n years pl us 1 2 divi ded i nto the ,

years been i m porte d from S outh Ameri a ge . By this rul e a chil d 1 year ol d
can tall ow facto r i es i n the form of blocks . s houl d ge t 1 l us 1 2 or 1 3 dividing l , , ,

M ost of the d og brea d c onsists pri nci pally or 1L; o f a n a ult dose If the child is .

of these rem na nts c ho pped a nd mi xed , 2 years ol d it sh oul d get 2 lus 1 2 or 1 4 , ,

with flour T hey contai n a good de al of


. di vi ding 2 or l of a n ad ult ose A chil d
, .

firm fibrous ti ssue a nd a large percent , of 3 years sh oul d get 3 pl us 1 2 or 1 5 , ,

a e of fat but are l acki ng i n n utritive


,
dividing 3 or i of an ad ul t d ose A chil d
, .

sa ts which m ust be a dded to ma ke good


,
of 4 shoul d get 4 pl us 1 2 or 1 6 divi ding , ,

dog bread j ust a s i n the case of the meat


,
4 or i of an ad ult d ose
,
.

flour ma de from the waste of meat ex As both chil dren a nd adults vary
tract factories T h e flesh o f d ea d ani
. materiall y in size when o f the sa me age
mals is not used by a ny reputa ble man u the calculation by a pproxi mate weights
facturer a for the reason that i t gi ves a
,
is the m ore acc urate way T a king the .

da rk col or to the d ough has a n u n pl e a s ,


weight of the a verage a d ult as 1 50 pounds ,

a nt od or an d if not properly ster i l i zed


,
then a h e y ma n or woman whatever
, , ,

w be inj urious to d ogs as stea dy a the age weighing on ] 7 5 pounds sh oul d


,

( ioul
et d
.
receive only one -hal of a n a d ult dos e ,

Wheat flour contai ni ng as little bra n


,
a nd a ma n o f 300 pounds prov i ded his ,

as ossi bl e is generally use d n o a ts rye weight is the result of a properly propor


I
, ,

or n di a n meal bein g onl y m i xe d i n to


,
ti o n ed bod y a n d n ot due to m er e a di pose

,
2 66 D OSE TA B LE— D YES

tiss ue sh oul d be doubl e th at of th e a ver


,
Dy es
age a dult I f the weight is d ue to m ere
.

fat or to s om e diseased condition of the In accordance with th e req uirements


body such a calculati on woul d be enti re
,
of dyers ma ny o f th e foll owing reci pe
,
l y wrong T h e object of the cal cul ati on
.

.
describe dyes for la rge qua ntities of
is to get as nearl y as possi bl e to the goods b ut to m ake them equally adapted
,
a mount of dil uti on the d ose un dergoes i n for the use of private fa milies th ey a r e
the bl ood or in the i ntestinal contents of usually given i n even quantities s o that ,
the patient Each volume of bl ood sh oul d
.
it is a n easy matter to ascerta in the quan
recei ve exactly the sam e dose i n order to tity of materials re uired for d ye i n when
i ve the sa me res ul ts other cond i ti ons once the wei ght of the o o d s is nown
gei n g equal
,
,
.
the quanti ty of materia 8 used being t e
d uce d i n proporti on to the smaller qua n
D OS E TA BLE FOR VETERINARY
tit of o o d s
P URPOS ES
.

m p o y soft water for all dyei ng pur


S ee Veterinary Formulas .

oses if i t can be pr ocured usi ng 4 gal


, ,

D RAWINGS , PR ES ERVATI ON OF .
ons water to 1 pou nd of goods ; for lar er
u a n t i ti e s a little less water will d o et
Working designs and sketches are eas
.

a the i mpl ements used i n dyeing be k e t


ily s oiled and rendered uns uita bl e for perfectly cl ea n Pre pare the goods y .

further use T his can be easily avoi ded


.
scouri ng well with s oa p a n d water wash ,

by c oating the m with coll odi on to which , ing out the s oa p w el l a nd d i ppi n g i n warm ,

2 4 per cent of stearine from a good stea rine water before i m mersi on i n th e dye or
,
candl e has been added Lay the drawing .
m ordant G oods sh oul d be well aired
.
,

on a glass pl a t e or a board and pour on



, ri nsed a nd properly hun g u p after d ye
,

the coll odion as the photogra pher treats


, in g S il ks a nd fine goods sh oul d be ten
.

his plates After 1 0 or 20 m i n utes the


.
d e r l y ha ndl ed otherwise i nj ury to th e ,

d esign will be dry and perfectl y white , fabr i c will res ult .

possessing a d ull l uster and being s o well


An ili n e Bla ck — Water 2 0 to 3 0 parts ;
,

protec ted that it may be washed o ff with ,

water with out fear of spoiling it .


chl orate of potassa 1 art ; sal am mo ,

n i a c 1 part ; chl ori d e 0


, co per 1 part ; ,

D RAWING S , TO CLEA N : anili ne and hydrochl ori c aci ea ch 1 part ,

s Cleani ng Preparati ons and M eth previ ously mi xed t ogether I t is essen .

o d s ee
.
tial that the pre paration s h oul d be acid ,

and the m ore acid it is the m ore ra pid


D RIERS will be the prod ucti on of the bl acks ; if
too m uch s o it may i n u re the f a bric
'

S e e S iccatives . , .

T h e fa bri c or yarn is ried i n a g zing


D RILLING , L UB RICANT F OR rooms at a l ow tem perature for 2 4 hours ,
S e e L ubricants .
and washe d afterwa rds .

D RINKS F OR S UMM ER AND WINTER Bla ck o n Cotton — For 4 0 pounds .

S ee Beverages oods use su mac 3 0 pounds ; bo i l i of an


gour ; let the goods stee p overni ght and
. , ,

,
D ROPS TABLE OF i m merse th em in li mewater 4 0 mi nutes
S e e Ta bles
, ,
.
rem ove a nd all ow the m to dri p Q of an
,

hour ; a dd cop peras 4 pounds to the sumac , ,

l i q uor a nd d i 1 h ou r m ore ; next wor k


them th rough p
.

i me wa te r for 20 mi nutes ;
D RYI NG OILS th e n ma ke a new dye of l ogwood 20 ,

S ee O il .
pounds b oil 2 } h ours a nd enter the
, ,

goods 3 h ours ; the n ad d bichromate of


potash 1 pou nd to the new dye a nd di p
,

Work i n cl ea n col d water


, ,
1 h ou r m ore .

a nd dry out of the sun


D UBB ING F OR
.

LEATHER
S ee L ubricants .
Black S traw Hat Va rn is h — Best a l .

coh ol 4 ounces ; p ul veri zed bla ck seal


,

D UST-LAYING i n
g wax l O e nnec Pl a c e i n a phi al an d
, .
,

S ee O il . put th e op h i al i nto a warm pl ace stirring ,

or shak i ng occasi onally until th e wax is


D US T PREVENTERS AND D US T d i ss ol ved Apply it when warm before
.

CL OTHS : the fi re o r i n th e su n T his m akes a .

S ee Ho useh ol d Form ulas .


beauti f ul gl oss .
2 68 D YES

and pass throug h a ba th c ontai ni ng first then l et it b oil str on e f or 1 h our


,
.

s ul phuri c aci d . T his i s a ver y good i mi ta ti o n o f i ndigo


bl uee
An ili n e Bl ue — T o 1 00 pounds of fab ri c
.

S a xo n Blue — For 1 00 pou nds thibet


. ,

dissol ve 1 } pounds an i li ne blue i n 3 .

q uarts hot al cohol strain thro a fi lter , ,


or com b yarn use al um 20 poun ds ; , ,

and add it to a bath of 1 30


°
als o 1 0 cream of tartar 3 pou nds ; mordant 2 , ,

pounds G la uber s salts an d 5 pounds ’


,
pounds ; extract o f i ndigo 3 pou nds ; or ,

acetic aci d Immerse the goods and carmi ne 1 pou n d m akes a better col or
, , .

When all is dissol ve d cool the kettl e to


.

handle them well for 2 0 minutes N ext . ,

heat sl owly to 2 0 0° F ; then ad d 5 .


180 F ; enter an d ha ndl e q uickly at
°
.

ounds sul phuric aci d dil uted with water first then l et the fabric b oil Q h our or ,

Let the whol e boil 20 mi nutes l onger ;


. ,

u ntil eve n L ong b oiling di ms the col or


. .

then rinse and dry I f th e anili ne be .


Zeph r worsted arn ought to be pre
a dde d i n 2 or 8 proporti ons d uring th e pare first by oili ng it i n a sol uti o n
,

process of col ori n i t will facilitate t h e of al um an d s ul ph u r i c aci d ; th e i n digo


evenn ess of the co or .
is a dded afterwards .

Bl ue o n Cott o n —
For 4 0 pounds of .
Lo gw oo d a n d In di o Bl ue — For 1 0 0 .

oods use c opperas 2 po unds ; boil and pounds of cl oth C o or the cl oth first by
gi p 20 minutes ; di p i n soapsuds and
.
, ,

,
one or two di ps i n th e vat of i ndigo bl ue ,

return to the d e 3 or 4 ti mes ; then an d ri nse it well an d then boil it in a ,

make a new bat w ith prussiate of pot sol ution of 20 oun ds o f al u m 2 poun ds ,

ash ,
pound ; oil of vitriol 1 } pi nts ; ,
of h alf-r e fi n e tartar a nd 5 pounds of ,

boil h our r i nse out a nd d r y


, .
m ordant for 2 hours ; fi n a ll ta ke it out and
,

c ool I n fresh water b oi 1 0 pounds of


S k y Bl ue o n Cotto n — For 6 0 pounds
.

.
good l ogwood for half a n h our in a bag
of goods bl ue vitri ol 5 ounds
, B oil a ,
.
or otherwise ; c ool o fi to 71 0 °
F before .

s hort ti me then enter t e goods dip 3


, ,
entering Handl e well over a reel l et it
. . ,
hours an d transfer to a bath of stron g
, b oil for hal f an h our ; then take it out ,
limewater A fine brown col or will be
.
o l a n d ri nse T his is a v e ry firm
'

fip
.

i mparted to the goods if they are then ue .

put through a s ol ution of prussiate of


potash . Blue P ur ple for S i l k — For 4 0 pounds .

—O n e
of goods take bichromate of potash 8
, ,
Blue D ye for Hosier y hundred .
ounces ; al um 1 pou nd ; diss ol ve all and ,
pounds of wool are colored with 4 pounds brin th e water to a b oil and put in th e ,
G uate m al a or 3 pounds Bengal i ndigo ,
goo s ; boil 1 h our T hen em pty the .

i n the soda or wood vat T hen boi l i n .


dye an d make a new dye with l ogwood
, ,
a kettl e a few minutes 5 pounds of cud ,
8 pounds or extract of l ogwood 1 pound
, ,
b e ar or 8 pounds of arch i l paste ; add 1 4 ounces and boil i n this 1 h our l on er
,
.

pound of sod a or better 1 pail of uri ne ;


, , ,
G rade the c ol or by usi n g m ore or ess
then cool the dye to about 1 7 0 F an d °
.
l ogwood as dark or light col or is wanted
,
.

enter the wool Handl e well for ab out.

2 0 minutes then take it out cool rinse


, , , , Bl ue Purpl e for WOOL — O n e hundred
and dry I t m akes no difference ounds of wool are first dipped i n the
p
.

whether the cudbear is put i n before or l ue vat to a li ght shade then boiled i n ,

after the i n digo T hree ounces of ani . a. sol uti on of 1 5 pound s of al u m and 3
l i ne u r pl e dissol ved i n al cohol 4 pint , , ounds o f h al f - r e fi n ed tartar for 1 1; ,

can e used i nstead of the cudbear . ours th e w ool taken out c ool ed and
Wood s pirit is cheaper than alcoh ol a nd
, , ,

, l et stand 2 4 h ours T he n b oil i n fresh .

is much use d by dyers for the pur ose of water 8 pounds of powdered cochi neal
disso l ving aniline col ors I t r o n o es a . for a few minutes cool the kettl e to 1 7 0 ,
°

very pretty shade but sh oul never be


_
, F Handl e the prepared wool in this
.

used on m i xed goods whic h ha ve to be for 1 hour when it is ready to cool rinse
, ,

bleached . and dry By col orin g first with cochi


.

—This d e neal as a f oresaid and fi n i shi n in the


D ar k -Bl ue D ye is suit bl e , ,
.
y a
bl ue vat the fast ur pl e or da lia s o
for thibets an d l asti ngs B oil 100 pounds .
,

much a dmired i n erma n b roa d cl oths


,

of the fabric for 1 } hours in a s ol ution of W i ll be T i n acids m ust n ot


,

al um 2 5 pounds ; tartar 4 pounds ; mor prod uced .

, ,
be used i n thi s color
d ant 6 pou nds ; extract of indigo 6
.

, ,

pounds ; cool as usual Boil in fresh . To M a k e


E xtra ct of In di 0 Blu e .

water from 8 to 1 0 pounds of l ogwood , T ake of vit r i ol 2 poun ds a n s ti r i nto it , ,

i n a bag or otherwise th e n cool th e dye , finely pulveri zed i ndigo 8 ounces s tir , ,

to 1 70 F Reel the f abric quickl y a t


°
. ri n g bri skl y f or the first h al f h our ; then
D YES 2 69

c over u p a n d s ti r 4 or 5 ti m es d aily
, with 2 gall ons water containin g 1 oun ce ,

f or a few days Add a littl e pul verized . s ul phuric aci d .

chal k sti r r i n it u p an d kee p adding it


,

as l ong as it c a ms ; it will neutralize the


,
An ili n e Gr e e n for Wool — Pre are tw o .

aci d K eep it cl osel y c orked


.
baths one containing th e disso ved dye
,

an d a q uantity of carb onate of soda or


.

Li gh t S il ver D rab — For 5 0 poun ds of . borax I n th i s the wool is placed an d


.
,

goods use l ogwood 1; pound ; alu m about


, , , the tem perature raised to 2 1 2 F A °
.

the same quantity ; b oil well enter the rayish green is r o d u ce d which m ust
ge brightened an fi xed i n a secon d bath
, ,

o o d s an d di p them for 1 h our


, G rade .

t e col or to any d esi red sh ade by using of water 1 0 0 F to which s ome acetic °
.
,

equal parts of l ogwood a nd al um . acid has been added C otton req uires .

preparation by sumac .

GRAY D YES
Gree n for Cotto n — For 4 0 ounds of
S late D ye for S i l k —
For a sm all quan .

tity take pa n of warm water an d goods use fustic 1 0 pounds ; b u e vitriol


, , ,
a
,
1 0 ounces ; soft soap 2 } quarts ; and lo a
about a teacu pful of l ogwood li quor ,
wood chips 1 pound 4 ounces Soa
,

pretty stron g and a piece of e a r l a sh th e


.
,

si ze of a nut ; take gray -colored goods


,
the l ogwood overnight in a brass vessel ,

and put it on the fire i n th e m ornin g


and han dle a littl e i n this li quid a n d it is ,
ad di n the other ingredients When
,

finished I f too m uc h l ogwood is used quite ho t it is read for d cing ; enter the
.

.
,

the col or will be too dark .


goods at once an hand e well D i fl e r .
'

S lat e fo r S tr aw Hats — First soak i n . , ent shades may be obtained by lettin g


rather strong warm su ds for 1 5 min utes art of the goods remai n l onger i n th e
to rem ove si zing or sti ff eni ng ; then rinse gye .

i n warm wat e r to get out the soap .

Gree n for S il k — Boil green eb ony i n


S cal d cudbear 1 ounce in su fficient
.

, ,
water an d let it settle T ake the clear
water to cover the hat ; work it in this
.
,

li quor as hot as the ha nds can bear and


dye at 1 8 0 F u ntil a li ht purpl e is
°
.
,
handle the o o d s i n it until of bright a
,

obta ined Have a vessel o col d water


.
,
yell ow T a cc water and put i n a littl e
bl ued with the extract of indigo 5 ounce
.

, ,
sul phate of i ndi o ; handle goods i n this
and work or stir the b onnet in this until till of the shade e si r e d T h e ebony may
the tint l eases D r y then rinse out
.

.
,

p reviously be boil ed in a bag to prevent


with col water an d dry again in the ,
i t from sticki ng to the sil k
shade If the pur ) l e is too deep in shade
.

the final sl ate will be too dark Gr e e n for Wool a n d S i l k — T ake equal
.

. .

quantiti e s of yell ow oak and hickory


S il ver Gr a y for S traw — For 2 5 h ats . ,
bark make a strong yell ow bath by
s el e ct the whitest hats an d s often the m ,

boiling an d shade to the desired ti nt by


,
i n a bath of crystalli ze d s oda to which adding a s mall qua ntity of extract of
some cl ean lim ewater has been added .

i ndigo .

Boil for 2 h ours i n a l arge vessel usi ng


for a bath a decocti on of the foll ow Gree n Fustic D ye — For 50 pounds of .


~

ing : Al um 4 pounds ; tartaric acid 3


, ,
goods use 50 pou nds of fusti c with al um
, ,

pound ; s om e a mm oniacal cochineal ,


1 1 pounds S oak i n water until the
.

and carmi ne of indigo A littl e sul phuric .


strength is extracted put i n the goods ,

aci d may be necessary in order to n eu until of a good yell ow col or rem ove th e ,

tr a l i ze the al kali of the cochineal dye If .


chi ps and add extract of i ndigo i n small
,

the l ast-mentioned in gredients are used ,


q uantities at a tim e until the col or i s ,

l et the hats r emain for an h our l onger in satisfactory .

the b oili ng bath then rinse in slightly


acid ul ate d water
,

.
P URP L E VI OLET D YE S : AN D
An ili ne Violet a n d Pur ple —Acidulate
D ark S teel - M i x bl ack an d white
.

.
the bath by sul p h uri c acid or use sul ,
wool t ogeth er in the proportion of 5 0 phat e of s oda ; both these substances
poun ds of black wool to 7 15 poun ds of . render the shade bl uish D ye at 2 1 2 F .
°
.

white . For l arge or s mall quanti ti es .


,
T o give a fair mi ddle shade to 1 0 pounds
keep the sam e pro o r ti o n m i xing care ,
of w o ol a quantity of sol uti on equal to
'

,
fully an d th orough y .
1; to ounces of the solid ( 1 e will be r e
GREEN D YE S :
q uired T h e col or of the yed fabric is
.

i m roved by washing i n s oa p and water


S i lk — I odi ne
,
An i l i n e Gree nfor green an then passin through a bath s oured
or night green diss ol ves eas i ly i n warm by sul ph uric aci d
water For a liq uid dye 1 pound ma y be
.

d iss ol ved in 1 gall on alc o h ol and m i xed ,


Purpl e .
— For 40 pounds of goods use ,
2 70 D YE S

al um 3 ounds ; muriate o f ti n 4 tea


, , m asse s o f cl ean water an d dry i n th e ,

c ups ; pu ve r i z ed cochineal 1 pound ; , s ha de Use ab out 4 gall ons water for


.

crea m of tartar 2 pounds B oil th e , . dye bath for 1 pound of goods ; l ess water
al um tin and crea m of ta rtar for 20
, , , for la rge r qua ntities .

mi nutes a dd the cochi neal and b oil 5


,

mi n utes ; i mmerse the goods 2 hours ; r e Viol e t f or S ilk or W ool — A good vi ol et .

m ove and enter the m in a new dye com d ye may be given by passi ng the goods
pose d of brazil wood 3 pounds ; l og first through a sol uti on of verdigris then ,

wood 7 pounds ; al um 4 pounds and


,
throu h a d ecocti on of l ogwood and ,
, ,
,

muriate of tin 8 cu pful s a dding a littl e la stly ugh al um water A fast violet .

extract o f indigo
,

.
may b e iven by dyeing the goods crim
son wit coch i neal with out al um or ,

Purpl e for Cotto n —G et u p a t ub o f .


.
tartar an d after rinsi ng assing them
,

hot l ogwood li quor enter 3 pieces gi ve , , through the indi o vat i n e n s or cot .

them 5 ends and hed e out Enter


, .
tons are first gal ed with 1 8 per cent of
the m in a cl ean al um tu give the m 5 gallnuts next passed th rough a mordan t
,

ends and hed e out


, G et up anoth er .
of al um iron li quor an d sul phate of
, ,
tub of l o gw o o li quor enter give the , , copper working them well then worked
, ,

5 ends and h ed e out ; rene w the al u i n a madder bath ma de with a n equal


g
,

tub gi ve 5 ends i n that and finish


, , . wei ht of root and l astly brighten e d ,

wit s oap or soda


Si l k —
.

Purple for For 1 0 poun ds


goods enter the o o d s in a bl ue d e bath
, , Viol e t for Str a w Bo n n ets — T ake al u m .
,

and secure a li g t-bl ue col or r y a nd , , 4 pounds ; ta r taric aci d 1 po und ; chl or ,

di p i n a warm sol ution containing al um , i de of tin 1 poun d D iss ol ve and b oil


, .
,

2 5 poun ds S h oul d a deeper col or be


. all owing th e hats to remain i n the boil i n g
required add a little extract of indigo
, . sol uti on 2 h ours ; then a dd enough d eco c
ti on of l ogwood carmine an d i ndigo to
Ma gen ta f or W oole n ,
, ,
S o lf eri n o a n d in d uce the desired sh ad e and ri nse finally
S il k , or Cotto n —
,
For 1 pound of woolen .
i n w a te r i n which some al u m has been dis
goods magenta sha de 9 6 grai ns a othe
, , , s ol ve ti

caries weight of aniline red will e r e
Wi n e Col o n — F or 50 poun ds of goods
, ,

qui r ed D issolve i n a little warm alco


.
,

h ol usin say 6 fi ui d o u n ces or about 6 use ca m wood 1 0 poun ds a nd b oil 2 0


ills alco g
, , , , , ,

0 1 per ounce of a n iline M any minutes ; di p th e goods h our b oil again


gers us e wood S pirits because of its
.
, ,

and di p 4 0 mi n utes ; the n darken with


c e a pn ess For a solferi no shade use
.
, bl ue vitri ol 1 5 o unces and 5 poun ds of
, ,

6 4 grains aniline red and dissol ve i n 4 ,


copperas .

ounces alcohol to each 1 ) o un d of goods


Col d water 1 quart will dissol ve these Li la c f or Si l k - For 5 poun ds o f silk
, .

,
, ,

s mall quantities of anili ne red b ut the use archil 7 } pounds a nd mi x well


, ,

clea nest a nd q uickest way will be f oun d


,
with the liquor M ake it b oil h our .
,

by usin t h e alcohol or wood s piri ts an d dip the sil k quickly ; the n l et it cool ,

a nd wash i n river water A fi ne h alf


.
,

Cl ea n t e cl oth and goods by stee ping .

at a gentl e heat i n weak s oapsuds ri nse vi olet or lilac m ore or l ess full wil l be
, , ,

i n several masses of clean water an d lay


,
obtained .

asid e m oist T h e al coholic sol ution of


.
RED , CRIMSON, AND PINK D YE S :
a nili ne is to be ad ded fr om ti me to ti me
to the warm or h ot dye bath till the col or ,
An ili ne Re d — I ncl ose the a n i li ne i n.

on the goods is of the desir e d shade .


a s mall m usli n b ag Have a kettl e ( ti n .

T h e o o d s are to be rem oved from the or brass ) fill ed with m oderatel y h o t


dye ath before each addition of the water a n d rub th e su bsta nce out T hen .

i mmerse the o o d s t o be col ored, a nd i n


alcoholic s ol ution a nd the bath is to be , .

well sti rred bef ore the goods a r e r e a s hort ti m e t ey are d one I t i m proves .

tu rne d T h e al coholic sol ution sh oul d


.
the col or to wri ng the goods out of strong
be fir st dropped into a little water and soaps uds b efore putti ng the m i n th e dye .

I l l s i s a perma nent col or on wool or


,

well mixed and the mixture should then


,

be strai ned i nto the d ye bath If the .


si l i
c ol or is not dark e nough after working Red Ma dde n — T o 1 0 0 poun ds of f ab r i c ,
from 2 0 to 30 mi nutes repeat the r e , use 2 0 poun ds of al u m 5 pou nds o f tar ,
moval o f the o o d s from the bath and tar a n d 5 pou nds of m uri ate of ti n
When these a re dissol ved e n ter th e
, , .

the additi on 0 the sol ution and the r e ,


,
i mmersi o n of the good s f r o m 1 5 to 3 0 goods an d let them b oil for 2 h o urs then ,
mi nutes more or un til s uited the n r e, , ta ke out let cool an d l ay overnight
move f ro m the bath and rinse in s e veral
, , .

I n to f resh wa ter stir 75 po u n ds o f good ,


2 72 D YES

q uarts ; and d i p a ain 40 mi nutes If . VI — Pi n k or Ro se -With s a ffl ower


. .

preferred c o c h i n e a 1 pound 4 ounces


, ,
or l emon j uice .

may be used instead of t h e ma d d e r as a , VII — Plum —With the red dye fol
. . ,

better col or is induced by i t .


l owed by a n al kali ne bath .

II — For 4 0 pounds of goods use


.
, VI I I — Re d — A m or dant of al um
. . ,
sugar of lead 2 pounds and boil 1 5 , , foll owed by a bath of brazil wood
When little cool e nter the
.

mi nutes . a ,
I X — Yel lo w — A m ordant of alu m . ,
goods and di p for 2 hours wring them
.

, ,
foll owed by a bath of t ur meric or weld .

out make a fresh dye with bichromate


X — Gree n — T ake of verdi gris and
,

of potash 4 pounds ; madd er 1 pound, , ,


. .

a nd i mmerse until th e desi red c ol or is verditer of each 1 ounce ; gum water


, ,

sec ured T h e shade may be varied by


.
1 pint ; mi x the m well an d di p the f e a t h
di ppi ng i n li mewater .
ers they having been first soaked i n h ot
,

water into the sai d mixture


,
.

Bro n ze — S ul phate or muriate of man


.

XI — P urple —Use l ake and in digo


ganese diss ol ved in water with a little
. . .

tartaric acid i mparts a bea utiful bronze XI I — C a r n a t i o n.Vermilion and


ti n t T h e stuff after bei ng ) ut through s malt
the soluti on m ust be turne d through a
.
.

D YE S F OR AR TIFICIAL FLOWERS
weak lye of potash and afterwards
.

through a nother of chl oride of lime to ,


T h e French e m l oy vel vet fine cam ,

bri h ten and fix it .


bric a nd kid for t e petals and ta ff eta
, ,

russiate of copper gives a bronze or for the leaves Very recently thin pl ates .

yellowish-brown col or to silk T h e piece .


of bleached whalebone have bee n used
well mordanted with bl ue vitri ol may be for s ome porti ons of the arti ficial flowers .

passed through sol ution of prussiate of a


Colors a n d S tain s — I — Bl ue — I ndi go . . .

potash .
dissol ved i n oil o f vitri ol and the aci d ,

M ul berry for S il k For 5 pounds of .


— partly neutralized with salt of tartar or
si l k use al um 1 pound 4 ou nces ; di p 5 0
, ,
whiti ng .

min utes was h out and make a dye with


, , I I —G ree n — A s ol ution of di still e d
. .

brazi l wood 5 ounces and l o wood 1 } , , , verdigris .

ounces bv bo ili n together i p i n this


I I I — Lilac —L i quid archil
.
,

t hour ; then ad more brazil wood and


. . .

l o gw ood equal parts until the color


, , I V — Re d — Carmi ne dissol ved in a
. .

s n i ts . sol ution of salt of tartar or i n s pirts of ,

hartshorn
FEATHER D YE S
.

I — C ut some white c urd soa in small V — Vi olet — Liquid archil mi xed with
. .

a little salt of tartar


.

pi e ces pour bo ili n water on t e m and


, ,
.

add a little pearlas When the soap is VI — Yel l o w —T incture of turmeric


. . .

quite dissol ved and the mixture cool , T h e colors are generally a pplied with
enough for the hand to bear pl unge the , the fingers .

feathers into it a nd dra w them through ,

the ha nd till the dirt a p ears s queezed D YE S F OR F URS


out of them ; pass them t rough a clean I . Use tincture of l ogwood
— Bro w n .

.

l ather w ith some bl ue i n it ; then ri nse I I — Re d — Use ground brazil wood


them i n cold water with blue to gi ve them . .
,

a good color Beat the m against the } pound ; wate r 1 5 quarts ; cochineal
1 , ,

5 ou nce ; boil the brazil wood i n the


.

hand to shake o ff the water and dry by


shaking them near a fire When perfect
,
water 1 h our ; strain an d add the cochi
neal ; b oil 1 5 mi n utes
.

l y dry coil each fi ber separately with a


.

bl u n t knife or ivory fol der . I II — S carlet — Boil


. ounce s a ffro n .

II — Black — I m merse for 2 or 3 days


. .
{s pi n t of water and pass over the ,

i n a bath at first h ot of l ogwood 8 , , ,


work be f o r e a pplying the red .

parts a nd copperas or acetate of iron


, , I V — Bl u e — Use logwood 7 ounces ;
. .
,
1 part
_

.
bl ue Vi tri ol 1 ounce ; water 2 2 ounces ; , ,

I I I —Bl ue — S ame as I I b ut with the


. .
,
boil .

i ndigo vat .
V P urple — Use l ogwood 1 1 ounces ;
.
-
.
,

I V —Bro w n — B y usin any of the


. . al um 6 ounces ; water 2 9 ounces
, , .

brow n dyes for sil k or woo en .


VI — Gre en — Use strong vi negar I t
V — Cri mson — A m ordant of al um
. .
. ,
. .
, p i nts ; best verd i gris 2 ounces groun d , ,

foll o wed by a hot bath of brazil wood , fi ne ; sa p gree n ou nce ; mix all to ,

after wards by a weak dye of c ud bear . get h er a n d bo i l .


D YES 273

DYES FOR HATS .


until the col or suits each step in th e ,

i
.
Th e hats sh oul d be at first strongly process lasti ng from 1 0 to 1 5 mi nutes .

gall ed by boili n a l ong ti me i n a d e co c Anil ine col ors may be advantageously


ti on of galls witga little l ogwood so that used instead of the above For a stiffen .

th e dye may e n e t r a t e into their sub i ng diss ol ve borax 1 0 parts ; carbonate


, ,

stance ; after w ich a proper quantity of of potash 3 parts i n hot water ; then add
, ,

vitriol an d decoction of l ogwood with a ,


shellac 5 0 parts and boil u ntil all i s d i s
,
'

littl e verdi gris are added and the hats, ,


s ol ved ; apply W i th s ponge or a brush a.
,

kept in th i s mixture for a consi derable or by i m mersing the hat when it is cold ,

time T hey are afterwards o ut i nto a


. a nd d i p at once in ver d il ute sul phuric
fresh liqu or of l ogwood ga l l s vitriol , , ,
or acet i c aci d to neutra ize the al kali and
and verdigris a nd when the hats are , ,
fix the shellac Felt hats can be bleached .

costly or of a hai r which with d i fli c ul ty


,
by the use of sul phuric aci d gas .

takes the dye the sa me process is r e


LI QUI D D YE COL ORS
,

pe a te d a third ti me For obtai ning the .


.

most e r fe ct col or the hair or wool is T hese col ors thickened with a littl e
dyed g
, ,

l ue before it is formed into hats .


gum may be used as i nks i n writi ng or
, ,

Th e ordinary bath for dyeing hats em ,


as col ors to ti nt ma ps foils arti fi cial , ,

pl oyed by L ondon manufacturers con ,


flowers etc or to pai nt on velvet :
,

sists for 1 2 dozen of 1 4 4 pounds of


, , I — Bl ue — D il ute S axon bl ue or sul
. .

l ogwood ; 1 2 pounds of green s ul phate of hate of i ndi go with water If req u ired
p
.

iron or copperas ; 7 1; pou nds verdigris .


or delicate work neutrali ze wit h chal k ,
T h e l ogwood h aving bee n intro d uced
.

into the c opper a nd di e ste d for som e I I — Purp1e


. Ad d a little al um to a .
-

time the copperas a n verdigris are


,
strai ned decocti on of l ogwood .

ad d ed in successive quantities and i n , III — G ree n — D issol ve sa p green i n


. .

the ab ove proporti on s al on g with every , water an d add a littl e al um .

successi ve 2 or 3 dozen of hats sus I V — Yel l o w —D issol ve annatto in a


.

ended u pon the dri pping machine


.

.
weak lye of s ubcarbonate of s oda or
ach set of hats after bei ng exposed to ,
potash .

the bath with occasi onal airi ngs d urin


4 0 minutes is taken off the pegs and l ai V — Gol d e n Color — S teep French
. .
,

out upon the grou nd to be m ore com


,
berries i n h ot water strai n and add a , ,

littl e gu m an d al um
pl e t el y bl ackened by the pe r o xy d i z e
.

ment of the iron with the atmos pheric VI — Red — D issol ve carmine i n a m
. .

oxygen I n 3 or 4 h ours the dye i n is m onia or i n wea k carbonate of potash


When fully d yed the g
. ,

com pleted . ats ,


water or i nfuse powdered cochineal i n
,

are well washed i n running water .


water strain an d add a littl e gu m i n
, ,

S traw hats or bonnets may be dyed water .

black by boiling them 3 or 4 hours i n a


strong l i quor of l ogwood adding a little ,
UNCLAS S IFIE D D YERS ’ R ECIPE S :

copperas occasi onally Let the bonnets . To Cleanse WOO L — M ake a hot bath
remain i n the li quor all night ; then take com posed of water 4 parts ; an d urine 1 , ,

out to dry in the air I f the black is not .


part ; enter the wool teasi ng and open i ng ,

satisfactory dye again afte r drying


, . i t out to admit the full acti on of the

Rub i nsi de and out with a spo nge liquid After 2 0 mi nutes i mmersi on
.

,

moistened in fine oil ; then block . remove from the li qui d and al lo w it to
I — Re d D ye — B oil ground brazil
. .
drain ; then rinse i n clean runni n g water ,

wood in a lye of potash and boil your and s pread out to dry T h e l i qui d is .

str a w hats i n it good for s ubsequent operati ons only .


,

keep up the proporti ons and use n o


.

I I — B1ue D ye — T ake a su fficient


. . soap .

quantity of potash lye l o u n d of litm us


To E xtract Oil S pots f rom F i n is h e d
,

or l acm us ground ; ma e a decocti on


G oo d s — S aturate the s pot with benzin e ;
,

and the n put l l the stra w and b oil it .

,
then place two pieces of ve r y so ft bl otti n
.

TO D YE, STIFFEN, AND BLEACH paper under an d two upon i t press welg ,

FELT HATS .
with a hot iron a nd the grease will be ,

Felt hats are dyed by repeated i m absorbed .

mersi on dra win g and di ppi ng i n a hot


, New M or d ant for A n i l i n e Colors — I m .

w a tery sol uti on of l ogwo od 3 8 parts ; ,



merse the goods for s ome h ours in a bath
gre en vitri ol 3 parts ; verd i n s 2 parts ;
, ,
.
of col d water i n which chl ori de or acetate
repeat the i m mersi ons and rawi ng W i th of zinc has bee n dissol ved until the sol u
exposure to th e air 1 3 or 14 ti mes or , tion sh ows 2 Bé For the wool the °
.
974 D Y ES

mo r d a n ti n bath sh oul d be at a bo i l i n bl ues an d blacks w i th variou s m or d ant s


heat and t e c ods sh oul d als o be place d
.

L ogwood comes into c om merce m the


,

in a warm bat of tannin 9 0 °


F for half , .
,
form of l ogs c hi ps an d extracts T h e
"

, ,
.

an hour I n d cing a h ot sol ution of


. ,
chi ps are m oistene d wi th water and ex
the col or must e used to which shoul d posed i n heaps so as to i n d uce fermenta
be added in the case of the cotton s om e , ti on alkalies a nd oxidizing age nts be i ng
.
,
“ "
chl oride of zinc and in the case of the adde d to promote the curing o r oxi da
ti on When c om pl ete an d the c h i s have
, , '

wool a certain amount of tannin sol u


,
.

tion .
assu med a deep reddis h -brown co or the ,

decocti on is m ade which is em pl oyed in


To Re n d er An ili n e Color s S ol ubl e i n dyei ng T h e extract o ff e rs con ven i e n ce
Wate r — A sol ution of gelati n i n aceti c
.

i n trans portati on storage and use I t i s


.
.
.
, ,
aci d of al m ost the consistence of s r u ps n ow usually made f rom 10 w ood chips
is first made and the aniline in n e is ,
that ha ve n ot been c ured he chi ps are .

gradually ad ded stirring all the ti me s o ,


treated in a n extractor pressure often
as to make a h om ogeneous paste T h e .
bei ng used T h e extract i s s ometi mes
,

mi xture is then to be heated over a water


.

a d ulterate d with chestnut heml ock and ,


bath to the tem perature of boiling water q uercitron extracts and with gl ucose or
,

and kept at that heat for some time .


m ol asses
,

Li mew ate r f or D ers ’ Use — Put som e


.

. Fusti c is th e hea rt-w ood of cert ai n


lime 1 pound an strong limewater 1 }
, , , s pecies of trees i ndi e n o us to the West
pounds i nto a pail of water ; rumm age
, I ndies and tropical o uth A merica It .

well for 7 or 8 minutes T hen let it . is s ol d as chi ps and extract yiel ds a ,

rest u ntil the li me is preci pitated and the col orin pr i n crpl e whi ch forms l emon
water clear ; add this quantity to a tubful yell ow lakes with al umi n a and is chiefly
of clear water . used i n d ye i n wool Y oung fus tic is .

To Re n ew Old Sil k s — Unravel an d ~ the heart-woo of a su m ac nati ve to the


sh ores of the M editerranean which
.

put them i n a tub cover with col d w a ter , ,


,

and l et the m remain 1 hour Di p them .


y iel ds an oran e-c ol ored l ake with alum
i n a and ti n sa ts
u p a nd down b ut d o n o t w ri n hang u p
,
.

to drai n and iron while very am p


, .
C utch or catech u is obtained from
, ,

th e wood an d pods of the A ca ci a ca techu


Fuller ’s Pur i fier f or Cloth s — D r y
,
,
and f rom the betel nut both native in ,
pul verize and sift the f oll owing i n gr ed i
,
I ndia Cutch appears i n c om merce in
.

ents : Full er s earth 6 pounds ; French


,
dark-brown l um ps whi ch form a dark
ch a l k 4 ounces ; pi pe clay 1 o un d
, , .
brown sol uti on with water I t contains
,

M ake into a paste with r e cti fi e o il of


.

catechu -tannic aci d as tan ni n and ,


tur a nti ne 1 ounce : al coh ol 2 ounces ;
, ,
c atechi n an d is e xtensively used i n
me ted oil s oap 1 ; pounds C ompound , .
,

weighting bl ack sil ks as a mordant for


the mi xture into cakes of any desired size ,
certain basic coal tar dyes as a brown -
,

l e e pi n g them i n water or small wooden ,


,
dye on cotton an d for cali co rinting
goxes
.
,

I ndigo wh i ch is o bta i n e from the


.

To Fi x D yes — D issol ve 20 ounces of . gl uco si de i ndi can existi n g i n the indigo


el a ti n i n water and add 3 ounces of , plant and in woad is one of th e oldest ,

i ch r o ma te of otash T his is d one i n a . dyestuff s I t is obtai ned from the pl ant


.

dark room he col ori n g m atter is then


. by a process of fer mentation and oxida
added and the goods su bmitted thereto , ti on I ndigo a p ears in com m erce in
.

after which they are exposed to the actio n dark-bl ue cubica cakes varyi ng very ,

o f li ht T h e pigment thus becomes i n


. much i n com positi on as they often con
sol u l e in water a nd the col or is fast . tain indigo red an d indi go brown be ,

sides m oisture min er a l m atters and ,


DYES AND D YES TUFFS
,

.
gluti nous substa nces C onseq uently the .

Prominent among natural dyestuffs is col or vari es Powdered i ndi o d issol ves
.

the col orin g matter obtained from l og i n c oncentrated fumi ng sul p uric acid .
“ ”
wood and kn own as haematein Th e . formi n g m onosul ph onic an d d i sul h o n ic
col or -forming su bstance ( or ch rom ogen ) , acids O n n eutralizi ng these so uti o n s
.

haematoxyli n exists i n the l ogwood , w 1 th so di u m carbonate and preci pitatin g


rtly free and par tly as a glucoside
_

th e i ndi o carmi ne with com m on s a lt


p ah e n pure haematoxyli n forms nearly
.

, there is o ta i n e d the indi go extract sol u


ble i nd i go and indigo car mine of com
,

col orl ess crystal s but on oxidati on e s


'

, , ,

pe ci a ll y in the presence of an alkal i it , merce T rue i n di o carmin e i s the so


.

i s converted i nto the col oring matter d i um salt of th e i sul ph o n i c acid an d ,

h aematein which f orms col ored lakes


, when s old dry i t is call ed “in di goti ne ” .

wit h metallic bases yielding vi ol ets , . O n e o f th e m ost i m portant of the recen t


2 76 D YE S

e nable the operator to form shades 1 48 ° F and to treat it afterwards w ith a


.
,

al most without nu m ber . solution of sodium bisul phite Acc ord .

T h e manufacture of the egg dyes as ing to a recent French pate nt better ,

carried on in the factory consists in a results are obtai ned with ne utral or sli h t
mechanical mixi ng of basic coal tar dye -
l y basic chromiu m sul phocyanide his .

stu ff s also some direct colorin be nz i


,
salt if neutral or only slightly basic w ill
, ,

dine dyes tuffs with dextri n i n t e rat i o


,
mordant wool at 1 4 8 F T h e d ouble °
.

of about 1 part of aniline dye to 8 parts sul phocyanide of chromiu m an d ammo


of dextrin ; under certai n ci rcumstances , nium got by dissol vi ng chromic oxide i n
,

accordi ng to the concentrated state of the am moniu m sul phocyanide ca n also be ,

dyes the red uci ng q uantity of the dextrin


, used N evertheless i n order t o pr e ci pi
.
,

may be greatly increased As r e d u cmg . tate chromiu m chromate o n the fiber ,

agents for these col ors insol ubl e sub it is a dvisable to have a sol uble ch romate
stances may als o be em pl oyed A part . and a nitrate prese nt as well as a sol uble ,

als o of the egg dyes are treated with the copper salt and a free acid O n e ex .

neutral sul phate ; for i nstance light , a mple o f the process is as foll ows : M ake
bri l liant green because of its rubbi ng off
, , the bath with 2 to 3 per cent of am monio
is made with dextri n and G la uber s salt ’
chromium sul phocyani de one -half of 1 ,

in the proporti on of per cent sodi um bichromate one third of ,


-

For the dyei ng of eggs s uch col or mi x l per cent s odi u m nitrite one third of l ,
-

tures are r ef e r a bl y em pl oyed as contai n per cent sul phate of copper and per ,

al ong wit the d e proper a fi xi n agent ,


cent sul phuric acid — pe r ce n t a es based
( dextrin ) as well as a mediu m or the on the weight of the wool nter cold .

s uperficial m ordanting of the eggshell . and sl owly heat to about 1 4 0 to 1 5 0 F ° °


.

T h e colors will the n be very brilliant . T hen work for half an hour lift a nd rinse , .

Here are some reci pes : T h e bath does not e xhaust a nd can be
reinforced a nd used agai n .

Pa r ts
C ol o r Cit D ex
D y estufi
Weig
.

Aci d tr in
ht Proces s f o r D yei n i n K h a k i Col o rs .

Bichromate of po ta s or of soda chloride .


B ro w n Ve suv i n S 30 0 37 5 30 0
G r ee n
.

B r i l l i a n t gr ee n O
.

18 0
.
of manganese a n d a sol ution of acetate
,

of soda or formiate of s oda ( 1 5


. .
°
.

O r a n ge . 0 ra n ge I I a re
Re d D i a mo n d fu ch si n e I 3 5 . .
dissol ved s uccessively i n e qual quan
Vi o l e t Me th y l v io let 6 B
t i ti es .

T h e sol ution thus com o se d of these


. . .

Yell o w N a ph t h o l
. y e ll o w S .

three salts is afterwards i l ute d at will ,


Very littl e of these mi xtures suffi ces for according to the col or desired con ,
d yei ng five eggs T h e col orin matter is s ti t u ti n
g a range from a dark brown to a
.

d i ssolved i n 6 00 parts by weig t of boil


_

l ight ol i ve gre e n shade T h e propor .

i n g wat e r whil e the eggs to be dyed are


,
ti on s of the three salts may b e increased
b o i l ed hard whereupon they are pl aced
, or d i minishe d in order to obtai n shades
,
i n the d y e sol uti on until they see m su ffi m ore or less bister .

c i e n tl y col ored T h e dyes s houl d be put


.
C otton free d from its i mpur i ti e s by t he
up i n waxed paper .
usual methods the n f ul l e d as ordi narily
, ,

Fast S tamping
Colo n — Ru b up sepa i s i mmerse d in the bat h After a e r i o d
varyi ng a cco r d i n to the results de
.
,

r a t e l y 2 0 parts of cupric sul phate and 2 0


,
sired ,

parts of anili c hydrochl orate then mi x ,


the cotton threa s or fabrics of cotton
, , ,

carefully together after adding 1 0 parts ,


are washed thorou ghly an d pl unged still ,

of dextrin T h e mixture is next ground


.
wet i nto an al kal i ne s ol ution of which
,
,

with 5 parts of glycerine and sufficient the concentration ought never to be less
water until a thick uniform paste -li ke , ,
than 1 4 B é T his degree of c oncentra
'
°
.

mass res ults ada ted for use by means


,
ti on i s necessary to take hol d of the fiber
of stencil and ristle -brush Aniline .
when the cotton comes in contact with
th a l k a l i n e bath and by the contraction
black is formed thereby in and u on the e ,

fiber which is not destroyed by oiling


, .
wh i ch takes place the oxides of chrome
and of manga nese rem a i n fixed i n the
.
New Mor d a n ti ng Pro cess .
— Th e or fibers :
di n a rmeth od of m ordanting wool with
yr o ma te and a reducin agent a l
a bi c
T h i s second operation is foll owed b
wash i n g i n ple nty of water and then the
y
wa s makes the fiber more or ess tender ,

an gAmend proposed to substitute the


, cotton i s dried in the open air If the .

color 18 Ju dge d to be too pal e the threads


use of a s ol ution of chromi c acid contain or fabr i cs are i m mersed again in the
,

ing 1 to 2 per cent of the weight of the .

i n i ti al bath left the necessary ti me for


,

wool a t a te mperature not exceedin g


,
obtainin g the desired sha de and then ,
D YES 2 77

C hl orid e o f tin 5 ounce


S u ffici en t carbonate o f potas h or
d to light to , soda to precipitate the al um .

f ll i n g a nd to chl ori ne
a .
B oil t h e ga ran cine in 4 gall ons o f pure
LAK E S ate r ; add the al u m a nd c onti nue boi lin g ,

l S ca r l e t Lak e — I n a vat hol ding 1 20


.
fro m 1 to 2 h ours All ow the product to .

arti ally settl e a nd filter thro u h fla nnel


gall ons provide d with goo d agitating a p p e f o r e c ooling Add to the fi tr a te th e
parat us dissol ve 8 pounds p otash al um
'
.

in 1 0 gall ons h ot wate r a nd add 5 0 chl oride of tin and s uffi cie nt of the pot
,

gallons c ol d water Prepare a sol utio n of ash o r s oda sol ution to precipitate t h e
al u m; filter through flanne l a nd was h
.

2 pounds a m m onia s oda and a dd sl owly


well T h e first filtrate ma be use d for
to the al um s ol ution stirring all the ti me y
.

,
l ake of a n inferior q ual i ty an d the
.

I n a seco n d vessel dissol ve 5 pounds of ,

a r a n c me originally e mpl oyed ma also


brilliant scarlet anili ne by first m aking
it into a paste wit h col d water and after
,
ge treated as above whe n a lake sl i ghtly y
,

i n fe r i o r t o the first ma y be obtaine d


'

wards pouring boiling water over it ; now .

let out stea m i nto the vat until a tem per Ma r oo n La k e — T a ke of a mi xture .

ature o f 1 5 0 ° to 1 65 ° F i s obtained . . made of :


N ext dissol ve 1 0 pounds bari um chloride
g S apan wood
i n 1 0 gall ons h ot water in a sep arate
vessel a dd this very sl owly stir at least
, , oda crystals 42 parts
3 hours k e e pi i i u p tem perature to the
same figures l zg
, Al um . 56 parts
.

l 1 u p vat with col d water


Extract the col or from the woods as for
.

and leave the pre pa ra ti on for the night


rose pin k a nd next boil the soda and
.

Next m ornin g t he liq uor ( whic h shoul d ,

be of a bright red col or ) is drawn off and al u m together and add to the woods
s ol uti o n col d T his m ust be was h e d
Was h by d e
,

col d water again added .

cl ean before a dding t o the wood li quor


.

cantati on 3 ti mes fil ter press gently an d, , ,


.

m a ke i nto pul p . Carn a ti o n Lak e .

It is very i m ) o r ta n t to preci p i tate the


alumi nu m c ol d an d heat u p before , Cochineal
T h e chemicals
'

addin the d yest ufi


used fo r preci i ta ti n g m ust be a dded
.
S alts of tartar .

Potash al um . .

very slowly a n w h ile constantly stirring .


N itro us acid nitro ,
T h e quantity used for the three wash muriate of ti n 4 4 pounds .

ings is re qui re d eac h ti m e to be double M uriatic aci d, n i tro


t h e q ua nti ty originally used .
m uriate of ti n 6 0 pounds .

I —
. Ma d der L a k e s — Prepare from .
P ure bl ock ti n nitro ,

the root 1 poun d best madder al um ,


m uriate of ti n 2 2 pounds .

water ( 1 pou nd al u m with 1 } gall ons of S houl d give speci fic gravity


water) saturated s ol uti on of carbonate
, B oil the water with cl ose stea m taking ,

of otash (2 o un d carbonate of pota sh care that n o i r on touches it ; add the


g
to ga ll o n 0 water )
T h e ma dder root is incl ose d i n a l inen
.
cochineal and b oil f or n ot m ore than five
min utes ; the n turn o ff the s tea m an d add
bag of fi n e texture a n d bruised w i t h a , salts of tartar and a fterwards carefully
pestl e in a la rg e m ortar with 2 gal l ons of a dd the al um I f it shoul d n ot ris e ,ut
water (free f rom l i me ) a d d e d i n s ma l l on stea m until it does a ss throug h a
.
,

1 20 mes h si eve into a settp


_ ,

qua ntiti es at a ti m e unti l all the c olori ng , -


i ng vat a nd l et l

M a ke th i s l i quor
,
matter is extracted .
it sta nd for 4 8 h ours ( not for precipita
boil an d grad ual l y our i nto the b0 1 l l n g
, tion ) . Add gradually nitromuriate of
water sol ution A d the carbonat e of
.
ti n until the test on bl otting pa per
potash sol ution gra dually sti rr i n g all the ,
( give n bel ow ) s hows that the se parati on
'

time L et the m i xture stand for 1 2 h ours


.
is com plete D raw o ff clear water after
.

a n d drop a nd d r y as re qu i re d .
it has settl ed a nd filter T o tes t rub a .
, ,

I I — G a ra n ci n e Pro cess — T his is the


. .
littl e of the paste on bl o tti n pa per then ,

method us uall y em pl oye d i n prefer e nce dry on stea m chest or on t e han d a nd ,

to that f ro m the root G a r a n ci n e i s pre if on bendi n it cracks too m uch tin


has bee n use d
.
,
O

pared by stee pi n madder root i n s ul .

phate of s oda a n was h i ng .


To Test th e Col o r to S ee if it i s Pre
G a ra nci ne . 2 pounds ci pi ta ti n g — Put a dro
. of c olor on white
Al um ( dissol ved i n a blotti ng pa per a nd if t e col or sprea ds it
, ,

l ittl e wat er ) 2 pounds . is not preci pitati ng If th ere is a c ol or .


2 78 D Y ES

less ring around the s pot of col or it corallin s ol utio n an d ne xt th e stannic ,

shows that pre ci pitation i s taki n g place ; c hl ori de dil uted with 3 pailf ul s of c ol d
if the white rin g is too strong too much ,
w ater L astly the barium chl ori de s ol u
.

has bee n used .


tion is added T h e day prev i ous bari um
.

chl oride is dissol ved in a ca sk i n a s l i ttle


B LACK LAK ES FOR WALL -PAPER b oilin g water as possi bl e a n d th e recep ,
MANUFACTURE : tacl e i s fill ed e ntirely with col d water .

Bl uis h -B l ac k La k e —Boil well 2 2 0 .


O n the day foll owi ng all ow the same to ,

parts of D omingo l o wood i n run i n sl owl y d uri n g a e r i o d of three


parts of water to w hi c 2 arts of a m fourths of an h our sti r ti e veni ng all ow , ,

m onia soda have been adde to the b e l l


. to settl e for 2 da ys dra w o ff an d filter ,
.

ing l ogwood add n e xt 2 5 parts of gree n


vitriol a nd then parts of s odiu m bi En gli sh Pin k .

c hromate T h e preci i ta t e d l o wood


. Q uercitron bark 2 00 pa rts
lak e is washed out wel twice an then Li me 0 0 0 1 0 pa rts
0 0 0 0 0

fil tered .
Al um . 1 0 pa rts
T erra al ba 3 0 0 p a rts
Black Lak e AL — L ogwood extract ,
Whiting 2 00 parts
0 0 0 0 0

S anford 1 2 0 ,
arts ; gree n vitriol 3 0 ,
S ugar of l ea d 7 parts .

arts ; aceti c a ci 7 ° Be 1 0 parts ; sodium


i ch r o ma te 1 6 arts ; powdere d al um
,
Put the bark i nto a tub sl ake li me in ,
,

2 0 parts
,

T h e o gw o o d extract 18 first
.
another tub a nd add th e cl ea r li me w ater
,

to wash the bark ; r epeat this 3 times


.

dissol ved i n boili ng water and brought ,

to 25 B é by the addition of col d water


°
.
l etti ng the bark sta nd i n each water 2 4
Ru n l i qu o r into the tub bel ow
.

h ours

T hen th e remaining ingredients are


.

adde d i n rotation the salts i n substance ,


an d ad d the terra a l b a an d whiting ;
,

finely o wd e r e d with c onstant stirrin g .


wash well i n the top tub a nd run into
,
li q o r bel ow through a hair si eve stirri ng
wefi
tter t e preci pitation wash twice a nd

,
,

ter
D iss ol ve the sugar o f l ea d in warm
.

Bl a ck La k e — I n the pr e ci pi .
water and pour gentl y i nto the tub stir ,
tati ng vat fill ed with 2 00 parts of c ol d ri n all the ti me ; the n di ss ol ve the al um
water enter with constant stirring in the an ru n in whil e stirring ; press slightl y ,
order menti oned th e foll owi n g sol utions drop an d dry as re quired .

k e t in rea di n e ss : Forty parts of al um dis


,

so ved i n 8 0 0 parts of water ; 1 0 parts of D utch Pi n k .

cal cined soda diss ol ved i n 1 0 0 parts of I —Q uercitr on b ark


. 2 0 0 parts
water ; 3 0 parts of az o bl ack dissol ved i n L ime 2 0 part s
parts of water ; parts of “brilliant Al um 2 0 par ts

gree n dissol ved i n 1 0 0 parts of water ; Whiti ng 1 00 parts
parts o f new fuchsine dissol ved i n 60 T erra al ba 2 0 0 parts
parts of water ; 6 5 parts of barium White s ugar of l ea d 1 0 parts
chl oride dissol ved i n parts of
water All ow to settl e for 2 4 h ours wash
.
I I — Q uercitron bark
. 30 0 par ts
L i me
,

the l ake three ti mes a nd filte r it .


1 0 parts
Al um 1 0 parts
Carmi n e La k e for Wall Paper a n d

T erra alba 4 00 parts


Colore d Pape r s — Am moni a s oda ( 98 per .
Whiti ng 1 00 parts 0 0 0 0 0

c e nt), parts by weight ; s pirits 9 6 S ugar of l ead 7 parts


per cent ) 4 0 parts by wei ht ; coral i n
,
Put the bark into a tub with col d
( dark ) 1 0 parts by weig t ; corallin
,
water sl ake 2 8 pounds of li m e and add
,
( pal e ) 5 parts by w e ight ; s pirit of sal
,

m
,
th e li mewater to the bark (T his draws .

a m oniac ( 1 6 °
8 parts by wei ght ; so all the c ol or out of the wood ) D iss olve
d i um hos hate 3 0 parts by weight ; stan
.

nic chp
,
al u m i n water an d run it into b ark
ori e 5 parts by weight ; bari um
,
l i qu or T h e al u m sol uti on m ust be ust
.
'

chloride 7 5 parts by weight D issol ve


, .

warm D issol ve s ugar of l ead and a d it


.

the corall in i n the spirit an d filter th e ,


to above an d afterward s a dd the terra
sol ution carefully int o eight bottl es each ,
,

a l ba an d whiti ng Th e pr od uct sh ould


c ontainin 1 art of th e a bove quantit
.

of sp i r i t 0 gsa p
now be i n a pul p a nd m ust b e dropped
a mm oniac and l et stan ,
an d dri ed as required
,

T h e soda sh oul d meanwhil e be dissolved


.

i n h o t water and the sol uti on run into Rose Pi n k .


-I .— L ight
t h e sti r r i n vat in which there is c ol d , S apa n w ood
water to t e height of 1 7 inches Add . Li ma
the sodi um phosphate which has bee n , Pari s white
dissol ved in a copper vess el then th e , Al u m
280 D YEIN G

off th e clear fluid for use an d use this u a ll y in creasin th e tem perature until
j ust b el ow the g
,

mixture 2 ? T w . oil in g pa i n t .

T h e fab ri c is first put i nto the stannate To D ye W ool en s with Bl ue de Lyo n s


of soda m ordant f or a few mi nutes then
.

,
D iss ol ve 8 ounces of bl ue d ye i n 1 gallon
w r un out and ut i nto the al um m or of m ethylated spi rit wh i ch has been ,
dant or ab out t e sa me ti me ; then i t 1 8 sli ghtl y s oured wi th s ul ph uri c aci d and ,
agai n wrung out and entered in the dye bo rl the s ol ution over a water bath until
bath at 1 2 0 ° F and d yed to shade de .
it is perfectly cl e ar T o repare the dye
sired an d afterwards ri n sed in col d
.

,
bath a d d m ore or l ess 0 the s pirituous
water and dried .
,

tincture t o a 1 0 or 1 5-gall on d e bath of


T h e dye bath is made of ounce of water which has been sligh y soured
rose bengal er gall on o f water If .
,

with sul ph uric acid


fast pink is t e dye used the m ordant
.

R ich O ra n ge o n Woole n — D iss ol ve I


,

used woul d be T urkey red oil an d red


liquor Use 8 ounces of T urkey red 0 11 o un d of ph osphine i n 15 allons of
boi lin g water a nd sti r the fl ui un til the
.

per gall on of water Put the fa bri c i nto . ,

this then wring out the textil e an d work


,
aci d has dissol ved N o morda nt is r e .

in red li quor of 7 ° T w for ab out 2 h ours .


, q uired to dye wool Fi rst work the .

then wri ng out and dye in a separate c ods ab out i n a weak sol uti on and
finally in one of full stren gth to which
,

bath made u of eosine or fast pi nk i n , , ,

water in w hi c a littl e a l um has been di s a littl e acetate of soda h as been added .

sol ved . K eep up the tem peratu re to j ust bel ow


the boil i n g oi nt w hil e worki ng the goods
To D ye W oole n Yarn s, etc , Va r i o us .

i n the dye ath


S h a d es o f M a ge nta — T o re pare the dye
.

bath dissol ve 1 pound o roseine in 1 5 D YEING S ILK OR C OTTON FAB RI CS


gall ons of water For a concentrate d .
WITH ANI LINE D YES :
s ol uti on use only 1 0 gall ons of water
whil e if a very m uch concentrated col or
,
An i l i n e Blue o n Cotto n — Prepare a .

is needed dissol ve the dye in meth ylated dye bath by dissol ving 1 p oun d of ani
,

s pirit of wine a nd dil ute this spiri tuous li ne bl ue (s ol ubl e i n s pi rit ) i n 1 0 gall ons
,

t i ncture with an equal quantity of water of water a nd set it aside to settle


, .

M ea nwhil e prepare a mordant while


.

N o mordant is req uired i n using this


col or in dyeing wool en goods Th e d ye b oiling 3 5 ounces o f s umac ( or 5 1;
ounces ta nnic acid i n 8 0 gall ons of water )
.

i ng operation consists si m ply in putti ng


the goods i nto the dye bath at 1 9 0 F ° and then diss ol v e therei n 1 7 ounces of
c urd s oap B oil u p and filter Put the
.

and worki n g th em therein unti l the d e . .

sired shade i s obtained then rinsing i n c otton goods i n the h ot li qui d a nd let
col d water and d rying
,
the m re mai n th erei n for 1 2 h ours T hen .

wri n g the m out and make u p a dye bath


.

I f the wate r used i n prepa ri ng the dye


i s at all al kali ne make use of the aci d of 2 5 T w with red liq uor Add d ye
°
. .

roseine dissol ved i n water in which a col or acc ording to the shade desire d .

little s ul phuric acid has been mixed and Put i n th e good s and work them until th e
work grad uall y raising to the b oi l in g
,
c ol or is c orr e ct kee pin g th e tem perature
,
,

point and ke e p u p the tem peratur e for at th e bod in g poi nt .

3 0 mi nutes or accordin g to the shad e


, To D e Silk a D eli ca te Gre e n i sh Yel
d esired Put ab out 2 0 er cent sul
. l ow . i sso l v e 2 ou nces of ci tr o n i n e i n 1
phate of s oda into the dye ath .
gall on of m ethyl ated spi rit an d kee th e
Maroon Dye for Wool en s — T o pre .
sol uti on h ot over a water bath un per
f e ctl y cl ear
pare th e dye bath dissol ve about 1 pound .

T o re pare sil k f abrics wash them in


,

of maroon dye in b oiling water with or ,


,
'

without the ad diti on of methyl ated spirit a wea soa p liq uor that has been ust
of wi n e For dark shades dissol ve i n
.
s w e ete ned (1 e its al kalinity turne to
. .
,

boil i ng water only slightly acidulated a slight sourness ) with a littl e sul phuric
,

with h d r o chl o r i c aci d and filter before ,


aci d . Work the goods until d ed to
use . 0 m ordant is required with this
shade and then rin se them i n col water
,

dye wh en dyeing wool but for th e bright that has been slightly aci d ul ated wi th
,

s hade a l i ttl e curd s oa p may be dissol ved acetic tartari c or citri c aci d
, , .

i n the dye bath before proceeding to dye To D ye


Cotto n D ark Bro w n - Pre .

the wool whil e for the dark sha de it is


, pare a m ord ant bath o f 1 0 pou nds of
best to put i n a littl e acetate of s oda T o . catech u 2 pounds of l ogwood extract
, ,
u se the d ye first d ye in a weak bath an d
, a
nd 1 pound magenta ( rosei ne ) and ,
grad uall y strengthe n it u ntil the desire d b ri ng to a boil ; work the good s ther ei n
s had e i s obta i ned at th e same time grad , for 3 h ours at that te m perature ; t h e n put
DYEING 28 1

i nto a f res h d ye bat h ma d e u p of 3 Bl ue — Use either C hina bl ue dens e


.
,

pounds of bichromate of otash and 2 ferry bl ue or s erge bl ue first making


, ,
ounds of sal s od a an d ye to shade , . the material aci d before dyeing .

hese proportions are for a dye bath to Gree n — Use brilliant green and have
dye 1 00 poun ds of c otton goods at a time .
the material neutral i e neither acid n or .
, .
,

To D ye S i l kPea co ck B l u e - M ake u alkali ; or el se stee p i n a bath of sumac


u. dye bath by putting 1 pint of su before dyeing .

ph u r i c aci d at 1 70 T w and 1 0 ounces Plum Co l or — Use maroon ( neutral or


°
.
, .

of m ethyli n bl ue cr ystal dye liq uor of ac i d ) and work in an aci d bath or else
1 20 to 1 6 0 T w
° °
W i th a dye bath that sumac
will hol d 8 0 pou nds of goods P ut i n
the sil k at 1 30 F an d rai s e to 1 4 0 F
°
.

° Black —Use n e gr o si n in an acid bath


.
,

or el se m ordant i n two salts and dye


.
, .
,

and work u p to shade required .

slightly acid .

To D ye Fe lt G oo d s — O wi n g to this S olu ble Bl ue , Bal l Bl ue , etc — A sol u


.

material being c om posed of an i mal an d ble bl ue has for many years been readily
.

vegetable fiber it is not an eas matter a l obtainabl e i n commerce which is similar


ways to prod uce evenness of s ade T h e .

in a p e a r a n ce to Prussian bl ue but n u
best process to i ns ure success is to stee p like t e l atter is freely sol ubl e in water
, ,

well the felt i n an acid bath of from 6 ° ,

T his bl ue is said to be potassi um ferri


.

to 1 2 B é and then wash a way all traces


°
.
,
ferrocyanide
of acid S ome dyers ma ke the fulli ng
.

T o prepare instead of buyin g it ready


.

stork the mediu m of conveying the dye ,


made gradually add to a bo ili n sol u
while others partially dye before fulli ng ,
,

tion of potassium ferricyanide ( re prus


or else dye after th at proc e ss .
siate of otash ) a n equival ent q uantit
T h e fullin g stoc k for 7 2 ou nces of
o f h ot s o uti o n of ferrous sul phate boi
beaver consists of a mi xture of ing for 2 h ours and washi n g the pr e ci p
,

Black l ead or pl um i ta t e on a filter until the w a sli i n gs assume


bago . 1 6 ounces a dark -blue col or T h e m oist r e ci pi ta te
.

Venetian red 4 8 ounces .


can at once be dissol ved by t e further
I ndi g o extract ( fi n i d ) 5 ounces .
additi on of a sufficient quantit of water .

Or d ina r y D ra b .
Ab out 64 parts of the iron sa t is n e ce s
sary to convert 1 00 parts of the potassi u m
C om m on l u m ba go 1 2 ounces . .
sa l t into the bl ue com pound .

Best l u m ago 1 2 ounces . .


I f the bl u e is to be sent out in the
Archi extract 1 5 ounces li quid form it is desirabl e that the sol u
,
I ndi go extract 1 0 ounces .

ti on sh oul d be a perfect one T o attai n .

M i x into fl uid paste with water a nd add tha t end the water e mpl oyed shoul d be
sul phuric aci d at 3 0 T w For the dye °
. free from mineral substances an d it i s ,

liquor make a b oiling-h ot sol uti on of the best to filter the sol ution th rough several
anilin e dye and all ow it to cool ; then put thicknesses of fine cotton cl oth before
into an earthen ware vessel h ol ding water b ottling ; or if made in l arge u a n ti ti e s
and heat to 8 3 F and add sufficient dye
°
.
, this method may be m odified y all ow
liquor to ive the quantity of fel t the de ing it to stand some days to settle when ,

sired sh a e First m oisten well the felted the top o r ti o n can be si phoned o ff for
u se the b
.

matter ( or the hair if dyed before feltin g) , , ottom onl y re u i r i n g filtrati on .

with water an d then work it about i n


, T h e ball bl ue sol d or l aundry use
the ab ove dye bath at 1 4 0 F T o °
. consists of ultram arine Balls or tabl ets .

deepen the s ha de ad d m ore dye li q uor , , of this substance are forme d by mixin g
lifting out the material to be dyed before it with gl ucose or gl uc ose and dextrin ,

addin the fresh dye li quor so that it ca n an d pr e ssi n into sha e When gl ucose
be we il stirred up and th oroughly mixed
.
,

al on e is use the pro n ot has a tendency


with the exha usted bath . to become soft on kee ping which tend ,

Bro w n S h a des — Bismarck brown will ency may be count e racted by a proper
.
pro portion of dextri n Bicarbonate of
give good results particularly i f the
.

,
sod i um is adde d as filler to cheapen a
dye d goods are afterwards steeped or the product the uantity used and the
passed through a weak sol uti on ( pale q ual i ty of the uqtr a ma r i n e em pl oyed
,

straw c ol or ) of bi chrom ate of potash .

bein both regul ated by the price at


T his will gi ve a substantial l ook to the
whi o the product i s to sell
col or Any of the aniline col ors su i tabl e
.

for c otton or wool or those suited for , Ne w Pro d ucti o n of In d i go — Forty .

mixed cotton and wool goods may be parts of freshly prepare d am m oni u m
a

used . sul phi de s oluti on c ontain i ng 1 0 per cent


282 D Y EING — EG GS

of hydr ogen sul hide are m ade to Ho w


quickly and wit constant stirri ng i nto
a heated sol ution of 2 0 parts of isatine EB ONY
anilide i n 60 parts of alcohol With .

See Woo d
s pontaneous heating and tem porary .

green and bl ue col oration an i mmediate ,


EB ONY LAC QUE R :
separati on of indigo in small crystalli ne S e e Lacq uers .

needl es of a fai nt c opper luster takes ECZE MA D US TING P OWD ER F OR


place B oil for a sh ort time where upo n
.
,
CHILD REN
the in digo is filtered off rewashed with ,
.

al coh ol an d dried
, .
tarch French chal k l yco odi um of
, , ,

each 4 0 parts ; bism uth su nitrate 2


, ,

To D ye Feath ers — A prereq uisite to . parts ; sal icyli c acid 2 arts ; menthol 1 , ,

the dyeing of feathers appears to be soft part Apply freely to t e affected parts
. .

e n i n g them which is s o meti mes a c c o m


,

pl i s h e d by soaking them in warm water


and sometimes an al kali s uch as am mo ,
,
Eggs
nium or sodi um carbon ate is added , .
Th e age of eggs ma y be approximately
T his latter meth od woul d apparently be j udged b ta ki ng advanta ge of the fact
preferable on account of the removal of that as t e y gro w ol d the i r de nsity de
any reasy matter that m ay be present .
creases th rough eva porati on o f moisture
W en s o prepared th e feathers m ay be
.

Acc ordi ng to S i ebe l a ne w -l ai d e g


placed i n a vessel of bri n e ma de in tg
,
dyed by i m m ersi on in any dye liquor .
e
An o l d time recipe for bl ack is i mm ersion
-
proportion of 2 ounces of salt to 1 pint of
in a bath of ferri c nitrate su i ta bl dil uted water will at once sin k to the bottom
, .

with water and th en i n an in usi o n of


,
An egg 1 d a y ol d will sin k bel ow the
e qual arts of l o gwood an d quercitron '

.
surface b ut n ot to th e bottom w h ile one
, ,
D oubt ess an an i line dye woul d prove 3 days ol d will s wi m j ust i mmersed in
equally e ffi cient an d woul d be l ess trou the li quid I f m ore th an 3 days ol d the
bl e so me to use
.

e g W i ll float on the surface the amount


o f shell expose d i ncreasin g with age ; and
.

,
After dyeing feathers are di pped i n an
,

emul sion formed by agitatin g any blan d if 2 weeks ol d only a littl e of the shell
,
fixed oil with water contai ning a l ittl e will di p i n the li ui d .

otassi um carbonate and are then drie d


p gently swingi ng them i n warm air T h e N e w Y or S tate E xperiment S ta
,

.
tion studied the chan ges in th e speci fic
his operation gi ves the l oss
Curling wh ere re quire d is effected by
.
gravity of the eggs on kee i ng an d f ound
that on an average fres eggs had a
slightly warming the feathers before a s pecific gra vity of after they were
fire and then stroking with a bl unt me
,
1 0 day s o ld of , after 20 days of
tallie edge as the back of a knife
, A .
and after 3 0 days of Th e
,

certai n am ount of manual dexterity is test was n ot c ontin ued further T h e


,

necessary to ca rry the wh ole process to


.

change s i n s pecific gravity correspond to


a s uccessful end i ng .

the c han ges in water content When .

D YE S F OR F O OD : eggs a r e kept they c ontinually l ose water


S ee Foods .
by eva porati on through the pores in the
shell. After 1 0 days the a verage l oss
D YE S F OR
LEATHE R : was foun d to be per cent of the
S ee L eather . total water present in the egg when per
f e ctl y fresh ; after 2 0 days er cent ;
D YE S TAI NS , THEIR R EM OVAL
,

an d after 3 0 days 5 per cent he aver


FROM THE S K I N : age t c mpe r a tu r e of th e room where the
, .

s Cleaning Preparations and M e th eggs were k e t was F T h e evap


d s ee
.

o
.
.

orati on was o un d to increase somewhat


W i th i ncrease d tem perature N one of
D Y NAMITE .

S e e Expl o si ves .
th e eggs used in the 3 0 da test spoiled -
.

Fres h e s are preserve i n a n umber


EARTHENWARE of ways wg gi c h may f or conveni en ce be, ,

S e e Ceramics .
grouped un der two gen eral cl asses : ( 1 )
Use of l ow tem e r a tu r e i e col d stor , . .
,
EA U D E UINI NE : age ; and ( 2 ) e xe udi ng the air by coa ting ,
S ee Hair reparati ons . c o ve r i n or i mmersin g the eggs some
‘ ,

m ater i a or s ol u ti on being use d which


m ay or m ay n ot be a germici de T h e .

two methods are often c om bi ned The .


284 E G GS

taining the s ol ution a n d obser vi ng the ,


Ar tificial Egg Oil .

angle made by the ax1 s of the egg Wi th Yellow bees wax 0 2 parts .

the per e n d i cul a r line T his gi ves th e . Caca o oil parts


age of t e egg with great accuracy .
M elt on the water bath and grad ual l y
Wei h ts of Eggs — T h e foll owing a dd 9 parts of olive oil .

table si o w s the variation in weight be


.

Egg Pow d er .

tween eggs o f the sa me family of chickens S odi u m bicarbonate 8 ounces


and of the com parative val ue of the T artaric aci d 3 ounces
prod uct of diff erent kinds of fowls Crea m tartar 5 ounces
Wei gh t of T urmeric powdered 3 drachms .

Wh ol e Eggs S h ell
,

. .
G round rice 1 6 ounces
Gr a i n s Gr a in s . N et .

M i x and pass th rough a fine sieve


.

C o mmo n h e n , sma l l .
.

C o mmo n h e n , me a n . O n e teas poonful to desserts poonful a

C o mmo n h e n , l a r g e
(a c co r di n to article to be made ) to be
. .

,
It a l i a n h e n
Ho u d a n 95 6 60 93 50 8 53 10 mi xed wit each half pound of flour .

La Fl esch e 92 6 50 9 4 25 8 35 25
Th e Pr e ser vatio n o f Eggs —T h e spoil
. .

B ra h ma . 9 1 0 64
.
.

ing of eggs is d ue to the entrance of air


From this it will be seen that th e carrying erms through the shells .

Houdans and Brah mas are the most N ormally t e s hell has a surfa ce coating
pro fi table producers as far as food val ue , of mucilagi nous matter whi ch r e v e n ts ,

of the product is concerned r o vi d e d , for a time the entrance of these armful


of course they are equally pro i fi c with
, organis ms into the e g B ut if this coat .

the ordi na ry fowl .


in g is r e moved o r so tened by washing or
Another calculati on is the nu mber of o t li er w i se the keepi n
'

quality of the egg


e gs to the poun d of th e various weights
,
.
is much reduced These facts ex lai n
.

his is as foll ows : why many methods of preservation a ve


S mall ordinary eggs n ot bee n entirel y s uccessful and suggest ,

that the methods e m pl oyed sh oul d be


( 63 5 grains ) 1 2 2 0 to pound .

based upon the idea of protecti n and


renderi ng more e ff ective the n a tu r a F
L arge ordinary eggs
co a t
(8 0 2 grains ) .

Houda n eggs .
ing of the shell so that air bearing the
,

Brahma mean ,
germs th at cause decom position may be
Brah ma l arge , . .
completely excl uded .

Eggs are often packed i n li me salt or , ,

D rie dYolk of Egg — T o prepare this .


,
other prod ucts or are ut i n col d storage
,

the yol ks of eggs se a r a te d from t h e , for winter use b ut suc e gs are very far
,

whites are th o r o u gh y mixed with 2;


, from b e i ng perfect when t e y come 11 on
their weight of water T h e resulting . the market G erman authoriti es dec are
.

e mulsion is strained and evaporated that water glass more cl os ely conforms
under reduced pressure at tempera a to the requ i re m ents of a o o d preserva
ture of 8 7 ° to 1 2 2 ° F to a paste The . tive tha n a ny of the su stances com
latter is further drie d over quickli me or mo n l y e m l oyed A 1 0 per cent sol ution
.

a si milar absorbent of m oi sture at a ,


of water g ass is sai d to preserve eggs so
tem perature of 7 7 ° t o 8 6 ° F and groun d .
, e ff ectually that at the end of three and
to a fine powd e r . one -half months eggs still a p eared to be
perfectly fresh I n most pac ed eggs the
.

Egg 0 i l .
yolk settles to one side an d t h e egg is ,

Yol ks o f eggs ( ab out then inferior i n quality I n eggs pr e .

parts served i n water gl ass the yol k retai n e d


i t s normal posi ti on i n the e
D i sti lled water parts gg and in ,

taste they were n ot to be disti nguished


Beat this together an d heat the mass from fresh u npacked store eggs
, .

with constant stirri ng in a dish on the O f twenty meth ods teste d i n G ermany ,
water bath until it thickens and a sam ple the three which prove d m ost e ff ective
exhibits oil u pon pressi n g between the .

were coati ng the eggs with vaseli ne pre


se r v m them i n li me water and preserving
,
fingers S queeze out between h ot ) lates
mi x the turbi d oil obtained w i tfi g
.
,
,

the m i n water l ass T h e concl usi on was


reached that tge last is preferabl e be
.

parts of dehydrated G la uber s salt shake ’


,
,
re e a tedl y an d fi n a ll all ow to settl e cause v a r n i sh i n the eggs with vaseli ne
T e Ol l whic h m ust b
, .

, e decanted clear ta kes considera l e ti m e an d treating ,


from the sedi ment gives a yi eld of at , the m wi th li m ewater is li kel y to give th e
i ea st parts of e gg oil .
e ggs a l i m y fla vo r .
EGG S — EKTO G A N 28 5

O th er metho d s f ollow that might on occasion penetrate the


, ,

I —Eggs can be preserved for winter


. shell .

use by coating the m whe n perfectly , V -T ake about half a doze n eggs an d
.

fresh with pa r a fli n e As the s pores of .


pl ace the m in a nettin ( n ot so many as
w oul d chill th e water T
,

fungi get into eggs al m ost as soon as e l o w the boiling


they are laid it is necessary to rub every
pa i n t even for a n i nstant ) into a boiling
,
, ,
egg with chloroform or wra p it a few a o l uti o n of boric aci d with dra w i m me ,
minutes in a chl oroform soake d rag be diate ly an d pack , O r put up in oil .
, ,
fore di pping it i nto the melted para ffi ne carryi n
g 2 per cent or 3 per cent of sali
.

If only a trace of the chl oroform enters the c yl i c a n d E gs treated i n this way are
shell the de ve l opment of such germs as sai d to taste a ter si x m onths absol utely
, ,
may have gaine d access to freshly lai d as fresh as the were when first put up ’

T h e eggs sh o uid be as fresh as possi ble


.

eggs is preve nte d T h e para ffi ne coating .

,
excludes all future contamination from an d shoul d be th oroughly cl ean bef ore
e rm -la den air an d with n o fungi grow di p ing T h e ph il o so by of the process
g
i s tp
, .

i n g W ithi n they retai n their freshness a n d


, at the di ppin i n oiling boric aci d
natural taste .
s ol uti on n ot only ills all bacteria exist
I I — Pr e serv i n g wi th L i me
. D issolve
- .
ing on or in the s hell an d mem brane
, , ,

in each gallon of water 1 2 ounc e s of but reinforces these latter by a ver thin
ui ck li me 6 ounces of comm on salt 1 l ayer of coagulate d al bume n ; wh i e the
drachm of so da drachm saltpeter 4
, ,

packin g i n salicyl ate d oil r e ve n ts t h e


a dmiss i on of fresh germs m m the a t
, ,

drach m tartar and 1 1; drach ms of borax


,
.

T h e fluid is brought into a barrel and m os here S alicylic aci d is obj ected to
.

sufficient qui ckli me to cover the bottom on t e same grounds as sul ph uric acid .

is then o u r e d in Upon this is pl aced a . VL — D issol ve sodi u m silicate i n boil


l ayer 0 eggs quicklime i s a ai n thrown
, ing water to a bout the consiste ncy of a
,

in and s o on until the barre is filled s o syrup ( or about a r t of the silicate t r


that the li quor sta nds ab out 1 0 inches 3 parts water )
Il pe eggs sh oul d be as .

deep over the last layer of e gs T h e . fresh as o ssi bl e an d m ust be th oroughly ,

barrel is then covere d with a c oth upon , clean hey shoul d be im merse d in the
.

which is scattere d som e lim e . sol utio n in such manner that ever art
III — M elt 4 ounces of cl ear beeswax
.
of each egg is covered with the liq ui t en ,

in a porcelain dish over a gentle fire an d ,


rem oved an d let dry I f the solution is .

stir i n 8 ounces of ol ive oil Let the .


kept at or near the boiling tem perature ,

solution of wa x in oil cool somewhat the n ,


the preservative e ff ect is sai d to be m uch
dip the fresh eggs one by one into it so more certain a nd to last l onger .

as to coat every part of the shell A .

momentary d i p i s su fficient all excess of ,

t h e mixture be i n g wi ped o ff with a cotton


cloth T h e oil i s absorbed i n the shell
. ,

the wa x hermetically cl osing all the pores .

I V — Th e Rei nhard meth od is sai d t o


.
EGG CHOC OLATE
cause such chemical changes in the s ur S e e Beverages .

face o f the eggs hell that it is cl ose d u p


perfectly air-tight an d a n a dm i ttance of EGG D YES :
air is entirel y excl uded even i n case of S e e D yes .

l ong—conti nue d storing Th e eggs are .


EGG LE MONAD E
for a s hort ti me expose d to the direct S e e Beverages un der L emonade ,
.

acti on of sul phuri c acid whereby the ,

surface of the eggshell which consists , EGG PH OS PHATE :


chiefly of li me carbonate is transforme d , S e e Beverages .

into li me sul phate T h e dense texture


EGG -STAIN R E M OVER :
.

of the s urface thus produce d forms a


complete r o t e cti o n against the access of s Cl eanin g Preparation s an d M eth
the o u t si e air which adm i ts of stori ng
,
o d s ee
.

the egg for a very l ong ti me W i thout the ,


EGGS , TE STS F OR :
contents of the egg su ff er i ng any d i sa d S ee Foods .

va n t a ge o u s changes regard i ng taste a n d


odor T h e egg does not re qu i re any
. EIK ONOGEN D EVELOPER
special treatment to prevent crack i ng on S e e Photography .

boiling etc ,
.

S ome object to this on the ground -that EK TOGAN


sul ph uric aci d is a da ngerous pOI S O Il , S e e Antise ptics .
28 6 EL ECTR OPL A TING A ND E LE CT R OT YPING

ELAI NE S UB STI TUTE .


stron nitric acid bath which is mad e up
,

a s fol ows :
A s ubstitute for el aine for woolen
N itri c acid of 3 6 B é 1 00 vol um es
°
yarns is obtained by boili ng 4 pounds
carrageen m oss in 2 5 gall ons water for Chl oride of s od i u m
( com mon salt ) 1 v ol ume
3 h ours T h e soda is t h e n put i n an d
.

t h e boiling continued for another h alf hour ; Calci ned soot (l am p


r a d ua l l y bl ack ) 1 vol ume
2 poun ds fl e a ba n e seeds are
9
added and a little water t o ma k e up for
, T h e articl es m ust be i m mersed in this
the evaporation After further 1 1;
. a bath for o nly a few s econds A voi d over .

h ours boiling the extract is passed


,
eating o r usin too c ol d a bath T hey .

throu gh a fine si eve and well mixed Wi th are next rin sed t o r o ughl y with col d water
2 5 pounds cottonseed oil 1 2 1; pound s , and are again subjected to a strong n i tric
sweet oil and 1 2 } ounds amm oni a aci d bath to giv e th em a bri ght or dull
speci p
,

sol uti on of c gravity N ext .


a p e a r a n ce as requi re d .

d ay stir in 2 5 pounds sa po n i fi e d el ai ne o r o d u ce a bright fini sh pl unge


them far a few seconds ( m ovi n g th em
,

and 1 3 pounds of odorless etroleum of


s pecific gravity T p e res ulti ng . bout r a i dly at the sa me ti m e ) i n a col d .

emulsion keeps well dissolves perfectly , a th of t e fol l o w i ng co m positi on :


i n l ukewarm water and ans wers its pu ,
N i tri c aci d 1 00 vol u mes
pose excellentl y .
S ul h ur i c aci d 1 00 vol umes
ELECTR OD EPOS ITI ON PROCESS E S Ch ori de of sodi um 1 vol ume

S e e Plating A ai n rinse th oroughl y in cold water


Tg
.

e c orres pon din g bath gi vmg a dull


.

ELECTRO LYS I S I N B OILERS or matt a ppearan ce i s com posed of :


S e e B oil er Com pounds
N itric aci d 2 00 vol umes
.


S ul ph uric aci d 1 00 vol umes
El ectr opl a ti n g a n d El ectr o S e a salt 1 volume
S ulph ate of zin c 1 to 5 vol umes
typi n g T h e d ur a tion of im m ersi on in this bath
(S e e also Pl ating ) varies from 5 to 2 0 mi nutes according to ,

the dull nes s requi red Was h with plenty


.

PROCESS OF ELECTR OPLATING . of water T h e articles will then have a n


.

First cl ean the articles to be pl ated


. .
un pleasant appearance which will d i sa p
,

T o rem ove rease W arm the pieces be pear o u l un gi n t he m for a m oment into
the brig tenin g B
,

fore a sl ow re of ch arcoal or coke or i n ,


ath and rinsin g quickly .

a dull red stove D elicate or sol dered .


T h e pieces are next treated with the
articl es sh oul d be boil ed in a s ol uti on of nitrate of mercury bath for a fe w seconds .

caustic potash the l atter being diss ol ved


, Plai n water parts
i n 1 0 times its weight of water .
N itrate of mercury 1 0 parts
Th e scouring bath i s com posed of 1 0 0 S ul ph uric aci d 2 0 parts
parts of water to from 5 to 2 0 parts
sul ph uric aci d Th e articl es ma y be
.
I t is n ecessary t o sti r this bath before
ut in hot and sh oul d be l eft i n th e
using it . For l arge articl es th e propor
ath til l the surface turns to a n ocher tion of m ercury sh ould be greater An .

red tint .
articl e badl y cl eaned will com e out i n
T h e articles a fter havin g been cleansed various shades an d l a cki n its metallic
,

of grease by th e potash sol ution must be bri h tn ess It is better to t row a spent
.

washed i n water a nd rinsed before being


,
bat away than attem pt to strengthen it .

scoured C opper or gl ass tongs m ust


.
T h e various pieces after having passed
,

then be used for m ovin g th e arti cl es as through these several process e s are then ,

they m ust n ot afterwards be h an dl ed


,
read for the platin bath .

A e w words on t e subj ect of gil d i n


.

For small pieces suitabl e ea rthenware ,

or orcelain strainers may be used may not be amiss S mall a rt i cles are gilde
.

pli e next stage is the s pent nitric aci d


.

hot l arge ones cold T h e col d cyanide


, .

of ol d and potassi u m bath is composed


as g
bath T his consists of n i tri c aci d weak
.

o ll o w s :
ened by previous use Th e a rticl es a re .

l eft i n until the red col or disappears so ,


D istilled wate r parts
th at after r i n si n they s h ow a uniform Pure cyanide of po
metalli c ti nt h e rinsin g sh oul d be
. ta ssi u m 2 0 0 part s
thorou ghly ca rried out . Pure gold 1 00 parts
B av i n been well shaken and drained , T h e gold transform ed into chl oride
, ,
th e arti c es are next subj ected to the i s d i ssolved i n
.

parts of water and


288 ELECT ROT YPING— EM B A LM ING FLUID S

S OM E NOTE S ON ELECTROTYPING , D urin g th e process of deposi ti on the .

PLATING , AND GIL D ING . pieces sh ould be m oved a bout i n the bath
T h e first step in the i s the prep as much as pos si bl e i n order t o preserve
aration Of th e mol c{processTh e s ubstan ce th e h om ogeneity of the li quid I f th i s .

originall y used f or the constructi on of b e not atte nded to strati fication and ,

this was laster o f Pari s T h i s sub . circulati on of th e li uid is produced by


stance is o w e ver o r o us an d m ust be
, ,
the dec om position o th e a node and is ,

rendered i mper mea l e Th e materi als


.

. rendered visi bl e by the a ppearance of


most com monl y used of later years are l ong vertical lines on the cathode
, .

stearine wax marine gl ue gelati n For a mateurs and others performing


Wi th
, , , ,

i ndia ru bber and fusible alloys


, . s mall and occasi onal experi ments the ,

hol l ow mol ds it is a good plan to arrange followi ng si m ple a pparatus will be ser
an i nternal s keleton of latinum for ,
v i ce a bl e .Place th e s ol ution of sul phate
ulti mate c onnection with t e a nodes i n , of copper i n a n earthenware or porcelain
order to sec ure a o o d electrical contact j ar i n the c enter of which i s a porous 0 1:
,

with all parts of t e mold When c o v c onta ini a malgam ated zinc an d a so u
tion of sn gph ur i c aci d an d water about
.

ering several pieces at once it is as well to , ,

conn ect each of the m with the negative 2 or 3 ar ts i n 1 00 At the top of t he


.

ol e by a n iron or lea d wire o f s uitabl e zinc a rass rod is fixed su porting a ,

i me n si o n s . circle O f the same m etal th e i a met e r of ,

Having prepared the mol ds i n the which is between that of th e conta i ning
usual way — by o bta i n i n an i mpression vess el and th e orous pot From this
metallic circl e t p
.

i n the m aterial when so t and al l owing , e pieces are sus pended


it to set — they sh ould b e given a metallic i n s uch a manner that the to be
coatin g on thei r active surfaces of u r e covered are turned towa rd th e porous
powde red pl umbago applied wit a pot T w o s mall horsehair bags fille d
.

polishing brush . with copper s ul phate crystal s are sus


For delicate an d intricate objects the , pended i n the sol ution to maintain its
wet process is most suitabl e It consists . saturation
in paintin g the o b e ct with two or more
'

ELM TEA
coats of n i trate 0 si l ver and ulti mately .

reducing it by a sol ution Of phos phorus Powdered sl ippery


i n bisul phide of carbon .
el m bark 2 teaspoo n fuls
T h e plating baths are prepared as ( or the e qui va
follows l ent i n whole bar )
A quantity of water is put i n a j ar a nd B oili ng water
t o it i s added from 8 to 1 0 i n 1 00 S ugar enough , .

of s ul ph uric acid i n s mal lparts q uantities


, ,
L emon j uice enough ,

stirri ng co n ti n ua ll i n order to dissi pate Po ur the water up on th e bark When .

the heat generate b the ad mi xture of cool s trai n and fla vor with l emon j uice
Sli l ph a te of c opper
,
,

acid a nd water . and add s ugar T his is soothing in case


.

( bl uestone ) is the n diss ol ved i n the of infla m mation o f th e m ucous mem


acidul ated water at the normal te mpera bra ne
ture unti l it will take u p no more T h e
EMBALMING FL UID S
.

sol ution is al ways used col d and must be .

maintained i n a s aturated conditi on by S uccess in th e use of a n y em bal ming


the addition of copper s ul phate crystals flu i d de pends l argel y on mani p ulation ,

or s uitabl e anodes . a n i m portant pa rt of th e r o ce ss being


For use it shoul d be o ur ed into vessel s the th oro ug h rem oval of ui d from the
C i rculator
of clay porcelain g ass hard brown
, , , y syste m before undertaking
earthenware or i ndia rubber
, For .
the i nj ect i on of the em bal ming liquid .

l arge baths wood ma y be used lin ed on , I — S ol ution


. zi nc
the interior with an i m pervious coating chlori de ( U S . .

of acid -proof cement i ndia rubber , , 1 gallon


marin e gl ue or even varnished l ead
, S ol ution s odiu m
s heets .
chloride 6
If the sol ution be too weak and the ounces to pint 6 pints .

current on the other hand be too stron S oluti on m erc ury


the resul ti ng deposit will b e of a bl ac bichl or i d e 1 ,
col or. I f too concentrat ed a sol utio n ounce to pint 4 pints
and too weak a current be e mpl oy ed a , Alcoh ol . 4 pi n ts
crystalline deposit is obtained T o i n . .
Carbolic a c i d
s ure a pe rf ect res ult a happy medi um in , ( pure ) 8 ounces
all th ings is necessary . G lyce r i ne . 24 fl ui d o un c es
EMB A L MING FL UID S— E M UL S IFIER S 289

M i x th e gl yceri ne and carbolic acid , a nd si milar work Th e grinder is gen .

then all th e other i ngredients when a , e r a ll y rotated with the th umb an d fore
clea r s ol uti on of 3 gall ons res ults which , finger and water is us ed to l ubric ate its
,

is the prope r a m ount for a body weigh ~ c utting part which soon wears awa y
, .

ing 1 5 0 pounds . T h e grinder is resha ped by heating the


s hellac and m olding th e m ass while it is
I I —Arsenious acid 1 00 parts
. .

in a pl asti c con dition


.

S odi u m hydrate 5 0 parts


.

Carbolic aci d an d water o f each , Pr epari n g Eme f o r Lappi n g — T o .

su fli ci en t quantity prepare e mer for 8 ) i ng screw -gages


ll a h a l -pint bottle with
a .
.
,

D issol ve th e arsenious acid and the pl ugs etc


, .
,

soda i n 1 4 0 parts of water by th e aid of machi ne oil an d fl our emery 7 parts oil ,

h e at . When the sol ution is cold drop ,


to 1 pa rt emery by b ul k M i x th oroughly
, .

carbolic acid i n to it until it becomes an d l et stand for 2 0 minutes to settl e .

0 a l e sc e n t and finally add water until


,
T ake th e bottle and pour o ff one -half the
t e finished prod uct meas ures 7 0 0 parts . contents without disturbing the se ttl i n s .

Th e portion poured off contains only t e


I I I — S alicylic acid
. 4 drachms .

finest e mery a nd will n ever scratch th e


B oric aci d 5 drachms .
work .

Potassi u m c a r For surface l a pi ng put some flour


bonate 1 drach m . .

emery i n a linen b a g a nd tie u p closely


O i l of ci nna mon 3 drachms .

with a stri ng D ust out the e me ry by


.

O i l of 3 drach ms striki ng the bag agai ns t the surf ace plate ;


G lycerine 5 o unces .
use tur cutine for rough l a pping a nd th e
Alco 1 2 o unc e s dry su rihce plate fo r finishing .

Hot water 1 2 ounces .

D issol ve the first 8 i n r e d i e n ts i n th e R emovi n g Gl a ze f ro m Emer y Wh e e ls


_
— I f the wheel is not altogether too hard ,
water a n d gl ycerine t e O i ls i n the ,

a lcohol and mi x the sol ut i ons


,
_
it can someti mes be remedied by redue
i ng the face of the wheel to ab out t inch ,

IV .
or by reducing the s e e d or b both ,

Alcohol . .
Emer wheels shoul be turne dy off so
G lycerine .
that t e will run true before using A .

wheel t at gl azes i m mediately afte r it


V .
— Cooking salt has been turned o ff can som et i mes be ,

Al um corrected by l oosening the n ut and a l ,

Arseni ous acid . .


l owi ng the wheel to ass ume a sli ghtl y
d i ff r e n t position when it is agai n t i ght
ene g
Zinc chl ori de .
,

M ercury chloride
Forma l d e h y d e Eme r y S ubsti tute -For making arti .

sol uti on 40 per , fi ci a l em ery parts of the foll owing


,
cent parts substances may be em pl oyed : S even hun
Water u p ,
2 4 0 00 parts dred and fifty-nine parts of ba uxite 7 0 0 ,

VI .

Arse n i ous acid .
parts of coke and 96 parts of a flu x which
, ,

M ercuri c chl ori d e .


may be a carbonate of lime of potash , ,

Alcohol or of soda prefera bly carbonate of lime


,

S o l ac carb ol ic 5
. .

. . ,
on account of its low price T hese ma .

per cent 1 20 ounces . .


t e r i a l s are arranged i n al ternat e l ayers
and fused i n an oven bavin a good
F rom 1 0 to 1 2 pints a re i nj ected into
the carotid artery — a t first sl owl y and draught T h ey are said to yield an arti
.

fi ci a l e mery si milar to the natural emery


afterwa rds at i ntervals of from 1 5 to 3 0
of S myrna and N axos a nd at l ow cost , .

m i nutes .

EM ULS IFIERS
Rosi n S oa as a n Emul sifi er — T li e
soa p shoul d ?>e made by boiling gently
.

EME RALD (IMI TATION) for 2 hours in an evaporating d i sh a


, ,

mixture of grains rosin and 3 00


S e e G e ms Ar ti ficial .
,
caustic soda with 2 0 fl ui d o un ces water .

EMERY U on cooli ng the soa separates as a


ep
,

Emery Gr i n d er — S hel lac melted to . ,


l ow m ass which is rained from th e
,

ge ther with e me ry and fixed to a short i qui d s queezed then heated on a water
, ,

m etal rod f orms th e grinder used for bath u nt i l it is dr and friabl e Fi xed
0 113 m y be emul si ed by addin g 1 o u n c e
.

ope ni ng th e h ol e s i n e na mel e d wa tch d a l s


, .

i a
2 90 EMUL SIF IE RS - ENA MEL ING h

to a sol uti on of 1 0 grains soap in 1 ounce use ; (3 ) e n a mel i n l ocom oti ve and other
water Vol atil e O i l s require 1 0 grains
. tubes ; (4 ) ename in g drai n and wate r
r osi n soa p 2 31 ounces wa ter and 2 pi I es ; (5 ) sign board enameli n g
Th e r e is one defect to whi ch a ll ena mel
.
, ,

drach ms oil Creosote requ i res doubl e


.

this am ount of soap T hym ol may be . ware is s ubj ect and that is ch i pping , .

rendered mi scible with water by d i s T his ma y be caused by ( 1 ) i mperfect


’ ‘

mixi ng of the ena mels ; 2 ) imperfect fus


$
s olvi ng 1 8 rains together with 2 0 grai ns
soap i n 3 ui d o un ces al cohol t hen ad d , ing ; (3 ) i mperfect i ck ing of the i ron ;
i ng enough water to make 6 fl ui d o u n ce s .
(4 ) rough usage ith ordi nary ca re a
.

O f course man y other substances may be well ena mele d article has been known
-

emul sified with the same e mulsifier . to last i n dail y use f or 1 0 or 12 yea rs ,

Yolk of Egg as a n Emul si fi er — T h e whereas defecti ve enameli ng say on a , ,

d omes tic ointment of Unona c o n S i sti n g o t


.
' sign tabl et — which is exe m t from rough
a mi xture of oil and yolk of egg is mi s
,
usage — may n ot have a ife exceeding
ci ble i n all pro porti ons with water I t is
,
a fe w m onths All enamel ed articles
.
,

s uch as h oll ow ware a n d sign tabl ets


.

proposed to uti lize this fact by su bsti t u


,

fir st receive a co a ti n o f a c om osition
ting a dil uted ointment for the gum
chi e fly c om pose d of ass cal l ed gray p ” ‘

em ulsions in general use th e foll owi ng ,

and th i s is fol l ow by a deposi t of


,

being given as a general f orm ula “ ”


white any addition al col or r e quired
,
~

bei ng l aid above the Wh ite I n the mix .

B a l sa m eru 1 to 2 parts ing and depositin g o f th ese mi xtures l i e


Zi nc oxide 5 to 1 0 parts
. .
the secrets of successful ena meli n g Th e .

D istill ed water 1 00 parts .


“ ”
gray has to be f used n ot onl y on but
I f d esire d 83 pa rts of vi negar may be
,
als o into the metal at a bright red — a l
s ubstituted for the same amount of water .
m ost white — heat a nd it is ob vi ous tha t ,

while oil of cad e oil of birch l i a n th r a l or


, ,
its constit uents must b e arranged a n d
storax may be s ubstitu ted for th e balsam proportioned to expan d and contract in a
Peru and an equal quantity of tal c mag
, s ome what uniform man ner with the iron
n e si u m carbonate
,
“ ”
s ul ph ur of bis muth, itself
. Th e whit e has to be f used on
subcarbonate may be i ntrod uced i n
, the surface of the gray but the gray ,

plac e of the oxide of zinc A further . being m uch harder is n ot aff ected by th e
variatio n i n the character of the liqui d s econd firing I f it were li uid it would
.

may be introd uced by the use of medi becom e mixed with the w ite and de
o s ted or perfumed waters instead of the stroy i ts urity Frequentl y O wing to
i nferi or c p
.

plai n distilled water Where s o dil uted e mi ca l s


. ,

. i mperfect mixing or ,

f u smg a s ec on d coatin g o f white is nec


,

as i n th e above form ul a the yolk of e g


separates out after l ong stand i ng but tg
, ,

e ess ary i n order t o prod uce a s urface of


,

mi xture ui ckl y r eémul si fi es upon s haking


,

h

.
t e n ecessary purity an d l uster Th e .

T a r an balsams can be emulsi fied by d i fficulties of e n a mel i n a re th us easily


mixing with doubl e their q uantity of yol k understood Unless t e m etals and .

of e g then dil uting by the addition of


, che m i cal s are s o arran ged a nd mani p
s ma quantities of water or milk . ul s ted that thei r capaciti es of expa nsion
Emul gen — T his emulsifying agent has an d contracti on are a p r o xi ma te l y th e
same i nferi or work wi fi be r o d u ce d
.

the foll owing compositi on : G l uten 5 ; gum ,

O x i de of iron on the su rface of


.

acacia 5 ; gu m tra acanth 2 0 ; glyceri ne


,
e plates ,

i nferi or che mical s in corre ct mi xi n gs


, , ,
20 ; water 50 ; al co Oi 1 0 T his mi xture .
, ,
i nsu ffic i ent or o v er h ea ti n
, , .

in th e process
of fu smg prevent that cg
forms a clear grayish jelly
e mi ca l combi
.

E M ULS I ONS OF PETROLE UM nati on wh i ch is essenti al to successful


S e e Petrol eum .
enamel i ng T h e coa ti n s will be l aid
.

on and n o t com bined wit th e result that ,

there Wi ll be inequalities in expansion


and contracti on which will cause the
enamel to chi p o ff i m mediately if sub
En amel i n g mi tte d to an ythin g approaching rou h
usage an d i n a very s h ort tim e if su
,

( S e e al so Ceramics G lazes , Pai nts mi tted t o l ch emi ca l or ordinar atmos


Waterproofing and Varnish es ) y
,

, . h
p e ri c conditions .

C OMMERCIAL ENAMELING T h e m anufacture o f si n ta bl ets is the


g
s m plest form to which th i s i mport ant art
.
i
C om merci al enamel ing incl udes : ( 1
) i s a dapted S ign -ta bl et ena meling is
Holl ow ware e n a meli n g f or domestic use ;
.
,
h owever ke pt as reat a s ecret as any
( 2 ) holl ow ware e na mel ing for chemical
,

other type T h i s ra nch o f th e industry


.
2 92 ENAM EL ING

sol ution and th e powder then carefull y


,
i ng now make this constituent a mos t
d u sted through a sieve over the surface . useful and i n fact a n al m ost essenti al
, , ,

I n this condition the late i s s ubm i tted elem ent T h e glass sh oul d be white
.

to the fusing process 11 usin


o the l i qu i d .
broken gl ass and as uniform i n ch a r ,

m aterial the plate surface i s i ped i nto acter as possibl e as col ored gl ass woul d ,

or has th e liquid mixi ng c a r efu poure d i mpart a tinge of its own color to the
over it any sur l us b eing drai ne off and
,

,
mi xing .

any pa rts w h i c are n ot to be coated be i ng T h e foll owing are two distinct glazes
wiped cl ean by a cl oth T h e c oati n g i s .
whi ch d o not contai n gl ass or porcelain :
then dried in s uitabl e stoves after wh i ch ,
Fel dspar oxid e of ti n niter soda T his
, , ,
'
.

it is read y for fusing on to the i ron Th e . is free from any pois on ous bo d y a n d r e
gray coati ng shoul d be fairl y un i form and quires n o additions : S ilica powder oxide .

s m ooth free from h oles or bl isters an d


, ,
of tin b orax soda n iter carbonate of
, , , ,

thorou ghly covering ev e ry part of the i ron am monia or magnesia , .

which i s to be subj ected to any outside Alk a l ies —O f th e alkalies which are
C ooling slowly is i m o r ta n t
.

i nfluence . .
necessary to produc e c om pl ete fus ion of
Rapi d cooling frequently causes c ippi n an d com bination with th e q uartz soda
of th e coating and in any case i t wilg
,

, is chiefly a pplied i n enamel ma n u f a c


greatly red uce the tenacity of the con tures as th e fusin g tem perature is then
,

n e c ti o n existi ng between the glaze a nd l ower .

th e m etal .

Bone Ash T his material will not add


.
-

G enerally the next surface is a white opacity but only semi -transparency to
,
one and it depends u pon th e class of
,
t h e e n a me l an d is therefore not much
arti cl e the character of the enamels an d
, ,
use d
,

th e efficiency of application whether ,

on e coat or two will be required R ough .


Bora ci c Aci d — B oraci c acid i s some .

l y speaki ng the c o a ti n is com o s e d of a


,
ti mes substituted for silicic acid but ,

gl ass to which i s ad ed c xi e of tin ,


generally ab out 1 5 per cent of th e former
o xide of lead or s ome other suitable ,
to 8 5 per ce nt of the l atter is added .

opaqu e white ch emical Th e mixture .


B orax as a flu x is h owever much more , ,

m ust be s o constituted as to fuse at a


easily used and is th erefore l argely em
l ower temperature than the foundation pl oyed i n enamel factori es .

covering I f its tem perature of fusion


. Bora x — Calci n ed b orax that i s bor a x
.
, ,

were the same the result woul d be that from which a l arge proporti o n of the
the gray woul d melt on the iron and n atural moisture h as b een el iminated is ,

becom e incorporated wit h th e white , best for enamel purposes I t is a flux .

thus l oosening the attach ment of the that melts at m ediu m heat and enters ,

mass to th e iron an d als o destroying the into th e formati on of th e vitreous basis .

purity of th e white itself B on e ash is . B orax h as als o th e pro e r ty of thorough


s ometimes used as it becomes uniformly , ly distri buting oxide co ors i n the enamels .

distribute d throu ghout the melt and r e , CIa y — O n l a fairly pure cl ay can be
. .

mains in s us ens i on i nstead of settling .


used in ename mi xi n gs and the varieties ,
B one ash an oxide of l ead are h owever , , of cl ay av a il abl e are th erefore limited .

in much less deman d tha n oxide of ti n Th e two best are pi e — o r white — cla
y
.

Th e lead is especially falling into dis —


an d chi na cl ay kao i n T h e l atter i s .

favor for the fol l o w i n reasons : Fi rstly


, , purer th an the form er a nd in addition to ,
it requires s pecial an l ab orious treat ac ting as a flux it is use d to increase the ,
ment ; secondl y it gives a yell owish ,
viscosity of mi xi n gs and therefore the
white col or ; th i rdly i t cannot resist the ,
opacity I t is used i n m uch th e same
.

action of acids Th e foll owing is a .


way as oxide of tin .

recipe which was i n very general use for — G roun d cryol ite is a white
l
Cryo i te
so me years : G lass (cullet ) powdered ,
.
.

flint l ead soda ( crystals ) niter arsenic m i neral easily fusi bl e an d sometimes
, ,
, , , ,
used i n e nam el mi xi n gs I t is closel y
.

Another consists of the followin g: B orax .

gl ass silica powder oxide of ti n niter


,
,
associ a te d with al u min um .

, , ,

sod a magnesia clay


, T hes e are fused , .
Cull e t — T his i s th e general m ateri al
to gether and when bein g ground 8 used as a basis Cl ear glass only should .

b e introd uced ; an d as th e c ompositi ons


, .

m i xture of N o s 1 3 7 an d boracic aci d .


, , ,

i s added .
of glass vary r e a tl y s mall experimental ,

Enamel mi xi n gs containin g l ass or


.

fr i ts shoul d a ways be m ad e to arrive at


china are n ow generally i n use a though
.
,
the correct q uantity to be a dde d .

for several years the ex peri ence of m an Fe ldspar — T h e introd ucti on of feld
.

ufa ct u r er s usin gl ass was not sa ti sfa c s par i nto a n ena mel frit in creases con
tory I mprove com positions a n d work si stenc y Th e com mo n wh it e variety i s
.
E NA MEL ING 2 93

general l y used and its preli m in ary treat .


~
tal and flint sto n e are all forms of this
,

ment by pound i ng is si mil a r to that aci d i n crystalli zed for m By itself it is .

adopted W i th quartz . practically infusi bl e but it can be i ncor ,

Fluor -S par — I h this mineral we have po r a t e d with other materials to form


mi xi n gs requiring varying tem peratures
.

another flux which fuses at a red h eat , .

Flu xes — T hese are for the ur po se of for fusi on


re gulating the tem perature of fii si o n of a
.

S o d a — T h e s oda in general use is car


.

m i xing — frit — som e bei ng better adapted b onate of s oda — 5 8 per cent —o r enam el
for this purpose th an others T his how .
,
i ng soda T h e l atter is specially pre
.

ever is n ot th e only considerati on for


"

, ,
pared so as to free it al most entirely
,

the character of th e fl ux depends upon from iron and admit of the production of
,

the com position or che mical changes to a pure w hite enamel when such is r e
which the ingredients a re to be subjected .
qu i red .

T h e fl uxes are borax cl ays cull et , , , Ti n O xi d e —All enam els m ust co n tai n
.

porcelai n fel ds par gyps um and fl u o r


, , , white ingredients to produce opacity ,

spar . an d the m ost generally used is oxide of


Glas s — G l ass is com posed of lime si ,
tin . By itself it cannot be fused but ,

licie aci d and soda or potash T h e use of


, .
with proper mani pulation it becom es
the glass is to form the hard crystal -li ke ,
diff used throughout the enam el m ass .

foundation .
O n the q uantity added depends the
Gypsum — T h i s mi n e r a l i s someti mes
denseness or degr e e of opacity im parted
.
. o
to t h e enamel
used i n conj unct i on W i th baryta and I t will be understood that the enamel
.

fl u o r spar
- .

constituents a re di vided i nto four dis


Lead — Crystalli zed carb on ate of l ead
.
, tinct groups I Fu n damental media . .

or lead white ” is frequently used i n , II Fl ux m edia III D ecol orant media


. . . .

enamels when a l ow tem perature for I V C olo ri n


. m edia We have briefly g .

fusion is req uired I t sh ould never be .


c onsidered the three first nam ed an d we ,

used on articl es to be submitted t o chem will n ow proceed to N o I V T h e col or . .

ical acti on or for cul inary use , M ini um .


ing m aterial used is i n every case a
is a specially pre pared oxide of l ead an d , metallic oxi de s o that so far as this goes , , ,
suitable for enameling purposes but i s , the col oring of an enamel frit is easy
exp e nsive .
enough G reat care is h owever m
. eces , ,

Lime — Li me is i n th e form of carbon


. sary an d at times many di fficulties
,

ate of ca l cmm when used . present themsel ves which can o n ly be ,

Magnesi um Carbo n a te is use d only i n overcom e by experience C ol orin o x .

small quantities in ena m e l mi xi n gs I t .


i des are very frequently adulterate a n d
necessitates higher tem perature f o r a
certain ki n ds of th e ad ulterants are i n
fusion but d oes not affect t h e col or to th e
,
j ur i o us to th e frit and to the finish of th e
slightest extent if pure .
col or .

Mangan ese — As a d ecol orant this . ,


Com par i so n of Hollow Ware a n d S i gn
mineral is very powerful an d therefore ,
Ta blet Enamelin g — Th e enameli ng for
only sm all quantiti es must b e used . sign tabl ets is m uch the same as for
Purity of the mineral is essenti a l — i e . .
,
h oll ow ware ; th e mi xi n gs are practically
it shoul d contai n from 9 5 to 9 8 per cent alike but as a general rul e th e mixing is
, , ,

of binoxi de of m anganese . applied i n a m uch m ore liq ui d form on


Niter — A t a certai n tem perature niter
.
th e latter I t is easy to understan d that
.

shows a chemical change which when , ,


holl ow ware i n everyday use rec e ives
a fl e cte d by some of the oth er c o n st i t u
'
rougher usage than tabl ets By h an dli n g .
,

ents assists i n the formati on of the vitre it is s ubmitted to co m r e ssi o n expansion , ,


,

ous base and more or less vi o ence d u e to fall s ,

knocks etc and unless therefore the


.

Porcelai n —B roken u ncol ored po r ce


.
, , , ,
.
enamel coating foll ows the cha n ges of
l a w is s om etim es used i n enamel man the metal due to these causes the con
Q uartz
,
uf a ct ur e I ts com positi on :
.
.
,
n e cti o n between the two will becom e
china clay and fel dspar I t i ncrea ses
,
.
l oosen ed and chi ppi n will take lace .

viscosity .
T h e enamel there ore thou much , ,

Re d Lead -T his decol orant is


. s ome alike for both ur po se s sh o u d be so ,

ti mes call ed u r ifi er It W i ll h owever . , , prepared for h o ow ware th at it will be


interfere wit certai n colori n g m edia , capable of withstandi n g th e changes to
and when this is the case i ts use sh oul d which we have referred I n all cases it .

at once be discontinued .
must be remem bered that the thinner th e
S ilici c A ci d —Q uartz sand rock crys . , ,
coat of the ena mel the better it will be
2 94i ENA ME LING

distrib uted over the i ron and th e greater , I n enamelin g factori es n o causes a re
will be its adherence t o the i ron A n y . m ore proli fic i n the prod uction of waste
ar ticl e heavi ly enam el ed i s al wa s liabl e th an these a nd i n many cases th e de
,

to chi p especially if s ubmi tt e t o the


,
feets p oduced are erron eousl y attributed
r

slightest bending a cti on an d therefore ,


to s omething els e C ast iron is m uch .

any e xcess of m aterial added to a pl ate easier to enam el than wro ught iron .

means that it will al ways be r e ad i l y T his is due to th e granul ar character of


l iabl e to s eparate f rom the plate I n .
.
its c omposition I t retai ns th e enamels .

holl ow-ware enameli ng the preparati on i n its s mall microse c i c rec esses and ,

of each frit generall y recei ves somewhat greater u niformity can e ar r i ved at with
m ore attenti on th an for late ena meling greater ease Cast-iron enamel ed sign
m
. .

T h e gri nding i s ore e e ct i ve l y carri ed tablets an d h ollo w ware were at one


out i n order to remove al m ost every
,
ti m e m ad e b ut thei r great weight made
,

possibil ity of rou gh ness o n a n y part of it i mpossibl e f or the m ever to come into
the s urface es peci ally th e i nside surface . general use .

Wro ught i ron lates i f e xa m i ned mi


,

T h e i ron used i n tabl et an d holl ow -

cr o sco pi ca l l y wilp
,

ware manufacture is roll ed s heet iron . s how that the y are o f


,

It is su plied i n a vari ety of quali ti es . a fi brous structure t h e fibers running in ,

C h a r c o a iron i s ur e r than ordinary the direction in which they h ave been


plate iron m ore n a til e an d therefore
, , rolled T h e enamels therefore will be
.
, ,

capabl e of bein dri ven out t o var i ous m ore liabl e to flow l ongitudin all y than
forms and d e t s by sta m pin g presses . transvers el y an d this tendency will be
,

Th e s urface 0 the charcoal i ron is not s o m ore accentua te d at s ome places than at
liabl e to becom e oxidi zed and therefore , oth ers T his h owever is prevented by

.
, ,

can be more readil y made chemicall y vin g the iron sheets what might be
c lean for the recepti on of th e e nam els . escri bed as a c ast-i ron finish Th e .

S ome manufacturers use charcoal pl ates sheets to be enam ele d sh oul d be thorough
for tablet work but these are expensive ; l s coured i n all directi ons by quartz or
flint sa nd n o part o f the surface being
,

the ordinary plates carefully pickl ed , ,

and cl eaned adapt themsel ves to the , n e l e ct e d T his th orough s crubbing


.

work satisfactorily . wi roughen the s urface suffi ci en tl y to ,

T h e sheet irons generally used for the make it uniformly retentive of enamel
e n a mel i n pur oses referred to vary i n mixture an d i n n o cases s houl d it be
he i ffi er the iron th e great er
,

gauge . omitted or carelessl y carrie d o ut .

m ust be the care used i n c oating i t with


enamel T hin i ron will ra pidly becom e
. Copper Enameli n g — O u a clean cop
hot or cool the temperatures changin g er surface the enamel in process is easy
,
g .

m uch m ore quickly than that of the mix he foun dation glaze i s n ot essential ,
i ng Unl ess care therefore is used th e
.
, , , an d when requi re d th e m ost beautiful r e
result of fusing will be that the enam el sul t s of blended col ors can be obtained
mass will n ot h a ve become th o r o ugh l by very littl e ad diti onal ex perience to o r
li quid and its adherence to the i ron w i 1
, d i n a r y enameli ng
When th e vase or other article has been
.

be i m erf e ct .

If , o w e ve r the tem perature is ,radu ham mered out to th e require d shape i n


a ll y raised to the m axi mu m an sym , copper it is passed on to an other class of
,
pathetic combination takes pl ace th e , artisans wh o pre are it f or the hands of
,
d an gers of ra pid coolin g are av oided .
the e namele r h e d esign or desi gns
.

Agai n th e i ron i n l osing i ts tem perature


, , are sketched carefully T h e worki n .

m ore rapidly than the ena mel will con , appl i ances consist only o f a pointe d to o
tract th us l oosenin g its contact with th e
,
tw o or thre e s mall punches of v a r yi n
gl aze and the l atter will either then or
, . S i zes
, an d a h am me r With this sma .

after a short peri od of usage chi off i pme n t the operator sets to work
Tip
c
We then arri ve at the foll owing h e r and
, .
.

-
e s paces betwee n eac h dividing l ine
fast rul es : ( 1 ) I n all cl asses of enameli ng , are grad ually l owere d by h am mering ,
b ut partic ul arly where thi n iron sheet s and when th i s has been u niformly com
are use d the te mperature of the plate
,
pl e te d each little recess is ready to r e
,
and i ts coveri ng must be raised ver cei ve its all otment o f en amel
, M ore .

gradually and very uniformly (2 ) I n a 1 .


a ccurate work even than this ca n be o h
cas es a p late which has had a glaze fuse d ta i n e d by the i ntrod uction o f flat wire .

on i t s surface m ust be cool e d ve r y grad u T hi s wire is sol dered or fixe d on the vase ,
ally and very uniformly T h e i m portance .
an d f orms the outli ne f or the entire
of these rules cannot be over-esti mated d es i gn I t m ay be of brass c op ) er or
gol d but i s fixe d an d b u il t roun devery
, .
, ,
and will therefore be referred to in a
more practical wa y l ater
, ,
,

i te m o f th e wh ol e d e si n wit h the mos t


g
.
2 96 ENA ME L I NG

S tage V — T h e c oati ng of the plate


.
stencil woul d be necessary T h e paper .

with white is the next stage T h e tem .


before reparation woul d be measured
e r a t u r e of fusion of the white laze i s o ut to t e exact si ze of the pl ate and the ,

ower than that of the gray so t at th e l etters would be drawn in T h e cutting .

plate will remain a s horter ti m e i n th e woul d then be done a nd the result ,

stove or be submitted to a somewhat s hown at Fig 1 woul d be obtained the


. ,
,

l ower temperature T h e latter system .

i s to be strongly recom mended in order


t o prevent any possibility of fusion of the
ground mass T h e white shoul d be .

made as li quid as o ssi bl e consistent


with good resul ts T h e advantages of .

thin coatings h ave already been explained ,

b ut if the mixing is too thi n the round Fig 1. Fi g 2 .

coating will not only be irregular y c o v


ered but in fusi on bubbl es will be pro
, , ,
black parts being cut out T h e lines or .

d uc e d owing to the stea m esca pin g and


, , corners of each letter or fi ure shoul d be
these are fatal to the sal e of a ny k i n d of perfec tly clear an d cl ean or any flaw in ,

enameled ware When th e plate has been . the stencil will be re prod uced on the
thoroughl y d ried a nd fusion has taken plate.

lace sl ow and steady cooli ng is a bso


, S ta ge VI I — T h e next stage 1 8 the a p
.

u t el y essential S pecial mu fil e s are . plicati on of the bl ue ena mel T h e opera .

fre quently b uilt for this purpose and , tion is al m ost i dentical with that of the
the i r use is the means of preventing a wh ite b ut when the coa ting has been
,

large number of wasters Before put . applied a nd dried the lettering must be
,

ting o n the glaze care m ust be taken to , brus hed o ut before it is fused T h e .

remove the gray from a ny part which is coating is generally a pplie d by a badger
not to be coated T h e te mperature of . brush after a little gu m water has been
°
fusi on should be about l 8 90 and , added ; the e ffect of this is to m ake the
the t i me taken is about 5 minutes .
bl ue m ore com pact .

S tage VI -—T h e stencil m ust be cut


. e ~
S ta ge VI II — T h e next operation is
.

with perfect e xactitude T h e letters . b rush i ng ; the stencil is carefully placed


s ho u ld be as cl ear as possible ro or , over the plate and held i n position and
, ,

tio n ed and spaced to obtain t e est


, .
with a small hand brush with h a rd
e ffects as re ards bol dness and appear b ristles the stencil is brushed over T his .

ance S te n ci s may be o ut either from br ush i n rem oves all the blue coating
which s ho w s the lettering an d leaves the
.
,

paper or from specially pre ared '

metal called stencil metal


, he for .
rest of the white intact When this has .

are satisfactory enough when only a few been d one t h e ste n cil is re move d and t h e
,

pl ates are required from one stencil , connecting ribs of th e lettering — some of
when large quantities are required say , . which are marked X in Fig 2 — are then .

6 0 upward metal stencils should be used


,
.
re moved by hand the instrument gen ,

T h e paper s hould be thick tou h a nd , , e r a l l y being a pointed stick of b ox or


stro n g and is pre pared i n the f o l owi ng
, other si mil ar wood
manner : S hellac i s dissolved in meth y
.

S tage I X — Fusing foll ows as in the


.

l ated s pirits to the ordi nary liquid gum case of th e white gl aze and the plate is ,

form and this is s pread over both sides complete O n e coat of bl ue s houl d be
When thor
, .

of the paper with a brush .


s u fficient but if any defects are apparent
,

oughly dry a second protective coati ng is second layer is necessary .

added and the aper is then ready for


, T h e white an d bl ue glazes are applied
stencil work T e stencil cutter s outfit .

n l y on the front side of the plate the ,


consists of s uitable knives steel rule , , ack side being left coate d with gray
scal es o f various fracti ons to an inch a , only.

li as r e s heet of l ass on which the cutting


‘ one and ag ,ph a be ts and numerals of Fro m the Sh eet to th e Hollo w Ware .

var i ous characters and ty pes For o r . I n hollow -ware ena meling the iron is ,

d i n a r y lettering one stenc i l is enough , rece i ve d i n s quares circl es or obl ou s , , ,

but for more intricate desi gns 2 3 and , , of the size re u i r e d for the ware to e
even 4 stencils may be re ui r ed I n the . turned o ut t is s oft and d uctile and
.
,

preparation of the plates re erred to in the by means of suitabl e punches and dies it
paragraph preceding S tage I only 1 , i s dri ve n i n a stam ping ress to the nec os
sary sha pe For shal ow articles only
.

Mel ti n g a pie ce o f bra ss wi ll repr esen t th i s t em one operat i on i s necessary but for deeper
arti cles fro m 2 to 6 operations ma y be
,

pot a ture .
ENA MELING 2 97

r eq uired an neali ng i n a s eci a ll y con


, Th e outside enamel on utensils is les s
structed furnace ta kin p ace between Vi sc ous than the i ns i de enamel and
each .
g
Followi ng th e drawing opera shoul d also be applied as thinly as pos
,

tions com es that of trim ming ; this ma y sible.

be done i n a press or s inning lathe the ,

object being to tri m t e edges an d r e S to ves Furn a ce s — Fritting and


an d .

move all roughness T h e articles are . Fusin g — T h e best res ults are obtained
now r e ady for ena m eling For e xplana . in ena meling when the thoroughly ground
tion let us s u pose they are tum blers to
, , and mixed constituents are fused to
be white insi e and bl ue outsi de T h e
, . gether reground an d then a pplied to
. ,

gray is first laid on th en the white an d , , the metal s urface In chea p enamels the .

lastly the bl ue — that is after the pickling , gray is someti mes a pplied without being
and cl e a n i n operations have been per r e vi o usl y melted b ut it lacks the dura ,

formed . he line of demarcation be i l i ty which is obtaine d by th orough


twee n the bl ue an d W hite m ust be clear , fusion and r e gr i n d i n I n s melting en
otherwis e the a pe a r a n ce of the articl e a mel one of two kin s of furnaces may
will n ot be satis actory T h e process of . be used viz tank or cruci bl e
, .
, The .

enameling is exactly the sa me as for former is better adapted to the m elting


sign plate ena meling b ut m ore care
-
, of considerable quantities of ordinary
must be e xercised in order t o obtain a enamel while the latter is more suitable
,

While the li qui d


.

smoother s urface . for s maller quantities or for finer enam els


enamels are bein g applied circ ula r , as the mixture is protected from the
articles sh oul d be steadily rotated in direct action of the fla mes by covers on
order to l et the co a ti n flow uniformly the crucibles T h e n umber of tanks an d
.

and prevent thic k a nd t i n places T h e . crucibles i n connection with each furnace


“ ”
ena meling of wh ole dr a wn ironware depends upon the heating capacity of
presents n o di ffi culty to the ordinary the furnace and upon the out-turn r e
enamel er b ut with articles which are
,
quired T hey are s o arranged that all or
.

seamed or rivete d s pecial care and ex ,


any of t hem can be used or put out of use
.

pe r i e n ce is necessary . readily by means of val ves an d dampers .

S eamed or riveted parts are of course , , G enerally they are arranged in groups of
,

thicke r t han the ordi nary plate will ex ,


f rom 6 to 1 2 placed in a strai ht or ,

and and contract di ff erentl y will ta ke ,


circular li ne but the object ai me at is
,

o n ge r to heat an d l onger to cool and the ,


complete comb ustion of the fuel and the ,

concl usion therefore that m ust be ar


, ,
utilization of the heat to the fullest ex
rived a t is that the thickness shoul d be tent. O n e arrang e ment is to have the
reduced as much as possible and the ,
flame pass al on the bottom an d sides of
oints be made as s m ooth as possible
°

. the tank an d t en o ver th e top to th e


n l e ss s pecial preca utions are taken , chi mney .

cracks Wi ll be seen on articles of th i s T h e general system in use is however , ,

kind running in straight lines from the the cruci ble system Th e cruci bles are .

rivets or sea ms T o avoid these the


. ,
made from the best fire clay and the ,

enamel li quid m ust be reduced to the most satisfactory are sol d under th e nam e
re a te st stage of li quidity the heat m ust of “ Hessian cruci bles Th e chief o b
he raised sl owly an d in cool i ng the
.
,

, j e cti o n to the use of the crucibl es is that


articl es sh oul d pass through say 2 or 3 , ,
of c ost T hey are expensive an d i n
. ,

mutfi es each one having a lower t emper


,
many factories the life of the crucible is
ature than the preceding one I t i s now very short in some cases not extendin g
beyond one period of fusion When this
. ,

generall y conceded that the slower and .


,

more uniform the cooling process the ,


h owever is the rule rath e r than the ex
,

greater will be the d urab i l i ty of the c e pti o n ,


the results are d ue to care
en a mel . Feldspar is an al m ost a bso l essness S udden heating or cooli n g
.

l utel y necessary addition to the gray i n of the crucible will cause i t to crack or
successful hollow -ware e n a mel i n and fall to pieces but for this there is n o
,

the com o si ti o n s of both gray an wh i te excuse . Runni ng the molten material


shoul d e such as to demand a h i gh quickly out of the cruci ble an d replacing
temperature for fus ion Th e utens i ls .
it hurriedly with a fresh col d m i xing is
With the ray coati ng sh oul d first be liabl e — i n fact al m ost certai n — t o pro
raised to admo st a red heat i n a mu ffle
,

,
duce fracture not only causing the de
,

and then pl aced in a furnace rai sed to a s truction of the crucibl e but also the l oss ,

white heat T h e white sh oul d be treated


.
of the mi xing Ne w crucibl es shoul d .

similarly and in this way the ti me taken


,
be thoroughly dried in a gentle heat for
f or complete fusion at th e l a st stage Wi ll some days and then grad ually rais e d
be a b out 4 mi n utes .
to the re quisit e t e m peratur e w h ich they
2 98 EN A M E L I NG

m ust s ustain for the purposes of fusion . a tubul ar fireproof support 0 w h i cti , ,

S ometi mes ungl azed porcel ain cruci bles all ows the m olten mass to be eas i ly run
s pecially pre pared W i th a lar e propor o ff i nto a tub of water which i s laced i n
t i on of ch i na clay are used g
,

These are .
, the chamber d T h e fuel is t rown i n
, .

howe ver expensi ve and re u i r e s peci al


, fro m t h e top and th e s upply m ust be,

attention d uring the first me t T h e l i fe . kept uniform From 4 to 6 of these fur


.

of all crucibles can be l eng thened by :


. naces are connected with th e same chim
( l ) G rad ually be a ti n g the m before ut ney ; but before passing to th e chi mney
ting them into th e fi r e ; ( 2 ) never repg the h ot gases a r e in some cases used for

ac
i ng a frit with a col d mass for t h e suc h eating purposes in connecti on with the
ce e d i n g one ; it sh ould first be heated in a drying stove T h e pl ug used may be .

stove and then introduced into the cru either a permanent iron o n e coated with
ci ble ; ( 3 ) carefully protectin g t h e h ot a very h a r d enamel or made from a
cruci bles from col d draughts or ra pid com position of quartz o w d e r and water .

cooling . An uncovered i ron p u g would be un


M elting and Mel ti n
Furnace s — T h e suitabl e owing to the action of the iron
arrangement of the me ti ng furnace must on the ingredients of th e mi xing .

be s uch as to protect the whol e of the In some cases only a very s mall hole is
cruci bl e fro m chills T h e us ual pit ma de in th e crucible and no stopper used ,

the fusion of th e mixi n g automatically


.
.

furnaces wi th slight m odifications are


,

suitabl e for this purpose T h e crucibl e


,
cl osing u th e hol e In some other fac .

tories n o ol e is m a d e in the cruci bl e and


.

sh own at b i n Fig 3 is of the type al ready


.
,

when fusi on is com pl ete the crucibl e is


removed and the mi xmg poured out Th e .

two l at ter systems are bad ; in the first


there is al wa ys s om e waste of m aterial
through l eakage an d i n the latter the ,

o e r a ti o n of rem oving the crucibl e is


c umsy a nd di ffi cult whil e th e exposure ,

to the cold er atm os phere frequently caus es


ru pture .

Th e pl ug used shoul d be con nected with


a rod as shown in F i 3 which passes
through a sl ot i n one half of the hinged
, ,

lid a
, . When fusion is complete this hal f
is turned over an d the pl ug pulled up , ,

t h us allowin g th e m olten m ass to fall


through into the vat of water placed un
d e r n e a th T h e mi xi ng in the crucibles
"

.
,

as it becomes m olten settl es down and , ,

m ore material can th en be added until


the cruci ble is n early full If the mixi n g .

i s correctly com posed and h as been th or ,

oughly f used it s houl d flow freely from


,

the crucible wh en th e pl ug is withdrawn .

F uS i n ge n e r a ll y re quires only to be done


once gu t for fine enamels the operation
,

may be re peated T h e run nin g o ff into.

the water i s necessary i n ord er to make


the mass brittl e and easy to grind I f .

th i s was n ot d one it woul d again form


i nto hard fli n t
y lu m ps a n d req uire much
t i me and l ab or to reduce to a powder .

A careful record sh oul d be kept of the


l oss i n weight of the dried material at
descri bed ; at the top it is fitted with each o erati on T h e wei ghi ngs sh ould
be ma p
.

l i d a hin ed at the middle and at the e at the foll owing points : ( 1 )


,
g , ,

b ottom it i s i e r ce d by a 2 -inch conical Before and after melting ; ( 2 ) after


h ol e ! T h e fiol e while melti ng is going
.
, crushi ng .

on is pl ugged u with
, s e ci a ll y pre a T h e tim e re quired for melting varies
pared stopper h e cr uci b e stands on
.

greatly but from 6 to 9 h ours may be


,

cons i dered as the extre me li mits Ga s


i s mu ch used for raising -the necessary
.

! Tw o i n ch es fo r gr a y o n e i n ch fo r gl a ze ; t h e
.

h ole sh o ul d be Wi der a t th e top .


heat for melti n g T h e gen erator ma y be .
300 ENA MELING

present working Th e stoves sh own i n . item of the expenditure Ill -constructed .

Fig 5 are drying stoves fired from the


. or badly proportioned stoves may rep
end by charcoal and having a tempera ,
resent any l oss of coal fro m a u a r te r to
ture of a bout 1 60 F Fig 6 shows the °
. . one ton per day and as great an un i form,
.

arrangement of the fines for the passage temperatures m ust be ma i nta i ned fuel ,

of the gases round the fusi n oven T h e . of l ow quality an d price is not des i rable .

section through the line A Pi 5 as ,


I n the melting stoves eith er arranged as
s hown i n Fig 7 and the section t rough
.
, tank or cruci bl e furnaces the character ,

of the coal m ust not b e negl ected as ,

light dust i ron oxide or i nj uri ous gases


, ,

will enter into the cruci bles through any


openi ng es pecially if the dra ught is not
,

very great Al most a ny of the vari ous


.

kinds of fuel may be used provided that ,

the syste m of co mbustion is specially


arrange d for in the construction of the
furnaces . C harcoal is one of the best
fuels availabl e its cal orific val ue being
,

s o great ; but its cost is in some places


FL OO R LEVEL al most prohibitive Wood b urns too .

O
GR UND LEVEL
quickly and is therefore expensive an d
, ,

necessitates incessa nt firing .

For practical purposes we are thus


S EC T IO N T HRO UG H FUS ING OVEN
often l eft to a selection of so me type of
coal . A coal with com parati vely little
heating power at a cheap rice will be
found m ore e xpensi ve i n t e end than
one costin m ore b ut capable of more ,

rapid com ustion a nd o s se ssi n g more


heat yiel ding gases hea p an d hard .

coals give the fire ma n an a mount of labor


US ING which is excessive T h e proper main .

t e n a n c e of the te m e r a t u r e of the stove


is al m ost i mpo ssi b e Anthracite is ex .

C RATE
ce ll e n t i n every way as it consists of ,

nearly pure carbon gi ving off a high de


R
D AUG HT
gree of heat with out s moke Its use of
,

O
GR UND
.
,

course necessitates the use of a bl ower


, ,

S ECTIO N O N A . B.
but to this there ca n be n o objection .

An y coal which will b urn freely an d clean ,

i vm
Fi g 7
o ff no excessive s m oke an d capa
gl e 0 al m ost com pl ete com bustion will
.

give satisfaction i n ena meling ; but it


ms BRICK must not be forgotten that the co n su mp
tion of fuel is s o large that both price and
ua l i t
y m ust be carefully considered
ql xpe r i me n ta l tests m ust be ma de from
.

time to time A chea p c om m on coal


.
,

W i ll never give good results a nd good , a

S ECTIO N THRO UG H FRIT KILNS


expensive c oal will make the cost of
Fig 8 .
manufacture s o great that the prices of
the ena mel ed articles will render them
t he frit kilns as sh own in Fi 8 are unsalable Any ordi nary s mall factory
.

T h e frit kil ns
,
Wi ll use from 2 to 4 tons per day of coal
,

s u ffi ciently explanatory . .

and the fusi ng oven flues both lead to the and it will thus be seen that th e financial
brick chi mney but the stoves are con,
s uccess of a concern l ies to a very gre a t
n e c te d to a w r o u ht iron chimney shown
.
- extent at the m outh of the furnace Coke .

is a good medi um for obtainin g t h e


i n Fig 6 . Anot er arrangement would
.

have been to so arrange the stoves that necessary heat req uired in ena melin g if
i t can be got at a reas ona bl e price With
.

the gases from the frit kilns coul d have .

been utilized for h eati ng purposes .


a good d raught uniform temperature
a

can be easily ke pt u p an d the use of ,


Fuel Th e consum ption of fuel in an
.

this by r o d u ct is therefore to be rec , ,
enameling factory is the most S erious om men ed .
ENA M EL ING 301

With good c o a l and a furnace co thoroughly dried before passing to th e


structe d to utili ze the heat gi ven o ff to next operation .

the fullest extent there may still be u , T he glazing or ena mel mills are shown
necessary waste T h e arrangement .
in Fi g 1 0 T hese mills consist of a
. .

the bars sh oul d only be made by those


who fully u nderstan d the character
the coal and t h e obj ects i n vie w Th e .

fireman in charge sh oul d be thoroughly


ex erienced a nd relia ble as much waste
is p
,

requently trace d to i m perfect feeding


of the fuel .

Each char e of articl es shoul d be as


large as possi l e as fusing will take pl ace
,

equally as well on many articl es as on


few T h e charges sh oul d foll ow one
.

another as rapidly as can be conveniently


carried out ; and where this is not d one
there is l ack of organizati on which
a

shoul d be i m mediately remedied .

Mills — Any hard s ubstances must first


.

be broken up and pound ed i n a pounding GLAZ ING MILL


or stam ping mill or i n a n other s uitable
,
F ig . 10
manner th us red ucin t e l um ps to
, a

ranular conditi on hen this has been .


trong iron frame securely bolted to a
one the coarse is separated fro m the
,
stone foundation I n the s ketch shown .

fine parts a nd th e former again operated he framing carries 2 mills but 3 or 4 ,

on T h e next process is roller grinding


.
can be arranged for A common ar .

for reducing the hard fritted granular rangement for s mall factories consists of
particl es to a fine powder T hese mills .
2 large mills and 1 small er mill driven
, ,

vary in construction but a satisfactory from the sa me shaft O n e of the mills is .

used for foundation or gray mi xi n gs the


,

type is shown i n Fig 9 M otion is con . . ,

second for wh ite and the s mall est one for


,

col ored mi xi n s I n these mills it is .

essential that t e con struction is such as


to prevent any i ron fitting coming i nto
contact with the mixing for as has , ,

already been explained the i ron will ,

cause discol oration T h e ground plat e .

is composed of qu a rtz and is i m movable .

I t is surrounded by a wooden casing — as


shown at a — and bound togeth er by iron
hoops . T h e millstones are hea vy rec ,

tangul ar blocks of quartz called French ,

burr stone and i nto the center the spin
,

dle b is l ed
, , T h e powdered material
.

mixed with a bout th ree ti mes its bulk of


G RINDING MILL water is poured i nto the vats a and th e , ,

Fig 9
ri ndi ng stones are then set in motion .

li en a condition ready for e n a meli n


.

ve
ye d by a belt to th e d r i vi n g pull e y an d , has been reached the mixture is run 0
th i s is transmitted from the p i n i on to the through the val ves 0 Each mill can be , .

lar e bevel whi ch is connecte d by a, thrown out of gear when required by ,

sh t to the ground pl ate As th i s revol ves


'

. means Of a clutch box with out inter ,

the materi al causes the m i ll wheels to fe r i n g with the working of the others .

revol ve a nd i n this way the materi al i s


,
T h e gri nding stones wear rapidly and
reduced to a powder T h e rollers are of .
‘ ‘
require to be refaced from time to time .

reduced dia m eter on the i nner S i de t o T o avoid stoppage of th e work therefore , ,

prevent slippa ge and when all the parts , it is ad visable to al ways have a spare set
are made of i ron the metal m ust be , in readi ness to replace those removed for
close grai ned and of very hard structure , refacing T h e com positi on of the stones
.

so as to red uce the a m ount rem oved by should not be negl ected for in many , ,

wear to a mini mu m When the mate . cases faults in the enamel have been
,

rials are ground wet the powder shoul d , traced to the wearing away of stones
be careful l y prot ect ed f rom d ust a n d containing earth y or m etallic matter .
,

3 02 ENA M EL I NG

Enamel Mi xi ng —All cons tituents of . V .


— S ilica . per cent
. 65
which an enamel glaze is composed must per cent 14
be inti mately mixed together T his can . O xide of l ead per cent 4
onl y be d one by reducing each to fine a per cent
powder and thoroughly stirring them up M agnesia 2 per cent .

together T his part of the work is often


.
N o V ives a fai r a vera ge of several
.

carried out in a very superficial manner ,


mi xi n gs w ich are in use but it can be ,
one material sh owin g much larger l um ps varied slightly to s uit di fferent conditions
than another Under circumstances such
.
of work .

as these it is absurd to i magine that in


fusion equal distrib ution will take place .
D efe cts i n th e Gray or G ro u n d Coat
What really happens is that some parts i ng — Chipping is th e most disastrous
. .

of the mass are i n su fli ci e n tl y s u p lied ,


T his ma y be prevented by th e addition
with certain properties while others ave of some bitter salt sa from 3 to 4 per ,

too much A mixture of this cl ass ca n


.
cent of the weight of t e frit .

produce only unsatisfactory res ults in T h e addition of magnesia when it has


e very respect for the variations referred
,
been omitted fro m the frit ma also act
to will prod uce variations i n the com as a pr e v e n ti v e b ut it s houl only be ,

a d d e d i n very small quantities not ex


pl e te n e ss of fusion in the viscous charac ,

ter of the mass and in the col or .


ce e d i n g per cent otherwise the ,
,

T h e mixing can be d one by t h o r o u hl y tem perature required for fusion will be


stirring the various in r e d i e n ts to getgl er ,
very great .

and a much bet ter an cheaper system is Coati ng a n d Fusio n — D i ffi cul ti e s of .

mixing in r o ta t i n barrels or churns .


either may generally be d one away with
T hese are mounte on axles which rest by red ucing the magnesia us ed in the
i n beari n gs one axle being l ong enough
, frit to a mini m um .

to carry a ulley From the driving shaft .


A soft surface is al ways the outcome
a belt is l e to the cask which then rotates , of a mi xi ng which can be fused at a low
at a s peed of from 4 0 to 6 0 revol utions tem perature It is d ue to too m uch lead .

er m i nute a nd in about a quarter of an


, or an insufficiency of cl ay or silica
our the operation is com plete Th e .
powder .

cas k shoul d n o t exceed the 5 -gallon size , A hard s urface is d ue to the quantity
and shoul d at no ti me be more than two of lea d i n the mi xing bei n too s mal l .

thirds full T w o casks of this kind give


.
I ncreas e the qua ntity an i ntroduce
better results tha n one twice the size .
potas h say a bout , per cent - .

T h e materials are sho t into the cas k i n T h e gr ay or fun da m ental mixing


their correct proportions through large a
should be k e t to ether in a condition
bung h ole which is then closed over by a only j ust 5 11 cient li qui d to all ow of
bein g poure d out F
,

cl ose -fi tti n g lid .


Vh e n req uired to be .

Mi xi n gs — For gray or funda mental


.
a ppl i ed to the plate the water necessar ,

coati ngs : to l ower it to th e consistency of thie


.I — Al most any kind of cream can then be ad ded gradually ,

gl as 49 per cent energetic stirring of the mass taking


O x i de of lead 47 per cent place si m ultaneously in order to obtain
uniform distri bution
. .

Fused borax 4 per cent .

T h e ti me require d for fusi on may


I I — G lass (any kind )
. 61 per c e nt .
vary fro m 1 5 minutes to 25 minutes but ,
Re d 22 per cent should never exceed the l atter I f it .

16 per cent does it sh ows that the mi xi n is too


viscous a nd the remedy woul d be the
,

1 per cent ,

I I I — Q uartz
. per cent
.
additi on an d thorough inte rmi xture of
per cent ca lcined borax or boracic acid S h ould .

S oda ( enameling ) 3 pe r cent .


this fail then remelting or a ne w frit is
,

T h e above is s pecially adapted for iron necessary .

pipes .
A hig h ly gla ze d surface on l eaving the
m u ffl e sh ows th at t h e c om o si ti o n is too
I V — Frit of silica pow
. ,

fluid and requires the ad iti o u of cl ay


d er ,
.

glass silica powder or other substance


,
B orax to inc rease the v i sc o sit
Whi te lead
.

As has been al rea dy expl a ined th e ,


Fused and then grou nd with glaze is much m ore i m o r ta n t tha n the
T hree -tenths weight of sili ca frit .
funda mental coating i sc o l o r a ti o n or .

Clay three —tenths weight of silica frit


, .
slight fl aws which coul d be t ole rated i n
Magnesia , one -Si xth weight of white lead the latter woul d be fatal to the former .
304 ENAM EL I NG

of fusion O xide o f lead will make a frit


. frequentl y tend to the prod uction of
more easil y fusible A purer white ca n . wasters are n ew mi xi n gs a nd a te m pera
be obtaine d by a dding a s mall qua ntity t ure of fusion whic h is either too h i gh or
of s malt .
too l ow T here are t wo ways of dis
.

posing o f defective articles Vi z :


Wan t — Th e ch aracter of the water
.
,

Chi pping o ff the bad s pots patch i ng ,


used i n the mixing of enamels is too f r e them up an d selling the m as sec onds ;“ ”

quentl y taken for granted for uns uitabl e


( 2 ) th rowing the articles into the waste
,

water may render a mixing al most entire heap Th e best firms adopt the latter
l y useless Clean water and with little
.

.
,
course beca use the r e co a ti n and firing
or no s ul ph ur present is essential For ,
.
,

of defective arts r a cti ca l y means a


very fine e namels it is advisable to use repetition of t e who e process thus add ,
carefully filtered water which has shown ,
i n g greatly to the cost wh i le the selling ,
after analysis that it is free from any O verhea ti n g in fusion
pri ce is red uced
,

matter which is inj urious to any of the


.

ena mel constituents i s generall


y sh own by bl i ste rs or by th e
.
enamel be i ng too thi n i n vari ous places
Chipping m
.

Ho w to Tell th e Cha racter of En amel .


a y be als o d ue to this cause ,

—In the case of sign tablets the charac the excessive heat havin g practi cally
t e r i sti cs l ooked to are appearance an d fused the fundamental coat i ng .

the adherence of th e coatings to the iron .


At this stage the defects may be
For the latter the tests are simple T h e .
re medied b breaking o il th e faul ty parts ,

plate if slightly bent s hould not crack the patchin t em up an d then recoating
the who e With sign ta bl ets there is no
,

coating An ena mel plate pl aced in


.
.

boili ng water for s ome time and then obj ecti on to d oi ng s o b ut with hollow ,

pl unged i nto very col d water should not ware the fact re ma ins th at the article is
s how a ny cracks however s mall even , ,
faulty no matter h ow c arefully defects
,

after repeated treatment of this kin d .


may be hi dden As W hite is the most
.

C ulinary utensils and those to hol d ,


general co a ti n used an d shows up the ,

chemicals shoul d not only look well but


, ,
defects m ore t an the col ored coatings ,

should be capable of resisting the action the greatest care is necessar at every
of acids . Lead shoul d never enter into s tage of the ma nufacture hil e glow .

i ng on the articl e it s houl d a pear


uniformly yell ow b ut on cooling it should
the co mposition of ena mels of this class ,
,

as they then become easil y acted upon ,


,

and in the case of chippi ng present a revert to a pure white sh ade O n ex .

a mi n i n g different m akes of white coated


menace to health T h e presence of lea d
.

is easily detected D estroy the outside


.
articles it will be fou nd that some are
,

coating of the ena mel at some s ot b the mor e opa que tha n others T h e former
a pplication of strong nitri c aci p
.

as h are less durable than the l atter because ,

the art an d a p l y a drop of am m oni um they contai n a l arge percentage of oxide


s ul ide .If ead is present the part ,
of ti n which red uces th e el asticity T o
, .

w il becom e al most black but remains ,


ensure hardness the mixing must be
unchan ed in col or if it is absent very liquid and this cann ot be arrived
Anotg
. ,

er sim pl e test is to switch up an at when a l arge qua ntity of oxi de of ti n


e g in a vessel and allow it to stan d for is i ntrod uced
ab
.

out 2 4 hours When o a red out and


.
O l d utensils which h ave become
rinsed with water a dar stai n will r e broken or c hi pped ca n be re aired ,

main i f lead is present in the enamel .


although except i n the case 0 large
,

T o test the power of che mical resistance articles t his is rarely d one Th e opera
, .

is equally S i mpl e B oil dil uted vine ar


.
t i ons necessary are : ( l ) T h e defective
in the vessel for s everal minutes an i f arts chi pped o ff ; ( 2 ) s ubmi tted to a red
a sedi ment is formed and the l uster and
,
peat for a few m oments ; (3 ) coated with
s moothness o f the glaze destroyed or gray on the e xposed i ron ; (4 ) f used ; (5 )
o a t d with the gl aze on the gra
partially destro yed i t follows that it is y ; (6 )
i ncapabl e of w a s ting the attacks of acids
,
fuse d
for any length of time T here are sev .
To R epa i r En a mele d S igns .

eral other tests adopted b ut those given ,

present little di fficulty in carrying out ,


parts 5
and give reliable results .
parts 5
Ven i ce turpe nti ne parts 4
Wasters an d S eco n d s : Repai ri ng Old Powder th e rosins mix with th e tur ,

Art i cles — I n all enameling there must


. pentine and add en ough al cohol to form
b e certain articles turn ed o u t whi ch are a thick li quid T o thi s ad d finely .

defective but the er cen ta ge shoul d never


,
powdered zinc white i n suffi cien t q uan
be very great he causes which most
. ti ty to yiel d a pl a sti c mass C oloring .
ENA MELING 305

matte r ma y , of c ourse , be added if coated ; the plate requires heati ng suffi


des u-e d .
c1 e n t l y to run the enamels bright
mass a fter application is polished
.

Th e
S oft Ena mels fo r I ron , White
w he n i t has becom e s u ffi ciently hard .
.

Flint gl ass 1 6 parts


En ame l f or Copper Coo ki n g Vessels O xide of ti n 1 1; parts
Wh i te fluo r spa r is grou nd to a fi
.

N i ter l l» parts
powder a nd str o n gl calcine d with an Re d l ead 4 parts
equal vol u me o f un urut gyps um at a , Fli nt or china clay 1 part .

l i ght gl owi n g heat stirrin g diligently


G ri nd the m i xture to a paste with water
, .

Black.

paint th e vessel with it usi ng a brus h , ,


Re d oxide of iron 1 } parts
or pour i n the paste li ke a glaze an d dry Carbonate of c obalt 1 } parts
the same I ncrease the heat gradually
.
Re d lead 6 pa rts
and bring the vessel s with the glass B ora x 2 parts
substa nce q uickly i nto strong heat under ,
Lynn sand 2 parts
a suitable covering or a mantle of b urnt Yellow Coral .

clay Th e substa nce s oon forms a white


.
Ch romate of lead
0 aque e na mel which a h d e r es firmly to
,
Re d lea d
e copper I t can stan d pretty hard
.
Flint
kn ocks with out cracking i s ada pted for , B orax
cooki ng purposes an d n ot attacked by
acid matters I f the gl assy substance is
.
Ca n a r y
.

O xide of uraniu m
'

desired to clin g well an d firml y to th e


copper a s udden a n d se vere heat m ust
,
Re d l ead
be observe d . Flint
Flint glass
To Pi ck le Black I ro n -Plat e S crap
Before En a meli n -Th e black iron Tur quoise .

plate sera s are rst di pped clean in a Re d lead


mixture 0 ab out 1 part o f s ul h urie Flint glass
acid an d 2 0 to 2 2 parts of water s ated B orax
to 30 ° to 40 ° C (8 6° to 1 04 a nd
.
°
Fli nt
s harp ua r tz san d i s then used for sc our Enamel white .

ing hey are then pl unge d for a fe w O xide of co per


O xide of co b
.

seconds i n bo ili n water taken out an d , , alt


allowe d to dry i n si n g with col d water
.
Re d Bro w n .

and all owing to dry thus may cause


rust T h e grai ns of q uartz c ut rooves Calcined s ul phate of
in the fibers of the iron ; this heg iron 1 part
.

ps th e Fl ux N o 8 (see page 3 07) 3 parts


roundi ng to adhere well With many .

fli n ds of plate it is a dvisabl e to anneal


.

Ma zarine Blue .

after pickl s h utti n g o ff the a i r ; by O xide of cobalt 1 0 part s


this means pl ates will be thoroughly Paris white 9 parts
clean a nd free from oxi dation M uch .
S ul phate barytes 1 part
practice is require d — The En gi ne er .
Fire the above at an i ntense h eat a n d
ENAMELED IRON R ECIPES .
for use take
Th e first thi ng is to produce a flux to
Above stain 1 part
fuse at a m oderate heat wh i ch by flow Fl ux N o 8 (see pa ge 3 07) 3 parts
.

, ,

ing 11 on the pl ate forms a un i form sur , S k y Blue .

face o r th e white or col ored enam els to Flint gl ass


work upon .
White lead
Flu x for En a mel ed I ro n .
~ Pearl ash
C om m on salt
White l ea d 1 0 parts
O xide of cobalt
Ball cl ay 1 part
1 0 parts
Enam el white
Flint glass ,

Ch r o me Gree n
. .

Whiting .
1 part .

Th e plates may then be coated with B orax


any of the f ol l o wi n m i xtures wh i ch O xide o i chrome
White lead
,

ma eith er be spr ea on as a powder .

wit a littl e u m as i n the case of the ,


Flint gl ass
flux or th e co ors ma y be mixed w i th Oi l
,
O xi de of cobalt
and th e plates di pped there i n when O xide of tin
3 06 ENA MEL ING

Coral Red . R uby an d Ma r oon — Pr epar a ti on . of


Bichromate potash s i lver :

Re d l ead N itric acid oun ce 1


S ugar of l ead Water ounce 1
Fl int D iss ol ve the sil ver till saturated th en ,

Flint glass .
put a pl ate of co per i n the sol uti on to
En a mel Wh ite — S oft : r e c i pi ta te the si ver in a metallic state
gVa sh well with water to remove the ace
.
.

Red le d
0 a l ga
tate of copper
ass .

Flint Flu x for Abo ve — S i x d w ts white lead . .

B orax . to 1 ounce prepared sil ver .

Arsenic
Ti n S oluti on
Put the acid (aqua —
.

Ni ter .

regia ) in a bottle add ti n in small quan


Enamel Wh i te
,

. titi es until it becom es a dark re d col or ; -

Red l ead 1 0 parts l et it stand about 4 days before use .

Fli nt 6 parts When the acid becom es saturated it will


Boracic acid 4 parts .
turn red at th e b ottom of the bottl e then ,

N i ter 1 part shake it u an d ad d more tin ; let it stand


S oda crystals 1 part .
and it wil becom e cl ear .

Where th e ena mel ed work is inten ded


to be exposed to the weather d o not use
flu x N o 8 but substitute the foll owing :
.
,

1 part
G round flint glass 1 part .
D issol ve grai n gol d in the a qua regia
so as to ma ke a saturated sol ution .

All the enamels sh oul d after bein , T ake basin an d fill it 3 parts full of
a
mixed be melted i n crucibl es poure
, , water ; drop the sol uti on of gol d into it
out when in liquid , an d powdered or till it becomes an am ber col or Into this .

ground for use .


sol uti on of gol d grad ually drop th e sol u
tion of ti n until the p r eci pitate is com
F USIB LE E NAMEL COLORS
,
.

plete . Wash th e preci pitate until the


T h e foll owing col ors are fusi bl e by water becomes tasteless then dry slowly ,

heat and are all s uitable for the decora


, and flux as fol lows :
tion of china an d glass In the foll ow
Fl u x No I
.

ing collecti on of recipes certain terms .

are e mpl o ed which may not be quite


u n d e r st o o by er so n s wh o are not con
n e ct e d with eit h
o o o o o o o o o o o o

er the glass or porcel ain



i ndus tries such as gl ost fire ” and “run
, Run d own .

d own and in such cases reference
R ose M i xtur e
,

m ust be made to the foll owi ng d e fi n i .

ti ons '
Purpl e of C assius .

Run down S u ffi cient heat to melt


.

Prepared sil ver


into li quid .

Fl i n t gl a ss
.

“ . .

G l ost fire O rdinary gl aze heat


G rind
. .

N o calcinati on r e
.

G rind only .

quired . Purple Mi xture .


Hard fire Highest heat attain . Purpl e of Cassius 1 ounc e
abl e . Fl u x N o 8 (see pa ge
. 3 07) Qt ounces

Frit T h e i ngredi ents partl y com
.
Fl i nt glass 2 ounces
posing a gl aze which requ i re cal ci na ,

ti on .


S tone Al ways best C ornwall stone
.
.


Paris white S uperior q uality of .

whiti ng .

“ G rind
Parts Al ways s o many parts by
.

w ei gh t unless otherwise stated


, .

D L Zi nc
"
. Particul ar bran d not
. .

essential An y good q uality oxide of


.

zi nc will d o .
30 8 ENA MELING

PR EPARATI ON OF E NAM ELS . vehicl e Wh en the l ayers o f enam el h ave


.

T h e base of ena mel is glass col ored been a ) plied the contai ned water is
remove d by m eans of a fin e l inen rag
,
,

different sha d es by the addition of me ,

t a l li c oxides mixed and melted with it pr e ssi n sl i ghtly on th e arts that have
.

recei v e the enam el P


Ph e tissue a h
T h e oxid e of cobalt produces bl ue ; .

red is obtained by the Cassius process .


sorbs the water a n d n othing rem ains on ,

T h e purpl e of Cassi us which is one of ,


the obj ect e xcept the enamel pow d er .

the m ost brilli ant of col ors is used a l ,


I t is pl aced before the fire to rem ove every
most excl usively i n e n a me li n and mi n trace of m oisture T hus prepared a n d .

pu t on a fi r e cla p sl ab it is ready for its


-
i a t ur e a i n ti n g ; it is prod uce by ad d i ng ,

to a so u ti o n of gol d chl oride a s ol uti on passage to th e heat whi ch fixes th e


of ti n chl oride m i xed with ferri c chlorid e enamel T his operation is cond ucte d i n
.

until green col or appears T h e oxide


a .
a furnace with a current of air wh ose ,

of iro n and of copper als o produces red ,


tem perature i s about F I n this .

b ut of a l ess rich ton e ; chrom e produces operation the fi r e cha mber ought not to -

green a n d mangan ese violet ; bl ack is


,
contain any gas .

Enamel s are fused at a tem perature of


produced by th e mixture of these o x
to l 4 7 2 F G reat attention i s
.

°
1 des
. Anti m ony a nd arsenic al s o enter , .

into the com positi on of en amels .


needed for ex perien ce al one is th e gui de
, ,

Enamels are of two classes— opaque and the durati on of the process is quite
and trans parent T h e opacity is caused .
sh ort O n comin g from th e fire the
.
,

by th e presence of tin m ol ecules c om posing the en amel powder


When the mingl ed gl ass an d oxides
.

h ave been fused togeth er an d present to


have been put in the crucibl e this is ,
the eye a vitreous surface covering the
pl aced in the furnace heated to a tem metal and adhering to it perfectly Un .

der th e action of the heat th e metallic


,

pe r a t u r e of l 8 3 2 or ,F When °
.

the mixture becomes fused it is stirred ,


oxides contai ned i n the enam el have met
with metal rod
a. T w o or three h ours.
th e oxid e of th e m etal an d form ed one
are necessary for the operati on T h e .
body with it thus a dhering com pletely , .

ena mel is then poured int o water which ,


JEW ELERS E NAM ELS ’

divides it into grains o r formed i nto .

cakes or masses which are l eft to cool


,
M el t together :
, .

Tra nspa re nt R e d gold pur —Cassi us


For applying enamels to metals gold , ,
.

sil ver or copper it is necessary to reduce


, ,
pl e 6 5 parts by weight ; crysta l glass 3 0
, , ,

t h em to powder which is e ffec ted in an ,


pa rts by weight ; b orax 4 parts by weight
, , , .

agate m ortar with the aid of a pestle of Tra nspa re nt Blue — Crystal gl ass 3 4 .
,

the same material D uring th e opera . parts by weight ; b orax 6 parts by


, , ,

ti on the en amel ought to be soaked i n weight ; cobalt oxid e 4 parts by weight , ,


.

water .

D ar k Blue — Crystal glass 3 0 parts by .


, ,
For dissol ving th e i mpurities which weight ; b orax 6 arts by weight ; co , ,
may have been formed d uring th e work -
, balt oxi de 4 parts y wei ght ; bone black , , ,
a few drops of nitri c acid are poured i 4 parts by wei ght ; arsen i c acid 2 parts
, , ,
i m mediately afterwards well mixed an , , by weight .
” b

then got rid of by repeated washing wit Transpare nt G ree n — C ryst a l gl ass 8 0
filtered water T his should be carefull .
,

by weight ; cu pri c oxi de 4 parts


.

a r ts
d one s tirring the enamel powder with ,
.
, ,
,

glass rod i n order to keep the particles in y we i ght ; b orax 2 parts by weight , , .

s us pensio n .
D ark G ree n —Crystal gl ass 30 parts .
, ,

T h e powder is allowed to repose at y we i ght ; b orax 8 parts by weight ; , ,

the bottom of th e vessel after makin g ,


cupri c ma de 4 parts by weight ; bo n e , ,

s ure by the taste of the water that it does bl ack 4 parts by weight ; arsenic acid 2
, ,

n ot contai n any trace of acid ; only then parts by weight, .

is the enamel ready for use Blac k — C rystal gl ass 3 0 arts by


we ] ht ; borax 8 parts by wei ght ; cu pric
.
, ,

For ena melin g a j ewel or other object , ,

it is necessary first to heat it strongly in


,
0 x1 e 4 parts ,by weight ; ferr i c oxide 3 ,
, ,

order to burn o ff any fa tty matter and arts b weight ; cobalt oxide 4 parts
p y w e 1 gy
, , , ,

afterwards to cl eanse it in a soluti on of _


t ; manganic oxide 4 parts by , ,

n itri c acid dil uted with boiling water we i ght


W
.

Af ter rinsin g with pure water an d w i p hite —I — C rystal gl ass 3 0 parts by


.
~
.
,

we i ght ; stanni c mad e 6 arts by weight ;


,
ing with a very cl ean cl oth it is heated
borax 6 parts by weight ; arsenic acid
, , ,

slightly and is then ready to receive the , , ,


ena mel 2 arts by weight
p
.
, .

Enamel s are a pplied with a steel tool l — Crystal gl ass 30 parts by weight ;
.
, ,
i n the form of a spatul a ; water is th e sod i um ant i m onate 1 0 parts by weight , , .
ENA ME L I NG — ENG RA VI NG S 30 9

Th e
finel pul verized col ored enam el is ENAM EL C OLORS , QUICK D RYI NG :
applied witya brush an d lav e n der oil on S e e Varnishes .

the white en amel al ready fused in an d


then only h eated until it melts For ENA MEL R E MOVERS
s Cl eaning Preparations an d M eth
.
.

certa i n purposes th e color com positions


o d s ee
,

may als o be fused in without a white


groun d T h e glass used for white N o
.
, . ENAMELING ALLOYS
2 m ust be free from l ead otherwise the
, , S e e All oys .

enamel will be unsightly


ENGI NES (GAS O LI NE ) , ANTI -F REEZ
.

Va rio us Enamels for Prec i ous M etals I NG SO L UTI ON F OR :


Wh ite — C rystal glass 3 0 parts by
.
, ,
S e e Freezin g Preventives .

weight ; oxi de of tin 6 parts by weight ; , ,


ENGRAVI NG S P OON HAND LES .

borax 6 parts by weight ; d i oxi de of


, ,

arsenic 2 parts by weight or silici ous After the first m on ogram has been en
, ,

sand 50 parts by weight ; powder con


,
graved rub it with a mi xture of 3 parts
,
,

sisting of 1 5 of ti n er 1 00 of lead 1 0 0
, ,
of bees wax 3 of tall ow 1 of Can ada bal
, ,

sam an d 1 of ol ive oil Rem ove any


,

parts by weight ; car onate of potassium


,
, .

4 0 parts by weight Fuse the wh ole


,
superfluous q uantit th en m oisten a
pie ge of pa er wit the ton gue and
.
,

with a u a n ti ty of m anganese T o take ,

press it even y upon the e n gr a vmg La


.

away t e accidental col oring our it .

into water an d after having pu v e r i z e d


,
a dry piece of paper over it hold bot ,

it melt again 3 or 4 ti mes


,
firmly with th um b and forefinger of left
,
hand and rub over th e s urface with a
.

Opa que Blue — Crystal gl ass 30 parts .


, , polishin g tool of steel or bone T h e wet .

by w ei ght ; borax 6 parts by weight ; , ,


pa per is thereby pressed into the e n gr a v
cobalt oxide 4 arts by wei ght ; calcined , , i n
g an d with care a clear im pression
, , ,

b on e 4 parts y weight ; d i oxide of ar


, , is made Remove the paper carefully
.
,

se n i c 2 parts by weight lace it in the same pos i ti on on anoth er


lia n dl e and a clear i mpression will be
.
, ,

Transpare n t Green — C rystal glass 3 0 ,

l eft T h e same paper can be used 2


.
,

arts by weight ; bl ue verditer 4 parts .

p d ozen times or m oree


, , ,

y weight ; borax 2 parts by weight , , .

Opa ue G r e e n — Crysta1 glass 30


ENGRA VI NG ON S TEEL :
S e e S teel
.
,

parts , y weight ; borax 8 parts by , ,


.

wei ght ; bl ue verdit e r 4 parts by weight ; , ,

c a l cme d b on e 4 parts by weight ; dioxide, , En gr a v i n gs Th eir Pr eser


of arsenic 2 parts by weight
v a t i on
.
, ,

Black — I — C rystal glass 3 0 arts by


( S e e also Pictures Prints and Litho
. .
, ,

weight ; b orax 8 parts by weig t ; oxide , ,

of copper 4 arts b wei ght ; oxi de of


, ,
graphs ) .

iron 3 parts y weig y


, ,

t ; ox i de of cobalt ,
Cl ean in g o i Copperplate Engr a vings .

Wash th e sheet on both sides by


, ,

4 parts by wei ht ; oxide of manganese


, ,
-

4 parts by weig t , . m eans of a soft sponge or brush wit h


II —T ake } part by weight of silver ;
. 1 , ,
water to which 4 0 parts of amm oni u m
2 } parts of copper ; 3 5 parts of l ead and ,
carbonate has been added per
2 } parts of muriate of a mm onia
1 M elt .
parts of water and rinse the paper ea ch ,

togeth er a nd pour into a crucibl e with time with clea r water N ext m oisten with .

twi ce as m uch pul verized sul phur ; the water in which a littl e win e vine gar has
crucibl e is th en to be i mm ediately covered been admixed rinse the sheet a ga i n with ,

that the sul ph ur m ay n ot take fire and ,


water containin g a littl e chl oride of li me ,

the mixture i s to be calcined over a s melt and d ry i n the air preferably in the sun , .

ing fire until the superfluous sul phur is T h e paper will becom e perfectly clear
burned a way T h e com poun d i s then .
W ithout the print being in j ured .

to be coars ely pou n ded and with a s ol u , ,


Restoratio n of Old Pri nts —O l d e n .

tion of m uriate of am m onia to be formed ,


gravings woodcuts or printed sheet s
, ,

i nto a paste which is to be pl aced u on that have turned yell ow may be ren
the arti cl e it is design ed to enamel he . d ered white by first washing carefully in
article m ust th en b e h el d over a spirit water contain i ng a littl e hyposul phite of
l am p till the com poun d u pon it melts soda and then di pping for a m i nute in
.

and fl ows After this it m ay be sm oothed


. j avell e water T o prepare th e latter .
,

and polish ed u p in safety . put 4 pounds of bica rbonate of soda in a


S e e als o Varnishes and Ceramics for pan pour over it 1 gall on of boiling
,

other enamel formulas . water ; b oil for 1 5 min utes then stir in 1 ,
3 10 ENGR A VI NG S — ES SENCE S A ND E XT R A CT S

pound of chl oride of lime When col d . ,


metal . T his
m odel which will be con ,

our o ff the clear liqui d and keep i n a si d e r a bl y s maller than the original 18 ,
p ,

to be m ade a ain in pl aster and a a i n


Ju ready for use


gur pr i si n g results are obtai ned from
. ,

treated until t e d esired size is rea o ed


,
.

the use of hydrogen peroxide in th e I n this way anything of the kin d even ,

restoration of old copper or steel e n gr a v medalli ons can be reprod uced on a


,

i h s or lith o r a ph s which have become sm aller scale


s oil ed or y e fio w and this with out the
.

,
ENLARGEM ENTS
l east inj ury to the picture T h e cell ul ose .

S e e Ph otogra phy .

which makes the s ubstance of the paper


resists the acti on of oz one and the black ,
ENVEL OPE G UM :
carbon col or of thes e prints is inde S e e Adhesives un der M ucil ages ,
.

s t r u ct i bl e .
EPIZ OOTY
To rem ove grease or other spots of S e e Veteri nary Formulas .

dirt before bl eaching the engravi n gs are ,

treated with benzin e T his is don e by


Essen ces and Ext r a ct s of
.

l a ing each one out flat in a shall ow ve s


se and pouring the benzine over it As .
Fr ui t s
benzine eva orates v e r rapidl y the
vessel must he kept we l covered and
,

,
Preser vation of Fruit J u i ce s — T h e
since its vapors a r e al so exceedi ngly i n j uices of pul py fruits when fre s h con , ,

flammable n o fire o r sm oking shoul d be


,
tain a n acti ve principl e kn own as pectin ,

all owed i n the room T h e i ct u r e is . which i s the coagul ating s ubstance that
l eft for several h ours then i ft e d out ,
. forms the basis of fruit j ellies T his it .

and dried in the air an d finally brushed ,


is which prevents th e j uice of berries
several ti mes with a soft brush T h e . and simil ar fruits from passing through
d ust which was kept upon the paper by filtering media Pectin m ay be pr e ci pi
.

the grease n ow lies more l o o se l upon i t t a t e d by t he ad dition of al cohol or by


an d can easily b e removed by b
,

rushin g . fermentati on T h e l atter is the best as


.
,

I n many cases the ab ove treatment i s the ad diti on of alcoh ol to th e fresh j uices
s uffi cient to i m prove the a pea r a n c e of

destroys their aroma and inj ures the


the picture I n th e cas e 0 very ol d or
. taste T h e in d ucti on of a li ght f e r me n
.

badly soil ed engravings it is foll owed , t a ti o n is far the better m eth od not only ,

by a second consisting in the i m mersion


,
preserving when carefully con ducted
, ,

of the picture i n a sol ution of sodium the taste a nd aroma of the fr uit but yield ,

carbonate or a very dil ute sol ution of ing far m ore j uice T h e fruit is crush e d .

caustic s oda it being l eft a s before for


,
and the j uice s ubseq uently carefully but
several h ours After the liquid has been . strongly pressed out S ometi mes the .

oured off the picture m ust be repeated crush ed fruit is all o wed to stand a whil e
p and to proceed to a li ght fer mentation
, ,

y rinsed in clear water to remove any ,

rem nant of the sod a . before press ure is a ppl i ed ; b ut while a


By these means the paper is so far greater am ount of j u i ce is thus obtained ,

cleansed that only spots of mol d or the aroma an d flavor of the prod uct are
other discol orations remain T hese may . very se nsi bly inj ured b the procedure .

be rem oved by hydrogen peroxide in a , T o the j uice thus 0 t a i n e d add from ,

fairly strong sol ution T h e com mercial . 1 to 2 per cent of s ugar an d put a way in ,

peroxide may be dil uted with 2 parts a cool place ( wh ere the te m perature will
water . n ot rise over 7 0 or 7 5 Ferm enta
° °

T h e picture is l aid in a shallow vessel , ti on soon begi ns an d will proceed for a ,

the e r o xi d e poured over it and the few days As soon as th e devel opment
vesse? placed i n a stron light
.
,

Very . of carb onic aci d gas ceases the juice ,

soon the discol orations wi l pale . begins to cl ear itself from the surface ,

down ward and in sh ort tim e all solid


, a

To Re d uce
Engra vi ngs — Plaster casts .
, m atter will lie in a m ass at the bottom ,

as w e know can be perceptibly red uced


, leaving the liq ui d bright an d cl ear .

in size by treatment with water or D raw o ff the l atter with a si ph on very ,

alcohol and if this is r o pe r l y done the


, , carefully so as n ot to disturb the sedi
,

reduction is so even t at the cast l oses mentary m atter Fermentati on sh ould


.

n othing of its clear outline but some , be ind uced i n cl osed vessels only a s ,

times even ains in this respect by con When con ducted in open contai ners a
traction Igi t is desired to red uce an
.
f u n go i d gr o w t h is a pt to form on the
engraved plate make a plaster cast of it , , surface someti m es causing putrefactive
, ,

treat this with water or al cohol and fill , and at others an acetic ferm entati on i n
, , ,

th e n e w cast with some easily fusibl e either event s poiling th e j uice for s ub
3 12 ESSENCE S AND E XT R A C T S

the syrup that is easily accounted for in


,

Apple S yrup — I — Peel a nd remove the .,
~
.

the greater de ns i ty of the syrup at the “


cores of sa y 5 parts of a p ples and cut
, ,

bot tom of the kettle — the l i ghter o r ti o n , the m into l i ttle bits Put i n a su i table .

or that still carrying i mpr i so n e gases , vessel and pour over them a mixture of
r e ma i n i n on to p unti l i t i s freed fro m 5 parts each of com mon white W i ne and
t hem .o n st a n t stirring can preven t water and let macerate to ether for 5
,

this only partiall y sin ce it ca nn ot enti rely ,


days at from 1 2 5 to 1 35 the vessel ° °

overcome the res ults of the natural forces bein cl osed durin the ti me T h e n stra i n .

i n action T h e conseq uence i s m ore or


. the i q u i d throng a li nen cloth using ,

l ess caram eliz ation T h e remed y i s very.


gentl e press ure on the soli d matter f o r c ,

si mple Boil the j uices first add i ng d i s


.
,
i n g as m uch as possi bl e of it through the

tilled water to make up for the loss by cloth . B oil 3 0 parts of s ugar and 2 0
evaporation and add the sugar after wards
,
. parts of water together an d when boiling ,

add to the r e sul ti n syrup the a pple


E S S ENCES AND EXTR ACTS : j uice ; let it boil u p fo r a min ute or s o ,

Almon d E xtra cts . and strain through flan nel .

1 —O i l of bitter al monds 90 m ini ms


. I I — G ood ripe a pples are c ut into
.

Alco h ol 94 per cent quant i ty s u ffi s mall pieces a nd poun ded to a pul p i n a


'

, ,

cie n t to ma ke 8 ou n ces . mortar of any metal with the e x c e tion


I L — O i l of bitter al m onds 8 0 m inims
of iron T o 1 part of this pulp a d 1 1
.

Alco h ol parts of water Allo w this to stand for


7 ounces
.

D istilled water q uantity s u fli me n t


1 2 h ours Colate T o 1 1 parts of the
. .

to ma ke 8 ounces
,
colature add 1 part of s ugar Boil for .

5 min utes ; S ki m carefully B o ttle slight


.

III — O i l o f b i t t e r a l
. ly warm A s m all u a n ti ty of tartaric
.

m o n ds d eprived , aci d may be add ed to e i gh t e n the flavor .

of its hydrocyanic
acid Ba n a na S yr up — C ut the fruit in slices .

ri d place in a j a r ; s r i n k l e with sugar


. .

Alcohol .

md cover the ja r w ich is then envel ,

In order to re move the hydrocyanic oped i n stra w a nd pl aced in col d water


acid in oil of bitter al monds dissol ve 2 a nd the latter is heated to the bo i l i n
poi nt T h e j ar is then re m oved allowe d
,

arts of ferrous s ul phate in 1 6 parts of


distilled water ; in another vessel slake 1
.
,

to cool a n d the j uice po ured into bottl es


, .

part freshly burned q uickli me in a simi


lar q uantity of distill e d water and to this Ci nn a mo n Esse nce .

add the sol ution of iron sul phate after ,


O il of cinna mon 2 drachms .

the sa me has cool ed I n the mi xture ut . Cinna mon po wdered 4 ounces ,

4
parts of al mond oil an d t h o r o ug ly ,
Alcohol deod orized ,1 6 ounces
agi tate the liquids together Repeat the .
D istilled w ater 1 6 ounces
agitation at an i nterval of 5 minutes , D issol ve t h e oil i n the alcohol and add
t h en filter Put the filtrat e i nto a glass
.

the water an ounce at a ti me with agita


, ,
,

retort and distil until all t h e oil has passed tion after each a ddition M oisten the
Remove any water that may be
.

over .
cin namon with a l ittl e of the water add ,
with the distillate by decantation or , and agitate C ork tightly and ut in a
.
,

otherwi se .
warm place to macerate 2 wee s giv
,

, , ,

Apricot E x tr a ct ing the flas k a vi o r o us a i ta t i o n sev


i n a l l y fi ter throu h
.

eral times a day .


,
Linalyl formate 90 minims paper and keep i n s mall vials tight y
,
G lycerine 1 ounce stoppered .
,

Amyl valerianate 4 drachms .

Alcohol 1 1 ounces Ch ocolate E xtra ct — Probably the best .

Fl uid extract orris 1 ounce of chocolate extract is made as fol


Wate r quantity s ufficient to make 1
.

,
1fows
orm:
p i nt C u r a a o cocoa 4 0 0 parts
Vanip
.

la chopped ,
Apple E xtract .
fine n n n n n n
G lycerine o unce 1 Alcoho l of 5 5 per
Amyl val erianate drachms 4 cent parts
Linalyl formate minims 45
"

M i x and m acerate to eth er for 1 5


Fl uid extract orris ounce . 1 days e xpress an d set asi de
, Pac k the .

ounces 11 residue i n a percolator and pour o n boil


Water q uantity su fficient to make 1
,
in
g water ( soft ) a n d percolate until 5 7 5
,

pi nt .
parts pass through Put the percolate .
ES S ENC ES A ND EXTR ACTS 3 13

in a fl as k cork an d let cool the n m ix



, , , the l ast s o as to com pensate for what
,

w i th the alc oholic extract If it be de boils awa S e t t h is aside and conti nue
the pe r co fii t i o n with bo i l i n water until
.
,

S i red to ma ke a syrup before mi xing the , , ,

extract add , pa rts of s ugar to the the o w d e r is exhausted vaporate the .

percolate a nd with gentle heat diss ol ve


, r e s u ta nt percolate down to the consist
the s ugar M i x the syrup th us formed
.
, ency of the alcoh olic extract and mix th e ,

after cooling with the alcoholic extract , . two If desire d the res ult may be
.
,

Co ff ee E xtra cts — I n making co ff ee evaporated down to condition of an e x


extract care m ust be used to avoid e x
.

tract T o dis sol ve add b oiling water


.
, .

tractin g the bitter properties of the coffee ,


I V — T his essence is expressly ada ted
.

as this i s where m ost manufacturers fa il ; to boiling purposes T a ke 3 poun s of .

in tr yi n to get a strong extract they s uc good co ff ee 4 ounces of r a n ul a t e d sugar


4 pints of pure a l co h of 6 pints of hot
, ,

ce e d on y i n getting a bitter one . ,

I — Th e co ff ee sho ul d be a mixture of
water Ha v e co ff ee fres h roasted and of
.

a medi um grinding Pack i n a gl ass per


M ocha 3 parts ; O l d G overn ment Java
.

c o l a to r an d percol ate it with a m en


, ,

5 parts ; or as some refer M ocha 3 parts ;


,

st r uu m consisting of the water and t h e


, , ,

Java 3 parts ; best 0 d Ri o 2 parts


, , .

alcohol
,

Repeat the percol ation unti l


.

C offee freshly roaste d , the desired strength is obtai ned or the ,

and pul verized 1 0 0 parts ff e e exha usted ; then add the sugar a nd
B oiling water 6 0 0 parts E p ter
Pack the coff ee m oistened with boil , V — M ocha coffee
. 1 poun d
Java coffee o o o o o o o o o 1 pound
.

ing water in a strai ner or dipper placed


, , ,

in a vessel sta ndin i n the water bat h at G lycerine quantity s u ffi cient .

Water q uantity s u fficient


,

boiling poi n t an let 4 00 parts of the ,


, .

water i n active eb ulliti on pass sl owly


, ,

through it D ra w o f the li qu i d as quick


.
G ri nd the two coffees fine an d mi x , ,

l y as possi bl e ( best i nto a vessel rev i ously then m oisten wit h a mi xture of 1 p art of
heated by boiling water to nea rp y the boil glycerine an d 3 parts of water and pack ,

i n a glass percolator an d percolate sl owly


ing point) add 2 00 parts of boiling water
, ,
,

and pass the wh ole agai n through the unti l 3 0 ounces of the percolate is o h
strainer (the co n tainer re maining in the ta i n ed It is a more com lete extracti o n
.

water bath ) Remov e from t h if t h e menstruum be poure on i n the con


e bath ;
.

dition of boiling and it be all owed to


add 540 pa rts of sugar an d dissol ve by ,
,

agitation while still hot .


macerate for 2 0 min utes before percola
tio n com mences C o ff ee extract should
I I —T h e foll owing is based upon Lie
. ,
.
by preference be made i n gl ass per a
big s method of making coffee for tabl e

co l a to r A glyceri ne menstruu m is pref


,

use : M oisten 50 parts of co ff ee freshly


.

,
cra ble to one of dil ute alcohol gi v mg a ,
roasted and powdere d as before with ,
finer prod uct .

col d water a nd a dd to it a littl e egg al bu


men and stir in
,

Pour over the whol e VI — C o ff ee Java roast


. , ,

ed N o 2 0 pow
.

4 00 parts of boiling water set on the fire


.
,
,

and let c ome to a boil As the l i q u i d .


,
der 4 ounces
G lycerine pure 4 fl u i d o u n ce s
foams stir down with a s poon but l e t it ,
.

come to a boil for a m oment ; add a littl e


,
Water q uantity su ffi cient ,
.

cold water c over ti htly a nd set a s rd e i n


,
B oiling q uantity su fficient ,
.

warm place gx h a ust the r e s1d ua l


, ,

a .
_
M oisten the co ff ee slightly with water ,

coffee with 3 0 0 parts of bo i l i ng water as , a nd pack firm ] i n a tin percolator ; pour


detail ed in th e first process a nd to the , on water gra ua ll y until 4 fl u i d o u n ce s
, ,

filtrate ad d carefully the n o w clarified are obtained then set aside Place the
,
.

extract 11 to 6 0 0 parts by add i ng bo ni ng


, , co ff ee in a clean tin vessel with 8 fl u i d ,
~

water r o c e e d to make the syrup by


. o unces of water and boil for 5 min utes ,
.

the method detail ed ab ove . Agai n place th e coffee in the percolator


I I I — T o m ake a m ore permanent ex
.
W i th the water ( infusion ) and when the ,

tract o f co ff ee saturate 600 parts of liquid has passed or drained o ff pack , ,

freshly roasted co ff ee groun d m oderately ,


the grounds firmly an d pour on bo i lin g ,

fine with any des ired q uant i ty of a 1 i n 3 water until 8 fl u i d o u n ce s are obtained .

Whe n cold mix the first product an d


,

mixture of alcohol of 94 per cent and , ,

distilled water and pack in a percolator ,


. a dd the glyceri ne bottl e and cork well , , .

Cl ose the fa ucet an d let sta nd cl osely ,


T h e excellence of this e xtract of c o f
sto pered for 2 4 hours ; then pour on the fee from the manner of its preparation ,
p
,

will be found by experie nce to be i n c o m


,

res i d ue of the al cohol a nd water and let ,

run through a ddin g su fficient water at , , pa r a bl y s uperior to that made by the for
314 ESS ENCES A ND E XT RA CTS

mulas usually recom mended th e reason ,


th oroughly shake the wh ol e L e t stan d .

being apparent i n the first step i n the for 1 2 hours ; then filter .

process .
Put the filtrate i n a still an d distil o ff , ,

at as sl ow a tem perature as possible 3 0


Co ff ee Esse nce . ounces S e t this distillate to one S i de
. ,

Best grou nd M ocha and contin ue the distillation till a nother


co ffee . 4 pounds 4 0 ounces have assed then let the still ,

Best ground chicory 2 pounds .


cool T h e resi u e i n the still som e 1 8
. ,

B oil with 2 gall ons of wa t er i n a cl osed ounces is the desired essence


,
Pour out .

vessel a nd when col d strain press and all that is possible and wash the still with
, ,

make up to 2 gallons and to th i s add


,
the 3 0 ounces of distil l ate first set aside .

,
T his takes u p all that is essential .

Re cti fi e d spirit of wine 8 ounces Finally filter o nce m ore through double ,
Pure glycerine ( fluid ) 1 6 ou nces ,

filter pa per an d preserve the fil tr a te


Add syru p enough to make 4 gall ons , about 4 0 ounces of an am ber c ol ored ,
-

and mi x inti mately .


liquid containing all of th e essentials of
J amaica ginger
Cucu mber Esse nce
.

Press the j uice .


from cucu m bers mi x W i th a n equal vol


, S oluble Esse n c e of G i n ge r -I I — T h e . .

ume O f alcohol a nd d i stl l If t h e distil foll owing is Ha r r o p s method of proceed ’

l ate is not s u fficiently perfumed more , ing ’

j uice ma be added and the mixture dis Fl uid e xtract of gin


tilled . t is said that the essence th us ger ( U S ) 4 ounces
r e pa r e d wil l not spoi l whe n mixe d with
. .

Pumice in m oder
ats i n the preparation of cos metics .
ately fin e powder
,

1 ounce
Fr ui t Jel l y E xtract — Fill i nto se parate .
Water enough to make 1 2 ounces
paper bags : Pour the fl uid extract i nto a bottl e add ,

M ediu m finely pow the pumice a n d shak e th e mixture and


dered gelatin 1 8 parts .
repeat the s haki n i n the co urse of several
M ediu m finely o w hours N o w ad the water i n propor
dered citric aci (p
.

3 parts tion of ab out 2 o unces s ha king well and ,

Li kewise into a glass bottle a mixture of fre quent] after eac h a ddition When .

a ny desired all i s ad ed repeat the agitation occa


si o n a l ly d uring 24 h o urs then filter , ,
Fruit essence 1 part
.
returning t he l ast portion of the filtrate
S pirit of wi ne 1 part
. .
until it co mes thro ugh cl ear an d if nec ,

an d dissol ve i n t he mixture for obtain essary ad d su fli ci e n t wate r to make 1 2


i ng the d esired color ras pberry red or , o unces .

l emon yell ow 111; part —


III
.
,

For use dissol ve t h e gelatin and the . Jamaica gin ger


,

citri c acid in boiling water ad din g ,


groun d o o o o o o o . 2 pounds
Pumice ston e ground 2 ounces
1 2 5 parts
,

Lime slaked c c c c c c c c 2 ounces


,

and mi xi ng before cooling with the fruit Alcohol dil ute , 4 pints
esse n ce m i xture .

Rub the gin er with th e pumice stone


Gi nger Extra cts —T h e foll o wi ng is an
. and li me until t orou hl y m i xed M oisten .

e xcelle n t method of preparing a sol uble with the dil ute a l c o h o until saturated and
essence or extract of ginger lace i n a narrow percolator being care ,

ul not to use force i n packi ng b ut sim ply


I — Jamaica gin ger 2 4 ounces ,

putt i ng i t i n t o obtain the position of a


.

Re cti fi e d s p i rits 60
powder to be percolated s o that the ,

Water menstru um will 0 th rough uniformly 0 .

F i nally ad d the dil ute al cohol a nd pro


M i x and l e t macerate together with
,

c e e d u nt i l 4 pints of percolate are o h


freq uent agitations for 1 0 days then pe r , ta i n e d All ow the liq uid to stan d for
.

colate ress off and filter T h e y i el d


, , .
2 4 hours then filter if necessary .

should e 4 5 ounces O f this take 4 0 .

ounces and mix with an equal am ount of I V —T incture gin ger


. 4 8 0 parts
distilled water D issol ve 6 drach ms of
.
T incture ca psicu m 1 2 parts . .

sodium phosphate i n 5 ounces of boiling O leores i n ginger 8 parts .

water ; let cool and add the solution to the M a gn e smm carbon
filtrate and water mixing well Add 2
, .
1 6 parts
drachms of calcium chl oride dissol ved i n Rub the oleoresi n with th e m agnesia ,

5 ounces of water nearly c ol d and agai n


, , and ad d the tinctures ; add a b out 4 0 0
316 ES S ENCES A ND EXT RA CTS

the end of this ti me filter T h e filtrate . essence of lem ons ; 3 parts o f al coh ol o f
i s usnai l cl ear and if so a d d 4 drach ms , ,
9 6 per cent ; 5 part calciu m c arbonate ;
of va nil in If n ot proceed as in th e
.
,
parts s odi um phosph ate an d why art ,

second formula above .


calci um citrate an d dissol ve the wh o e in ,

I V — O il of lemon sel ect 8 flui d


s uffi cient wate r to make 60 parts .

I I — S queeze out th e l em on juice


. , ,

ounces ; oil of lem on grass (fresh ) 1 ,


.
,

fl ui d r a c h m ; peel freshly grated of 1 2 ,


strain it to get rid of the seeds an d l arger
,

l emons ; alcohol 7 pi nts ; boil ed water , , particles of ul p etc heat it to the boil , .
,

1 pint
i n
g point e t i t cool d own
, a dd tal c , .

sha ke well together an d filter I f i t i s to


.

M i x an d macerate f or 7 days If .
.

i n a hurry for the product percolate ,


b e kept a l on ti me ( as on a sea voyage )
through the le mon p eel an d filter T h e .
a little a l c o h o is ad de d .

additi on of any other substance tha n the Li mej ui ce — T his m ay be cl arified by


o il an d rind of the l em on is not r e co m


.

heating it either al one or mixed with a small


m ended . quantity of egg al bu men i n a s uitable ,

V — Fresh oil o f l e mo n 6 4 parts


.
vessel with out stirrin g to near the boil
, ,

L emon peel ( outer ing point of water until the im purities ,

ri n d ) fr e s h l y have coagulated a n d either risen to the


rated 32 parts to p or s un k to th e bottom I t is then .

0 of lemon grass
'

1 part filtere d into clean b ottl es which should ,

Al coh ol 500 parts be compl etely fill ed an d cl osed ( with


poi nte d corks ) s o that each cork has to
M i x l et macerate for 1 4 d ays and
, ,
d ispl ace a porti on of the l i qui d to be
,

filter .
inserted T h e bottl es a re sealed a n d
.

VI — Esse n ce of lemon
. 1 2 ounces kept at an e ven tem perature ( in a cellar ) .

Re c ti fi e d spirit of In thi s way th e j u i ce m ay b e sa ti sfa c


wi ne . . toril y preserved .

Pure glycerine .
Nutme g Esse nce —O i l of n utmeg 2 .
,
Pure phosphate d rach ms ; m ace in powder 1 ounce ; a l , ,
cal cium 4 ounces coh ol 95 per cent de odorized 3 2 ounces
,
.
, , .

D istilled water to m ake 1 pint .


D issol ve the oil in the al cohol by agi
M i x essence of lem on s pirit of wi ne t a ti o n a dd th e mace agitate then sto
, ,
,
p , ,

glycerin e an d 8 ounces of d i still ed water


, ,
per tightly an d macerat e 1 2 h ours Fi l
, .

agitate brisk ] in a quart bottl e for 1 0 ter through paper .

minutes an introd uce phosphate of


, Orange E xtr act — G rate d peel of 2 4 .

cal ci um an d a gain shake Put i n a .

oran es ; al coh ol 1 quart ; w ater 1 quart ; , ,


filter and l et i t pass through t wi ce .
oil 0 oran e 4 drach ms M acerate the

, .

D igest in filtrate for 2 or 3 days add 1 3; ,


oran e pee an d oil of orange with alco
ounces fres h l emon peel and again filter , .
h ol or 2 weeks Ad d distill ed water .

VI L — O il of lem on 6 parts . .
an d filter .

L em on peel (fresh Ora nge E xtr act , S ol u bl e —I —Pure . .

l y grated ) 4 parts .
oil of oran ge 1 1 fi ui d o un c e s ; carb onate
Alcohol sufli ci en t , .
of ma gn e smm 2 o unces ; al coh ol 1 2
,

, ,

D issol ve the oil of l em on in 9 0 parts of fi ui d o un c e s ; water q uantity s uffi cient to ,

alcohol add th e lemon peel an d m acer


, , make 2 pints .

ate for 2 4 h ours Filte r th rou h aper .


, I I — D iss ol ve oil of orange i n th e
.

addin through th e filter e n o u g a coh ol al coh ol an d rub it with th e carb on ate of


,
to ma e the filtrate weigh 1 00 parts .
m agnesium i n a m ortar ,Pour the mix .

VI I I — Exteri or rind of
.
t ure i nto a q uart bottl e an d fill th e b ot ,

l em on 2 ounces tl e with water All ow to m acerate for a .

Al coh ol 95 per ,
week or m ore sh aking e very d a y T hen , .

cent deodorized 3 2 ounces ,


filter through paper ad din en ough ,

O il of lemon r e ,
water throu gh the paper to ma e filtrate
cent 3 fl ui d o un ces meas ure 2 p i nts .

Expose the lem on rind t o the air until Oran ge Peel , S ol ubl e E xtr a ct .

pe r fectly (l then b ruise i n a wedgwood


mortar an yad d it to the al cohol a gi ta t
,
Freshly grated ora n ge
, ,
rind u 1 part
ing until the col or is extracted ; then ad d D eodor i ze d al coh ol 1 part
the lem on oil
M acerate fo r 4 clays an d express Add
.

Natural Le mo n Jui ce —I — T ake


.

. .
the expressed l i q u i d to 1 0 per cent of its
parts o f crystallized Ci tric acid ; 2 parts weight of powder ed ma gn esui m ca rbonate
.
ES S ENC ES A ND EXTRA CTS 31 7

in a m ortar and rub th oroughly until a


, Quince E xtract .

s mooth crea my mixt ure results ; then


,
Fl uid extrac t orris 2 ounce s
grad ually add the water constantly stir ,
O enanthic ether 1 } ounces
ri ng L et sta nd for 4 8 h ours then filt e r
.

.
,
Linalyl formate e e e e e e 9 0 mi nims
t hrough paper K ee p i n an a mber b ottle .
G lycerine o o o o o o o 2 ounces
and c ool pl ace T o make syrup of orange .
,
Alcohol 70 per c en t to 3 pints ,
add 1 part of this e xtract t o 7 parts of , .

heavy s i m pl e syrup . Raspberry S yr up , w ith out Alco hol or


An tiseptics — T h e maj ority of producers
.

Pea ch E xtract .
of fru i t j uices are firmly con vin ced that
Li nalyl form ate the preservation of these j uices with out
Am yl valerianate . the ad diti on of al cohol salicylic aci d , ,

Flu i d extract orris . etc is i m possibl e


.
, Herr S teiner s proc .

O enanthic ether . ess to the contrary is here reproduced :


O i l rue ( pure G e r T h e fruit is crushed an d pressed ; the
m an ) 3 0 minims j uice with 2 per cent of s ugar added is
, ,

Chl oroform 2 drachms . poured into containers to about three


G lycerine 2 ounces quarters of their capacity and there a l ,

Al coh ol 7 0 per cent to 3 pints , ,


. l owe d to ferm ent T h e containers are .

stoppere d with a cork through which


Pi n eapple Esse n ce — A ri pe but not . , runs a tube wh ose open end is protected
,
too soft pi n e a p l e weighing about say
, , , , by a bit of gum tubing th e extremity of ,

1 poun d is mas ed up i n a m ortar with


, which is im mersed i n a glass filled with .

T okay win e 6 ounces T h e m ass i s


,
.
water I t shoul d not 0 dee er than
.

then brou ht into a flask with 1 i nt of 1 6 of an inch hi gh


1
T e evo u ti o n of .

water an all owe d to stan d 2 ours


,
.
carb onic as begi ns in about 4 h ours
Alcohol 90 per cent it i nt is t h en added
, , , an d is s o s i a r p that the point of th e tube
and the mi xture distil ed until 7 quarts m ust not be im mersed any deeper .

of distill ate have been coll ected C og .


O rdinarily fermentation ceases on th e
nac 9 ounces is then adde d t o the dis
, , tenth day a fact that m ay be ascertained
,

ti l l a ti o n .
by shaking the container sharply w hen , ,

if it has ceased no bubbles of gas will ,


Pistach io Esse n ce .
appear on the surface of the water .

I — Essence of al mon d
. 2 fl u i d o u n ce s T h e fermented j uice is then filtered t o
T incture of vanilla 4 fl ui d o u n c e s get rid of the pectinic matters yeast etc , , .
,

O i l of neroli . 1 drop and the filtrate sh oul d be poured back on


the filter several times Th e nice filters
'

4 fl u i d r a c h ms
II O il
of orange peel quickly and comes off very clear Th e
.

.
— ~

of cassia
O il 1 fl ui d r a c h m
.

necessary am ount of sugar to make a


of bitter almond 1 5 m inims
O il syrup is now added to the l iqui d and a l
of cala m us
O il 1 5 minims .

lowed to dissolve grad ually for 1 2 hours


of n utm eg 1 5 fl ui d r a ch ms
.

O il .

At the end of this time the l iquid is put


of cl ove
O il 3 0 minims
on the fire an d all owed to boil up at once
Al coh ol 1 2 fl u i d o u n c es
,
.

by which operation the sol ution of th e


Water 4 fl ui d o un ce s
s ugar is made compl ete S trai n i n g
M agnesium c a r
.

throu h a tin strainer and filling into


b onate 2 drachms
beate bottles completes the r o ce ss .

S hake together all ow to stand 2 4 , T h e ad dition of sugar to t e freshly


hours and filter ,
.

p
ressed j uice has the advantage of caus
ln the fermentation to progress to th e
Po megra nate Esse nce .
f ufi l imit and also to preserve by the
, ,

O il of sweet orange 3 parts alcohol produced by fermentati on th e ,

O i l of cl oves 3 parts . beautiful red col or of the j uice .

T incture of vanilla 1 5 parts . Any fermentation that may be per


T in cture of inger 1 0 pa rts mit te d prior to the pressin g out of th e
M a r a s c h i n o ii q u e u r 1 5 0 parts
.

j uices is at the expense of arom a and


T inct ure of c o cc i o n flavor ; b ut W hether fermentation occurs
ella . .
before or after pressure of th e berry the ,

D istill ed water . ordinary alcoh ol test cannot determine


Ph os ph oric a c i d whether the j uice h as been com l e tel y
dil ute 4 5 parts fermented ( an d consequently whet er the
Al coh ol 95 per ce nt quant i ty s u ffi
, , pectins have been completely separated )
cient to m ake parts or n ot S ince in s ite of the fact that
the li quid re mains ii mpi d after 4 da ys
. . , _

M i x and dissol ve .
31 8 ESSENCES A ND EX TRA CTS

fermentati on the prod uction of alcohol Pure oil of sassa


fl ui d r a ch ms
,

is pro ressing all th e tim e — a demonstra fras 5


ti on t at ferm entation cann ot then be Pure oil of a n i se 5 fl ui d r a c h ms
com pl eted a nd that at least 1 0 days wil l C arbonate of m ag
m
,

be req ui red for this purpose .


n esi u ounces . 2§
An abortive ras pberry syru p is al ways pint 1
due to a n in com plete or faulty fermenta Water quantity su ffi me n t to make
,

tion for too often d oes it occur that i n


,
2 pints .

com pl etely ferm ented j ui ces after a littl e


D issol ve
th e various oils i n th e alcohol
time l ose c ol or and becom e turbid .

a nd ru b with carb onate of m agnesium in


,

Th e h abit of cl arifying j uices by shak


a m orta r Pour th e mixture into a
i n g up with a bit of paper ta lc etc or
.

,
q ua rt b ottle and fill the bottle with
.
, ,

bo i ling w ith al bum en is a usel ess waste ,

water All ow to m acerat e for a week


of time an d lab or By the process ind i .
.

or m ore sh a king e very day T hen filter


o s ted th e entire process of cl arificati on
.
,

occurs autom atic ally so to speak through th e paper addin enough water ,
, .
throu gh th e pa per to ma e th e fini sh ed
D eep Red Ra spbe r ry S yr u p — A m uch product measure 2 pi nts .

dee per an d richer col or th an that ordi


n a r i l y attained m ay b e secured by add S tr aw berry Jui ce
Put into the water .

ing to crushed raspberries before fer , bath arts of distill ed water and
mentation small quanti ties o f sugar sifted
, , 6 00 parts 0 s u gar an d boil with con ,

over the surface i n layers T h e ethylic . stant s kim m ing u ntil n o m ore s cum ,

al cohol prod uced by fermentation in this arises . Add 5 parts of cit ri c acid and
manner aids in th e extracti on of the continue the bO i li n g until about
red col orin g matter of the fruit M ore . parts a re l eft S tir i n littl e by littl e
.
, ,

over the ferm ented j uice sh oul d never


, 500 parts of fres h stra wberri es properly ,

be cooked over a fire but by super stemm ed a nd be parti cul arly careful
When all the
,

heated steam O nly l n this way can


. not to crush th e fruit .

caramelization be compl etel y avoided . berries are add ed cover the vessel r e , ,

O n l su ar free from ultram arine an d m ove from the fire put i nto a warm place ,

chal S i o ul d be used in makin g the and let stand cl osely covered for 3 hours
, , ,

syru p as th ese i mpmi t i es als o have a


, or until th e mass has cool ed down to th e
bad i nfluence on the col or . surrounding tem perature th en strain o ff ,

through flannel being careful not to


Ra spbe rr y Esse nces
,
.
crush the berr ies Prepare a su ffi cient .

I — Raspberri es fres h
.
,
1 6 ounces . .
number of pint bottl es by fillin g them
r Angelica ( C alifornia ) 6 fl ui d o un c e s with warm water puttin g them i nto a ,

Brandy ( C al ifornia ) G o un ces kettl e of th e sam e an d heati n g them to


Alcoh ol 6 0 unces b oi li ng then rapi dl y em pt ing and
Water quantity s u ffi cient
,

, .
drainin g as quickly as possi l e I nto .

M ash the berries to a pul p in a mortar these pour the hot j uice cork an d seal ,

or bowl and transfer to a flask al on


, ,
th e bottl es as ra pidly as possibl e Juice .

with the Angel ica brandy al cohol a n , , ,


thus prepared retains all the aroma and
about 8 ounces of water L et macerate .
flavor of the fresh berry and if carefully ,

overnight then distil o ff until 3 2 ounces


,
corke d an d sca l e d u p wil l retai n its
h ave passed over C ol or red T h e . .
properties a year .

additi on of a trifle of essence of vanilla


im proves this essence . S tr a w be rr y
Esse n ce .

l I — Fresh raspberries
. 200 grams S trawb erries fresh 1 6 ounces , .

Water distilled
.

1 0 0 gram s
,
A n gelica ( California ) 6 fl ui do un ces
Vanilla essenc e 2 grams .
Brandy ( California ) 6 ounces
Al coh ol 8 ounces
Pul p the raspberries let stand at a Wa er quantity s uffici ent
t
,
,
tem perature of ab out 7 0 F for 48 h ours
.
°
.
,

and then add 1 00 grams of water F i ft . M ash the berries to a pul p in a m ortar
grams are th en disti lled o ff and a l co h o , or bowl and transfer to a flask al on gwith
, ,
90 er cent 25 grams i n which , , th e Angelica brandy alc ohol and about
, , ,
van l i n has b een r e vi o usl y dissol ved ,
8 ounces of water
_
L et m acerate over .

is add ed to the disti ate . n i ght then distil o ff until 3 2 lo un ce s have


,

ass e d p y er C ol or strawberry red


Sar sa pa rilla , S olu bl e E xtr a ct
. .

.
he add i ti on of a littl e essence of vanilla
Pure oil of winter and a hint of lem on i m proves this es
green 5 fl ui d r a ch ms se nce .
320 ESS ENC ES AND E XT RA C TS

active state of ebulli tion cover the vessel a cl osed percol ator a nd l et stan d for 2
closely and set aside m oderately a ho urs Add 4 0 parts of dil ute alcohol
. ,

When q u i te col d ad d 7 2 0
,

warm place .
cl ose the percolator a nd let stand 8 days ,
.

par ts alcohol close the vessel ti ghtly At the end of this ti me a dd 1 1 0 rts of
dilute alcohol and let pass through T h e
, ,

and set aside i n a moderately warm ,


.

place to macerate for 1 5 days then


, ,
resid ue will repay working over D r y it .

strai n off press out a n d set as i de for a


, ,
w e ll a dd 5 parts of va nillin and 1 1 0
, ,

day or t w o T h e liquid may then be .


parts of milk s ugar a nd pass through a
filtered and bottl ed T h e additio n of a .
sieve then treat as before
,
.

little m us k to the bea ns before pouri ng T h e foll owi ng are chea p extracts :
on the hot water is tho u ght by many to ,
X Va nilla b e a n s
-

greatly improve the product O n e part


.

chopped fine 5 parts


.

of this extract a dded to 3 0 0 parts S i mpl e


.

T onka b e a n s
syrup is excell e n t for fo untain purposes .

powdered 1 0 parts
VI — Vanilla beans
. 8 ounces S ugar o wd e r e d 14 parts
, .

G lycerine 6 ounces .
Al co h o 95 per
G ra n ulated s ugar 1 pound ce nt 2 5 arts .

Water quantity su cient to


.

Wate r 4 pints ,

Alcohol of cologne make 10 0 parts .

s pi r its 4 pints R u b th e s ugar a nd va nilla to a fine


C ut or grind the beans very fine ; rub powder a dd the ton ka bea ns a nd incor
, ,

with the glyc e r i n e and p ut in a woode n po r a t e Pack into a filter a nd pour o n


keg : d i sso lv e the $ 1 ar i n t h e water first
. ,

,
1 0 parts of alcohol cut with 1 5 parts of ,

heati n g the water i conve n ient ; mix t h e ,


wate r cl ose the fa ucet a nd let macerate ,

water and s pirits an d a dd to the vanilla ; ,


o v ern i ght I n the morning percolate
.

po u r in keg . K eep i n a warm place fro m


.
with the remaining alc ohol add ed to 8 0 ,

3 to 6 months before usi ng S ha ke often . .


parts of water until 100 parts of perco ,

T o cl ear percol ate thro u gh the dregs If


,
.
late pass through .

a dark rich col or is des i red ad d a little


,
XI — Vanilla beans
. 4 ounces
s ugar col oring .

T onka bea ns 8 ou n ces .

VII — Vanilla b e a n s
.
,
D eodorized alcoh ol 8 pi n ts
good q uality 1 6 ou n ces . .
S i mpl e syrup 2 pi nts .

Alcohol 64 fi ui d o u n ce s C ut and bruis e th e vanill a beans ,

G lycerine 2 4 fi ui d o u n c c s afterwards bruisi n g the tonka beans


Water
. .
.

10 fi u i d o u n c e s
.
M acerate for 1 4 days i n one half of the -

D il ute alcoh o l qu a n ti ty s u ffi ci c n t , .
s pirit with occasio n al agitati on
, Pour .

M i x and macerate with freq ue n t agi , o ff the cl ear li qu or a n d set aside ; pour
t a t i o n for 3 weeks filter and add dil ute
, , , the remai ning s pi rits i n the m agma and ,

alcohol to make 1 gall on . heat by mea n s of the water bath to about


1 7 0 F in a l oosel y c ove re d vessel
°
K ee p
VII I — V a n i l l a b e a n s
. .

at this te mperature 2 or 3 hours and


.
,

good q ual ity 8 ounces ,

strai n through flannel with slight pres


.

P u m i c e stone ,

1 ounce
,
s ure M i x the two porti ons o f liquid
.
,

Rock ca nd 8 ou n ces
and filter through felt A dd the syrup . .

Al co h ol an water of each a s u fh , Wh i te Pi ne a n d Ta r S yr up .

ci e n cy .
White i ne bark 75 pa rts
Wil d c herry bark
.

C ut the bean s to fine shreds and trit 7 5 parts . .

urate well wit h the pu mice stone and rock S pikenard root 10 . parts
candy Pl ace th e whol e i n a percolator
.
Bal m of G il ead buds 1 0 parts
a n d percolate with menstruum com S anguinaria roo
a.
8 parts
posed o i 9 parts alcohol a n d 7 parts water S assafras bark 7 . parts
until the percol ate passes through clear .
Su 75 0 parts
B ri n g th e bul k up to 1 gall on with the Ch o r o fo r m 6 parts
sa me menstru um and set aside to ri pe n
.

.
S yrup of tar 75 . parts
I X — Cut up as finely a s possibl e 2 0 ‘ Alcohol enough
Water e n o u h
. , .
, ,

parts of vanilla bean and with 4 0 parts of , .

milk sugar ( rendered as dry as possible S yrup e n o u g to make parts .

by being kept in a drying closet until it Reduce the first si x i ngredients to a


no longer loses weight ) rub to a coarse coarse powder and by using a m enstruum
powder M oisten with 1 0 parts of
.
com posed of 1 in 3 alcohol obtai n 5 00 ,

dil ute alcohol pack somewhat l oosel y i n , parts of a ti ncture from the m In this .
ESS ENCES A ND E XT RA CT S 32 1

d i ss ol ve th e s u ar add the syrup of tar , filtrate will be clear as crystal si nce th e ,

a nd th e chl oro o rm and finally eno ugh , , , lea d salt precipitates natural colori ng
sy r u to br i ng the meas ure of the fi n matters b ut has no e ff ect upon th e a n i
,

i she prod uct u p to parts . line c ol ors


Wi ld Ch err y E xtract . To Test Fr ui t Jui ce s for S al i cyli c Aci d .

O ena nthic ether 2 fl ui d r a c h ms . .


—Put a portion of the j uice to be tested
Amyl acetat e 2 fl u i d r a ch ms .
i n a l arge test t ube a dd the sam e vol ume ,

O i l of bitter a l of ether close the m outh of the tube a nd


,

monds (free fro m shake gently for 3 0 seconds S e t asi de .

hydrocyanic acid 1 fi uid ra eh m until the li ui d separates into two layers .

Fluid extract of wil D raw o ff t e su pernatant ethereal por


cherry 3 fl u i d o un c e s tion and eva porate to dryness i n a cap
G lycer i ne 2 fl ui d o u n c e s
. . s ule D issol ve th e resi due in alcohol
.
,

D eodorized alcohol eno ugh to make dil ute with 3 vol umes of water and ad d ,

1 6 fi ui d o u n ce s .
1 dro of ti nct ure of iron chl oride If .

HARML ES S C O L ORS F OR USE m sa l i cy i c aci d be present the character


i sti c pu rpl e colo r will i nstantly disappear
sr n up s, ETC
.

S yrups S electe d fro m th e Form ular y


Re d C ochineal s yrup
-
prepare d as
of th e P h a r ma c e u t i c a l S o c i e t y of
. ,

follows :
An tw erp
I — C ochineal i n coars e
.

Di omn e S gmp — D i o n i n e , 1 pa rt ;
. '

powd er 6 pa rts
.
. dis
Potassium c a r b o n till ed wate r , 1 9 parts ; sim pl e s yrup ,
ate parts Mix. .

D istilled water Ja bora nd i S grm — T i ncture of jabor ‘

Al c o h ol 95 per ,
andi 1 part ; sim p e syrup 1 9 parts M i x
, , . .

cent 1 2 parts C on va lla ri a S yrup — Ext ract of co n


. .

S i mpl e syrup to m ake 500 parts . va l l a r i a 1 part ; distilled water 4 parts ;


, ,

Rub the cochineal and potassi u m to sim ple syrup 9 5 par ts D iss ol ve the ex
, .

ether adding the water an d alcohol tract i a the water a nd mi x


g
.

C odei n e Ph osph a te 8 mp —Codeine phos


,

i ttl e by littl e under consta n t trituratio n


,
. .

Let sta n d overnight ad d th e syrup a n d , ,


phate 3 parts ; distil ed water 1 7 arts
, ,

filter . simpl e syrup 98 0 pa rts D issolv e t e c o


, .

deine in the water and mix with the syru p


II — C a r m i n e in fine .
.
,

1 pa rt Li cor i ce S yr a — I ncised licorice root 4 ,

S tronger a m m on i a parts ; dil ute so uti o n of am monia 1 part ; ,

4 parts i
wate r 2 0 parts, M i x a n d macerate for
.

D istilled w a t e rtomake 24 parts 1 2 h ours at 5 8 to 6 6 F with frequent ° °


.
.

agitation ; press h eat the liq uid to boil ,


Rub u p the carmine an d a m m onia and ing the n eva orate to t wo parts o n the
,
to the sol utio n add the water littl e by water bath ; a d a l co h o l 2 arts ; all ow to
stand for 1 2 hours ; then fil t er Add to
,
,
littl e u nd er c o n sta nt trituration I f i n
,
.
.

sta ndi n this shows a ten dency to se pa the filtrate eno ugh sim pl e syrup to b ring
rate a rop or two of a mm oni a Wi l l cor
,
4 the final weight to 2 0 parts .

rect the troubl e .

M a i ze S ti gma S yrup — Extract of maize


Besides these there is caramel which , ,
stigm as 1 part ; distill ed water 4 pa rts ;
of co urse you know ,
.
,

si mple 5 rup 95 parts D iss ol ve the ex .


,

Pi n k . tra ct i n t e water filter an d ad d the syrup , , .

II I — C armi ne
.
1 part Amm o n i um Va ler i a n a te S ol uti on — Am .

L iq uor po ta ssaa 6 parts . mo n i u m val erianate , 2 parts a lcoholic ex


D istill ed water 4 0 parts tract of valerian , 1 part ; d i sti lled water,
4 7 parts
M i x I f the col or is too high dilute
m
.
. ,

wit h distilled water unti l the re qu i s i te K ola Ti e r - Powdere d kol a n uts , 1


part ; alcohol 6 0 per cent 5 s M ace
color is obtai ned
p
. , , .

rate for 6 days press and ‘ art


lter
To Test Fru i t n ice s a n d S yr ups for
.
, ,

Bide t s Liqui d Vesi ca n t — T incture of


An i lin e Colo r s d d to a sa m ple of th e .

cantharides tincture of rosemary chl oro


.

syrup or j uice i n a test tu be i ts own


, ,
, ,

vol ume of distille d water a nd a i ta te to form equal parts


,
.

Peptone Wi ne — D ried e pto n e 1


,

a t a thorough mixture then a d a fe w rt

drops of the standard sol uti on of l ead i sso l ve w i tlib


, ,

M alaga win e 1 9 parts , ut .

diaceta te shake and fi lter I f the syrup


, ,
.
heat an d filter after stand i n g for several
i s fre e fro m a nili n e colori n g m a tter the days .
322 ET C H ING

For S tro n gl y Aci d Sol uti on s — I


Etchi n g
. .

Black pitch 1 part ; Ja anese wax 2 ,

am ar r o sm, 1
,

General for Etchi ng I n s tr u ctio ns .


parts ; rosin 1 15 parts ; ,

I a etching two factors com e i nto con part melted together an d m i xed w i th
,

t urpentine oil 1 part II — Hea vy black


, '

si deration ( 1 ) that which covers that,


,
. .
.

part of the metal n ot exposed to the pri nters in k 3 parts ; ros i n 1 part ; wax

, , ,

etching fluid (the resist ) and ( 2 ) the ,


1 part .

e tch i n fluid itself For el ectro -etching th e f oll owing


groun d is reco mmen ded : Wa x 4 parts ;
. ,

I n t e process a distinction 15 to be ,
,

made between etching in relief an d as halt 4 parts ; pitch 1 part


i f absol ute surety is req uired -respect
.
, ,

e tching i n i ntaglio I n relief etch i ng . ,

the design is drawn or pa i n t e d upon the i ng the resista nce of t he e tching ground
surface with the l i qui d et c h i n g roun d - to the acti on of the etching fluids several
s o that after etching and removagof th e
, ,

etching -grounds are put on one over the ,

e t ching -ground it appears raised In ,


.
other ; first (for i nsta nce ) a sol uti on of ,

i ntagli o e tch i n the whole s urfac e i s rubber i n benz ol then a s p i ri tuous shel ,

covered with t e etching-ground an d ,


lac s ol ution and a third stratum of ,

the design put on with a needl e ; th e as halt dissol ve d in turpenti n e oil


i f the etching is to be of different de
.

ground bein thus removed at the points


touched by t e drawi ng the l atter after rees of depth the places where it is to
he fai nt are stopped o ut with varnish
, , ,

e t ch i n and removal of the etchi ng ,

groun is s unken .
after they are dee p e n o u h and the o h ,

Coveri ng Agents or Resists — T h e late j e ct is put back into the ath for further
is enclosed b a border made of grafting
.
etching .

For putti n on a design before th e


wax ( yell ow ee s w a x 8 parts ; pine rosin , ,
etchi ng the foll owi ng m et hod m ay b e
1 0 parts ; beef tallow 2 parts ; turpentine
,
, ,
used : C over the metal plate ti n plate ,
1 0 parts ) ; or a mixture of yellow wax ,
for e xam pl e with a c ol ored or c ol orless
8 parts ; l ard 3 parts ; Burgundy pitch
,
, ,
spirit varnish ; after drying cover this in
5 part T hi s mixture is also used to
, ,
»
.
a dark room with a sol uti on of gel atin
cover the sides of vessels to be etched .

5 parts and red potassium chromate 1


, ,

Another com ound consists of wax 5 , ,

parts ; cob blerp


,
part i n water 1 00 parts ; or with a
s wax 2 1: parts ; turpentine ,
1
,
,

sol ution of al bumen 2 parts ; amm onium


,

1 part
,
.

bichromate 2 parts in water 2 00 arts , , ,


.

Etch i n g -Gro un d I S oft Wa x . .


, After drying put the plate oovere with , ,

2 parts ; asphalt 1 part ; masti c 1 part , , . a stencil i n a co yi ng or printin g frame


, ,

II — Wa x 3 parts ; as halt 4 parts n d expos e to li t T h e sensit i ve gela


ti n stratum wil l i eco me i ns ol ubl e at the
.
, , .
a .

III — M astic 1 6 arts ;


. u r gu n d y pitch
, ,

5 0 parts ; melte wa x 1 25 parts ; an d , pl a ces exposed Pl ace in water an d the .


,

melt e d as halt 2 0 0 arts added succes ,



gelatin wil l be dissol ved at the places
s i ve l y an after coo ing turpentine o il
, , , covered by the sten cil ; d ry an d remove ,

5 00 arts If the ground sh oul d be deep


. the s pi rit varnish from the places with
.

blac lam bl ack i s ad ded . s pi ri t then put into th e etchi n g fluid


, .

Hard : u r gun d y pitch 1 2 5 parts ;


rosin 1 2 5 parts melted ; and walnut oil
,
Etchi n g Fl ui ds —T h e etching fluid is .

1 00 arts ad ded the whole to be b oiled


, ,
usually poured over the metallic s urface ,
, ,

unti it can be drawn out into l ong wh i ch is encl osed i n a border as de ,

threads .
s cri b e d before I f the whol e obj ect is to .

be put i nto the fluid it m ust be e ntirely ,

Etch i n g-G ro un d for Copper En gr a v covered with the etching -ground After
i n g — White wa x 1 2 0 parts ; masti c 1 5
.

e t c: ll l n
, , g i t i s washed with pur e water ,

parts ; B urgund y pitch 60 parts ; S yrian


. .

, dri ed w i th a linen cloth and th e etching ,


asphalt 1 20 parts melted together ; and
, , groun d 18 then washed o ff with turpentine
5 parts concentrated s ol ution of rubber 0 11 or a l i ght vol atil e cam phor oil
0

The .

i n rubber oil added .


latter i s very good for the purpose .

Grou n d for Relief Etchi n g — I — S yrian . . Etch i ng Flu i d s for I ro n a n d S teel .

asphalt 5 00 parts dissol ved i n turpen I — ’ ure


tine oil
,

parts II -Asphalt rosin


, .

Ii n i tric aci d dil ute d for li ht


.
,

, . .
, , etch ng w i th 4 to 8 parts of water or ,

and wax 2 00 parts of each ar e melted


, , , deep etch i ng Wi th an eq u a l w eight of
and dissol ve d in turpenti ne oil , water .

p a rts T h e under si de of the metal plate I I — T a rtari c a ci d 1 part b wei ht


y g
. .
, ,
i s protected by a coating of a spirituous
.

mercuri c chl oride 1 5 parts by w eight , ,


shell ac sol ution or by a s oluti on of as , water 4 20 parts ; nitri c aci d 1 6 to 20
,

ph a l t 3 00 parts i n benzol 60 0 parts


.

, , , . drops i f 1 part e quals 28 } grai ns


, .
324 ET C H I N G

Etching Fl uid for Al umi n u — D il ute


hydroch l oric acid s e rves th i s purpose
m
.

.
or saline sol utions T hus for copper
dil ute s ul ph uric aci d 1 in 2 0 For cop
.

,
,

.
,

Al uminum co n t a i n i n iron can be mat per a nd brass a bl ue vitriol sol ution ,


.

ted with soda lye fol owed by treat ment ,


For zi nc white vitri ol or a zi n c chl oride
,

with nitric acid T h e l ye dissolves the .


s ol ution .For steel a n d iron green ,

al u mi n um and the nitric acid dissol ves


,
vitri ol or an am m oni u m chl oride solu
,

the iron Al umin um bro n ze is etche d


.
ti on. For tin a tin -salt sol ution
,
For .

with nitric acid .


sil ver a sil ver nitrate or potassi um cya
,

nide sol ution For gol d an d platin um


. ,
Etchi ng Flui d for Ti n er Pewter .
. gol d chl oride an d plati num chl oride
Ferric chl oride or highly dil uted n i tri c sol utions or po t a ssmm c a n i d e sol u
,
, a
acid .
tion . For electro -etchi ng a l a uché or
Etch i n g Fl u i d s for S i l ver — I — D ilute . . B unsen battery is to be recom mended .

pure nitric acid . I n the former the negati ve zinc pol e is


,

II — N itri c acid (specific weight


. , connected with a pl ate of the same metal
1 72 arts ; water 3 2 0 parts ; as that to be etched an d the positiv e iron
potassi um bic p
, ,

r o ma t e 3 0 parts ,
. pole with the plate to be etched I n the .

B unse n battery the carbon pol e is c o n


Etch i ng Fl ui d for Gol d — D i l u t e a q u a ,

n e c t e d with the obj ect to be etched the


.
. . .

regia nitric and sul phuri c aci ds i n the ,


,
zinc pole with the metal plate .

proportio n of 1 in
Etchi ng Flui d f o r Copper , Zi n c, a n d Etc h i n g B a th for Bras s — 1 — M i x . .

S teel — A mixture of 4 parts of acetic


nitric a c1d (s peci fie d gravity 8 ,

parts with water 8 0 arts 2 —C hlorate


.

acid (30 per cent ) and alcohol 1 part ; , ,


, ,
. .

to this is added grad ually nitr i c ac i d 1 of potash 3 parts i sso l ve d i n 5 0 parts


, ,

of water M i x 1 and 2
, ,
For r o te cti n g
thos e portions which are not to b
part . .

e etched
.

Etch i ng Flu id for Lead , An ti mo ny ,


,

a ny s uitable acid —proof c om position can


a n d Bri ta n n ia Metal — D il ute nitri c acid . .

be used .

Etc h i n g Pow d er for Metals ( T i n ,


Et ch i n g on Copper — I — I n order to . .

S ilver Iron G erma n S i l ver C opper and


, , , ,
do regular an d q u i ck etchin g on copper
Z i nc ) — B l ue vitriol 1 part ; ferric oxide
. , ,
take a copper plate silvered on the etch
4 parts T h e powder moistened is a p
. , ,
i ng side T race on this plate either with
.
,

p l i ed to the pl aces to be etched as for , ,


varnish or lithogra phic i nk the design .

When the traci ng is dry place the plate


,

i nstance knife blades


,
Calcined green .

,
vitrio l can also be used .
i n a n iron bath usin a battery T h e , .

Electro -Etch i n g — T his di ff ers from . designs traced with t e varnis h or i n k


ordi n ary etchi ng in the use of bath a , are not attacke d by t he etchin g fl uid .

whic h does not of itself a ff ect the m e tal , When the plate is take n from the bath
but is made capabl e of doing s o by the and has been was hed a nd dried remove ,

ga l vanic current . the varnish or in k with essence of turpen


O rdinary etching seen under the ,
t i ne ; next pour mercury on the places
microsco pe consists o f a successi on of
, - reserved by the varnis h or i n k ; the me r
uneven depressions which widen out , cury will attack the sil vered portions a n d
considerably at a certain depth I n el ec . t h e etching is quickl y m ade When the .

tro -etching the lin e under the micro


, m ercury has d one its d uty ather u p the
scope appears as a perfectl y even furrow , excess an d return to the ott i e w i th a
n ot eaten out beneath h owever deeply , paper funnel Was h the plate i n stron g
.

cut T h e work is a c c o r d i n l y finer an d


.
, , al u m water an d heat , .

s harper ; the fumes from t e acids are I I — T h e plate m ust b e first polished
.

also avoided and th e etchi ng can be , e i ther wit h emery or fine pu mice stone ,

modified by regulation of the current . and after it has been d ried with care ,

T h e preparation of the s urface by cc v , s prea d thereon a varnish compos e d of


ering stopping -out etc is t h e same as
, , .
, equal parts of yell ow wax an d essence
in ordi nary etching At so me uncovered . of turp entine T h e sol ution of the wax
.

place a conducting wire is s ol dered on i n the essen ce is acco m plished in the


with soft s older an d covered with a coat , col d ; next a little o i l of turpentine and
of varnish T h e plate is then sus end e d so me a m black are added
.

in the bath and acts as t h e a r m e with


d T his var .

, , n i sh i s a l owed to dry on away fro m


When dry trace
,

anothe r si milar plate for the cathode . d ust an d hu mi dity .


,

I f grad ati ons in etching are desired the , the design with a very fine point M ake .

pl ates are taken out after a time rinsed , , a border with modeli ng wax so as to pre ,

and covered and returned to the bath , . vent the aci d from running o ff Pour on .

For the bath dil ute acids a r e used , n i tri c a crd i f th e plate is of copper or ,
ET C H I NG 3 25

h ydrochl ori c a ci d dil ute d wit h water if lead tray is not at hand the powdered ,
the plate is of zi nc all ow the aci d to act , spar may be poured o n the glass an d the
according to th e desired de pth of the e n acid poured on it and l eft for s ome ti me .

ra ving ; wash several ti mes a nd re m ove As a general rul e the marks are opa que , ,
t i e varnish by h eating the plate lightly but sometimes they are trans are n t I n
Wash with essence of t ur e n ti n e a nd dry
.
.

this ca se cut them deeply an fill u p with


well i n sawd ust or i n t e stove For .
black varnish if they are re ui r e d to be
,

relief engraving th e designs are traced very p as i n the case 0 graduated


,

before the e n graving o n the plate with vesse l s lainL iq ui d hydrofluoric aci d has
.

the resist varn i sh i nstead of covering the been reco mm ended for etching b ut is ,

plate entirely T h ese desi u s m ust be


.
not al ways suita bl e as it l eaves th e ,

delicately execute d an d wit out l a ps as , s urface on which it acts transparent .

the acid eats a way all the parts n ot pro T here are two methods of marking
t e ct e d by the varnis h .
bottl es — d ry etching or by stam ping ,

Etchi n g Fl ui d s fo r Co pper — I —A . .
with etching i nks T h e first process is .

n e w etch i ng fl ui d for cop er late is h y us ually foll owed in glass factories A


drogen peroxide t o w hi c li a i ttl e dil ute
.

,
rubber sta m p is necessary for this roc
am mon i a wate r is ad ded I t is sai d to .
ess and the letters shoul d be ma e as
,

bite i n very rapidly and with great regu large and clean cut as l) o ssi bl e without
l a r i ty and uniformity .
crowding the m too mu cia B esides this .
,

II —Another flui d is fuming hydro


.
a n etc hi n powder is re u i r e d .

chloric aci d ( s pecific gravity 10 ,


A sma l quantity 0 the powder is
parts ; water 7 0 parts T o this add a
, .
po ured into a porcelai n dish an d this is ,

solution of pota ss i u m chl orat e 2 parts , ,


placed on a sand bath or over a gentle
dissol ved i n 2 0 parts of hot water If fire and heated until it is absol utely d ry
, ,

s o that it can be rubbed down to a n i m


.

the articles to be etche d are very delicate


and fine t his s houl d be dil uted with from pal pable powder .

1 00 to 200 parts of water .


T h e bottl e or other gl ass to be marke d
m ust be perfectly clean and dry T h e .

ETCHING ON GLASS .
etching powder takes better when the
N ames d esigns etc can be etche d on
, , .
, vessel is somewhat warm T h e stam p .

glass in three ways : First by means of a n , shoul d be provi ded with a roll er which i s
engraving wheel a m eth od which requires , kept constantly su ppl ie d with a visci d oil
some man ual ski ll S econ d by means of a .
, which it distributes on the stam p and
sand blast m a king a stencil of the n am e
,
.
,
which th e stam p transfers to the glass
fixing this on the glass and then by means , , s urface T h e powder is dusted on the
.

of a blast of air bl o w i n san d on the glass


, . im print thus made by means of a camel s ,

T hird by the use of y d r o fl u o r i c acid


, . hai r brush Any surpl us fallin on the
.

T h e glass is covere d with beeswax ar , unoile d s urface may be rem ove with a
a ffi n e wax or so me acid resistin
g in or fine l ong-h aired ) e n cil T h e printe d
bottle is tr a n sfe r r e dto a d am p l ace and
.
,

varnish ; the na m e or device i s the n


etched out of the wax by means of a knife k e t for several ‘min utes the dam pness
ai ding the etching powder in its work on
, ,

and the glass di pped in hydrofluoric aci d ,

which eats a wa the glass at those parts the lass s urface T h e bottle is then well
.

where the wax as been cut away . was e d in lai n water .

Fancy work ornamental figures l et


, , G lass cy inders l arge flasks carboys , , ,

tering an d m on ograms are m ost easily


,
etc ma y be treated in a somewhat di ff er
.
,

and neatly c ut into glass by the sand ent manner T h e stam p here is inserted
.
,

blast process Lines an d figures on


. face upward between two horizontal
,

tubes Jars etc may be dee ply etched by


, ,
.
,
boards i n such a manner that its face
,
'

smearing the s urface of the glass with proj ects a bout a u a r t e r of a millim eter
bees wax drawing the lines W i th a steel
, ( say inch ) a ove the surface O il .

point and exposi n g the lass to the fumes


,
is a p lied to the s urface after which the ,

of hydrofluoric acid his acid is o h . c yl i n er carboy or what not i s rolle d


, , ,

t a i n e d by putti ng o w d er ed fl uo r spa r al ong the board and over the stam p .

into a tray ma de of s e e t lead an d our T h e design is th us neatly transferre d to


ing s ul ph uric aci d on it after w h i c the ,
the glass s urface and the rest of the ,

tray is slightly warmed T h e propor . operation is as i n the previous case .

tions will vary with the pur i ty of the For an etching ink for glassware the
mat e rials used fl u o r spa r (e xce pt when in
,
foll owing is recommended
crystals ) being generally mixe d with a
large q uantity of oth e r m atter En ough .
m
Am onium fl uoride
Bar i um s ulphate
acid to make a thin paste with the pow
dere d spar will be about right Where a . R educe to a fine powder in a mortar ,
226 ETCH ING

th en trans f e r to a lead dish an d m ake into i n g polish e d For f an c dea l ris i t suf
.

a thi n writing-crea m with h ydrofluori c fi ce s t o put on th e bac of t e plate a


aci d or fuming sul ph uri c aci d Use . a black or col ored varnish or ti n fo xl etc , , .
,

The to obtai n a brill iant effect


piece of lead to stir the mixture . .

i n k may be u t up i n bottles coated w i th

pa r a fii n e w h ich can be done by heati ng


, Etchi ng Glas s by Mea n s of Gl ue — It .

the b ottl e pouri ng in som e melted paraf


,
is necessary only to cover a piece of ordi
fine and letting it fl o w all around T h e
, . nary or flint gl ass with a coat of gl ue dis
writing is done with a quill and i n ab out , sol ved i n water in order to see that th e
half a mi nut e the in k is wash ed off . layer of gl ue u pon contracting through
,

Extreme ca ution must be observed in the e ff ect of dr yi n becom es detached


handling the acid since when brought i n , from the gl ass an rem oves th erefrom
c ontact with the skin it produces dan numerous scales of varying thickn e ss .

gerons sores very difficult to heal The . T h e glass thus etched presents a sort of
vapor is also dangerousl y poison ous regul ar an d d ecorati ve d esi n simil ar to
when inhaled . the flowers of frost de o si te on win dow
Hyd r o fl uo r i c Fo rmul a s —I — D issol ve pan es i n winter he n salts that are.

.
readil y crystall iz abl e an d that exert n o
.

about ounces fluoride of soda with


ounces sul phate of potash i n 5 pint chemic al action u pon th e gel ati n are
of water M ake an other sol uti on of dissolved in th e latter the figures etched
upon the lass exhibit a crystallin e a p
.

ounces chl oride of zi nc an d ounces


hydrochl oric aci d in an equal ua n t ity of pe a r a n c e t at recall s fern fronds .

water M i x the sol uti ons an apply to Hyposul phite of s oda an d chl orate and
nitrate o f po ta sh produce nearly the sam e
.

th e glass vess el with a pi n or brush At .

the end of half an ho ur th e design sh oul d


.

e ff ects . A large n umb er of m i ner al sub


be su fficiently etched stances are attacked by gel atin T ough .

ened glass is easil y etched an d th e same


.

II — A mixture consisting of am m o ,

i s the case with fl u o r spa r an d o l i sh e d


.

nium fluoride common salt an d carbon


ate o f soda is pre pared and then placed
, ,
marbl e A piece of rock crysta cut at
.

in a gutta ercha bottle containing fum


,
ri ght an gl es with the axis an d coated with
i smgl a ss the acti on of which seems to be
in hydro uo r i c aci d and concentrated ,

particul ar] en ergetic is likewise a t


su
ph ur i c acid I n a separate vessel ,

tacked a t i fl e r e n t points a nd the parts


.

wh i ch is made of l ead o ta ssi um fluoride ,

is mixed with h d r o c xl o r i c a ci d an d a
,
detached rese nt a conch oidal appear
a n ce T e contracti on of the gelatin
,

littl e of this so u ti o n is added to th e .

m ay be rendere d visible by a lying a


c oati ng of l ue to sheets of car d c a r d or
former al ong with a small q uantity o f
,

sodium silicate and am monia S ome .

of the sol ution is drop Jed u pon a rubber l ea d w hi o ben d backward i n d rying
,

pad and by means o i a sunta bl e rubber


,
and assum e th e for m of an irregular
stam p bearing the design which is to be cylin der .

,
S uch etching of gl ass a n d di ff erent
reproduced is transfe rred to the glass ,

vessel that is to be etched mineral s ubsta nces b y the a cti on of gela


tin may be em l o ye d for the decoration
.

Etch in g wi th Wa x — S pread wax or . of num erous 0 j e cts .

a preservati ve varnish o u the lass and -


, D issol ve s om e com m on gl ue in ordi
trace on this w ax or varnish t e letters nary water heated by a water bath and
, ,
or designs If letters are desi red trace
.
, ad d 6 per cent of its weight of potas h
them by han d or by th e use of letters al um . Af ter th e gl ue has becom e per
cut out i n tin which apply on the wax , , f e ctl y melted h om ogeneous an d of the
, ,
th e inside conto urs be i ng taken with a cons i stency of syrup apply a la er while
fi ne point When this is done rem ove
_ , ,
.
, i t i s still h ot to a gl ass obj ect y mea n -s
,
the excess of wax from the gl ass leav , of a brush I f the obj ect is of round
.

ing only the full wax letters undis glass the action of the l ue will e stil l
'

t ur be d M ake an edge of wax all alon


.
m ore energetic After a lf an hour a
pl y a second coat in such a w a y as to o b
.

the glass plate so as to prevent the aci


from running over when you pour it on ta i n a s m ooth tra nsparent s urface desti
,
to attack the gl ass At th e end of 3 to 4 .
tute of air b ubbles After the gl ue has .

h ours rem ove the acid wash the gl ass , become s o h ard that it n o l onger yields to
well with h ot water next pour on essence , th e press ur e of the fi nger nail ( say i n ,
of turpentine or alcohol to take o ff the ab out 2 4 h ours ) ut the article in a ,
w a x or t h e preservative varnish Pass .
warm er place in w ic h the tem e r a tur e
,
a ain th rough clean water ; the glass m ust not exceed 1 0 5° F en t h e .

p ate will have becom e dead wherever the ob j ect i s rem oved from th e oven after a ,
aci d has eaten in onl y the letters remain , few ho urs the gl ue w i ll detach itself with
,
8 28 ETC H ING — E XPL OS IVES

c oating and this may be evenl y spread


,
Th e m ost com mon an d familiar o f
with a knife heated in the candle flame .
expl osives is un doubtedly gun powder .

T h e mixture first ad opte d appears to


VI —For Har d e ne d S teel — Heat a n
. .

have consisted of eq ual parts of th e


iron or an ol d pill ar-fi l e with a sm ooth
side a n d with it s pread a thin even coat .
three ingredients — s ul ph ur charcoal and , ,
,
,

of bees wa x over the bri h te n e d s urface t o niter ; b ut s ome tim e l ater the propor
be etched With a s arp lead pencil .
tions e ve n no w taken for all ordinary
,

purposes were i ntrod uced nam ely


.

( which is pref erabl e to a scriber ) write , ,

or mark as wanted through th e wax s o as Potassi u m nitrate 7 5 parts .

to be sure to strik e th e steel surface .


C harcoal 1 5 parts
.

T hen daub on with a stick etchin g aci d S ul ph ur 1 0 parts


.

made as foll ows : N itri c acid 3 parts ; ,

m uriati c aci d 1 part I f a lead pencil, . 1 00 parts


has been used the aci d will begi n to b ub
bl e im mediately T w o or three m inutes S ince gunpowder is a m echan ical mi x
ture it is cl ear th at the first ai m of th e
.

of th e bu bbli n or foaming will be suf ,

fi ci en t for mar i n g; th en s oak up th e


maker m ust b e to obtai n perfect incor
acid with a small p i ece of bl otting paper po r a ti o n an d necessarily i n order to
, , ,

and rem ove the beeswa x with a piece of obtai n this th e materials m ust be in a
,

cotton waste w e t with b enzine an d if very finel y d ivi ded state M oreove .
r
,

i n order th at u n i fo r mi t of eff ect m ay be


,

the piece be small enough di p it into a


saturated s ol uti on of sal s oda or if th e ,
obtained p urity of t e original sub
,

piece be l arge swab over it with a piece of stances th e percentage of m oisture pres
,

waste T h i s n eutralizes the r e ma i n i n


.
ent an d th e density of th e fin i shed
,

aci d an d prevents rustin g which o il wil ,


powder are of im portance .

n ot do .
T h e weigh ed quantities of the in e
I f it is d esired t o coat th e piece with d i e n ts are first mixe d i n u n m eta or
beeswax with out h eating it dissolve ,
copper d rum s h avin g b ades i n th e ,

pure beeswax in benzine until of the interi or capabl e of workin g i n th e o


consistency of thick cream an d pour on po si te directi on t o th at in which t e
to th e steel an d even spread it by rockin g dru m itself i s travelin g After passi ng .

th rough a si eve th e mixture ( green


,

or bl owing and l ay as i de for it to h arden ;


,
,

then use the l ead cu cil etc as before charge ) is passe d on to th e i ncorporatin g
mills where it is th oroughly groun d u n
. .
, ,

T his meth od wil tak e l onger K eep


'

.
,

work from near the fire or an open flame .


d e r h eavy m etal rol lers a s m all quan ,

tity of water bei n g a dded to prevent


E UCALYPTUS B ONB ONS FOR COLD S d ust an d facilitati ng i n corporati on and ,

AND CO UG H S : d urin g this process the ris k of expl osi on


S e e C ol d and C ough M ixtures is greate r possibly than at any oth er
stage i n the man ufacture T here are
.

EXPECTORANTS
.

usuall y 6 mill s workin i n th e sam e


S e e Col d an d Cough M ixtures .
b uil din g with partition s et w e e n O ver
, .

th e bed of each mill is a h ori zontal board ,



Expl osi ves th e flas h b oard which is conn e cted
W i th a tan k of water overhea d th e ar
,

Expl osives ma y be divided int o two rangement being s uch th at the u ps etti n
great cl as s es — m echanical mixtures an d of on e tank discharges t he contents 0
chemical com poun ds I n th e former th e . th e other tanks onto th e co r r e spo n d i n
comb ustible s ubstances are intimately m i ll be ds b el ow s o that i n the event 0 ,

m ixed with som e oxygen supplyi n g a n acc i dent th e char ge is d rowned in


m aterial as in th e case of gun powd er
, , each case T h e m i ll cake ” is n o w
.

where carb on an d sulphur are inti broken d own b etween roll ers th e “ meal ” ,

mately m ixe d with potassiu m nitrate ; roduced bein g pl a ced in stron g oa k


whil e u n cotton an d n itr o — glycerine are poxes an d su bj ected to hy dra ulic pres
e xa mp ges of the l atter class where each , sure thus in creasin g its d ensity an d
,

m olecul e of the substance contains th e h ardn ess at th e sam e ti m e b rin gin g th e


,

i ngred i ents i nt o m ore inti mate contact


.

necessary oxygen for th e oxidation of .

the carb on and h drogen present th e , After on ce m ore b reakin g d own the
ox ygen being in fee l e comb i nation with
.

m ater i al ( press cake ) th e powder only ,

nitrogen M an expl osives are h ow req u i res s pec i al treatm ent to ad apt i t
ever me ch a n i ca ymi xtures of com poun ds
.
,

, for th e vari ous purposes for which it is


which a re them selves e xpl osive e g , . .
, i nten ded .

c ordit e which is mainly com pose d of


, T h e products of t h e c om b ustion o f
-
gun c o tton an d nitr o gl ycerine . powder and i ts manner o f b urnin g a r e
EXPL O SIVES 82 9

l argel y influenced by th e a r essur e , added Th e com busti on o f th e powder


.

property well ill ustrated by t e fail ure of without vaseline gives products so f re e
a red-h ot platin u m wire to ignite a mass ,
from soli d or liq uid s ubstances that
of powder in a vacuum only a few , e xcessive friction o f the proj ectil e i n th e
gra i ns actually i n contact with the plati gun causes rapid wearing of the r ifli n g ,

nu m un d er gomg com bustion . and it is chiefly to overcom e this that th e


Nitro l yce r i n e is a s ubstanc e of a vaseline is introduced for on explosion a ,

similar c e mi ca l nature to gun cotton , thi n fil m of soli d matter is deposited i n


t h e rincipl es of its formation a nd puri the u n an d acts as a l ubricant
p , .

fi ca ti o n being very s im ilar o n l i n this , T e proportion of t h e ingredients are


case t he m aterials a n d pro n e t are N i tr o -glycerin e 58 parts
liquids thereby ren dering th e O perations
, G u n -cotton 3 7 parts .

of man ufacture and washing m uch less 5 parts


di fficult T h e glycerin e is S pra ed into
.
G u n cotton to be used for cordite is
th e acid m i xture by compresse -air i n prepared as previ ously descri bed but ,

j ector s care being taken that th e tem


,
the alkali is omitted an d the m ass is not ,
pe r a t ur e ° d urin nitration d oes n ot ris e s ubmitted to great pressure to avoi d ,
above 86 F e nitro l yce r i n e formed
.
m aking it s o dense that read y a bso r tio n
readil y separates from t e mi xed acids ,
of nitro-glyceri ne woul d not take p ace .

and being i nsol ubl e i n col d water the ,


T h e nitr o — glycerine is poured over the
washin g i s com parativel y sim ple .
dried gun cotton and first wel l mixed by
N i tr o-glyceri ne i s a n oily li ui d readil y han d afterwards i n a kneadin g machin e
,
sol uble i n m ost organic so vents but ,
with th e requisite quantity of aceton e
becomes solid at 8° or 4 ab ove th e °
for 3 5 h ours A water jacket is provi ded
f reezin g poi nt o f water and i n thi s con ,
.

, since on mixin g the tem e r a t ur e rises


, , .

dition is l ess sensitive I t detonates .


T h e vasel ine is n ow a ded an d th e ,
when heated t o 500 ° F or b a sudde n .
, kneading contin ued for a similar period .

blow yiel din g carbon d i o xi e oxygen


, , ,
T h e cordite paste is first s ubj ected to
nitrogen an d water B ein g a fluid u n
, .
a preliminary pressing an d i s finally ,
der ordinary conditions its uses as an forced throu h a hol e of the proper size
i n a pl ate e i tg
,

e x pl osive were limited an d Alfred N obel , i e r by hand or by h ydrauli c


conceived the idea of mixing it with other pressure T h e small er sizes are wound
.

substan ces which woul d act as a bsorb on drums whil e the larger cordite is cu t
,
ents first usi ng charcoal an d afterwards
, o ff i n suitabl e lengths the drums an d
“ ” ,
an infus orial earth kieselgu hr , an d , cut material being dried at 1 00° F thus

obtaining what h e term ed dynamite ”
.
driving o ff th e remainder of th e acetone .

N obel f ound that coll odion cotton C ordite varies from yell ow to dark
s ol ubl e gun cotton —c oul d be c onverted brown in col or a ccor di n t o its thick
When i n ited it urns w ith a
,
by treatm ent wi th nitro-glycerine into a n ess.

jellylike mass which was m ore trust stron g flam e w ich ma y b e extingu i shed
,
worthy i n action than the com o n e n ts b y a vigorous pu fl of a i r M acnab a nd .

a lone an d f rom i ts nature th e s u stance


,
“ ” Ristori give th e yiel d of permanent gase s
was christene d blasting gel atin .
from En glish cordite as 64 7 cubic centi
N obel took o ut a patent for a sm oke meters containin g a m uc h hi her per
less powder for us e in uns i n whi ch
,

, cent of carbon monoxid e tha n t e gases


these ingredients were a opted W i th or evolved from the old form of powder .

W ithout th e us e of retarding a ents .


S ir An drew N oble fail ed i n a tte m ts to
T h e o w d e r s of this class a r e bal i sti t e detonate the s ubstance and a rifle ullet
an d fl
,
l i te th e former bein g in sheets th e
, , fired into the m ass onl y caused it to b ur n
latter in th reads O rigin all y cam hor
.
quietly
was intr od uced but its use has ee n , .
D te — D ynamite is ordinaril y
'

abandoned a sm all quantity of an i l i n e


,
.

m a e u p of 75 per cent nitro-gl ycerine ,


taking its l ace .
2 5 per cent infusorial earth ; d ua l i n e con
S i r Fr e erick Abel an d Pro f D ewar .

tains 8 0 per cent nitr o - lycerine 2 0 pe r


patente d i n 1 8 8 9 the use of tr i ni tro cent nitro-cellulose ; ren g
,
-rock has 4 0 per
cell ul os e a n d nitro—glycer i n e for a l
.

,
cent nitro glycerine 4 0 per cent nitrate
th ough as is well known th i s form of
, ,
of potash 1 3 per cent cell ul ose 7 per
,

nitro-c ell ulose is n ot sol ubl e i n n i tro-glyc ,

cent pa r a ffi n e ; giant powder 8 6 per cent


,

erine et by di ssol vmg the b od i es i n a


,
nitro-glycerine 48 per cent nitrate of
,

mutua s ol vent perfect i ncorporati o n,


potash 8 per cent s ulphur 8 per cent
,

can be a ttained Acetone“is the solvent


.

,

rosi n or charcoal .
,

us e d in th e preparation of cord i te and ,

f or all a m m un i ti on except blank char es S mo k ele ss Po wd er -Th e base of .

a c ertai n pro po r tion of vasel i n e i s a s o s mokeless powder s is n i tr ated cell ul ose.


3 30 EX PLO SI VES

which has been treated in one of various Anoth er process f or th e manu f acture
ways to make it burn sl ower tha n gun of s mokeless o wd er is as foll ows :
cotton a nd als o to render it less sensitive
, S t ra w; pr efe r a b y oat -stra w i s trea ted i n ,

to heat and shocks As a rule th ese .


,
th e usual way with a m ixture of n i tr i c
powders are not only l ess inflamm abl e acid a n d con centrated sul phuri c aci d ,
than gun cotton b ut re qui re stron ger ,
an d then w a s hed in water to free it fro m
detonators As metallic salts ca use
. these then b oil ed with water an d again
, ,

s moke they a r e n ot used in these pow


, with a sol ution of o ta ssi u m carbonate '
.

ders Th e smokel ess powd ers now i n


. I t is next sub e cte for 2 to 6 h ours to ,

use m ay be di vided into three groups : th e action 0 a sol ution com p osed of
( 1 ) T hose consisting of mixtures of parts of water parts of po ta s ,

nitro-glyceri n e an d nitrated cell ul ose , si u m nitrate parts of potassium,

which have been converted into a hard , c hl orate parts of zi nc s ul phate an d


, ,

hornlike m ass either with or without , parts of o ta ssi um perm anganate .

the aid of a sol vent T o this group be . T h e e xcess 0 sol ution is presse d out ,

l ongs ballistite containing 50 per cent of


, an d the mass is then p ul veri zed gr a n u ,

nitro glycerine 4 9 per cent of nitrated


-
, l ated an d finally drie d
, .

cell ul ose an d 1 er cent of diphenyl


, T h e warni ng as to the danger of e x
amin ; al so co i te ( see further on ) , pe r i me n t i n g with th e manufa cture of
L e n o rd s

powder and am berite T his


, . ordinary gunpowder a p lies with r e
l ast contai ns 4 0 pa rts of nitro-glyce rin e n ewed force when n itro -
g yce r i n e is the

and 56 pa rts of nitrate d cell ulos e (2 ) . s ubj ect of the experi ment .

T hose co nsistin g mainly of nitrate d cel


l ul o se of any kind which h as been ren B e rge ’ s Bl asti n g Powd er This is .

dered hard and horny b treatment with


,
com posed of chl orate of potash 1 part ; ,

s ome sol vent which is a ter w a r d s e v a po chromate of otash pa rt ; 8 11 ar , ,

rated T hese are prepared by treati n g parts ; yel ow wa x pa rts he , .

proportions in dicated may va r within


.

nitrated cellul ose w i th ether or benzine


which diss ol ves the collodion and when
,
certain l imits acc ording to t e force ,

evaporate d l eaves a hard fil m of coll o


,
desired For the preparation th e chl o
.
,

dion on the surface of each rain rate an d the ch romate of potash as W ell ,

as the sugar a re ro und separately an d


.

S ometi mes a little camphor is ad ed to ,

t h e sol vent an d r e ma i n i n in the pow very fi n e l an d si ted s o that th e grains


,

der greatly retards its com ustion


,
of the di er en t s ubstances may ha ve th e
, (3 ) .

sam e s1 z e At first any two of th e sub


T hose consisting of n itro -derivatives of .

stances are mi xed as thoroughl as possi


t he aromatic hy drocarbons either with , y
bl e then th e third is a dded 1 he yellow '

or without the a dmixture of nitrate d , .

c el l ul ose ; to this grou bel ong D u ont s ’ wax c ut i n s mall pieces i s fi nall y a dded
, , ,

o w d er consisti u o nitrated c ul ose and all the s ubstances are worked to


diss ol ved in nitro en zi n e ; ind urite con
,
gether to produce a h om ogeneous prod
T h e s ugar m ay be replaced with
,
u ct
sistin g of cell ulose hexanitrate (freed .

from collodion by e xtraction with methyl charcoal or any other co mb ustible b ody .

a l coh ol ) m ade i nto a paste with nitro


,
For com mercial n eeds th e com poun d ,

benzi ne an d hard en ed by treatment with


,
may be col ore d with a n y i nert matter ,

stea m until the excess o f n itr o -benzine is .


also pul veri zed .

removed ; an d pl a sto mei te consisting of


.

, S a f e ty E xpl o si ve s — Amm oniacal


in .

dinitrotol uene an d nitrated wood pul p .


salts h av e been used in the m anufacture
C ordite i s the specific nam e of a of explosi ves t o render th em proof
smokel e ss o w d er which has been aga i nst fi r ed a mp but n ot with th e ful l ,
adopted by t e Englis h govern ment as a success desi red Am m oni um chloride .

mil itary expl osi ve I t contains nitro .


has been utilized b ut i ncon veniences ,
glycerine 58 parts ; gun cotton 3 7 parts ;
, , are met with and the va por is quite dis ,

and petrol atum 5 parts T h e nitro , .


agreeable I n cooperation with e uiva
.

glyceri n e a n d gun cotton are first mixed , lent quantities of s oda and po ta s its
parts of acetone added and the act i on i s re arded as favorabl e T ests
em pl oy i ng g
, .

pasty mass knea ded for several h ours .


e n zi n e va por a n d coal dust
T h e petrol atum is then added and the were m ade an d th e com parati ve security
,

m i xture agai n knea ded T h e paste is .


cal culated t o be as given bel ow .

t hen force d throu h fine o penings to I — D o n a r i te c om posed as foll ows :


.
,

form threads whi o are d ri e d at a bout 8 0 er cent of n i trate of am m onia 1 2 of


p
t r mrtr o t o l uo l 4 of fl our
° ,
1 05 F unti l the acetone evaporates
. .
, of nitro ,
Th e threads which rese m ble brow n lyceri ne a nd per cent of cotton col
g
.
,

twine a r e the n cut i nto short l engths for


, o di on S ec ur i ty :
.
D o n a r i te a l one 8 7 ,
use . parts ; 95 per ce nt of d o n a r i te and 5 per
3 32 EXPL OS IVE S

f e ctl y dry it is re moved to air-t i ght iron


, tion with other s ol vents ) m ethyl ethyl , , ,

cases in which it is all owed to cool T h e propyl and amyl m e thyl —a myh et h e r
'

, .
, , ,

iron cases are taken to the di ppin acetic ether di -ethyl keton e m ethyl ,
-
,

houses and the cotton waste w e i gh e


, ethyl ketone amyl nitrate and aceta te , ,

into s mall portions which are then ,


nitro—benzole nitro toluol nitrated oils gla
,
-
, ,

transferred as rapidly as possibl e to the c i a l acetic acid ca m ph or diss ol ved i n ,

mixed aci ds all owed to re main a few al cohol etc


.
, ,

minutes the n remove d to the grating


, S ome of t h e ab ove may b e called
an d the excess of acid squeezed out . selective s ol vents i e they dissol ve one , . .
,

T h e cotton now containing a bo ut te n partic ular variety of gun cotton better


times its weight of acid is placed in an tha n others so that sol ubility in any ,

ea rthen ware pot an d transferred to the gi v en sol vent m ust n ot be use d to indi
steeping pits where it is all owed to r e , cate s ol ubility i n a nother N o nitro .

mai n for 2 4 hours a l ow tem perature , cotton is entirel y sol ubl e in any s olvent .

being maintained by a strea m of col d T h e soluti on after standi ng s ome tim e , ,

water . al ways deposits a small am oun t of insol


T h e cotton is no w wholly converted u ble matter T herefore in making .
,

into nitro cell ul ose T h e superfluous


- . coll odi on sol utions care shoul d be taken ,

acid is ne xt removed by a centrifugal to place t h e containing bottl es i n a place


extractor after which the gun cotton is
, free from vi bration a nd sh ock After .

taken out of the machine and i mme d i standin g a few weeks th e clea r s uper
ately i mmerse d in a large vol ume of natant l i q uid may be d ecanted off On .

water a nd th oroughly washed until it


, a larger scal e coll odion sol utions are
sho ws no acid reaction T h e m oist ure . filtered un der pr e ss ur e through layers of
is then run o ut an d the gun cotton is con tightly pa ck e d c o tto n wool T h e state .

v e y e d by tra m way to t he boiling vats , of d i vi s mn is i mportant When the end .

where it undergoes sever a l boilings by i n vie w is the prod uction of a strong fil m


means of stea m When the heat test . or thread it is ad visa bl e to use u m ul pe d
,

shows that a s uffi cient degree of sta bility or only slightly pul pe d nitro -cc l ul o se .

has been obtaine d the gun cotton is r e , I n this con dition it al so dissolves m ore
moved to a beating eng i ne and red uced easily than the finely pul ped material .

When
,

to a very fi n e state of division .

this process is co m pl eted the pul p is run F ULM INATE S


by gravity al on g wooden shoots pro
Fulmi nating An ti mo n y
,

Vi d e d
“ ”
wi th gr i t tra ps an d el ectro T a rtar .

magnets which catch any traces of sand


, ,
emetic ( dried ) 1 0 0 parts ; la mpbl ack or ,

iro n etc
, into large .poachers ” in
, ,
charcoal powd er 3 parts T riturate , .

which the gun cotton is contin uously together u t into a cruci ble that it will
,

a itated to geth er with a large qua ntity three fo ur t s fill ( previ ously rub bed insi de
-

0g
,

water In this way it is thoroughly


.
with charcoal o w d e r ) C over it with a .

washed and a bl en d made of a large layer of dry c a r c o a l powder and l ute ,

q uantity of gu n cotton .
on the cover After 3 h ours exposure to .

a strong heat i n a reverberatory furnace ,

S ol uble Gu n
Cotton — S ol uble gun .
an d 6 or 7 h ours cooli ng cautiously ’
,

cotton is ma de on the sa me lines except ,


transfer the s oli d contents of the cruci bl e ,

as quickly as possi ble with out brea kin


t o a wide -m outhed sto pered phi afi
that greater attention has to be pai d to ,

the physical con dition of the cotton used , p ,

and to the temperature an d strength of where after so me ti m e i t w il l 5 M a


, ,

n e o us l
acid mixture etc , . y crum ble t o a powder hen .

T h e term

sol ubl e usually impl i es the a bove process is properly cond ucted ,

that the gun cotton is diss olved by a mix the res ul ting powd er contai ns potassi um ,

ture of ethyl -ether an d ethyl alcoh ol 2 -


,
a nd ful minates vi ol entl y on contact with '

parts of the former to 1 of the l atter bein g w a ter A piece the size of a pea i ntro
.

the proportions which yield the best d u ce d into a mass of gu n owder ex


p
sol ve n t act i o n T h e classification of . pl o d es it on bein g -th rown i nto water ,

nitro cell uloses a cco r ding to their sol u


- or on its being m o i stene d in any other
bili ty in ether -al cohol is misleading ,
manner .

exce pt when the nitrogen contents are Fu l mi nati n g B i sm uth — T ake bis
also quoted .

muth 1 2 0 parts ; carb urete d cream o f


.

T h e nu mb er of sol vent s for gun cotton


,
.

tartar 6 0 parts ; n i ter 1 part


,
wh i ch ha ve at various times been pro
.
,

posed i s very l arge Amon g the m ore .


Ful mi nati n g COpper — D igest cop per .

i mporta nt may be me n t ioned the foll ow


(in powder of filings ) with ful minate of
i ng : Al cohols ( used chiefly in co n j un c merc ury or of silver a nd a littl e water , .
E XPL OSI VES— F ATS 33 3

It f orm s s ol ubl e green crystals that ex ms be repl aced by tincture o f arnica ,

pl o d e Wi th a green flame . Wi t a dvantage .

Ful mi na ti n g Mercur y — T ake mer . II Potassi u m nitrate


.
-
1 5 grains .

cury 1 0 0 parts ; nitric aci d (specific


, Am moniu m chl oride 3 0 rains
gravity , parts ( or 7 4 0 parts by , Aromatic vinegar 4 r a c h ms
Water to make 8 ounces
.

meas ure ) D issol ve by a gentl e heat


.
, .

an d when the sol ution has acquire d th e


temperature of 1 3 0 F sl owl y pour it °
.
I II — Th e foll owing is to be applied
.


,
with ca mel s -hair encil every 1 2 or 3
Be ca r e f upnot to get it i n the
through glass funnel tu be into al cohol
a
, ,

hours
(s pecific gravity 8 3 0 parts ( or
.

parts by meas ure ) As soon as


,
e es as it smarts I t will re move the
, .

b ack discol orati on overnight


.
,

the e fi e r v e sce n ce i s over an d white fumes ,

cease to be evol ved filter through double ,


O xalic aci d 1 5 grains
paper was h with c ol d water and dry by
, ,
D istilled water 1 ounce
steam ( not hotter tha n 2 1 2 F ) or hot °
.
Foreign M atte r i n the Eye —I f a piece .

water T h e ful minate is then to be


.
of iron or other foreig n matter i n the eye
packe d i n 1 00 grain paper parcels an d -
, irritates it an d there is n o way of r e mo v
,
thes e store d i n tight b ox or corked a
ing it until m orning take a raw I rish ,
bottle Prod uct 1 30 per cent of the
.
potato grate it an d use as a poultice on
, ,
weight of m ercury em pl oyed .
the eye It will eas e the eye s o one can
.

Fulmi n ati n g Pow d er — I — N iter 3 . .


,
sleep and s ometi mes draws the piece
,

parts ; car bon ate of potas h ( dry ) 2 ,


out .

parts ; fl owers of sul ph ur 1 part ; red uce , D rops of Lime i n the Eye — I f li me has .

them separately to fine powder before , dropped i n th e eye the pouring i n of or ,


-

mixing the m A little of this com pound


.
the wiping-out with a few drops of oil is
( 20 to 3 0 grains ) sl owly heated on a , the best remedy as the ca usticity of the ,
shovel over the fire first fuses an d be , li me i s arreste d thereby Poppy-see d .

comes brown an d then expl odes with a , oil or olive oil is prescribed but pure lin ,
deafening report .
seed oil ought to render th e same service ,

I I — S ulphur
. 1 art chl orate of as it is also use d i n the h ouseh ol d S u b .

W en trit urated with


,

potassa 3 parts , .
, sequently the eye may be ri nsed out with
,

strong press ure i n a marble or w e d g , syr u as th e saccharine s ubstance will


wood -ware mortar it produces a series of , har en any remainin g particles of lim e
l oud reports I t als o ful minates by per
. and destroy all causticity entirely .

c u ssi o n .

FAB RIC CLEAN ERS


III Chlorate of potassa 6 parts ;

,
S e e C l e a n i n Preparations and M et h
.

pure la m black 4 parts ; sul phur 1 part , , .

ods an d als o o use h o l d For mulas


A little p aced on an anvil detonates with
.

a l oud report when struck with a ham FAB RICS , WATERPROOFI NG OF


mer . S e e Waterproofing .

EXP OS URE S I N PH OTOGRAPHING : FACE BLACK AND FACE P OWD ER


S e e Ph otography . S ee C osmetics .

EXTRACTS
S ee Essences and Extracts . Fa ts
Fa t —
Fresh bears fat i s white ’
EXTRACTS , TE STS FOR Bear
S e e Foods .
and very similar to lard i n appearance .

T h e flank fat is s ofter an d more trans


EYE L OTI ONS : parent than the kidney fat and its odor ,
“ Bla ck Eye Lotio n Black eyes .
recalls that of fresh bacon B ears fat .

or other te m porary discol orati ons of the di ff ers from the fats of the d og fox and , ,

skin may be d i sgmse d by the a ppl i cati on


.

cat i n having a lower specific gravity a ,

of pink grease aint or coll odi on col ored , very l ow melting point a nd a fairly high ,

by means of a i ttl e c arm i ne As lot i ons .


iodi ne val ue .

the foll owi ng have been recom men ded :


Blea ch i n g Bo n e Fat — B one fat which .
,

I — Am m oni um c h l o
. is pri nci ally obtained from horse bones ,
l pa r t is very ark col ored i n the crude state ,
l pa r t and of an extremely disa greeable s mell .

Water 1 0 parts T o remedy these defects it m ay be


D il uted
acetic acid may be substitut e d bleached b the air or che micals the ,

f or half of th e water an d the alcohol ,


form er met od onl y gi vi ng good r es ults
33 4 FA TS

when the fat has been recovered by of glacial acetic aci d an d the whol e
means of steam It consists in cutting . sha ken th oroughly T h e a dd i t i on of .

up the fat into s mall fragments and ex c olori ng matter is known by t h e red or
posin it to the air for several da s ell o w col oration which a ppears i n the
mass cing turned over at i n te r va y
,

5 W i th ower l ayer of aceti c aci d after th e con


a shovel .When s u fficient] bleached in tents o f the funnel have b een all owed to
this manner the fat is boi ed with hal f
,
settle If only a slight ad diti on of
.

its own weight of water wh ich d one , , c ol ori n matter is s us e cte d the acetic ,

about 3 or 4 pe r cen t of salt 1 8 added , aci d s o uti o n is run 0 into a porcel ain
and the whole i s boiled over again T his . basi n an d the l atter h eated on a water
treatment which takes 2 or 3 weeks
, , bath when the col oration will be seen
,

s weetens the fat makes it of the consist , m ore readil y T his test is i ntend ed for
.

ency of butter and reduces th e col or to a , b utter an d margari ne b ut is also suitabl e ,

pal e yell ow Light seems to play no


. for tall ow l ard etc , , .

part in the operation th e change bei ng ,

e ff ected s o l e l by the oxygen of the air . Fatty Aci d Fe r me n ta tio n Pro cess .

T h e ch e mi ca treatment has the a d v a n T h e prod ucti on of fatty aci ds from fats


ta e of b eing more r a id sufficient de and oil s by ferm entati on is gr o w i n g i n
coloration being pro uc e d i n a few
,

i mportance T h ese particul ars w l1 ich


.
,

hours T h e fat which shoul d be free


.
, are the actual results from recent e xpe r i
from gelatin phosphate of li me a n d , , ments on a s om e what exten ded scale are ,

water is placed in an iron pan al ong


, given : S even hundred and fifty pounds of
with an equal weight of brine of 1 4 to °
cottonseed oil are mi xed with 4 5 gall ons
1 5 B é strength with which it is boiled
°
.
, of water an d 3 % pounds of acetic acid ;
for 3 h ours an d l eft to rest overni ght . this mixture is h eated to a tem perature
N ext day th e fat is drawn o ff into a of 8 5 F °
Castor oil seeds 5 3 pounds
.
-
, ,

wooden vessel where it is treated by , decorticated an d groun d are mixed ,

degrees with a mixture of 2 arts of thoroughly w ith 3 all ons of water an d


o tassium bichromate dissolve i n 6 of 4 } gall ons of the oi and this mi xture is
p
1
, .

oili n g water and 8 parts of hydro , stirred into the oil a nd water ; th e wh ol e
chl oric acid ( density 2 2 this quan °
mass is th en kept mi xed for 1 2 h ours by
tity being s u ffi cient for 4 00 arts of fat bl o w i n air through after which it is
D ecol oration proceeds gr a g
.
,

u a ll y and , a ll o w e to stand for an other 1 2 h ours ,


when c omplete the fat is washed with hot being given gentle sti r by han d at the
a

water .
en d of every h our After 2 4 h ours the .

Bl e a ch i n g Tallow s a n d Fats — I n mass is heated to a tem perature of 1 8 0 °

F which stops th e fermentati on an d


stead o f exposing to the sun which is ,
.
,

always attended with danger of render at the sam e ti me all ows t h e fatty acids to
i ng fats rancid it is better to li uefy these
,
se arate m ore freely T o assist in this .

at a gentle heat and then add in weight e ect th ere i s added 1 gall on of s ul phuric
of a mixture of equal parts of kaolin an d
,
aci d ( 1 in 3 ) sol ution .

water T h e fatty matter should be


.
After 2 h ours stan din g th e mass will ’

worked up for a time and then left to have separated i nto th ree l ayers — fatty
separate K aoli n has the ad vantage of
.
acids on th e t op glyceri ne water bel ow , ,

chea pness i n price and of being readily an d a middle un defin ed l ayer T h e , .

procured .
glycerine water is run away and the ,

Fresh ] b urned ani mal charcoal woul d whole mass l eft to stan d for 2 h ours .

T h e middl e portion is run 0 3 from th e


pe r h a s e a m ore satisfactory decolor
pan kaol in but it is m ore e xpe n s e a r a t e d fatty aci ds i nto an oth er vessel

w lp
i ze r t l ,
,

sive to start with an d not so easy to r e ,


ere it i s mixed with 1 0 gall ons of h ot
generate .
water t horoughly stirred an d all owed to
, ,

Exposure o f tall ow to the action of stand for 1 6 hours or m ore T h e watery .

steam under high pressure ( a tem pera l ayer at th e b ottom which contai ns s ome ,

lycer i ne i s then run o ff whil e the resi


ture of 2 50 or 2 6 0 F ) is also sai d to
gue i s mixed with a further q uantity of
° ° ,
.
,

render it whiter an d harder .

1 0 gall ons of water an d again all owed to


Colori n g Matter i n Fats
,
sim pl e —A
stan d T h e water whi ch se parates out
method for the detection of th e additi on
. .
,

al so the layer of fatty aci ds that forms on


of col orin matter to fats is here de the top are run o ff an d mi xed with th e
,
s cribed e n parts by measure of the porti ons previ ously obtai ned T h e v a
.
, , .

melted fat are put i nto a sm all s e parating r i o u s gl yceri ne Waters are treate d to
re
funnel and dissol ved i n 1 0 parts by meas , cover t h e glycerine while the fatty acids ,
ur e, of petroleum ether T h e sol ution .
are ma de marketable i n any c on venien t
i s then treated with 1 5 parts by measure , ,
33 6 FEAT HE R CO L O RIN G — FE RTI LIZE RS

A C ; crystal vesuvin 4 B C ; phosphi n


, ,
minute q uantities of poisonous sub
extra leather yell ow 0 H ; l eather red
, , ,
stan ces Poiso ns are said to b e i n fi n i te
.

O G B ; l eather brown 0 ; m orocco red


, , , l y m ore sensiti ve rea ents for th e pre s
O ; a z o ph o c ph i n e G O B R O ; fuchsine , , ,
ence of ce rtain meta li c salts tha n th e
cerise G R ; grenadine 0 ; safranine O ;
, , ,
m ost deli cate chemical th e statemen t ,

methylene violet malachite reen crys , ,


having been m ade that a trace of copper
tal f br i l li a n t green meth ene green , ,
which might be obta ined by distilling i n a
methylene gray coal black I , . co per ret ort is fatal to the w h ite an d
I I — A boiling hot sul ph uric sol uti on
. . ye l ow l upin the castor -Oi l pl ant an d , ,

D yes aci d fuchsi ne orse i lline R B ; a cid


, , ,
s pirogyra C oupin has fo un d salts of
.

cerise 0 ; acid maroon O ; opal bl ue S i lver merc ur co per a n d cadmi um


es e c i a ll y fa t a f to p ants
v

With copper
, , , , ,

bl ue de lyon R B ; cotton bl ue N o 2 , , .
,
.

C hina bl ue N o 2 n aphthalene reen O ; .


, ,
s u phate the l imit of sens i ti veness is
a te n t bl ue V A ; fast blue R ; fast pl aced at 1 in D eva ux
b
, ,

l ue bl ack 0 ; d eep black G ; az o y e ll ow


, , , assert s that b oth p haner ogams an d
vi ctori ne yellow oran e N o 2 fast , .
,
cry ptogams are poisoned by sol uti ons of
brown 0 ponceau G R R fast red O
, , , salts of l ead or copper d i l ute d to th e
B ordeaux G B R , . extent of 1 i n or l ess .

I I I — An
. acetic s ol ution D yes . , As a result of a series of experim ents ,

Bengal in k G B phl oxine G O r o so l a n , , S c hl o e si n g stated th at th e nitri ficati on of


O B O rhodam i n e O 4 G eosine A G , , am moni um salts i s n ot for all plants a
erythrosin e . nec e ssary prelimi na ry to th e abs orpti on of
By appropriate mi xtures of the dyes of nitrogen by th e plant Whil e for som e .

a ny one class pl umes can be dyed every , plants as f or exam l e b uckwh eat th e
, ,

possibl e color After dyeing they are . preferabl e form of t e food m aterial is
rinsed a nd dried in a rotating apparatus
, . that of a nitrate others for instance , , ,

T h e fi n al process is that of curling which , t r o pe o l u m thrive even better wh en t h e


,

is don e by turning them round and round nitroge n is resented to them i n an


over a e n tl e heat For white feathers a . am m oniacal orm .

little s u ph ur may be burned i n the fire ;


for black or col ore d ones a little sugar Arti fici al Fertili zer s for Pot Pla n ts .

Experim ents on ve getation have sh own


.

I V — Th e s pra y method
. T h e sol u
that a pl ant will thri ve wh en the l acking
.

tion of the dye to be used is put into a n


atomizer and the spray directed to that substances are su plied in a suitabl e
,

part of th e feather which it is desi red to form e g in th e f o l owing combi nations :


,
. .
,

c ol or By using d i fi er e n t col ors the I — C al ci u m nitrate


. potassium n i ,

trate ot a ssmm phos p h ate m agnesium


.
.

m ost marvel ous e ffects and m ost delicate , ,

ph o sp ate
'

transi ti ons from one col or to another are ferri c phosphate ( s odi um
,

obtained Any kin d of an atomizer can


.
c hl ori de ) .

be used th e rubber bul b pump or bel


, , , I I — C alci um nitrate a mm onium n i
.
,
l ows ; the result is the same .
trate pota ssium s ul ph ate m agn e siu m
, ,

phosphate iron chl ori de ( or s ul phate )


FELT WATERPROOFING ( sodi u m silicate )
,

S e e Waterproofing
.

.
It 18 well known th at i n n ature nitrates
are formed wh erever deco m position of
organi c ni troge n ous su bsta nces takes
pl ace i n th e air th e am m onia forme d by ,

FERMENTATION PROCES S , FATTY th e decom positi on b ei n oxi di ze d to


ACID :
.

n i tr i c aci d T hese con ti ons for th e


'

S e e Fats .
formati on o f nitrates are pre sent in
FERMENTATI ON, PREVENTION OF : nearly every corn field an d they are also ,

S ee Anti -Ferments and Wines and Li quors the cause of the presence of nitrates in
water that has its source near stables ,

FERRO US OXALATE D EVELOPER : etc I n Peruvian guan o n itrogen is


.

S e e Ph otography . p resent partly i n the form o f potassi um


n i trate artl y as a mm oni um phosph at e
,

F ertil i zers and s ul p ate As a nitrate it acts m ore


.
.

rap i dly tha n i n the f orm of am monia "

( S e e also Ph osphate Artifici al ) , .


b ut i n the latter case the e ff ect is more
.

l asti n g Phosphoric aci d occu rs i n guano


a n t F e r til i ers — Plants are as sen
.

P l
z .
com b i ned with am m onia ota sh an d
si ti ve to excess i v ely minute quantiti e s of
, ,

ch i efly w i th lim e the l ast cing sl ower ,


nutr i ent s ubstances such as salts of and m ore l as ti n g i n a ction th a n th e
po ta ssmm i n th e soil as they are to
,

, , o th er s .
FE RTI LI ZERS 337

Nea rl y all ificial fertilizers con f orm


art , dil ute iron s ol uti on or iron is a dded to t h e
more or less to on e of th e following gen
, soil which ca uses them to assum e th eir
,

er al formulas natural green col or T h e iron is used i n .

form of ferric chl oride or f errous sul


'

I .
-Ar ti fi ci a l Flo wer F er ti l i ze r .
phate .

1 2 3
Ammon ium n i tr a te 0 40 1 60 par ts V — S odium ph osphate
. 4 ounces
Ammon i umphosph a te
" . .

0 20 20 0 pa rts S odium nitrate 4 ounces


P o ta ssi umn i tra te
.

0 25 l 00 r
pa ts Amm oni um s u l
A mmo n i u mch l ori d e
.

5 0 pa rts
C a l ci um su lph a te . 0 24 6 . 0 pa rts phate
F errous sul pha te 4 O parts S ugar .

ts par Use 2 teaspoonfuls to a gall on of water .

D iss olve 1 part in parts water ,


VI .

Amm oni um phos phate 3 0 p a rts
and water th e flowers with it 2 or 3 times S odi um nitrate 25 pa rts
weekl y D iss ol ve 4 parts i n
. parts Potassium nitrate 2 5 pa rts
water an d water with this quantity 1 0 or
, Am monium sul phate 20 parts
1 2 pots of m edium size .
Water o o parts
o o o o o o o o o

I I —Compost f o r In d oor Pl a n ts
. .
O n e application of this a week is
1 2 3 enough for the sl ower growing pl ants ,
Ammon i umsulph a te r 1 20 pa ts and 2 for th e m ore ra pi d growing her
S o d i umch l o r i d e
. .

pa rts 1 20
P o ta ssi umn i tr a te 0 15 pa rts
ba ce o u s ones .

Ma gn esiu m sulpha te 0 1 5 0 60 1 5 0 pa rts


VIP — Cal cium
. .

M cai u m ph o sph a te pa r ts phos


8 0 mmph o sph a te
.

pa rts phate 4 ounces


pa r ts
Potassium nitrate 1 o unce
Potassi um phos
O n e part to be dissol ved in parts phate
water and th e flowers watered u p to 3 M a n e si u m sul
ti mes daily D issol ve 4 arts i n
.
p a te
parts water an d water wit th is sol ution I r o n
,
(ferric)
da ny ph osphate 1 00 grains
II I — Pl a n t Foo d S ol u tio n
. .
VI II —Pot plants es e ci a l l y fl owering
.
,

1 2 plants kept around the ouse should be ,


Po ta ssi um or pa r ts treated to an occasional dose of the f o l
Ca l ci umn i tr a te or pa r ts
Ma gn esi u m sul ph a te or r
pa ts
l owing :
P o tassiu m ph o sph a t e or pa r ts Ammonium chl o
I r o n ph osph a te , r ecen tly
preci pi ta ted . or r
pa ts
ride 2 parts
S odi um ph os phate 4 parts
or 100 0 .
pa rts S odium nitrate 3 parts
T his turbid mixture ( 1 part i n Water 8 0 parts
parts ) is used alternately with water M i x and dissol ve T o use add 2 5 .
,

for wateri ng a pot of about 1 quart capa c d ro ps to the quart of water and use as i n ,

ity ; for s mall er or lar er pots i n pr o .


ord i nary watering .

portion After using t e amount i nd i


.

ca ted th e watering is conti nued wi th


,
IX . l pa r t
w a her al on e .
Potassium nitrate . 2 parts
Ammonium s u l
I V — F e rtili ze r wi th Orga n i c M atter ,
.
phate 4 parts
fo r Pot Fl owe rs .

Potassiu m nitrate parts X — Ferri c ph os phate


. . 1 part
M a n es i um sul
.

Am m oni um ph os
phate parts p ate
Phos h oric acid parts .
Potassiu m phos
S im p e s yrup parts
.
phate 2 parts 0

Potassium n i trate 2 parts .

Add n ot more tha n 1 0 parts to C a l c i u m aci d


parts water an d wat e r alternately wi th
, phosphate 8 parts
this an d w ith water al on e For cac .

About a teas o o n ful of either of the s e


.

t a c eie cr ass ul ac eae and sim i la r plants


, , ,

which do n ot assimilat e organ i c m atter m ixtures is ad ed to a gall on of water ,

directl y use distille d water i nstead of


,
and th e plants sprinkl ed with th e liq ui d .

syr u ’
For hastening the growth of flowers

.

C l o r o ti c plants a re pai nted Wi th a th e foll owin g f er tili zer is recomme n d e d


338 FERT ILIZ ERS

XI — Potassium nitrate parts X VII I — Amm o n iu m s ul phate 30


'

. . 30 ,

Potassi um phos parts ; s odium chl ori de 3 0 parts ; potash ,

phate . 25 parts niter 1 5 parts ; m agn esiu m sul phate 1 5


, ,

Am m on i um parts ; magnesium ph os ph ate 4 parts ; ,


.

parts 10 sodiu m p h osphate 6 parts D i ssolve , .

Amm onium nitrate parts 35 1 part i n parts water and apply 3 ,

times per day


Th e following five are especially r ecom
.

mended for indoor use : XI X — Calci um nitrate 71 pa r ts ,

potassi um chlorate 1 5 parts ; magnesium ,

XI I — S odiu m chl oride 1 0 part s parts ; po ta ssmm phos


_

. s ul phate ,

Potassiu m nitrate 5 part s . hate , pa rts ; freshl y preci p i tated


M a n e si um sul er r i c phos phate parts A soluti on .

of this mixtu re i s a p lied


,

5 parts of 1 i n
alternati n g with water to the pp
,

M a gnesia 1 part
.
ants , .

S od i um phos phate 2 parts After usin g a ce rtai n quantity pour on ,

M ixed and b ottled D issolve u tea . .


only water .

spo onful dail y i n a quart of water a n d X X — Am m oniu m ph os phate


. 300 ,

water the pl ants with the s ol uti on . parts ; s odi um nitrate 2 50 arts ; pot a s ,

si um nitrate 2 50 parts ; an a m moniu m


XI II —
,
.Amm onium ni trate 4 0 parts sul phate 2 0 0 parts are mixed together
, , .

Potassiu m nitrate 90 pa rt s .
T o every parts of water dissolve 2
Am m onium ph os parts of the mi xture an d water the po t ,
phate . . 5 0 parts ted plants once a week with this sol uti on .

T w o gra ms is su fli ci e n t for a medi um X XL — Potash niter 2 0 pa rts ; calcium ,


S i zed flower pot .
carbonate 2 0 parts ; s odi u m chl orate 2 0
, ,

parts ; cal ciu m ph os phate 2 0 parts ; so


XI V — Am m oniu m sul ,

d i um silicate 1 4 arts ; ferrous sul phate


.

10 parts parts D isso v e 1 part of th e mi x


, ,

S odium chl oride 10 parts .

Potassi um nitrate
.

. 5 parts ture i n parts water .

M a n e si um sul Pr e par i n g Bon e for Fer til i zer — B one .


,

5 parts in its various forms is the only one of ,

M agnesi um car the insolu bl e phosphates th at is now


bonate 1 part used directl y u o n th e s oil or without
other change tha n is a ecom li s h ed by
,

S odiu m ph os p hate 20 parts


On e teaspoonful to 1 quart of water .
mechani cal acti on or gri n din g Th e .

terms used to indicate the character of


XV .
— Am m onium nitrate 40 parts the bone have reference rather to thei r
Am m onium phos mechanical form th an to the rel ative
phate 20 pa rts a va i l a bi li ty o f the h o s ph o r i c aci d con
{h e terms raw bone
_

Potassi um nitrate . parts ta i n e d in them .


,

Ammoni um chl o fine b one b oil ed an d steam ed bone etc


, , .
,

parts 5 are use d to indi cate m eth ods of pre p


Cal ci um s ul phate parts . 6 aration an d inas much as bone is a
,

Ferrous sul phate parts . 4 material which is useful l argely in pro


o r t i o n to its rate of decay its fineness
D i ssol ve 2 parts i n of water an d ,

as an i m o t ta nt bearin g upon a va il a bi l
,

water the pl ants with the soluti on .

i ty since t e finer the bon e th e m ore sur


,

Xvl — . Potassi um nitrate 2 0 parts . face i s expos ed to the a cti on of th e se


Potassium phos forces which ca use decay or sol uti on and ,

phate 2 5 parts the quicker w ill the constitue nts becom e


.

Am m oni um sul a vai l abl e I n the process of bo i li n or


.

phate . 1 0 parts steam i ng n ot only is the b one m ade ner


,

Am monium nitrate 8 5 parts but its ph ysical ch aracter in other r e


.

spe cts i s als o chan ged the particl es


T his mixture produces a luxuriant , ,

foli age I f bl ooms are desired dispense


.
whether fine or c oars e bein g m ad e s oft ,

Wi th the am moni um nitrate


,
an d cru mbly rath er th an d ense or h ard
hen ce i t is m or e l ikely to act u i ckl y t han
.

X VI I — S alt eter 5 parts ; cookin g i f t h e sa me degree of finen ess


m e obtained
.
,

salt, 1 0 parts ; itter s a lt 5 parts ; a g . by si m l e gr i n d i n Th e ph os ph oric


nes na 1 art ; sodium phos phate 2 parts
, , .
_

aci d i n n e stea med on e m ay all becom e


M i x an fill in bottles D issol ve a tea .
a va i lable in l or 2 years whil e th e coarser
s poonful i n I Q pi nts of hot water an d , fatty raw b one s ometi m es resists final
water th e fl ower pots with it each d a y .
deca y for 3 or 4 years or even l onger .
3 40 F I LTE RS — FI RE EX T I NG UIS H E R S

of the percolator thus formin g a flat , F I LM -STRI PPING


filter covering it Afte r a thorough m oist . S e e Ph otogra phy .

e n i n g of the s ponge it is said to admit of


a very q uick and clear filtration of large FINGER -TIP S , S PARK S F ROM
S e e Pyrotechnics
quantities of tinctures j uices etc .

F IRES C OL ORED
.
, ,

For filtering water on a small scal e


S e e Pyrotechnics
,
“ ”
and for domestic use alca rrazas , , .

diaphragms of porous earthenware an d


fi l te r i n g-stone and layers of sand and
charcoal etc are com monly em pl oyed
F IREARM L UBRICANTS :
.
, ,

as filtering .

A chea p u seful form of portabl e filter


,
S e e L ubricants .

is the foll owing given in the roceedings


p ,

F IR E EX TING UISHER S
of the B ritis h Associati on : T ake any
I — Cal ci um chlori de 1 8 4 parts
com mon vessel e r f o r a t e d bel ow s uch . .

as a flo w er pot fi 1 the lower portion with


, ,
M a gnesi u m ch lo
coarse pe bbles over which place a l ayer
,
r i de o o o o o o o o o
S odi um chl oride
,

of finer ones and on th ese a layer of clean


coarse sand
,

O n the top of this a ieee


Potassi um b r o
of b u rnt clay perforated with s mall holes mide 2 2 parts
.

s houl d be put and on this again a Bari u m chl oride 3 parts


stratum of 3 or 4 inches thick of well
,
Water to m ake parts
burnt pounded animal charcoal
, A .
D issolve a n d fill into ha n d g r enades .

filter t h us forme d will last a consi derable I I — I ron s ul phate


. 4 parts
ti me and will be found particularly use
, Amm on i u m s u l ’

ful in rem oving noxious and putrescent phate 1 6 parts


Water

s ubstances hel d in sol uti on by water .
1 0 0 parts
“ ”
T he portable filters in stoneware , ,
M i x dissol ve and fill i nto flasks
, ,
that are commonly sol d i n the shops ,

contai n a stratum of san d or coarsely ,


TI L — S odi um chl oride
o w dered charcoal ; before howe ver , ,
Al u m
a vi n g access t o t h is the water has to ,
G lauber salts
pass through a s po n ge to remove the S odi um carbonate ,

impur e o o o o o o o o o
,

c oarser portion of the i mpurities


Water glass
.

Al um Process of W ater Pur i fi ca ti o n .


Water
Water may be filtered and purified by M ix e tc
precipitation by means of al um by add
, .

, ,

i ng a 4 er c e nt sol ution to the water to I V —S odium


. chl oride 9 0 parts
Amm oniu m c h l o
°
be clari e d until a r e c i pi ta te is n o l on ger
produced After allowing the turbid mi x ride 4 5 parts
Water
.

t ure to stan d for 8 hours the clear portion , 3 0 0 parts


may be decanted or be si phoned off .
.
M i x diss ol ve an d put into quart
, .

About 2 grains of al um is ordinarily r e flasks of very thin lass which are to be ,


q uired to purify a gallon of water .
ke pt conven i e n tly i spo se d i n the d well
Potassa alum only should be used as , ing rooms etc of all pu blic i nstitutions
am monia al u m cannot be used for this
.
, , .

V — M a ke 6 sol utions as foll ows :


purpose T h e a mount of al u m r e
.

—A m m o n i u m
.

a
q uired varies wit h the water s o t hat a n ,
.

i n i tial experi ment is re quire d whenever chl oride


Water
.

water from a ne w source i s being purified


b— Alum
.

If the purificat i on is properly done the . calcined ,


,

water will not contai n any alum but and powdere d 3 5 parts
only a trace of potassi um sul phate for
,
Water parts
c —Am moni u m s u l
,

t h e al u mi num of the double sul phate .

unites wit h the various impurities to phate p o w ,

for m a n insol uble com pound which dered 30 parts


Water 5 00 parts
grad ually-settles out m echa nically carry ,
d — S odi um chl oride
in w i th i t s us pended matter while the .
2 0 parts
su ph u r i c acid radical unites with t h e
,
Water parts
—S odi um carbo
calci u m i n the water to for m ins ol uble e . n

calci u m s ul phate ate


Water
.

FILTE R PAPER : f — L i ui d
q . w ate r
S e e Pa per .
g l ass 4 50 parts
F I RE E X T I NG UIS H ER S — FIREPROOF ING 34 1

M i x the s ol utions i n the order named S ubsti tu te for Fire Gre n a d e s — A com .

a n d to the mixture while still yellow and , m on quart bottl e fille d with a saturate d
t urbid add , parts of water a nd let s ol ution of comm on salt m akes a chea p
When the preci pitate has s ub
,

stand . an d e fli ci e n t s ubstitute for the ordi nary


sided fill o ff the cl ear l i quid i nto thi n hand grenade T h e salt forms a coating
.

glass ( preferably bl ue to deter d ec o m , on all that the water to uches an d makes


ositi on ) containers each of 3 pints to a it nearly i nco mbustible
p
.

alf gall on ca pacity .

VI — Calci um chl oride


. 3 0 parts Fir epr oofi n g
M agnesi u m chl o
For Te xti l es — I — Up to the resent
this has generally been accomplished by
. .

VI I .
— S odi um chl oride . 20 parts the use of a combination of water glass
A m moni u m chl o or sol uble glass and tungstate of soda .

ride .
T h e followi ng is chea per an d m ore s uit
Water . .
a ble for the purpose :
Equal parts by weight of com mercial
, ,

VII I . S odi um carb onate 16 parts white co pperas Epsom salt an d sal a m , ,

S odi um chl oride . 64 parts moniac are mingled together a nd mixed


Water parts with three ti mes their weight of a m monia
alu m T his mixture soon changes into
.

Th e m ost e ffecti ve of all e xtinguishers a moist pul p or paste that m ust be dried
is am monia water It is al most instan .
by a l o w heat When dressin g the ma
.
,

t a n e o us in its effect a nd a small quan ,


t e r i a l add 5 part of this com b i nation to
,
tity only is req uire d t o extinguish any fire .
every 1 part of starch .

N ext i n val ue is carbonic acid gas T his .

may be thrown from si phons or soda II — G ood results are als o obtained
.

water tanks T h e vessel co n t a i n i n it


.
fro m the following formula : S u e r sa t u
shoul d be thrown i nto the fire i n s uc a rate a u a n ti ty of s u pe r ph o s p ate of
way as to ins ure its breaking .
li me wit a mmonia filter an d decolorize , ,

it with animal charcoal C oncentrate .

Dr y Po w d er Fire E xtinguis h ers — . T he t h e sol ution and mi x with it 5 per cent


e fficacy of these is doubted by ood of gelatinous silica evaporate the water , ,

a uthorities T hey sh oul d be teste


. be dry and pul verize For use mi x 3 0 parts
, .

fore adoption . of this powder wit h 3 5 parts of gum a nd


35 arts of starch i n s u fli ci e n t w at e r to
I — Alu m
ma ke of s uita ble consistency
. 2 4 parts
.

Amm oni um sulphate 5 2 parts .

Ferrous s ul phat e 4 parts . I I I —As a sam ple of the M e l u n a y


.

8
r o ce ss introd uced in Fr a nce the fol
II — S odi um chl oride parts , ,

owing has been published : Apply to a


. .

S odi um bicarbonate 6 parts


cotton fabric like fl a n n e l l e t or other
S odium s ul hate 2 parts ,

cotton goods a sol ution of stannate of


. .

Calci um ch oride . 2 parts ,

soda ( or a salt chemically equivalent ) of


S odi um silicate 2 parts
.

the strength of 5 to 1 0 B é then dry °


.
,

I I I — S odi um
. chl oride . 6 parts the fa bric an d saturate it again this ,

Am monium chl oride 6 parts time wit h a sol ution of a titanium salt ;
S odi um bicarbonate . . 8 parts any sol ubl e titani um salt is suitable .

T his salt shoul d be s o concentrated that


IV .
— Am m oni um chl orid e 10 parts each parts may contai n about 62
S odi um s ul phat e . 6 parts parts of titani um oxi de T h e fabrics are
S odi u m bicarbonate 4 parts
.

again dried an d the titani um is ulti


,

Oil E xti n guis h e r — T o extinguish oils .


mately fixed by means of suitabl e a

which ha ve ta ken fire a fi n e meshed ,


- alkaline bath It is advantageous to em
.

wire net of the size of a boilin g pan pl oy for this u r po se a sol uti on of silicat e
should be kept on hand in every varnish of soda of a out 1 4 B é but a mixed °
.
,

factory etc In the same m o ment when


.
bath , composed of tungstate of soda an d
,

the netting is laid upon the b urn i ng s ur am moni um chloride may be em loyed , .

face th e flame is exti n guished beca use T h e objects are afterwards washe dried ,
,

i t is a glowing mass of as wh i ch the ,


and finished as necessary for trad e A .

i ron wire q uickly cools 0 s o that i t can variatio n consists i n treating the objects
not glo wany m ore T h e use of water i s .
i n a mi xed bath containi ng titan i um ,

excl uded and that of earth a nd sand u n tungsten and a suita ble sol vent
, .

d e sirable beca use both dirty the 0 11


,
. I V — B oil together
. with constant ,
3 42 FI R EPR OOFI NG

stirring the following in gredients until a


,
borax bitter salt and water ; li kew i se for
, ,

h omogeneous m ass res ults : canvas a mixture of a m m oni um s ul phate ,

g ps um and water Am m on i u m sul


Linseed oil parts pyate and sodi um tungstate are also
.
,
77
L itharge 10 parts named for i m pregnatin g th e canvas
S ugar of lead 2 parts before pai nting
L am pblack parts
.

4 .

O il turpentine 2 parts X — For M os qu ito Netti n g — I m merse


. .

Umber parts
. i n a 2 0 pe r cent sol ution of am m oni um
Japanese wax parts sul phate O n e pou nd of nettin g will
.

S oa p powder parts . req uire from 2 0 to 2 4 oun ces of the sol u


M anila copal parts . . tion to thoroughly saturate After with .

C aoutchouc varnish 2 parts drawing from the bath d o n ot wring it


out b ut spread it o ver a pol e or so m
. .
,

e
V —For Ligh t Wo ve n Fabrics
,

. .
s uch obj ect a nd let it get a bout half dry, ,
Am moni um s ul hate 8 parts by weight ; , , then iron it o ut with a h ot iron T h e .

am moni u m car onate parts ; borax , , m aterial ( amm oni um s ul phate ) is i n


2 ; boracic acid 3 ; starch 2 ; or dextri n o fi e n si ve .
’ ’

, , ,

or gel atin water 1 0 0 T h e


Fire proo fi n g of W oo d — S trictly speak
.
, ,

fabric is to be saturated with th e mixture ,


.

revio usly heated to 8 6 F and dried ;


° i ng it i s i m possibl e to render wood com
p .
,
,

i t can then be calen dered in the ordinary pl e t e l y incomb ustibl e b ut a n al most a h ,

way T h e cost is only 2 or 3 cents sol ute i mm unity a a i n st th e attacks of


m
.

for 1 6 yards or more of aterial .


fire ca n be im parte
G a y—L ussac was one of the first to lay
VI — For R ope a n d S traw M atti ng
. . down th e princi pal c on ditions i n d i spe n
Amm oni u m chl oride (sal amm oniac ) 1 5 , sable for rendering organic matters i n
arts by weight ; boracic acid 6 pa r ts ; eneral and woo d i n partic ul ar unin
ga mma bl e
, , , ,

ora x 3 ; water 1 00
, T h e articles are , . .

to be left in the sol ution heated to , D uring the whol e d urati on of the
2 1 2 F for about 3 ho urs then s queezed action of the heat the fibers m ust be k e t
°
.
,

out and dried T h e mixture costs . from contact with the air which w o n ( 1 ,

about 5 cents a quart . ca use combustion T h e presence of .

b orates silicates etc i m parts this prop


, , .
,
VII Cl oth i ng— For
foll owing — Th e
. .
e r ty to organic bo dies .

starch is recom mended : S odium tung


C ombusti ble gases disengage d by the ,
state perfectly neutral 3 0 parts ; borax
, , , action of the heat m ust be mingled in ,
20 ; wheat or rice starch 60 T h e con , .
sufficient proportion with other gases
st i t ue n ts are to be finely pul verized , di ffi cult of c om b usti on i n such a way that
sharpl y dried and mixed an d the starch , ,
the disorgani zati on of bo d ies by heat will
used l i ke any other Articl es sti ff en e d .
be red uced to a si m ple cal cination with
with it if set on fire will n ot b urst into
, ,
o ut production o f fla me S alts volatile .

flame b ut only smol der


, .
or d e co m o sa ble by heat an d not com
bu st ibl e ike certain am m oni acal salts
VII I For Te nts — '
, ,

a fi o r d e xcellent results
.

Water
.

.
N u merous processes have bee n rec
Ammonium o mme n d e d for com bating the i n fl a m
s u l ph a t m ma bi l i ty of organic tiss ues so me consist ,
c h e m i c a lly Parts
pure 14 by in g in e xternal applications others i n ,

i n e c ti o n un der certain p ressure of


s ay
, a
B oraci c acid 1 weight .
i n e sol utions
,

Hartshorn salt
.

1
By sim ple s u perficial a pplications only
i l l usory protect i on is attai ned for these ,

coverin gs instea d of fi r e pr o o fi n g the o h


,

B oil the water put am moni um s ul , j e cts on which they are a pplied preserve ,

them only for the m o ment from a slight


.

phate i nto a vat pour a part of th e boil ,

i n g water on and then add the remaining flame Resistance to the fire being of o n l
.

materials i n rotation N ext foll ow the . short d uration these coati ngs scale 0 ,

rest of the h ot water T h e vat sh oul d be . or are rapidly red uced to ashes an d the
kept covered unti l the sol ution is com parts covered are a ain ex os a d I t .

pl e te . often ha ppens too t at s u C i coatings , ,

have disappeared before the occurrence


IX For S tage D ecoration s — M uch
.

of a fi r e so that the so -call ed rem edy be
reco mmended a nd used as a fi r e pr o o f
,

comes inj urio us from the fals e security


ing com po si ti o n i s a cheap mixtur e of -
occas i oned .
3 44 FI REPR O OF ING — F L OO R D RE SS IN GS

MIS CELLANE OUS F ORM ULAS F OR FIS H B AIT .

FI REPROOF I NG . O il of rhodi um 3 parts


O il of c umin 2 parts
l — I n coating steel or other furnaces ,

T incture of m usk 1 part


.

first brush over the brickwork to be co v


ered a sol ution made by boiling 1 pound Mi x Put a drop or two on the bait or
. ,

each of silicate of s oda and al um in 4 rub trigger of trap with the soluti on .

gallons of water an d foll ow i mmediately


D RAW
,

FIX ATI VE S FOR CRA Y ON


me s
with composition :
ETC
S ilica ,
.

Plastic fire cl ay I — S h e llac


. Parts
Ball clay S andarac by .

M i x well . S pirit of Wi ne we i ght . .

Fireproof Co mpos i tions — I I — For fur . . I I — D urin the C ivil Wa r when both
. ,

naces etc : , .
al cohol and s e ll a c often were not pur
Pure silica (in grain ) 6 0 parts chasable an d where in the fiel d espe
, ,

G roun d flint 8 parts ciall ink was alm ost un kn own and ,

Plaster of Paris 3 parts .


size paper of any descri ption a rarity
, , ,

B all cl ay 3 parts .
men in the fiel d were com pelled to use
the penci l for correspon denc e of all sorts
M i x well together by passing on ce or
.

more thro ugh a fine S i eve an d use i n th e Where the com m unication was of a na
,
ture to make its perman ency desirable
same way as cem ent .
'

t h e pa pe r was sim ply di pped in skim


,

Fireproof Pap er — Paper is ren dered . milk which effected the purpose admi
,

fireproof by saturating it with a sol ution r a bl y . S uch d ocuments written with a


of pencil on unsi zed paper have stood th e
Am moni um sul phate 8 parts . wear and rubbin g of upward of 40 years .

B oracic acid 3 parts


To Fi x Po u nce d D esi gns — T ake beer
B orax 2 parts
.

or milk or al cohol i n which a little


Water 1 00 parts
bleached shell ac has been dissol ved and
,

,
For the sam e purpose sodi um tung bl ow one of these liquids u pon the freshly
state may also be em pl oyed .
pounced design by means of an atomizer .

Fireproof Coating —A fireproof coat .


After drying the drawin g will have the ,

ing ( so call e d ) consists of water 1 00


-
,
desired fi x e d n e ss
parts ; stron g gl ue 20 parts ; silicate of , FIXING B ATHS F OR PAPER
soda 3 8 Hé 5 0 parts ; carbonate of s oda
,
°
.
, ,
NEGATIVES :
3 5 parts ; cork i n pieces of the size of a S e e Photography .

pea 1 00 parts
LANNELS , W HITE NI NG OF :
.
,

Col ore d Fireproofing — I Amm o . .

S e e L aundry Preparati ons .

nium sul phate 70 ) arts ; borax 50 parts ;


gl ue 1 part ; a n d water u p to
, ,

FLAS H -LIGH T APPARATUS AND


P OWD ERS :
,

parts .

II — S ol uti on of gl ue 5 parts Z i nc S ee Ph otography .


.
, ,

chl oride 2 parts ; sal am moniac 8 0


, , FLAVORINGS
parts ; borax 5 7 parts ; an d water up to
, S e e Condiments .

7 0 0 parts .

If the c oating is to be made visibl e by FLEA D E STR OYERS :


col oration an additi on of 1 0 parts of S e e I nsecticides .

Cassel bro wn and 6 parts of soda FLIES I N THE H O US E


parts is reco m m en ded which may , S e e Househol d Formulas .

be dissol ve d separately in a portion of


the water used .
FLIES AND PAINT :
S e e Paint .

FIR EPROOFING CELL ULOID :


S e e Cell ul oi d .
Fl oor Dr essi n gs
FIR EPRO OFI NG OF PAPER : also Paint Polishes Wa xes and
S e e Pa per (S ee
Wood )
, , ,
.

FIREWO RK S
Oi l S tains for Har d Floor s —I — Burnt
S e e Pyrotechnics
. .

S i enna sl ate brown or wine black is


.

, , ,

FILIG R EE GILD ING ground W i th stron g oil varnish in the


S ee Platin g . paint mill T h e glazing col or obtained
.
FL OOR D RES SING S — F LOWE R PRESE RVATI VES 3 45

is thi nn ed with a mixture o f oil of tur u mber 1 1 0 arts ; a n d cal careous earth
, ,

penti ne an d a ppl i ed with a brus h on the 2 0 parts . A ter 4 8 h ours a pply the araf
p
re spect i ve obj ect T h e s uperfluo us stain . fi n e w hi ch is previo usl y d i ssol ved i n pe
,

r o l e u m or prefera bl
is at once wi ped away with a rag so that ,
t ,
y e m pl oyed in a bo i l
onl y the abs or be d stain remains in the in
g cond i ti on in wh i c h case it will enter,

w ood . I f t h is is uneven go over the , sl i ghtly i nto the floor When so li d ifi ca .

light pl aces again with dark stain I n a . ti on sets i n the superfluous pa r a fli n e is


,

similar manner all oth erwise ti nted an d scratched o ff and an even smooth s ur ,

colored oil s tains are prod uced by merely face o f gl oss y color results which with ,

grinding th e res ecti ve col or with the stan ds acids and al kalies .

correspon ding a dition of oil T h us .


,
Bal l -Roo mFloor Po wd er .
gr e en red and even bl ue an d violet
, ,

shades on wood can be obtained it being ,


Hard pa r a fii n e 1 poun d
necessary onl y to m ake a previous ex Powdered boric aci d 7 oun ds
O il lavender 1 r a ch m
pe d me n t with the stains on a
'

iccc of
suitabl e wood I n th e cas e of so t wood . ,
O il mini ms 20
however it is ad vi sabl e to stai n th e wh ole
,
M elt the pa r a ffi n e and ad d the bori c
previousl y with ordinary n ut stain ( not cid an d th e perfumes M i x well an d .
,

too dark ) and onl y after d ryi ng to coat


,
sift th rough a 113 mes h sieve .

with oil stain becaus e th e autumn rin s ,


Ren o va ti n g Old Pa r que t Floors .

of th e wood take n o col or an d w o n ( 1 ,


Caustic soda lye prepared by boiling ,
a pear too light an d therefore disturb , , ,
for 4 5 minutes with 1 part cal cined soda ,

e e ffect .
and 1 pa rt sla ked lime with 1 5 parts
II — B o il 2 5 ) arts by wei ht of fustic water in a cast-iron pot is a pplied to the
and 1 2 parts o f Brazil woo with
. , ,
, ,


parquet to be renovat ed by means of a
parts of soa makers lye and 1 2 parts of cl oth attached to a stic k After a w hile .

potash un ,
the li quid m easures a bout r ub o ff the floor with a sti ff brush fine ,

1 2 quarts D issol ve i n it while warm


. , , sand an d a suffi cient q uantity of water
, ,

30 parts of annatto an d 7 5 of wax an d , to rem ove the dirt an d ol d wax S pread .

stir until col d T here will be a su ffi cient


. a mixture of concentrated sul ph uric aci d
quantity of the brownish -red stain to and water i n th e pro o r ti o n of 1 to 8 on
keep th e floor o f a large room i n good the floor T h e s ul uric aci d will r e
.

order for a year T h e floor sh oul d be . m ove the particles 0 dirt and wax which
swept with a brush broom daily and , have entered the floor a nd enliven t h e
wiped u p twice a week with a dam p col or of th e wood Fi n a ll wax the .

cl oth a p lying the stain when n e ce s parquet after it has been was ed o ff with
sar to piii ces where there is m uch wear
, ,

, water an d drie d complet el y .

an r ubbi n it in with a hard brush .

Ever 6 wee 5 put the stai n all over the FL OOR OIL
y
floor an d brush it in well . S e e O ils .
,

I II — N ea t sfo o t oil
. .
FLOOR PAPER
C ott onseed oil .
S e e Pa per .

Petrol eum oil .


FLOOR POLIS H
I V — B e es wax
.
8 parts S e e Polishes .

Water 56 parts
FLOOR VARNI S HES
Potassi um carbonate 4 parts S e e Varnishes .

D issol ve the otash in 1 2 arts of


water ; heat t o get er the w a x a n the r e FL OOR WATERPROOFING
mainin g water till th e wax i s l i quefied ;
o
S e e Waterproofing .

then mi x the two and boil t o gether unt il FL OOR WAX


a perfect e m ulsi on is eff ected C ol or i f . , S e e Waxes .

desired with a sol ution of an n atto .


,
FLORICIN OIL
V — Pa r a fii n e oil
.
8 parts S e e O il .

K erosen e 1 part
Li me water 1 part FL OWER PRES ERVA TI VES .

I — T o preserve flowers th e sh oul d be


M i x th oroughl y A coat of the mix
.

dipped in melted pa r a fli n e W ich sh oul d


.
.

ture is a pplied to the floor Wi th a mop .


,

be j ust hot enough to maintain its fluidity .

Fl oo rs — T h e cracks an d
Pa r a ffi n i n g of .
Th e flowers sh oul d be di pped on e at a
j oints of th e parquet floor are fill ed Wi th t ime hel d by the stal ks and m oved about
,

a putty cons i sting of S pan i s h wh i te 5 40 ,


for a n i nstant to get rid of air bubbles .

parts ; gl u e 1 8 0 parts ; S i enna 150 parts ; ,


Fresh cut flow er s f ree from m oist ur e , ,
,
34 6 FL OWE R PRES ERVA TI VES

are said to make excell ent s e c i men s VI —S tand the flowers upright in a bo x
.

when treated in this way A so ut i o n in .


of pro er size and pour over a nd around
which cut flowers may be kept i mmersed them n e dry sand until the flowers are ,

is ma de as foll ows : com pletely surround ed i n every direction .

Lea ve the m in this way for 8 or 1 0 days ,


S alicylic aci d then carefully our o fi the san d T h e
flowers retain tiie i r col or and shape per
.
.

Formal d ehyde
Alcoh ol f e ctl y but in very fleshy j uicy s e ci me n s
, ,
D istill ed water the sand m ust be renewed T o e effect .

I I — T h e English meth od of preserv


.
i ve the sand m ust be as nearly dry as
i n flowers s o as to r etain thei r form an d possibl e .

co or is to i m bed the plants in a mixture VI I -A m eth od of preserving cut flo w


.

of equal quantities of plaster of Paris an d ers in a condition of fresh ness is to dis


lime an d grad ually be a t th e m to a tem
, solve small am ounts of am monium
e r a t ur e of 1 0 0 F After this th e
°
chloride potassium nitrate s odi um car
flower looks d usty but if it is l aid asi de for
.
, ,

, bonate or cam ph or i n th e water into


a n hour s o as to absorb su fficien t m ois which the stems are inserted T h e .

ture to d estroy its brittl eness it can be resence of one or m ore of t h e se d r ugs
pceps the flowers from l osin thei r tur
,

dusted with out inj ury T o remove th e


. .

gi d i ty by sti m ulati ng the celg


.

hoary appearance which is often left , s to action


even after dusting a varnish composed of , an d by opposing germ rowth Flow .

5 ounces of dam mar an d 1 6 ounces of ers that have al ready w i ted are sai d to
oil of turp e ntine shoul d be used and a revi ve q uickly if th e stems are inserted i n
second coat gi ven if necessary When .
a weak camphor wat e r .

the gu m has been dissolved in th e tur


S tu c coe d Gyps um Flow er s — T ake
e n ti n e 1 6 ounces of benzolin e sh oul d
,

e added and the wh ol e sh o ul d be natural flowers an d coat the l ower sides


,
,

strained through fine m uslin of their petals an d stamens with paraf


fi n e or with a mixture of In c gypsum
.

, ,

III — Five hundred parts eth e r 2 0 parts


.
, an d li me which is a pplie d i gh tl y Very
,
.

trans l arent copal and 2 0 parts san d fine parts of the fl owers s uch as stamens
Th e flowers s houl d be im mersed in t h e
.
, , ,

etc may be previously s uppo r ted by


.
,

varnish for 2 minutes then all owed to dry , s pecial attach ments of textures wire , ,

for 1 0 min utes an d this treatment sh oul d


, etc After th e drying of th e coating the
.

be repeated 5 or 6 times .
w h ole is covered with shell ac s ol uti on
IV — Place the flowers i n a sol ution of or with a mixture of gl ue g psu m lime '

with lead acetate oil mu C i ia ge gl ycer


. , ,

30 grains of salicylic acid in 1 quart of , , ,

water .
ine col oph ony etc I f desired the sur
, , .
,

V — M oisten parts of fine white face ma be painted with bronzes in


various s ades S uch flowers are much
.

sand that has been r e v i o usl y well .

washe d and thoroughly dried and sifted em pl oyed in the shape of festoons for
with a sol ution co n si sti n of 3 parts of
,
decorating walls etc , .

stearine 3 parts of para n e 3 parts of


, ,
Arti fi ci al Colori ng o f Flo w er s — A
salic lic a cI d and 1 00 parts of al coh ol method em ployed by florists to im part a
Work the san d up th o r o ughl so that
.
,

green col or to the white petals of carna
every grain of it is im pregnate with the tion pinks consists in all owin g l ong
mixture and then 5 read it out and let it stemme d flowers to stand in water con
taining green anilin e dye When the
,

become perfectly r y T o use pla ce .


, a .

the flo w er s i n a s uitable b ox th e bottom



, flowers are fresh they absorb the fluid
of which has been covered with a o r ti o n readily an d the dye is carried to the
,

of the pre pared san d and then ust the petals


Where th e original col or of the flower
.
,

l atter over them until all the interstices


have been compl etely filled with it . is white col ored stripes can b e produced
,

Cl ose the box lightly and put it in a place upon the petals by putting the cut ends
where it can be mainta i ne d at a tem into water im pregnated with a s uitable
e r a t ur e of from 8 6 to 1 0 4 F for 2 or 3
° °
. aniline dye S ome dyes ca n th us be
.

ays At the expirati on of this ti me


. taken up by the ca pill ary action of the
remove the bo x a n d let the sand esca e stem and deposite d in the tiss ue of the
T h e flowers can then be put into su i ta h
.

le petal If flowers are pl aced over a basin


.

receptacl es or gl ass cases with out fear of of water contai nin g a very s m all am ount
deterioration Wilted or withered fl o w
. of am m oni a i n a bell gl ass the col ors of ,

ers shoul d be freshene d u by dip in the petals will ge nerally sh ow some


i nto a suitable aniline so uti o n w lii c , m arked cha nge M any vi ol et -col ored
.

w il l restore their color . flowers when s o treate d will become


3 48 F L Y —PA PE R S — F O OD A D ULTE R AN T S

or crea m an d put the mixture on flat


,
m agni ficent al w ays uniform foam is,

plates . obtained on the le mona de .

III — M acerate 20 parts of quassia


.
II — I I e a t 2 0 0 parts of q uillaia bark
.

w h od with 1 0 0 parts of water for 2 4 with distill ed water d uring a n hour i n a


ho urs boil one half h our an d s n eeze
,
-
,
vapor bath with fre quent stirri ng and
, ,

off 24 h o urs T h e liq uid is mi xe with


.
s q ueeze out T hi n w i t h water if n e ce s
.

3 parts of m olasses an d eva porate d to ,


sary and filter .

10 arts N ext add 1 part of alcohol


. .
F OOD AD ULTE RANTS , S I MPLE TESTS
S oa c bl otti n pa per with this mixture F OR THEIR D E TECTI ON
and put on pg
, .

ates .

Abstract of a m ono r a ph by W D
Bigel ow a n d B urton f Howard pub
. .

I V — D issol ve 5 parts of potassi um


. .
,

bichromate 1 5 parts of s ugar and 1 part


, , l i s h e d by the D epartment of Agr i cul
of essential pepper oil in 6 0 parts of t ure .

water a nd add 1 0 parts of al coh ol


,
. G enerally s e a k i n g the methods of ,

S aturate u n sized paper with this sol u chemical ana y si s e m pl oyed i n food
tion a nd dry well . laboratories can be mani ul a t e d only by
one wh o has had at least t e usual college
V — B oil together for half an hour
course i n chemistry and some special
.

G roun d q u a s s i a training in the exa minati on of foods is


wo od .
al most as necessary A ain m ost of the .
,
Broken col ocynth .
a pparatus an d c h e mi c a s necessary are
G roun d l ong pep e nti rely beyond the reach of the home ,
per .
and the ti me consu med by the ordi nary
Water
.

exami nation of a food is in itself pro


T hen percolate and ma ke up to 60 h i bi ti ve .

pounds if necessary with more water .


Yet there are some sim ple tests which
T hen a dd 4 ounds of syrup Unsized serve to point out certain forms of adul
pa per is s oaked in this and dried as
.

t e r a ti o n an d ca n be employed by the
,

q ui ckly as possi bl e to prevent it from careful house w ife with the reagents in
g e tting sour .
her me dicine cl oset a nd the a pparatus in
her kitchen T h e num ber may be great
VI — M i x together
.

.
l y extended by the purchase of a very
O rdinary syrup 1 00 o u nces . .
f e w articles that may be proc ured for a
Honey 3 0 ounces .
few cents at any drug store I n apply .

Extract of quassi a ing these tests one general rule must ,


wood 4 ounces a l ways be kept carefully in min d Every
O i l of a nisee d,a few drops
.

.
one whether layma n or chemist must
, ,

Re movi ng th e Gum of S ti cky Fly fa miliarize hi mself with a reaction be


— .

Paper T h e gu m ” of sticky fly paper - fore drawing a ny concl usions from it For .

that has “ leaked ” over furniture and instance before testing a sam ple of sup
,

shelfware can be removed without caus posed coff ee for starch the method ,

i n i n j ur y to either furniture or bottles shoul d be a plied t 0 sa mple of pure u.


gr he “ u m” of stick fl -paper while . \

coffee ( w h i C i can al ways be procured


g y y ,

ungroun d ) and to a mixture of pure


being qu i te a dhesi ve i s easily dissolved ,

with alcohol rain or wood ) or oil of coffee an d starch pre pared by the oper
tur cuti ne A coh ol will not inj ure the
.
ator .

she f w a r e b ut it s houl d not be use d on


,
M any manufacturers an d dealers in
varnished furniture ; in the latter case foods have the ordi nar y senses s o highly
turpen ti n e should be us e d .
devel oped that by the i r aid al one they
can form an intelligent opi n i on of the
FLY P ROTECTI VES F OR ANI MALS nature of a prod uct or of the charact er , ,

S e e I nsectici des .
and someti mes even of the proportion of
adultera nts resent T his is especially
F OAM P R E PARATI ONS
.

.
true of s uc articles as coffee wine , ,
A harmless gu m cream is the foll ow salad oils flavoring extracts butter and
, , ,
in g: m i l k T h e h ousewife finds herself con
.

I .
— D igest 1 00
parts of Panama wood sta n tl y subm itti ng her p urchases to this
for 8 days with 4 00 parts of water and test . Her broad experien ce devel ops
1 00 parts of s i r i t s of win e ( 90 per cent ) .
her senses of taste and smell to a high
g
o ur o ff wit out strong pressure and degree an d her discri mination is often
,

l ter .
sharper an d m ore accurate tha n she her
For every 5 parts of lemonade s rup self reali zes T h e man ufacturer wh o .

take 5 parts of th i s extract where y a , has devel ope d h is natural senses m ost
FOOD A D ULTER A NTS 3 49

hi bl y appreciates best the assistance or tacks and will in ure metal vessels C are
'

co la bo r a t i o n of the chemist , who can m ust also be ta en n ot to bri ng it into


often come t o his relief whe n his own c ontact with the flesh or cl othes I f by .
,

owers do n ot avail S o the housewife accident a dro p of it falls u pon th e


p
.
, ,

y a few sim pl e chem ical tests ca n , cl othes a m mon i a or in its absence a


, ,

broaden her fiel d of vision an d detect s ol ution of saleratus or sal s oda ( wash
many i m puri ti es that are not evident t o i ng soda ) i n water shoul d be applie d
, ,

the senses . promptly .

T here are here iven m ethods adapte d I odine tincture .

to this ur po se w ic h may be ap pl ied to , Potassi um permanga nate 1 per cent ,

milk , utter co ff ee spices ol i ve oil


, , , , sol ution .

vinegar j ams an d j ellies an d flavoring


, , Alcoh ol (grain alcohol ) .

extracts I n addition t o this some gen


. Chl oroform .

eral methods for the detection of col oring B oric aci d or borax .

matter a n d preservatives will be given . Am monia water .

All of the tests here describe d may be Hal hen s reagent ’

Wit hthe exce ption of the last reagent


.

performed with utensils found i n any


wel l a ppointe d kitchen I t will be con
- . mentione d these substances may be
,

v e n i e n t h owever to secure a s mall gl ass obtai ned in an pharmacy T h e Hal


phen reagent s houl d be prepare d by a
, , .

funnel about 3 i nches i n diameter since


, ,

filtration is directed in a n umber of the druggist certainly not by an i n expe r i


,

methods prescribed Filter paper can . e n ce d person .

best be prepared for the funnel by cut I t is prepare d as foll ows : An a pprox
ting a C i rcular piece about the p roper i ma te l y 1 per cent sol ution of s ul ph u r i s - '

size and fol ding i t once thro ugh th e mid made by dissolving a bout {g of a t e a
dle and then agai n at right a ngles to the
, spoonful o f reci i t a te d s ul ph ur i n 3 or
first fold T h e paper may then be
. 4 ounces 0 car on bisul phide T his .

0 ene d without unfol ding i n s uch a way sol ution mixe d wit h a n eq ual vol ume of
t at three thicknesses lie together on one a myl al cohol forms the reagent required
side an d only one thickness on the other . by the method A s maller q uantity th a n .

I n this way the pa per may be made t o that in dicate d by these directions m ay ,

fit nicely i nto the funnel . of cours e be prepared


, .

S ome a dd i ti onal a pparatus such as , I f turmeric paper be n ot availabl e it


test tubes racks for su pporting them
, , may be made as fol l ows : Place a bit of
and glass rods will be found m ore con ,
t urmeric powder ( obtainable at any drug
ve n i e n t for one who desires to do c o n s i d store ) i n alcohol all ow it to stan d for a ,

crable work on this s ubject b ut can be , few min utes stir all ow it to stan d again
, ,

dispense d with T h e m ost c onvenient . until it settles di p a stri p of filter pa per


,

size for test tubes is diameter of from a into the s ol ution and dry it , .

to 3 inch an d a length of from 5 to 6


, .
D etermi n ation of Preser vati ve s — T h e
inches A gra duated cylinder W i ll
.

.
foll owing meth ods cover all of the more
be found very conven i ent If th i s i s .

i mportant com mercial preservatives with


graduate d according to the metri c sys th e exception of sulph i tes and fluorides
tem a cyli nder contain i ng about 1 0 0
.

,
T hese are q uite frequently used for pre
cubic centi meters will be foun d to be serving foods — the former with mea t
convenient ; if the English li quid measure products an d the latter with fruit prod
is used it may be graduate d to from 3 t o u cts — but unfortunately th e meth ods for
, ,
8 ounces .
their detection are not suitable for house
Ch e mical R eage n ts — T h e word r e hol d use .

” “
agent is a pplied to any s ubstance use d D etectio n of S al i cyli c Ac i d — T h e .

to e ff ect chemical cha nge i n an other determination of salicylic aci d can best
substance for the purpos e of identi fy i ng be made with li quids S olid and semi
its com ponent parts or d e t e r mi n i n i ts
.

soli d foods such as j elly sh oul d be dis


T h e fol o w
,

i
,

p ercentage com posit on .


0 sol ved when sol ubl e in s u ffi cient water ,
i n g reagents are re qu i red i n the methods
,

to make them thinly li quid Foods con .

here given : taining insol uble matter such as jam , ,

T urmeric paper .
marmalade an d sausage m ay be m acer
I ron al u m ( crystal or powdere d form )
, ,

ated With water an d strained through a


.

Hydrochl oric acid ( m uriatic acid ) ,


piece of white cotton cl oth T h e m acer .

concentrated .
ati on m ay be performe d by rub bing i n a
Ca uti o n — All tests in whi ch hydro
.
teacup or othe r con ven i ent vessel with a
chl oric aci d is used sh oul d be con d ucted beav spoon .

in glass or earthen ware for th i s a ci d a t ,


S a i cyl i c acid is used for preserving
a m F OOD A D ULTE R A N T S

fruit products of all kinds i ncl udi ng ,


wine I t is often con venient to extra ct a
.

beverages It is frequently s ol d by drug


. l arger quantity of the sa m pl e an d d i vi de
stores as fruit aci d Preserving powders
. the chl oroform l ayer i nt o two port i ons ,

consisting entirely of salicylic aci d are testi ng on e for sal icyl ic aci d an d the other
often carried from h ouse to h ouse by for benzoi c acid .

agents I t may be detected as foll ows :


.

Betw een 2 an d 3 ounces of th e l i q uid D etectio n of Boric Acid a n d Bora x .

obtained from the fruit prod ucts as de , B oric aci d ( al so call ed boracic acid ) and
scri bed above are placed i n
,
n arro w a. its com pound with sodi um ( borax ) are
bottle hol ding 5 ounces about a quarter , often used to preserve ani mal prod ucts ,

of a teaspoonful of cream of tartar ( or , s uch as sa usage b utter an d s ometimes , ,

better a few drops of s ul ph uric aci d ) i s


,
m il k . For the detection of b oric acid
added the mixture shaken for 2 or 3
, and bora x s olids shoul d be macerated
,

minutes and filtered into a secon d small


, with a small am o unt of water and
bottl e T hree or 4 tablespoonfuls of
. strained through a white cotton cl oth .

chl oroform are added to the cl ear liquid T h e liq uid obtained b treating solids in
i n the second bottl e an d the li quids this manner is clari ed somewhat by
mixed by a somewhat vigorous rotary th oro ughly chilling an d filtering through
motion poured into an ordinary gl ass
, filter pa per .

tum bl er an d all owed to stan d till the


, In testing butter pl ace a hea ping tea
chl oroform settl es out in the b ottom . s poonful o f th e sam pl e in a teacup add a ,

S haking is avoi ded as it ca uses an em ul


, cou pl e of teaspoonful s of hot water and ,

si on which is di fficult to brea k up As . stand the cup in a vessel containing a.

m uch a s p o ssi bl e of the chl oroform layer littl e h ot water until the b utter is thor
( which n ow contains the salicylic acid ) oughly melte d M i x the contents of the

is rem oved ( with out any admixture of cup well by stirri ng with a teas poon and
the a ue o us liqui d ) by means of a m edi set the cup with the s poon in it in a
cine rop er an d place d in a test tube or col d place until the b utter i s so li d T h e .

small b ott c with a bo ut an eq ual am ount s poon with the butter ( whi ch adheres to
of water and a sm a ll fragment — a littl e it ) is n ow rem ove d from th e cup and the
larger than a pin head — o f iron al um . turbid liq ui d rem ai ning strained through
T h e mixture is th oroughly shaken an d a white cotton cl oth or better through , , ,

all owe d to stand till the chloroform again filter pa per T h e liq ui d will not all pass
.

settles to the bottom T h e presence of


.
through the cl oth or fil ter pa per but a ,

salicylic acid is then in dicated by the s u ffi cient am ount for the test m ay be
purple col or of the u pper layer of liq uid . secured readil y .

I n testin g mil k for b oric acid 2 or 3


D ete cti o n of Be n zoic A ci d — B enzoic . tablespoonfuls of mil k are pl aced in a
acid is al so used for preserving fruit prod bottl e with twi ce that am ount of a
ucts . Extract the sam ple with chl oro s ol ution of a teaspoonful of al um i n a
form as i n the case of sal icylic aci d ; pint of water shake n vi gorously and, ,
rem ove the chl oroform l ayer and pl ace it filtere d through filter pa er Here again .

in a white saucer or better in a plai n


, , , a cl ear or only sl ight y turbi d li quid
gl ass sauce dish S e t a basin of water
.
passes th ro ugh the pa er .

as warm as the hand can bear — o u the Ab out a t e a s po o n f u of th e liq ui d o h


o utsi de win dow l edge and place the dish ta i n e d b any one of the meth ods men
containing th e chl oroform extract in it , ti o n e d ayove is pl aced i n a ny dish not ,
cl osing the wi ndow until the chl oroform metal an d 5 dro ps of hy drochl oric
,

has com pletely evaporated In this .


( m uriatic ) aci d added A stri p of .

manner the operation ma be conducted turm e ric er is di pped into the l i quid
with safety even b one w o is not accus and then p a epd i n a warm lace — near a
to me d to hand ing chl oroform I n .
stove or la m p — till d ry I b oric acid or .

warm weather the vessel of warm water borax was present in the sam pl e the
may of course be omitted B en zoic
, .
.

turm er i c pa per becom es bright cherry


acid if present i n considerabl e a m ount
, , red wh en dry A drop of househol d .

W i ll now appear in the dish i n character am m oni a chan ges th e red col or to dark
i sti c flat crystals O n warming the dis h reen or greenis h bl ack I f too m uch
gyd r o chl o r i c aci d is used th e tur meric
.
.

th e un mistakabl e irritatin g odor of


benzoic aci d may be obta i ned T his .
paper m ay take on a brownish -r ed col or
meth od will detect benzoic acid in tom ato even i n the absence of bori c aci d I n this .

cats u p or other articl es in which it is case h owever am m onia chan ges the
, ,

used i n l arge quantities I t is n ot s u ffi .


col or to brown j ust as it d oes turm eric
c i e n tl y delicate h owever for the small er
, , pa pe r W h i c h has n ot bee n dipped i n to
a m ount used with some articl es such as
O

the a ci d sol uti on


.

, .
3 52 FOOD AD UL TE RA NTS

will not ans wer the pur ose ) i nto t h e cu


'

of the liquid itself A drop of h ouseh ol d


and keep the water i n the saucepan boi
.

a m m onia chan es this red col or t o a d ark


i ng for 2 0 minutes stirring the contents
,
green al m ost l ack I f too m uch by
,
.

of the cu fre quently with a s plinter of d r o chl o r i c aci d is used a dirty brownis h
wood . our out the contents of the c up col or is produced .

D etectio n of Car a me l — A s ol uti on of


and exa m ine the nail If pr e se n t i n an .
_ .

appreci able a mount the na i l W i ll be caramel is used to col or many sub


heavily plated with copper .
stances such as vinegar an d some dis
,

Cauti o n — B e careful n ot to allow th e


.
tilled l i uors T o d ete ct i t t w o t e st t ubes
.

hydrochl oric acid to come i n contact Wi th or smal b ottl es of a bout e qual size and
metals or with the flesh or cl othing . shape s h oul d be em lo ye d an d an equal
a m ount ( 2 or 3 tab es o o n ful s or m ore )
D etectio n of Tur meric — I n yell ow .
of the s us ected sa m fe pl aced i n each .

spices especially m ustard an d mace tur


, ,
T o on e 0 thes e h ot es i s added tea a
meri c is often employed T his is es pe .
s oonful o f fuller s earth the sample ’

sp
,
c i a ll y true of prepared m ustard to wh i ch
aken vi go r o usl for 2 or 3 minutes ,
a s ufficient am ount of starch adulterant and the n fi l te r e through filter aper
the first porti on of th e filtered fi q ui d
,
has been ad ded to reduce the natur a l
col or materially I f turmeric be e m
.
being returned to th e filter pa per and
pl o yed t o restore the n ormal shade a n the sa m l e finally collecte d i nto the test
i nd i cation of th at fact m ay sometimes be
tube or o ttl e i n whic h it was ori i n a ll y
obtained by mixing a half teas poonful l aced or a similar one T h e l te r e d .

of the sam l e i n a W hite china d i sh an d ,

i q u i d is n ow com ared with the n u


mixing wit it an equal amount of water ,
treated sam l e it is markedly .

and a few drops (4 to 1 0 ) of h ousehol d l ighter i n co or it m ay b e taken for


amm onia wh en a marked b rown col or
, ,
granted that the col or of the liqui d is due
which d oes not appear i n the absenc e of to caramel which is l ar ely removed by
,
turmeric is formed At the present
, .
full er s earth I n app ying this test

. ,
ti me turmeric or a sol ution of curcuma however it m ust be b orne i n min d that
,
( the col oring matter of turmeric ) is caramel occurs naturally in m alt vinegar ,
s ometi mes added to ad ulterated mus being formed in th e pre aration of the
tard i n su ffi cient am ount to i ncrease its malt I t is evi dent that t e tests require
color but not to a s ufficient extent to
.

,
ractice an d experience before they can
give the brown appearance with amm o
nia described above I n such cases a
p e s u c c e ssf ul l perform ed T h e h ouse .

.
wife can use t e m but must repeat the m
teas o o n f ul of the sus ecte d sam pl e may f r e uently i n order t o becom e proficient
,

be t o r o u ghl y stirre dp with a cou pl e of i n t e i r use .

tablespoonfuls of al coh ol th e m i xture ,

all owed to settl e for 1 5 minutes or m ore ,


EXAM INATION OF CERTAI N CLASS ES
an d the u pper li c uid o ur ed o ff into a
clean l ass or botfie
OF FOOD S :
0 about 1 table
.

s oon ul of the li ui d th us r e pa r e d and Can ne d Ve getabl e s — T hes e are rela .

p aced in a sma 1 cl ear is h ( a glass


, ‘
ti v e l y free from ad ulteration by means of
salt cell ar serves excellently) add 4 or 5 foreign s ubstances T h e diff e re nt grades .

d ro s of a concentrated sol ution of boric of products may with care be readily


aci or b orax and about 1 0 dro s of h y detected b the general appearance of
d r o ch l o r i c acid and mix the so ut i o n by
, th e s am py e Th e purchaser is of.
,

stirring with a splinter of wood A . course at th e disadvantage of not being


,

wedge-sha ed stri p of filter pa per ab out , able to see the prod uct u ntil the can is
2 or 3 inc es l ong 1 inch Wi de at the opened B a stud y o f the di fferent
brands avaiy
, .

upper end and 1 inch at the l ower end is


, , able in th e vicinity h owever , ,

then suspen ded by pinning so that its , he c a n readil y select thos e whi ch are
narrow end is im mersed in the sol ution , preferabl e As stated in a n earlier part
.

and is all owe d to stand for a couple of of th i s article canned t omatoes some ,

h ours T h e best results are obtained if


. t i mes c ontai n e u artificial col ori ng mat
the paper is so suspen ded that air can ter wh ic h may be detecte d as d escri bed
, .

circulate freely aroun d it i e not all ow , . .


, Canne d s weet corn is som eti mes sweet
ing it to touch a n ythi n except the pin and ene d with saccharine which may be de
the liquid in the d i sfi If turmeri c be
,

. t e ct e d as described .

resent a cherr -red col or forms on th e I t i s believed that as a rul e canned


p
, ,

l te r paper a s ort distance bel ow th e v e e t a bl e s are free from pres er vatives


l ti ough some instances of chemical
,

up er limit to which th e liqui d is a h


s or ed by the paper frequently from
.

,
preservati on have recentl y been reported
i of an inch to an inch abov e the su r face in N orth D akota an d som e i m por ted ,
F OOD A D UL TERA NTS 3 53

tomatoes have been f oun d to be arti on the table for a m oment Pure co fi e e
fi ci a ll y preserved
.

T h e presence of c op
.
c ontains a l arge a mount of oil by reas on ,
per often use d for th e a rti ficial greeni ng
, o f w h i c h th e greater o r ti o n of the sam ple
of im ported cann ed peas beans s pi n ach Wi ll float All co cc s ubstitutes and
ma y be detected as described
, , , .

et c.
, .
some particl e s of coffee sink to the b ot
Co ffe e — T here are a n um ber of si m
.
tom of the li quid
.
A fair idea of the .

pl e tests for th e presence of the ad ulter pur i ty of th e sam pl e can often be d eter
ants of roun d co ff ee T hese are called m i ned by the pro o r ti o n of th e sam ple
which fl oats or si nks
.

simpl e e ca u s e the
y can be perform ed
.

without th e faciliti es of the chemical Chicory contains a s ubstance which


l aboratory an d b one wh o has n ot ha d dissol ves i n wate r i mparting a bro wnish,

re d col or Whe n the s us pected sam ple


,

the e xper i ence a n trai ning of a chemist .


.

I t m ust be u nderstood that they require is dropped into a gl ass of water the ,

careful observation and stud y and that grains of chicory wh i ch it contai ns ma y


,

o n e m ust perform the m repeatedly i n be seen sl owly sinking to the bottom ,

order to obtain reliabl e results B efore .


l e aving a train of a dark -brown col ored
ap lying them to th e exami nati on of a n liq ui d behind them T his test a ppears
n up
.

nown sam ple sam pl es of know n ,


t o lead to more errors in the hands of
character sh oul d be sec ured a nd studied inexperienced operators tha n any other
Ungroun d coffee m a be groun d in th e
.

test here given Wrong concl usions


.

home and mixed wit var i ous kinds of may be avoid ed by workin - fi r st with
ad ulterants which can also be secure d
,
known sam les of co ff ee an chicory as
0
su e s te d a ove
s e parately T h us th e a rticles themsel ves
fi a n } coff ee s ubsti tutes are now s ol d
.
.

as su e t: a nd are ad vertised as more


in kn own mi xtures may be studied a n d ,

when th e sa me results are obtained with


unkn own s am pl es they ca n be correctl y wholes om e than coffee N o tw i th sta n d .

i n the claims that a re made for them


interpreted T hese tests are well kn own
.
,

i n the l ab oratory and may be use d i n the a e w of them contain a considerabl e pe r


home of th e ca reful h o usewife wh o has centage of co ff ee T his ma be deter .

the tim e an d persevera nce to master mined by s haking a teas oon ui i n a bot
them tl e half full of water as escri bed above , .

T h e bottl e m ust be thoroughly sha ken


.

Ph ysi cal Te sts —T h e di ff erence be. s o as to wet ever y particle of the sa m ple .

twee n the e n ui n e ground coffee an d the Fe w particles o f co ff ee s ubstitutes will


adulterate d arti cl e c a n ofte n be detected float .

b sim ple inspection with the naked eye


Chemical Tests — Co ff ee contains no
.

This is particula rly tr ue if th e product


be e o a r sel crushed rather th an finely starch whil e a ll of the s ubsta nces ex
T
, ,

round .n s uch conditi on pure co ff ee cept chicory used for its ad ulteration
,

as a quite uniform a ppearance whereas , and in the preparation of co ff ee s u bsti


the m i xtures o f peas beans cereals , , ,
t utes contain a considerable amount of
chicory etc often discl os e their h etero
, .
, starch T h e presence of such s u bsti
.

en ce ns nature to th e careful obs erver . tu f es may therefore be detected by


, ,

?
his is particular true if a magn i fyi ng a p l yi n the test for starch I n making
p
! .
.

glass be e mpl oye T h e d i ff erent art i th i s test ess than a quarter of a teaspoon
cles co m os i ng th e mixture may then be .
ful of ground co ff e e sh oul d be used or a ,

se arate by the po i n t of a pe n -kn i fe . portion of the ordinary infusion pre


pared for the table may be e mployed
o

T e dark gum m y-l ooki ng c h i cory par


,

ti cl e s sta n d out in strong contrast to the after dil uti on T h e amount of water
.

other s ubstances used a nd their n ature , that sh oul d be added can only be de
can be determin ed by one wh o i s fami l i ar ter mi n e d by experienc e .

with th e m by their astri ngent taste .

T h e ap pearan c e of th e coff e e part i cles Cbn di men tal S a u ces — T omato cats u p .

is also q ui te distinct from that of ma n y and other co n di mental sauces are fr e


of the coff ee S ubstitutes em pl oyed T h e .

quentl y reserved and colored a rti fi


co ff ee has a dull su r face wh ereas som e , ci a l l y . he preservati ves em pl oye d are
of its s ubstitutes especially legu m i nous, usually salicylic acid an d benzoic acid
product s often resent the a ppeara nce
,
or their s odium salts T hese r o d ucts .

of having a polis e d su rface m a be detected by the metho s given


(g
. .

After a careful ins pecti on of the sa mpl e oal -tar col ors a r e frequently em
with the na ked eye o r z better W i th a , , pl o ed with this class of goods es pe ,

magnif yi ng glas s a port i on o f i t may be


,
cia y with th ose of a reddi s h t i nt l i ke ,

placed i n a s mall bottl e half full of water tomato catsup T hey may be d e tected
.

a n d s haken T h e bottle i s then placed


. by the methods given .
3 54, F O OD A D ULTE RAN T S

D AI RY PROD UCTS cond i ti on and distrib uted th ro ugh the


Butter —M ethods
are available which ,
milk in sm all particl es I f on th e other . ,
.

with a littl e raetic s m ay be em l oyed hand th e sa m pl e consist of c leomar


between fresh p
,

ga r i n e it solidifies acti cally i n on e pi ece


.
,

and m ay be lifted p ry the sti rrer from th e


to dis tinguis utter ,

renovated or process butter an d oleo ,

mar arine milk .

B y these two tests th e first o f whic h


.

T ese meth ods a re com m on] use d i n ,

food and dairy laborator i es hey gi v e .


g
distinguishes fresh butter from process
reliable results At th e sam e time con
.
or ren ovated b utter an d ol e om argarine ,

si d er a bl e practice is necessary before we


an d the second of which distin guishes
can i nter ret correctly the results o b ol eomargarine from eith er fresh butter or
ta i n e d ome process butters are on ren ovated b utter the nature of th e sam ple
,

under exami nati on ma y be determined


.

th e market which can be distinguished .

f rom fresh b utter only with extrem e Mil k — T h e ol dest an d sim l est meth od
di ffi culty D uring the l ast few years
.
of a dulterating mil k is by i l uti o n with
considerable progress h a s been made in water T his destroys the n atural yell ow
the attem pt to renovate butter in such a
.

ish -white col or an d prod uces a bl uish


way that it w ill appear like fres h butter in tint which i s s ome ti mes corrected by the
all respects A study must be m ade of
.
,

additi on of a small am ou nt of coloring


these methods if we would obtai n reliabl e matter .
,

results .
An other form of a dulterati on is the
T h e s poon test has been suggested removal of the cream an d the sale as
as a househol d test and is com m onl y ,
whole milk of ski mme d or partially
used by anal tical chemists for distin ski mmed milk Agai n the di fficult
ui sh i n g fres b utter from ren ovated
.
,

gutter and ol e omargarin e A l um p of .


per i e n ce d in the preservation of mil
warm weather has l ed to the wide
butter 2 or 3 times the size of a pea is
, ,
spread use o f chemical preservatives
placed in a l ar e s poon an d heated over
.

an alcoh ol or fiun se n b urner If m ore .


D etecti o n of Wa ter — If a l actometer .

convenient the s oon may be hel d above


,

or hydrometer which can b e obtained of


,

the chi mn ey 0 an ordinary kerosen e dealers in chemi cal a pparatus be avail ,

lamp or it may even be hel d over a n able the specific gravit of mil k will
,

afford s om e cle w as to w i et h e r the sam


,

ordinary ill um i nating gas burner I f .

the sam ) l e in uesti o n be fresh butter it ple has been adulterated by dil uti on with
will boii ui e f i y with the evoluti on of
,
water Whole mil k h as a speci fic grav
.

man sma bubbles throughout the mass ity between and T h e spe
c i fi c gravi ty of ski mme d m il k is higher
w hic produce a l arge am ount of foam . ,

O leomargarine a nd process butter on ,


and mil k very ri ch in cream is some
the other han d s putter and crackl e , ,
times l ower tha n these figures I t is .

making a noise si milar to that heard understood of c ourse that by s pecific


, ,

when a green stick is pl aced i n a fire .


gravity is m eant th e weight of a substance
An other point of distin cti on is n oted if a with referen ce to the weight of an eq ual
small ) o rti o n of the sam pl e be laced i n vol ume of water T h e s pecific a vi ty

a sma fibottl e and set in a vesse of water


.

of water is 1 I t is ob vi ous that i water


.

s uffi cientl y warm to melt the butter .


h e added to a mil k with the s pecific
Th e sam ple is ke pt melted from half an gravity of the speci fic gravity of
hour to an h our when it is examined , .
the mi xt ure will be s omewhat below
If renovated butter or ol eomargari ne th ose figures .

An in dicati on b means of a h yd r om
,

th e fat will be turbid while if genuin e ,

fresh butter the fat will alm ost certainly eter or l actom eter el ow th e fi ure
be entirely cl ear .
therefore indicates either that t e sam l e
T o m anipul ate wh at is kn own as the i n questi on is a very rich mil k or t at
Waterh ouse or mil k test about 2
” “ ” it
is a mil k ( pe r h a 3 normal erba s
sk i m med ) that has g T iie
, .
,

ounces of sweet mil k are placed in a een w a tere


Wid e-m outhed bottle which is set in a ,
difference i n a ppearan ce and n atu re of
vessel of boilin water When the mil k these two extremes is su ffi cientl y obvi ous
is thoroughly g to make use of the lactom ete r or h yd r o m
.

e a te d a teaspoonful of ,

butter is added and the mixture stirred ,


eter of val ue as a preli min ary test of the
_

with a splinter of wood until the fat is pur i ty of m i l k .

melte d T h e bottl e is then pl aced i n a


. D etecti on of C ol or — As previousl y .

dish of ice water and the sti r r i n con stated when mil k is dil uted by m eans o f
ff the
.

ti n ue d until the fat solidifies .


water th e natural yell owis h -white col or
sam pl e be butter either fresh or reno , i s ch nged to a bl uish tint
a which is ,

va te d it will be solidified in a gran ular


, someti m es corr e cted by th e a dditi on
8 56 F OOD AD ULT E RANTS

the fla vor of the product Vanilla ex . eva porates t o about one third or l ess o f -
.

tract is s ometi mes a dulterated with th e i ts vol ume .O win g to the eva porat i on
extract of the T onka bean T his extract of the al cohol th e rosi ns w ill then be i h
s ol uble Water may be added to restore
. ,

to a certain extent resembles vanill a ,


.

extract T h e extract of the T onka bea n


. ,
th e li qui d to a ppr o xi ma t el its original
h owev e r is far inf e ri or to that of the
,
vol ume Th e rosin will t en separate
.

vanilla bean It has a relatively pene


. out as a brown fl o c c ul e n t precipitate A .

t r a ti n g al most pungent odor stand i ng


, ,
few drops of hydrochl ori c a c1 d may be
i n sharp contrast to the flavor of the added an d the li ui d stirred a nd the
vanill a extract T his od or is s o diff erent
. insol ubl e m atter a l owed t o settl e I t is .

that one wh o has given the m atter som e then filtered an d the re si n on th e fil ter
attenti on may read i l y distinguish the pa per washed with water T h e r osi n is .

two and the quality of th e vanill a ex


,
th en dissol ved i n a littl e al coh ol an d to 1 ,

tract may often be j udged with a fair port i on of this sol uti on is a dde d a small
degre e of accuracy by means of the od or particle of fe r r i c al um an d to another ,

alone . o r t i o n a few drops of hydrochl ori c acid .

A nother form of adulteration a nd one , f the re si n be that of the vanilla bean ,

that is now quite preval ent is the use of , neither ferri c al um n or hydrochloric acid
artificial van i llin i n place of the extract wil l r o d uce m ore than a slight change
of either vanill a or T on ka bea ns Arti . of co or . With rosins from most other
fi ci a l vanillin has of course th e same , , s ources h owever one or both of these
, ,

composition and characteristics as th e s ubstances yiel d a di stin ct color change .

natural vanillin of the vanil l a bean . For filtering a piece of fil ter paper
,

Extracts made from it h owever are , , sh o ul d be folded once through the middle
deficient in the rosins and oth er prod ucts an d again at right angl es to the fi r st fol d
'

which are j u st as essential to the true It ma y n ow be open ed with one fol d on


vanilla as is vanillin itself S ince
, . one side and three on th e oth er an d fitted
vanillin is thus obtained from a nother i nto a glass funn el Wh en the pa per is
.

s ource s o readily methods for the d eter


, fol ded in this manner the preci pi tated
minati on of the purity of vanilla extract rosi ns may be readily washed with water .

m ust d e pend u pon the presence of other When the washing is com pl eted th e
substa nces than vanillin .
rosins may be dissol ved b po u r i n alco
D etecti on C a r a mel — Th e h ol through the filter h i s wor with
f col oring .
o
th e rosins w ill require som e practice be
.

matter of vanilla e xtract is due to sub


stances naturally present i n the vanill a fore i t can be successfully performed I t .

bean and e x tracted therefrom b al cohol is of considerabl e val ue however in , ,

j udging of th e p ur ity of va nilla extract


.

Arti ficial extracts made by i ssol vi n g .

artificial vanillin in alcohol contain n o


col or of thems e l ves and to supply it ,
Le mo n E xtra ct —B y l em on e xt ract is
.

caramel is com monly em ployed Cara .


u nderstood a s ol ution of l em on o il in
mel may be det e ct e d in a rtificial extracts strong al cohol I n order to contai n as
.

by shakin g and observing the col or of m uch l emon oil as is supposed to be


the r esul ti n foam after a mo ment s ’ found in high -grade extracts the alcohol
standing he foam of pure e xtracts is
.
sh oul d constitute ab out 8 0 pe r cent of
colorless If caramel is present a col or
.
the sam pl e Th e al cohol i s therefore
.

persists at the points of contact between


the m ost val uable constituent of lemon
th e b ubbles until the last bubbl e has extract and ma n ufacturers wh o t urn out
,

disa pe e red T h e test with full er s


.
’ a l ow-grade prod uct usu a l ly d o so be
ca rt give n for caram el in vinegar is cause o f their econ omy of al cohol rath er
also very satisfa ctory but o f course r e ,
than o f lemon o il O win g to th e fact
.

quires the loss of th e sam pl e used for the that l e m on extra ct is practi call y a satu
test.
rated sol ution o f o il of lem on i n strong
al coh ol th e sam pl e m ay b e examined by
E xa mi n a ti o n o uref th e Rosi n — If S i m ple dilution with water A tea .

vanilla extract be eva orated to at out s o o n f ul of the oil i n q uesti on may be


one -third its volu me t e rosins become p aced in the bottom of an ordinary
i sol ubl e and settl e to the bottom of the
n glass tum bler an d 2 or 3 teas poonfuls of
d i sh Artificial extracts remain cl ea r
.
water added If the sa m l e i n q uestion
.

under th e same conditi ons I n exam


.
.
be real lem on extract t e lem on oil
i n i ng van i ll a extract th e character of
sh oul d be th ro w n out of sol ution by rea
thes e rosins is studi ed For this purpose .
s on of its ins ol u bility i n the alcoh ol after
a d i sh containin g about an ounce of the i t s dil uti on with water T h e result is a t
.

e xtract is l aced on a teakettl e or other first a marked turbidity an d later the


v essel o f oiling water until th e li quid .

separati on of the oil of le m on on th e top


F OOD AD ULTERANTS 3 57

o f the aqueous li uid If the sam pl e . D etecti on o f F orei gn S eeds — I n ad d i .

rema i ns pe r fectl y c ear aft e r the ad diti on ti on to the forms of ad ulterati on to


of water or if a marked turbidity is not
,

produced it is a l ow-grade prod uct and


w h i ch j ellies are subj ect j ams are s om e
t i m s m anufactured from th e exhausted
,

,
e
contai ns very littl e if a ny oil of l em on , , . fru i t pul p l eft after rem ovin g the j ui ce
for m ak i ng jell y When th i s is d on e .

Fr ui t Pro ducts — Ad ulterati on of fruit . res i du e s from d i fferent fruits are s ome
products is practically confined to j ellies t i mes m i xe d Exhausted raspberry or
.

and j ams C ontrary to th e general


. blackberry pul p m ay be used i n making

belief el a ti n is never used i n maki ng
, strawberry j am and vi ce ver sa S om e .

fruit j e l y I n the manu f acture of the


.
'
i nstances are reported of vari ous sm all
very cheapest grade of ellies starch is seeds such as tim oth y cl over and
, , ,

sometim es em pl oyed ellies contai n . alfalfa seed having been used with jams
,

ing starch howe ver are so crude in their


, , made from seedl ess pul p .

appearance that the m ost su perficial With the aid of a small magnifyin g
inspecti on is s u ffi ci ent t o dem onstrate l ass such forms of ad ulterati on may
that they are n ot pure frui t j ellies From . e detected the observer fam iliarizing
,

i i msel f with the seeds o f the ordinary


z
their a p e a r a n ce no one woul d thin k it
wort h w il e t o exami n e th em to deter r ui ts .

mine th ei r ur i ty .
D etecti o n o f P r eserva ti ves an d C ol o r s .

N atural ruit j ellies becom e li quid on — With j ellies and jams salicylic an d
bein warm ed A spoonful d i ssol ves
.
ben zoi c aci ds are someti mes em pl oyed .

read in warm water a l th o u h c on , T hey may be detecte d by the m ethods


sidera l e tim e is required wit those gi ven .

th at are especiall y firm T h e s m a ll .


A r ti fici a l co lors usually coal -tar deriva
,
fruits c ontai n practically n o starch as , ti v e s are someti mes used a nd ma y be
,

a ppl es d o an d the presence of starch i n


, detected as described .

a jelly i ndicates that s ome appl e j uice


has probabl y been used in its prepara Meat Pro d ucts — As i n many other .

tion .
classes of foods certai n questi ons i m ,

portant i n the j udgment of meats require


D etecti o n of S ta r ch — D issol ve a tea .. practical ex er i en ce an d cl ose observa
spoonful o f j elly in a half teacupful of ti on rather t an chemical trainin g This .

hot water heat to boilin g and add drop


, , is especially true of meat r o d ucts T h e .

by drop while stirring Wi th a teas poon a


, , e n c r a l appearance of e meat must
sol uti on of potassi um permanganate a r ge l y guide th e purchaser I f how . ,

unti l th e s ol ution is al m ost col orl ess .


ever the meat has been treated with pre
,

T hen all ow th e sol uti on to cool and t e st s e r v a ti v e s an d col oring m atter its appear
for starch with tincture of i odine as , ance is so changed as to deceive him .

dire cted l ater Arti fi ci a ll col ored j el T h e preservatives em ) l oyed with meat
products are bori c aci d borax and s ul
.

li es are someti m es n ot e co l o r i z e d by
'

, ,

potassium permanganate Even without .


ph i t e s T h e meth ods for th e detecti on of
.

decol ori zi n g h owever the bl ue col or can


, , sulphites are n ot suita bl e for h ousehol d
usuall y be seen . use .

D etecti o n of Gl ucose — For the d ete c .


D etecti o n of B ori c Aci d a n d B o r a x .

ti on of gl ucose a teas poonful of th e j elly


,
T o detect boric acid ( if bora x has been
may be dissol ved in a glass tumbler or used th e sa me reaction will be obtaine d ) ,

bottl e i n 2 or 3 tables poonfuls of water . ab out a ta bles poonful of the ch opped


T h e vessel in which the j e l l y i s d issol ved m eat is thoroughly m acerated with a
may be place d in h ot water i f n ecessary
o

l ittle h ot water pressed throu h a ba g , ,

to hasten the s ol ution I n case a j am e r .


and 2 or 3 tablespoonfuls of t e liqu i d
marmalade is being examined the mi x ,
placed in a sauce dish with 1 5 or 2 0
ture is filtered to separat e th e insol uble dro s of stron hydrochloric aci d for
matter T h e s ol ution is all owe d to cool
.
, ea c tabl espoon i i ] T h e liq uid is then .

and an equal vol ume or a littl e m ore of filtered through filter paper and a piece ,

strong al coh ol is ad ded If the sam pl e i s .


of t urm eric paper d i pped into it an d
a pure fruit prod uct the add i t i on of dried near a l am p or stove If boric .

al cohol causes n o prec i p i tati on exce pt ,


acid or b orax were use d for preserv
that a very slight am ount of prote i d ing the sam pl e the turm eric a per
,

b odies is thrown d own I f gl ucose ha s .


shoul d b e change d to a bright c erry
bee n e m lo yed i n its man ufacture how ,
red col or I f too much hydrochl oric
.

ever a ense white preci pitate separates acid has been em pl oyed a d i rty brown
,

and after a ti me settles to the b ottom of ,


ish red col or is obtain ed which i nte r feres
-
,
,

the li quid .
with the col or d ue to th e presence of
fi$ FOOD AD UL T E RA NTS

boric acid When a drop o f househ ol d


. f C ol or in — S pice substitute
D etecti o n o s

a m monia i s a dded to the col ored turmeric are s om etimes c ol ored with c oal -tar
aper it is t urned a dark green al most col ors T h ese prod ucts may be detected
b
.
, ,

lack col or if b oric acid is present If


,
. by the methods given .

the red dish col or h owever was caused , ,


Vi ne a r — A person th orough ly famil
.
by the use of too m uch hydrochl oric fi el d iar wit vinegar can tell much regardi ng
this green color does n ot form
m
.
the source of the a rticl e from its appear
Ga m a — T h e corrosiv e nature of ance col or odor an d taste
, , , .

hydrochl oric acid m ust n ot be forgotten .


If a gl ass be rinsed out with th e sample
I t must not be all owe d to touch th e fles h , o f vinegar an d all owed to stan d for a
cl othes or a ny metal
,
.
n um ber of h ours or overnight th e odor ,

D etecti o n of C ol or s — T h e detection of . of the residue remai nin g in th e glass i s


col oring m atter in sausage is often a d i ffi quite different with di fferent kinds of
c ult matter without the use o f a com vi negar T h us wine vinegar h as th e
.
,

c un d micros cope It may sometimes odor characteristic o f wi ne an d cider


b
.
,

e separated however by macerating


, , vi ne ar has a peculiar fruity odor A .

the meat with a mixture of e qua l parts s ma am ount of practice with this test
of glycerin e a nd water to whi ch a f e w enables one to distinguish with a high
drops of aceti c or h ydrochl oric acid have d egree o f a cc uracy between w i n e an d
been ad ded After ma ce r a ti n for som e
. cid e r vi negars a nd the ordi nary su bsti
time the mi xt ure is filtered an the col or t ut es .

i ng matter d etected by means of dyeing If a sam l e o f vi n egar b e pl aced in


shall ow dish on a warm stove or boiling
a.

wool i n the liquid thus obtained .

S pi ces — Alth ough groun d 8 ices are


.
teakettl e an d h eated to a tem perature
very freq uent i ad ulterated t ere a r e ,
su ffi cient for eva porati on and not su ffi
fe w meth ods t at may be used by on e cient t o bur n th e residue the odor of t h e ,

who has not had chemical training and ,


warm resid ue is al so characteristi c of th e
who is not s kill ed in the use of a com different ki nds of vinegar T h us th e .
,

pound micr osc ope for the detection of ,


resi due from cider vine a t has th e od or
of baked a pl es and t e flavor is aci d
and so mewp
the ad ulterants em pl oyed T h e maj or .

ity of the s ubsta nces used for the adul at astringent i n taste an d ,

t e r a ti o n of s pices are of a starchy char that from wi ne vine gar is e u a l l y char


acter Unfortunately for our purposes
.
,
a ct e r i sti c T h e res i du e o t a i n e d by
.

most of th e c om m on spices als o contain evaporating vinegar made from sugar


a consi dera bl e a m ount of starch Cloves .
,
h ouse products an d from s pi rit a nd w ood
mustard a nd cayenne however are pr a c
, , ,
vi negar col ored by m eans of caramel
tically free from starch an d the presen ce ,
has the peculiar bitter taste character
of starch in the groun d a rticle is proof of i sti c of caramel .

I f the resid ue b e heated until it be n s


'

adulteration .

D etecti o n of S ta rch i n Cl oves M u sta rd


to burn the odor of th e burni ng pro n ot
,

a n d C a ye n n e — A half teas poonful o f th e


, ,
also varies with di ff erent kinds of vine
S pi ce in u e sti o n is sti rred int o half a.
gar T h us the resid ue from cid er
.
,

cupful of oilin g water and the boiling vinegar has the odor of scorche d a ppl es ,

co n tinued for 2 or 3 min utes T h e mix


,

.
whil e that of Vinegars made from sugar
ture is then cool ed If of a dark color .
house wastes and of distilled and wood
V inegars col o red with a l arge am ount of
,

it is dil uted with a su f fi cient a mount of


water to red uce the col or to such a n ex caramel has the od or of b urnt s u gar I n .

tent that the reactio n formed by starch moti n these characteristics h owever it , ,

a n d i odin e may be clearly a pparent if


m ust e b orne i n min d that in order to
make the m c onform to th ese tests dis
,

starc h be pres e n t T h e a m ount of dil u .


,

tion can o nly be determined b practice t i lled an d wood Vi n egars often receive
,

b ut usually t he li quid m ust e dil ute d the addition of a pl e j e ll


T h e cheaper orms o vinegar es pe
with a n e q ual vol um e of water or only 0
,

c i a ll y distilled a nd wood
,
vi ne ar are
i of a teas p oonful o f the sam l e m ay be com monly col ored with c a r a me whi c h
,

empl oyed ori gin all y A sin e drop of .

tincture of i od i ne is n ow adde I f starc h ca n be detected by th e meth od given .

is present a deep bl ue col or which in the


, , FOOD COL ORANTS .

pre sen ce of a larg e a mo unt of starch a p


pears bl ack is form ed I f n o bl ue color ( M ost if n ot all of thes e col orants are
, ,

i nj urious and sh ould therefore be used


, .

a ppea rs the addition of the iodine tinct


,
Wi th extrem e ca uti on )
ure sh oul d be contin ued drop b drop , ,
.

u ntil the l i qui d sho ws by its co or the S a usa ge Colo n — T o dye sausage red ,

pres ence of i odin e in sol ution . certa i n tar dyestu ff s are e mpl oyed ,
360 FOOD PRE S E RVA T I VES

and have been th e subject of severe eriti an inch with the material Put i n the .

ci s m .
m eat takin g care that it d oes not touch
,

M any other methods of preservation the sides of th e j ar (th us scra i n g away


ha ve been tried with variabl e degrees of the envel ope of grease ) and fip 1 up with ,

success ? and of the more thoroughly m ore suet or lard bei ng careful to com ,

tested ones the foll owing probably pl et el y c over and envel op th e meat T hus .

i ncl ude all of those d eserving m ore than pre ared the m eat will rem ai n absol utely
,

passing mention or consi deration . fr es for a l ong ti me even in the h ottest ,

1 T h e excl usion of external atm os


.
, weath er When required for use th e
.

ph er i c el e ctr i ci ty w h i c h has been o b outer porti on may be l eft on or rem oved


.
,

served to materially reduce the decayi ng T h e same fat m ay be used over an d


of meat mil k butter beer etc
, , , , . over agai n by m elting and retaining i n
2 T h e retention of occl uded el ectri c
. the melted state a few m om ents each time ,

currents M eats from various ani mal s


. by which means n ot o n ly all solid porti ons
packed into the same packages an d sur , of the meat whi ch ha ve been retained
rounded by a conducting me d ium such , fall to the bottom but all se ptic microbes ,

as salt an d water liberate el ectricity , . are destroyed .

3 T h e removal of th e n erve centers


M eat Preser vati ve s B a r memte
'

I
. .

Carcasses with the brains and spinal cord . .

C o r n i n g A gen t : For every 1 0 0 parts by


l ef t therein will be foun d m ore prone ,

to decom position tha n those wherefrom weight take , parts by weight of , ,

these organs have been rem oved saltpeter ; parts by weight sodi um , ,

chl ori de ; parts by weight cane


.

4 D esiccati on D ried beef is an , ,

sugar ; parts by weight plaster of


. .

excell ent exam pl e of this meth od of pres , ,

e r v a ti o n O ther meth ods coming u n


Paris or gy ps um ; part by weight , ,

of some m oisteni ng material and a trace


.

der this heading are the application of ,

spices with ethereal oils various herbs of magnesia


I I — C a r n i fo r m A For every 1 00 parts
, ,

coriander seed extracted with vi negar ,


.
, ,

etc .
by wei ght take parts by weight
, , ,

5 Reducti on of temperature
. i e , . .
,
sodi um di ph osphate ; parts by w e i gh t , ,

col d storage .
water of crystalli zati on ; parts by ,

6 Expulsion of air from the meat an d


.
weight sodium chl oride ;
, parts by ,

the containers A ppe r t s Wil l a u mc z s .


,

,
weight saltpeter ; together with traces of
,

Red wood s and Prof A V ogel s meth



, . .

calciu m ph os phate m agnesi a and sul , ,

ods are representative for this category of ph u r i c aci d .

preservati on Phenyl paper D r B usch s I l l — C a r n i for m B :



.
, .
, For every 1 0 0 ,

G e o r ge s s and M edl o c k and Baily s proc


’ ’
, parts by weight take
, parts by , ,

esses are eq ually well known .


weig h t s odiu m d i ph osphate ;
, parts ,

7 T h e a pplicati on of gases
. Here .
by weight water of crystallizati on ;
ma y be mentioned D r G a mge e s and
,

.
parts by weight saltpeter ;
, parts by
, ,

Bert and Re yn o so s processes a pplying ’

, wei ght cal cium phos phate ; with traces


,

carbon di oxide and other co mpressed of sul phuric aci d an d m agnesi a .

gas es res pecti vely


, .

IV C er vcla tw ur st (s pi ce po w d er ) :
Ai r dryi ng powdering of meat smo k
.

-
, ,
For 1 0 0 parts by weight take parts
pi c kli n sugar or vin egar curing , , ,
ing ,

are too we l known to receive any by weight of m oistening ; , parts by ,

weight s pices — m ostly pe per ; 8 9 parts


further attention here Whatever proc .
,

by weight sodi um chl ori e ; 5 parts by


,

ess m ay be em pl oyed reference sh oul d , ,

be given to that which will secure the


,
weight saltpeter ;, parts by weight , ,
_
gypsum ; an d traces of m agnesia
pr i nci pal obj ects sought for the m ost .

V
,

satisf a ctory being at th e sam e time n ot . C e r vel a tw u r st S a l t (3 i ce po w d er ) :


-

deleteri ous to health and of an easily ,


For 1 00 arts by weight ta { e , parts , ,

a pplicable and inexpensive nature .


by wei g t s pices — m ostly pepper ; ,

arts by wei ht m oistener ;


, parts
, ,

To Preserve Beef , etc , i n Hot y weight so i u m chl oride ;


, parts by ,

Weather — Put the meat into a h ot oven


.

. weight saltpeter ;, parts by weight , ,

cane sugar ; an d traces of m agnesia


.

and l et i t remain un til th e surface is .

browned all over thus coagul ating the , VI —Ru br o l i n S a usa ge (s pi ce po w d er ) :


.

al bumen of t h e surface and i ncl osing the For 1 0 0 parts by weight take parts , ,
body of the meat in an im permeable e n by we ight sal am m oniac an d, parts , ,
v el o pe of cooked flesh Pour some melted . by we i ght of saltpeter , .

l ard or s uet into a jar of su ffi cient size , VII — S e r va to r S peci a l M i l k a n d B ut


.

and roll the latter around until the sides te r P r se r vi n g S a l t :


are evenly coated to the depth of half e per cent of
crystall i zed boracic acid ; per cent
FOOD P RE SE RVATI VES — FOOT POVVDERS -
3 61

sodiu m chl oride ; and per cent of S odium bicar


ben zo i c a ci d

(I ts use is h owever pro
.
, , bonate 15 parts
h i bi te d i n G erm any ) .
S odi u m chl oride . 15 parts
V III — Wi tten be rg Pi ckli n g S a lt: For
X X — P ot a s s i u m n i
.

1 00 arts by w ei tr h t take parts by .

weig t s odiu m chl oride ;


, pa rts by
, ,
trate 50 parts
weight s altpe ter ; parts by weight
,
S odium chl oride . 20 parts
,

g ypsum ; traces of m oisture an d mag


, ,
B oric aci d . 20 parts
n eS i a .
S ugar . 10 parts
IX .
—S ecu r o :
For a quart take A Germa n Meth o d of Preser v i n g Meat .

parts by wei ght al umin u m oxi de and 8


, ,
— Entire unbowel ed cattl e or large suit
, ,

parts by wei ght aceti c aci d ; basic ace


, , ably severed pieces are sprinkled with
tate of al um i na 62 pa rts by weight ; , , acetic aci d and then packed and t rans
sul h u r i c a ci d parts by wei ght ;
, , ported i a sa wdust i m pregnated with
so i um oxi d e with s ubstantially traces , cooking salt and sterilized .

of li me an d m agnesi a
E xtract of Meat Co nta i ning Al bume n
.

X —M i c h el s C a ssa l a S a l t: T his i s
.

-I n th e ordinary production of meat


.

partially disintegrated per cent .

extract the al bumen is m ore or l ess l ost


sodium chl orid e ; per cent sodi um ,

partly through preci pitation by th e acids


,

phos phate ; per cent potassi o-sodic or the aci d salts of th e m eat extract part
tartrate ; per ce nt water of cr ysta lli l y through salting out by the salts of the ex
,

z a ti o n ; per cent al umi nu m oxide ; tract and partly by coagulation at a higher


and per cent acetic acid as basic ace ,

tem perature A subsequent ad dition of


tat e of al umi na ; per cent s ugar ;
.

al bumen is i m practica bl e because the a l


per cent b enzoic acid ; per cent s ul b umen is li kewise preci pitated insolubly
ph u r i c acid ; an d traces of li me
, ,
.
by the acids an d salts contained in th e
X I — C o rn i n g S a l t : S odi um nitrate
.
, extract T his preci pitati on can be pre
.

50 parts ; powdered b oracic acid 45 , vented according to a French patent by


, ,

parts ; salicylic acid 5 part s , .


ne utralizin g th e e xtract before mixi ng
XI I — P r eserva ti ve S a lt:
. Potassi um with al bume n by th e aid of s odiu m ,
_

n i trate 7 0 arts ; sodi u m bicarbonate


, ,
bicarbonate T h e drying of the mixture
.

1 5 parts ; s o i um chl oride 1 5 parts , . is accomplish ed i n a carbonic aci d a t


XII I A n oth er C or n i n g S a l t: Po ta s
.
- mo sph e r e T h e preparation dissol ves
.

sium nitrate 5 0 parts ; sodi um chl oride i n col d or h ot water into a white mil ky ,
, ,

2 0 parts ; powd ered boracic acid 20 ,


li qui d and exhibits th e smell and taste of
parts ; s ugar 1 0 parts .
meat extract if the al bumen added was
,
,
tastel ess T h e taste which the extract
X I V — M a ci li n e (o fier ed a s co n di me n t
.

l oses b the neutralizati on returns in its


and b i n di n g a gen t for sa usa ges ) : A mix origina strength after the mi xture with
ture of wheat flour a nd potato flour dyed ' al bumen I n this manner a m eat prep
.

intensel y yell ow with an azo d yestufi and arati on is obtain ed which contains l arger
impregnated with oil of m ace .
quantities of al bumen an d is m ore
XV
B orax .

80 parts nutri tious and pal atable than other
B ori c a ci d 17 . parts preparations .

S odi um chl oride 3 . parts


Reduce the i n redients to a powder
and mix th oroug hg y . I

X VI m su hite
lp
.
—S o d i i i

po w d e r e 80 parts F oot-Pow d er s an d S ol uti on s


S odium sul hate
po w d e r e 20 pa rts Thefoll owing foot-powders have been
X VI I .
— S odi um chl ori de . 80 parts recommended as d usti ng powders :
B ora x 8 parts
Potassi u m nitrate 12 parts t t t t t t t t t

Reduce to a po wder and mix


X VIII —S odi um nitrate.
50 parts .

I I — O l eate
. of zinc ( pow
S ali cyli c aci d 5 parts . .

B oric acid 4 5 parts .


B o r ic ac id .

XI X — P ot a s s i u m n i French chalk . .

trate 70 parts S tarch . .


3 62 F OOT -POWD E R S — F O R M A LD E H YD E

III .

D ried al um .
s pirit in the presen ce of air over coppe r
, ,

S alicylic acid h eate d to re dness T h e esse nt i al parts .

Wheat starch of the a p paratus em pl oyed are a metal


Powdered talc chambe r i nto which a feed -tube enters ,

a nd from whi ch 4 parall el copper tubes


IV .
— Formaldehyde sol u or oxidizers disch a rge by a com m on exit
tion 1 part tube T his cham ber is fitted with i a
1 part
T hym ol
.

1 6

s pe c ti o n a pe rtures through which the


Zinc 35 parts course of the process may be watched
,

Powdered 65 parts and controll ed T h e wood spi rit stored .


,

V .
— S alicylic acid . 7 drach ms i n a reservoir fall s into a mixer wh ere it
,

B oric acid 2 ounces . 440 grains is volatilized an d intim ately mi xed with
T alcum . . 38 ounces air from a cham ber which is connected
S lip pery el m bark . 1 ounce with a force pum p T h e ases after .

O rr i s root . 1 ounc e t raversi ng the oxi dizer are e d i nto a


condensing coil a nd the crude formal
VI — T al c ,

d e h yd e is discharged into the receiver


. .

B oric aci d
.

beneath
.

Zinc ol eate .

T h e s mall am ount of u ncondensed gas


. .

S alicylic acid
O i l of eucalyptus
is then l ed through a series of two
“ ”
washers T h e form ol th us obtained
.

VII .
— S alicylic
acid . is a mixture of water m ethyl alcohol , ,

Boric acid and 3 0 to 4 0 per cent of formal dehyde .

T alcum It is rectified in a stil l by which the free ,

S lippery el m pow , methyl alcohol is rem ove d and pure for


dered mol obtained contai ning 4 0 e r cent of,

O rris powd ered , . formal dehyd e chie fly i n th e orm of the ,

S ali cylate d Tal cum


acetal Rectification m ust not be pushed
.

too far otherwise the formal dehyde ma y


.

,
I — S al icylic acid
. 1 drach m become poly meriz ed into t r i o x me th yl e n e .

T alc um 6 ounces When once oxi dation starts the heat gen ,
L yco odium 6 drach ms .

crated is s u fficie nt to kee p t h e oxidizers


S tare 3 ounces red h ot so that the process works pr a cti
,
Zi n c oxide 1 ou n ce .

cally automatically .

Perfume quantity su ffi cient


D etermi nat i o n of th e
,

Prese nce of For


II .
— T a n n o fo r m ma l d eh yd e i n S ol utions — Le mme makes .

T alcum use for this purpose of the fact that


, ,
Lycopodi um .

formal dehyde i n neutral s ol uti ons of ,

Use as a dusting powder .


sodiu m sul phite forms nor mal bis ul phite ,

S ol u tions for Perspiri n g Feet .


salts settin g free a corres ponding quan
,

tity of sod i u m hydrate that may be


I — Balsam Peru 1 5 mini ms
,
. , .

titrated with sul ph uric acid and phenol


Formic acid 1 drach m .

phthalein T h e sodi u m s ul phite solu


.

Chloral hydrate 1 drach m .

ti on has a n al kali ne reaction toward


Alcohol to make 3 ounces .

phenol phthalein and m ust be exactly ,

Apply by means of absorbent co ttbn .


neutrali zed with sodiu m bisul phite
"

T hen to 1 0 0 cubic centimeters of this


I I — B oric acid
. 15 rains
S odiu m borate 6 r a c h ms
s ol ut i on of 2 5 0 ra ms of s odi um sul phite
( N a 8 0 3 + 7 Hg
. .

S alicylic acid 6 drachms 9 i n 7 5 0 g r ams water ,

m
.

G lycerine 1 § o unces . .
add 5 c ubic centi meters of the suspected
Al cohol to ake 3 ounces .
formal dehyde sol ution A strong red .

c olor 18 i nstantl y prod uced T itrate with


For l ocal applicati on .

normal sul ph uric aci d until the col or


.

F OOTSOR E S ON CATTLE d i sappears As th e e xact disappearance


.

S e e Veteri n ary Formulas . of the col or is n ot easily determi ned a ,

margi n of from to cubi c centi


meters may be al l owed without the ex
a ptness of the reacti on be i ng i n ured
'

F ORMAL D EHYD E S i nce 1 cubic centi meter of n orma aci d


S ee also D isinfecta nts Foods and M ilk , , . answers to only grams of formal
Co mmercial Formal d e h yd e — T his ex .
d e h yd e .

t r eme l y poisonous reservative i s o h F ORMALIN F OR GRA N SMUT : I


ta i n e d by passin g t e va pors of w ood S ee Gr a m .
FROST BITE— FRUIT PRESERVING

I — C arbol ized water


. drachms . 4 FROST R E MOVER S
S ee G lass
g
i d acid rop
gl
1
1 o?
.
.

rop 1
F TRA CTS
SE
EiE
iEdfi t
FI T
M i x Pencil over the ski n and then
.

h old the penciled place ne a r the fire


SE
SE ES e c

until the ski n is quite dry


Fr ui t Pr e servi n g
.

I f the ski n is already broken use the ,

foll owing oi n tment


( S e e als o Essenc es Extracts an d Pre , ,

II.

Hebra s oi ntment ’
5 0 0 parts .
serves ) .

G lycerine 1 00 parts
Ho w to K e e Fr ui t — Accordin to
Liquefied carb olic e xperi ments o f ax de N a n so u ty g ruit ,
acid 1 5 pa r ts care fully wrapped i n sil k pa per and then
M i x Appl y to the broken ski n
. buried i n dry sa n d will preserve a fres h
occasional ly . a pea r a n ce with a fres h odor or flavor ,

m ost i ndefinitely I t m ay also be pre


I I I — Ca mphor
.

. .
served i n d ry excelsi or b ut not nearly ,
I odine , ure
? s o wel l I n stub bl e o r stra w fruit rots
.
.

O li ve o il very quickl y w h i l e i n s havings i t mil ,


Pa r a ffi n e , soli d .
dews qui ckly I n sh ort wheat-stra w fruit . ,
Al coh ol , enough .
often takes on u m usty taste and odor ,

D issol ve the camphor i n the o il and e ve n when perfectly d r y Finally w h en .


,

the i odine i n the least possibl e a mount of pl aced o n wooden tablets a nd expose d to
alcohol M elt the a r a ffi n e an d add the
.
the air most fruit deca ys ra pi dly
, .

mi xed sol utions hen h om ogeneous


.

I — Cr u s h e d S tr a w be rr y — Put up by
pour i nto s uitabl e mol ds Wr a the .
.

th e foll owing process the fruit retains


.

pencils i n paraffi ne paper or ti n foi and its natural col or a nd taste an d ma be


,

,
pack in wooden b oxes By using more .
e xposed to the air for m onths wit out
or less oli ve oil th e pe n cil s may be made fe rmenti ng
,

of a n y desire d cons i stency .


T ake fresh ripe berries ste m them , , ,
l V — D iss ol ve 5 parts o f cam ph or i n
. an d rub throug h a N o 8 sieve r ej e cti n .
,

a mixture consis ti ng of 5 parts of e ther all soft a nd gree n fruit Ad d to ea c .

and 5 part s of alc oh ol ; then add coll odion gall on of pul p t hus obtai ned 8 pounds of ,
s u ffi cient to make 1 0 0

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