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T HE N O R MA N W . H E NL E Y P UB LI S H I NG C O M PA NY
9. WEST 4 5m STREET
PREFA C E
IN co mpi l i n g t h i s bo o k of f o r mul a s, r ec i pe s
d pr o ce s se s, t h e E d i
an
to r ha s en d e a v or ed t o mee t th e pr a ct i ca l r e qu i r e me n t s o f t h e h o me a n d
w o r k sh o p— th e me ch a n i c , the ma n u f a ctu r e r , th e ar t i sa n , t h e h o u se wi f e ,
an d t h e g e n e r a l h o me wo r k e r .
I n a dd i ti o n t o ex e r c i si n g th e ut mo st ca r e in g h i s ma t e r i a l s
sel e cti n
P r o cesse s f qu e st i o n a bl e me r i t h e h a s di sc a r d ed
o B y a dh e r i n g t o thi s .
pl a n t h e E d i t o r t r u st s t h a t h e h a s su c cee d e d i n pr e pa r i n g a r e po s
i t o r y o f u se f ul k n o w l e d ge r e pr esen t i n g t h e expe r i e n c e o f e xper t s i n
e ve r y br a n ch o f pr a ct i ca l a ch i e v e me n t M uch o f t h e ma tt er h a s be e n .
speci a l l
y t r a n sl a t e d f o r t hi s w o r k f r om f o r e i gn t e ch n o l o gi c a l pe r i o d
i ca l s a n d bo o k s I n th i s w a y th e E d i t o r h a s e mbo d i e d mu ch pr a cti ca l
. .
E a ch r e ci pe i s t o be r e ga r d e d as a ba si s o f e xpe r i men t , t o be mo d i
fi ed to su i t th e pa r t i cu l a r pu r po se i n h a n d , or t h e pe culi a r c o n d i t i on s
whi ch ma y a ff e c t t h e e xper i me n te r . C h e mi c a l s a r e n o t a l wa y s o f un i
th e pr i n ci pl e t h a t o n e o r mo r e ma y be c h o se n f o r th e pu r pose i n h a n d .
R e co gn i zi n g t h e fa ct th a t wor ks o f a s i mil a r c h a r a ct e r a r e n ot un
k n o wn , th e E d i t o r h a s e n d e a vo r e d t o pr e sen t i n t h e se pa g e s th e mo st
mo d er n me th o ds a n d for mul a s N a t u r a ll y , o l d r e ci pes a n d so —ca ll e d
.
t r a d e sec r e t s w h i ch h a v e pr o v en th e i r va l u e by l o n g u se a r e a l so
i n cl u d e d , pa r ti cul a r l y wh e r e n o n ot e w o r th y a d v a n ce h a s be e n ma d e ;
but th e pr i ma r y a i m h a s been t o mode r n i ze an d br i n g th e en ti r e wo r k
up t o th e pr e sen t d a t e .
TH E E D I TO R .
MA Y , 1 91 6 .
P A RTI A L L I S T OF A UT H O RIT I E S C ONS ULT ED
La V i e S ci en ti fi qu e '
. U hlan d s Techni sche Rundschau
’
.
ABRAS I ON R E ME D Y
S e e C osmetics and O i ntments . Anili ne .
H d
m m
S ee Wines an d Li qu ors .
An A ci d-Proof Table To p .
S ol uti on No 2 has not been cha n ged
.
,
1
except to arrange the parts per h un dred .
Potassi um chlorat e . 1 part the excess o f th e sol uti on whi ch has dried
8 parts upon the s urface of the wood is thor
Boil until salts are dissolved . o ughly rub bed off before th e a p pli c a tion
'
o f s ol ut i o n N o 2 T h e black c ol or does
.
2
.
method upon s ome ol d lab oratory tabl es features the latter es pecially i n warm
,
mula was m odi ed Wit hout materially i n an i ron kettl e after which sti r i n 8 ,
a ff ecti ng the cost and a pparently i n
, ou nds finely powdered brick dust .
creasi ng the resi stan ce o f the wood to the be da maged parts m ust be cl ea n ed
acti on of strong aci ds a nd al kalies The .
perfectly a nd dried w h er e u on th ey ,
modi fied formula foll ows : may be pai nted over with t e warm
reparati on or filled up and dra w n o fi’
1
heavi ng the fil m on the i nside
.
,
I ronsul phate
.
,
q.s finely powdered with a th i ck sol ut i on o f
,
10 A D HESI VE S
.
sul phurous acid i nstead have s o far
fully T hen pl unge them i nto a s ol utio n
.
,
.
,
B oth ph os phate of li m e a nd sul h u r o u s
t i me the greater porti on 0 thei r e lasti city
aci d are re e n e r a te d from t he yes by
a nd s up l cn ess T o render them aci d
proof t e y shoul d be treated with a
.
si m l e d i sti lia ti o n .
,
I - B ones may be treated w ith suc
mi xture of vaseli ne 2 parts and pa r a fi i n e , ,
c e ssi ve quantities of c om bi ne d sul phur
7 parts heated to about 1 0 5 °
1 T his 4
second o peration may be avoi ded by of combi nation has been previ ous ] dis
,
a ddi ng to the gelati n sol uti on a littl e s i pa t e d the s ol uti on being r e m ove after
a mmoni um di chromate and afterwards ,
exposing the corks to the light each treatment before t he b one salts,
silicate of s o a and smear the s urface mersin g ani m al si news s uccessi vely i n
for the li nin ; then while it is still pl astic , , petrol eu m or benzi ne to rem ove the outer
a pply the ates prepared as above de fleshy a n i mal ski n ; i n a h a r d e n i n or
scri bed n ste a d of these plates
. sla bs , preservi ng bath as boric a ci d or a u m
, ,
S e e Sol ders .
it is coherent gelati nous a nd wei ghi ng
, .
o ds
To Pre vent G l ue fr om Cr a ck i n g — T o
.
Acetic aci d 4 ounces all aci d glues are not ge nerally a pplica
2 0 unces bl e.
Alum 3 0 grai ns VI II .
— G l ue parts 2 00
He a t together for 6 h ours ski m a nd , , D il ute
acetic aci d parts 4 00
ad d : D issol ve by the ai d of h eat a nd add :
I I — Alcoh ol l flui d o u n c e
Alcoh ol 2 5 parts
.
Brown gl ue N O 2 2 pound s
o o o o o o o o o o
, . .
Alum 5 parts
S odium carbonat e 1 1 ou nces
Water 3 5 pi nts I X —G l ue
. 5 parts
O il of cl ove 1 6 0 mi nims Calci um chl orid e 1 part
Water
.
1 part
D issol ve the s oda i n the water pour
the s ol u ti on over the dry l ue l et stand
,
X — S ugar of lead
. drach ms
,
Al um l } drach ms a
.
Water q s , . .
I l l — D issol ve by heating 6 0 parts of add the sugar of l ead and al um dissol ved
borax i n 4 2 0 par ts of water ad d 4 8 0 , i n water ; h eat the wh ol e over a sl ow fire
parts dextri n ( pal e yell ow ) and 5 0 parts ’
of gl ucose and heat carefully with con c ool a nd add e nough gum water to bri ng
,
repl ace the eva porated water an d pour XI — D il ute 1 part of o fficial hos
ph o r i c aci d with 2 parts of water a n f n e u
.
t hr ough flannel .
great adhesive power ; it als o ries very quantity of water warm it on a water ,
all ow to s oak over night ext day the . y heati ng the gl ue dissol ves rapidly
,
s well ed gl ue is dissol ved with m oderate and remai ns li qui d whe n col d with out , ,
dissolvi ng 1 part of s ugar i n 3 parts of arts and water 1 5 parts Heat for 4-
,
8 .
°
water and after adding
, part o i the ours on the water bath to 8 0 C ( 1 7 6 °
.
wei ght of the sugar of slaked li me heat , T hus a syrupy li qui d is obtai ne d ,
the water bath and melt the gl ue C ool . with a dil uted b orax s ol uti on or wi th
down until the gl ue begins to set then , en o u h ammonia solution to ca use a
add drop by drop with agitation
, , , fai nt y al kali ne reacti on T h e prepara .
enough acetic acid to check the tendency ti on may be em pl oyed al one or mi xed
to soli di ficati on If after becoming .
, with li quid starch i n a ny proporti on .
.
, ,
XI V — G elatin
. 1 00 parts .
X V — G lue
. 1 0 parts Pour upon the gl ue m ore tha n en ough
1 5 parts water to cover it and let stand for several
S odi um salicylate 1 part .
hours then decant the greater o r ti o n of
,
and heat on the water bath until mixt ure is too thick add m ore water
(1 ,
Water
,
Place asi de for a fe w days shaking from , water bath till the gl ue is diss olved all ow ,
ti me to ti me I n the cl ear s ugar li me .
-
to cool and add the alcohol
s ol uti on coll ected by decanting soak 6 0 I I I — G l ue
. 5 ounces
parts of gl ue and assist the s ol ution by Water 1 ounce
m oderate heati ng .
Calci um chl ori de 1 ounce
X VII — M olasses 1 00 parts diss ol ved
D issol ve the calciu m chl ori de i n the
.
, ,
li me (slaked to powder ) bei ng then water add the glue macerate until it is
, ,
,
sti rred in an d the mi xture heated to 1 67 ° thoroughly s oftened a nd then heat until ,
F on
. water bath with frequent stir
a
completely diss ol ved .
s ol uti on a nd makes highly adherent a. C over the gl ue with col d water and let ,
X V II bone gl ue 250
.
— D iss ol ve ,
’
o fl superfluous water throw the g u e on ,
erine a nd syr a a nd sti r well i n Fi . mass has become quite uni f orm i nto fla t ,
T his mixture must be used hot . For use these gl ue tablets are first s oa ke d
,
l o un c e
gl ued are also warmed a nd a very durabl e
uni on is obtai ned
S oak
the glue as before melt ad d the
.
, ,
sugar and glyceri ne conti nui ng the heat I I I — C ut caoutchouc i nto s mall pieces
.
, ,
and finally ad d the oil grad ually under a nd dissol ve i n coal na phtha by heat and
constant stirri ng .
agitati on Ad d to this s ol ution pow .
I . Bl o u n ce s .
Pour upon the gl ue more tha n e nough put i n water till it is s oft a nd subse ,
water to cover it and let stand for several quently melted i n li nseed oil at moderate
hours then decant the greater portion of
, heat T his gl ue is a ffected neither by
.
air.
rom souring
.
, ,
g
1 0 ounce se warm and gi ve a n hou r
,
V In
. parts of rectified al cohol
-
.
,
which is mi xed di ff erently a cco r d i n to sol uti on until it commences to b oil ; the n
.
the use for which it is re quire d he . sl owly add the h ot l ue sol uti on till a thi n
qua ntity of be nzol used as sol vent o v paste forms w h i c can still be filtered ,
erns the hard ness or s oftness of the g ue . through a cl oth Heat the s ol ution be .
sol ved i n 1 2 parts benzol ; 2 0 parts pow A con necti on effected with this l ue is
dered she l lac a re added to the s ol uti on , not dissolved by col d water an even
and the mi xture is carefully heated . resists h ot water for a l ong ti me .
vent has al m ost eva porated a nd the with some hot water N ext add 1 00 .
14 AD H ESIVE S
parts of linseed oil varnish a nd filter hot stam s good gl ue is s oaked for 2 4 hours
,
t h r o u h li nen
v . i n so t water T h e water is poured o ff
. ,
until it s wells up without l osing its shape . with glyceri ne and a little sali cyl i c aci d .
cruci ble without addi ng water ; the n add creased by pai nting the mass with a s ol u
li nseed o il according to the qua nti ty of ti on of ta nnin or better of bichromate , , ,
the g l ue a nd l eave this mixture to b0 1 l of potassium Pri nti ng rol l ers requ i re
.
over a sl ow fire until a gelati nous mass greater firm ness a nd elasti city T h e .
a bs orbs water nor all ows it to pass ti ci t y without adhesiveness and has r e ,
are of te n destroyed A little borax will . len l ue which has been su perficially
,
parts ( by weight ) ; gelatin gl ue 5 5 parts ; , used for casti n plaster orna ments etc , .
,
al um 5 parts
, D i ss olve the gl ue in a . a nd gi ve very s ar casts A mass con .
1t l y
,
Place this over the fire and stir it till all is obtained by dil uti ng parts by
the i n gredie nts are i ntimately mixed .
weight of potato starch i n parts by
T h e m i xt ure may be d i l uted with a little
weight of water a nd addi ng 50 parts by
benzine or oil of turpenti ne a n d must be weight of pure nitric aci d T h e m i xture .
m ust be weighted with boards an d brick Glue for Attach i ng Cloth S tr ips to Ir on .
Press the linoleum d own uniformly a nd ratus ) D uring the diss ol uti on the mass
.
into narrow stri ps and laced well Natu ral Gl u e for Ce me n ti n Porcela i n
ar ge shel l
,
s irit of wi ne has been c ured to cover s nails which are fo und i n vi neyards ha ve
ap .l When diss ol ved t e last —named , at the extremity of their body a small ,
mass is add ed to th e boiling gl ue with whitis h bladder filled with a substance "
is now ready for use and is empl oyed o t , s ubsta nce extracted from t e bladder is
it bei ng advisa bl e to warm the iron als o . a pplied on the fragments of porcelai n or
Apply gl ue only to a s urface equivalent a ny body whatever whi ch are juxtapose d ,
to a si ngl e stri p at a ti me T h e stri ps are . by bei ng made to touch at all parts they ,
pressed d own with a sti ff brus h or a wad acquire s uch adhesi on that if one strives
of cl oth . to separate them by a bl ow they are ,
in a n ordi nary gl ue pot an d then havi ng highest degree of strength a nd tena city .
, , .
the mixture to become col d before a ppli good sti r r i n add first 5 parts by , , ,
ca ti on to the ca rd board .
weight of g yc er i n e then 1 0 parts by
, , ,
a cter .
—T ake boiled linseed oil 2 0 parts
,
with water as required T h e ends of the .
then the hydrated lime and finally the 24 hours before th e belts are used .
,
T ri turate all well until it forms a h omo Cloth - I -( a ) O n e -half poun strong
. .
Chl ora l hydrate 5 parts T h e one obj ecti ona bl e feature of this
G elatin white , 8 parts cement is its col or which is a yellow
G um arabic
,
2 parts brown . By s ubstituti ng chrome alu m
B oili ng water 30 parts i n place of the bichromate a n olive col or ,
arabic i n a porcelai n c ontai ner pour the , II — Use a m oderately strong gelati n
.
ring several ti mes d uri ng the day I n . aci d chromate of potassi um i n s ol ution is
col d weather this is a pt to get hard and added to every 5 parts of e l a ti n T his .
Q uickli me 2 parts .
VIII — M elt s uffi cient black rosi n a nd
.
,
mass is homogeneous then s pread out i n a nd set asi de for a day before usi n _
CEM ENTS .
it under press ure for three or fo ur ays .
Under this heading will be found onl y Cements for S tone — I — A n excell ent . .
cements for causi ng one s ubstance to a d cement for broken marbl e consists of 4
here to another Cements used prima . pa rts of gyps um a nd 1 part of finely
rily as fillers s uch as dental cem ents , , o w d e r e d gum arabic M i x in ti mately . .
will be found under Cements Putties , , hen with a col d s ol uti on of b orax make
etc . i nto a m ortarlike mass S m ear on each .
Cutlers ’ Ceme nts for Fi xi ng K n ife face of the parts to be j oi ned and fasten ,
I — Rosi n
.
very hard a nd h olds very tena ci ously .
pestl e the handl e i n s erted and hel d i n must be a p lied ra p i dly i t bei ng of a d
vanta e sl i g tl y to heat t he s urfaces to be
,
h omogeneous a nd add 4 parts of plaster d i a t el y before use stir with a corres pond
of Paris T h e paste sets i n half an hour
.
i ng am ount o f po ta sh water glass
. .
mixture and retai ned i n proper position has time to harden ti p the res pecti ve piece
u ntil cool when they are ready for use
, .
of furniture on the slab T h e fram e lik e .
,
e em pl oyed ta ke 2 0 parts ,
rosin 3 parts of gyps um a nd 5 arts of
, ,
above powder ; mix them together with hardens i n about half a n hour hence i t ,
ski mmed mil k ; mix the curd with the tion of 2 parts of gelati n in 20 parts water
whites of 5 eg 5 well beaten a nd s u ffi is evaporated up to one -sixth of its vol um e
,
i and ca n be E
t resists water and a m oderate degree of
eat re t l ong ti me (2 ) M i x a .
separately ; the melted masses are mixed Venetia n red previ ously well dried S ti r .
and 3 parts litharge and 2 parts ground until nearly cool so as to prevent the Ve ,
3 pa rt s bo xl e d p 1 part copag
i ttl e and the s urfaces to which the putty
i n se e d oil
,
are very much exposed to the heat of the en draughting triangl es a nd other ce ll u
s un i n s um mer as well as to cold rain
, , , l oi d articles use 3 parts al cohol a nd 4
,
and snow i n winter Experience has .
parts ether mi xed together a nd a plied to
s hown that i n these i nstances the above t h e fracture with a brus h until t e edges
menti oned cements gi ve better sa ti sfa c become warm T h e ed es are then .
Glass .
II —Cam phor 1 part ; alc oh ol 4 parts
.
, , .
.
.
, , ,
To Atta ch Copper to Gla ss — B oil 1 glui ng agent is recom men ded viz ,
IV — S hella c ou nces 2 II —M i x
100 pa r ts fin el y o w der d
. . .
e
white litharge w ith 5 0 parts ry wh i te
i
i r i ts of camph or ounces 2
p
.
a dark room mi x with the above a small with t his removing the s uperfl uous ce
,
VI —Lime
.
IV — M ast ic gum
. 1 part 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
White of egg
_
L ith a r e l ea d 2 pa rts
White ead
. ,
Water
.
. .
Li nseed oil 3 parts
Reduce the li me to a fine powder ; mi x M elt together to a hom ogeneous mass .
ment will readily adhere Th e ) i e c es the foll owi ng ma nner : O n e ou nce fish
must be firmly r ess e d together a n dkept
.
a
. well -c o rked bottl e and when cellul oi d ,
I I — T a k e {c quart of the best rum
.
su r faces are pai nte d over with the alcohol i n the former at a m o derate degree of
and ether mi xture until the s urfaces heat T hen a dd i qua rt distill ed water
.
,
s often : then res s together a nd bind and and filter throu h a pi ece of ol d li nen
T h e glass is lai d u pon a perfectly l e v e l
.
wei ght of shell ac i n s uch stron ca m p or brush S eize the gol d leaf w ith a
.
sol uti on T he cement is app i e d warm poi nted object a nd place it s m oothly
”
and the parts united must not be dis upon the repared mass a nd it will be
attracted p the glass at once Af ter 5
,
rubber articl es are never mended to form minutes ho d th e gl ass sli ghtl y sl a n ti n
a strong j oi nt . so that the s uperfluous mass ca n run 0
III - M elt to ether e ual parts of
. a nd lea ve th e plate i n this positi on for 2 4
gu tta pe rcha an real as p altum T h e . h ours whe n it will be perfectl y d ry N ow
, .
cement is applied h ot a nd the broken , trace the letters or the desi gn o n a piec e
s urfaces r e ss e d together a nd hel d i n of pa per and perforate the li n es Wi th a
,
.
up o n the s urface of the glass a nd sta mp
I — Copal va rnis h ,
. 1 5 parts .
the tracery on w ith powdered chalk The .
C EMENTS
.
'
.
keeping at a m oderate heat eva porate ,
however be cc o r l ess
, I n this respect .
a fine powder 2 1; parts of da m mar ro snn
these are di sti nguished chiefly by the a nd 2 } parts of copal usi ng col orl ess ,
but may als o be em pl oyed with a d zi nc white T e mass now has the .
men te
.
s ofte n it Jewelers cement is used for ’ i n order not to i nj ure the polis h it is ,
ment a nd is prepared from : I singlass whic h is first all owed to dry N ext melt .
mas ti c varni s h 5 par ts the s hellac on the stick heat the watch
( dry ) 1 0
,
mastic varnis h is prepared by pouri ng r e m ove the remai ning shella c from the
a mixture of highly rectified spirit of l atter by light ta ppi ng If this does not .
wi ne and benzi ne over finel y powdere d remove it completely lay the lid i n alco
mastic a nd diss ol vi ng it i n the s mallest h ol l ea vi ng it therei n u ntil all the shel
,
s ol utions of isi nglass a nd mas ti c are i n done now is to was h out the watch li d .
is
a water bath 50 of fis h gl ue in
Arme n ian Ce me n t — T h e celebrated a littl e 95 -per —cent alcohol a ddi n g ,
G u m a m moniac 5 parts .
C asei n Ceme nts .
the customary a d mixture s uch as lime . sul h ur sal a m monia c iron fili ngs a n d
, , ,
ing tanni c aci d is used i n the well -known pounds ; co pal 6 pou nds ; litharge 2 , ,
. ,
. .
with the metallic salts but ta ke care not ,
oil of tur cuti ne a n d a pplie d whil e sti l l dry slaked li m e 1 0 ounces of al u m and ,
I I I —T h e N a ti o n a l D r uggzst says
'
.
X — Alcohol
. parts
that experience with pasti ng or cement S a ndarac 60 pa rts
i ng parchment paper s eems t o s how M astic 6 0 parts
.
arabic i n a porcel ai n conta i ner pour the , latter s houl d i n the mea n ti me have , ,
boili ng water over the mi xture and let been ca uti ously raised to th e bo ili n
stan d for 1 day gi vi ng it a Vi gorous , poi nt on the water bath a nd then mi xe ,
stirri ng several ti mes during the day . w ith the hot glue sol uti on .
I n col d weather this is apt to get hard I t is sai d that articl es united with
and stiff but this may be obvi ate d by
,
this s ubstance will sta nd the strai n of
sta ndi ng the contai ner i n warm water col d water for a n u nli mited ti me a nd ,
for a fe w mi nutes T his paste a dheres . it takes hot water even a l ong ti me to
to a n y s ur f ace whatever . a ffect it .
Q2 A D H ESIVES
M elt the gutta percha very careful ly 3 5 parts of oil of turpen ti ne Whe n the .
a dd the ) u mi ce stone and lastly the rubber has been com pletel y d i ss olve d ,
pitc h a n d stir until hom ogeneous the two liquids may be m i xed T h e
,
.
.
,
ot .T h e hard -rub ber goods m ust be stand i n a very tightly corke d or seale d .
ber ban s to bandsa w wheels i s made T his of cours e m ust be kept tightly
as foll ows : Powdered sh ellac 1 pa r t ; , c orked I t will n ot be as elastic as the
.
V — I ndia rubber
, ,
S hella c 1 ounce
D iss ol ve filter a nd add , ,
Li nseed Oi l 1 ounce
I ndia rubber 1 5 grains Amalgamate by heat .
D iss ol ve .
VII — M i x 1 ounce of oil of turpentine
.
S h ellac 8 ounces
while d rying .
I ndi a rubber 2 ounces
H ow to Unite R ubber a n d Leather . Li quid storax 1 0 ounces 0 0 0 0 0
percha wof a n inch i n thickness between X — M ake the followi ng s ol uti ons se p
.
,
v
a r a t e l y and mix :
rolls T h e two s urfaces are now united
.
S hellac
from becomi ng hard and brittle
.
,
A cement used to fasten bicycl e tires
q s to dissol ve .
T his will not only un ite leather to gentl e heat eq ual arts of 1 utta percha
leat h er i ndia rubber etc but will u nite and as phalt A pp y h ot Someti mes a
'
, , .
, . .
cut l pa r t
Carbo n disul phi de 3 2 parts
Cements for Leather .
I — G utta percha
D iss ol ve the ca outchouc i n the carb on
.
dered 2 0 parts
not o verlook t e great i n fla mma bil ity and days Articles to be patched shoul d
.
bi s ul phi e . I I — G l ue
. 1 ounce
S tarch paste 2 ounces
Tire Ce me n ts .
T urpenti ne 1 drachm
I .
— I ndia rubber Water a s u ffi cient quantity , .
very ood for cementing pneumatic tires to T hen mix together a nd heat ently u n
bicycg e wheels til boili ng At this poi nt a d a little
.
. .
Ea u de C ol ogne 2 g ounces .
convenient s olvent like carbon d i sul
T his cement is the s ubject of a n E n g hid e chl oroform ether or alcohol
lish patent a nd is recommended for p‘
,
, ,
atch i ng cycle a nd m otor ti res i n s ul a t gutta percha is carbon dis ul phi de and
p , , ,
which a s mall a mount of castor oil has 2 00 to 3 00 parts to 1 00 parts of the sol
been mi xed will be found a very excell ent vent and 7 5 to 85 parts of mastic to 1 0 0
,
part o f the latte r a nd the mi xt ure is , t hi ck paste with water o f pow d ere d
, ,
then boil ed on the water bath or i n a , iron 60 parts ; sal a mmo ma c 2 parts
, , ,
V — M a ke a sol uti on of 2 00 to 3 0 0
. fres h .
parts to a sol uti on of mastic (7 5 to 1 25 make i nto a thi n paste with strong sul
parts ) i n ether 1 00 parts of equal vol ume ph u r i c aci d a nd press to ether i mme d i
ately T his cement wilgharde n i n 5
,
Re d l ea d may be a dded
.
3 parts .
S ul ph ur . .
( powder ) 1 part .
I ron fil i ngs
II - G utta percha 1 6 parts ; indi a rub
M a ke as much as is to be u sed at once
.
,
,
mark a pplies to both the foll owi ng dry
.
O il turpentine, enough .
Iron fili ngs .
Li me o o o o o o o o o o o
Caoutchouc S alt
C hl oroform
XI I — M i x
.
X I I I — M i x equal weights of zi nc
CEMENTS F OR M ETALS AND F OR AT
.
parts .
Whe n ready to us e
.
,
though its a dhesi ve ua l i ti es are n uques
t i o n e d there are undoubtedl y American
iron vessels a nd to be unsurpassa ble for
,
s tea m p i p e s
cements equally as good .
IV — Acetate of l ead
.
. 4 6 } parts by ,
I n from 10 t o 1 4 h ours the a malgam be diss ol ved a dd the flower put a on the
.
, ,
comes harder tha n ti n but when heated to fire and sti r well with a pi ece of wood ;
,
6 92 F it ca n b e kn ea ded like wa x
°
In
,
then ad d the sol uti on of a cetate of lea d
a nd the al um ; agitate well so as to pre
.
, .
found m os t con veni ent to lace the the n be placed on the pulle y an d drie d
ve ssel on a h o t-water bath ce p this . under press ure .
26 A DHES I VES
s ol uti on of ca ustic a.
G round baryta .
s oda ; then bri ng the two pieces together S odium water glass so -
quickly .
l u ti o n
I I — D iss ol ve i n a cl osed bottle 7 5
. Mix .
Mix
perfect that no trace of the j uncture is
.
this s ol uti on a nd endeavor to combi ne foll owi ng mixture will be fou nd to possess
them i ntimately by tyi ng or pressi ng . still more resista nt powers :
I V — I n 3 0 parts by weight of co pal
.
S ilicate of s odi um ( 5 0 °
of Paris .
D irections for R epairi ng Broke n G lass ,
I I — M i x silicate of soda to
. paste a Porcelai n , Bric —a -Brac — Broken glass .
,
pi pe clay . ,
q uickli me .
ce ment is isi n glass diss ol ved i n gi n Put .
,
we l l every day a nd before using strai n
.
glass .
,
gently
,
.
,
pi pe c l ay .
.
o r cel a n , i
etc which are to be used to fluid being careful not to l et it come to
hol d strong aci ds a mixture of asbestos
.
, ,
,
a b oil as this i nj ures its a dhes i ve prop
,
e wder water glass and an indiff erent pow e r ti e s (the same may be said i n re ard
, ,
. to gl ues a nd gelati ns of all ki nds ) is .
cracks when drying By an additi on of m ust be abs ol utely cl ean free from dust ,
ce n t r a t e d nitric aci d was kept i n such united coa pt them exactly a n d press
, ,
s mall vessels without the mass bei ng together as cl osely as possi bl e I n this .
visibly attacked or a nythi ng penetrating ma nner the thi nnest possibl e lay er is
it T h e acti on of the aci d manifestly
. secured 4 Bi nd the pa rts securely to
. .
has the e ff ect that silicic acid is set free gether and let remain without l oosening
,
from t h e water glass i n excess which , or attempti ng to use the articl e for 2 or
cl ogs up the pores entirely and con 3 days or l onger A li ui d ce ment a o .
aci d with out slaggi ng in the least For l ue 2 0 parts ; gl ass acetic aci d 2 0 parts ;
, ,
,
eat together until the mass gel a h n i z e s
.
pared ; ii otas h water glass is used i n well ; then ad d 6 ounces of warm water ,
Al cohol 95 per cent 1 0 parts s tirri ng well Whil e still h ot strai n the .
Water q s
w
,
, . .
li i d through m usli n .
S oa k the isinglass i n col d water over II — For optical gl asses Ca nada bal
.
,
ni ht or u ntil it has become swoll en and sam is em pl oyed the two pieces being fir m ,
isin lass on a clea n towel or other coarse a nd the glass is separated by mist of a
a ny free resi dual water will drai n a way the heat will melt the balsa m For all .
ent
.
IX .
- White gl ue parts . 10 indi cated ( 1 5 0 parts of th e powder to 4
Pota ssium bichromate parts 2 parts of the li quid ) a nd knead well to
parts ether A pply to the edges of the glass
.
,
T h e gl ue is diss ol ved i n a o r ti o n of
i nd the broken parts together and let ,
,
X VI — T o reu nite pl aster articl es dis
mate i h th e remai nder a nd the li quids
.
k e t i n the dark
,
th e pasty deposit which remains for
I t is applied i n feeble
s mearing the edges of th e articles I t
.
, ,
dries ra pidly a nd is i nsol ubl e i n water
and the glass the fr a ht ur e d i e c es bei n
.
exposure t h e cem ent becomes i ns ol uble . that they ma be used for making em ul
T his is wat e rpro of ce ment for glass sions a n’ d o t i e r light work which does
‘
,
mending m ortars i s the foll owi ng :
rosi n T his cement must be preserved
.
very quickly .
Fl uors par powdered ,
,
must be made very ra pidly by quic k
ounces of chl oroform an d 4 0 ounces of ,
sti rring a nd when th oron h l y mixed
mastic .
,
,
.
of Paris
glass make a ca ital cement for unit Freshly b urnt lime
in
g articles of g ass N ot only is the
White of egg s u ffici ent
.
{
ai nt very strong but it i s tra nsparent
seither changes of tem perature nor
.
. ,
,
Let the bottle sta nd i n the col d until the the are large two pers ons should do this
each a pplying the cement to one portion
, ,
in r e d i e n ts ha ve bec ome thoroughly dis .
s o ved .
T h e pi eces are then firml y pressed to
X V — S om e preparations resist the s e
.
ether and l eft undisturbed for several
ti on of heat a nd moisture a sh ort ti me , a s T h e less ce ment is used the better
.
foll owi n g cement for glass has prove n .c — If there is no objection to dark
most r e S i sta n t to liqui ds and heat : col ored cement the very best that can
,
asphalt are melted i n an iron vessel and By mixi ng these i ngredi ents a ce m e nt
the ca outc houc s ol uti on is poured i n very strong en o u h to resist the strongest
sl o wly i n a fine strea m a nd u nder con nitric aci d Wi 1 be obtai ned If hot ac i ds .
ti n n ed heating until the mass has be , are dealt with the foll owi ng mixture will
,
c ome hom o e n e o u s a nd n ea r l all the be found to possess stil l m ore resistant
s ol vent has een driven o ff t is then .
powers :
poured out and cast i nto greased ti n I I — S odi um silicate
. 2 parts .
i ng a pi ece of it first on a water bat h unti l once use potassi u m silicate i nstea d of
,
the cake s oftens a nd be ins to be l i qui d sodiu m sil i cate T his mi xture will be
.
thi nner the cement is applied the better si des pre are a sol ution of 1 part by ,
it binds .
weight 0 borax i n a very s mall qua ntity
,
parts by proceeding as foll ows : Clean a As is well known the mixture of thi s ‘
cl ove O r two of garlic (the fresher the powder with the liqui d i nto a s oft uni
better ) by r e mo v mg all the outsi de hull form paste is accom plished only i m m e
of s kin ; throw i nto a little mortar and d i a tel y before use T h e i nd urati on to.
.
T h e pure white col or of the powder may
Have rea dy s ome bo il i n fres mil k ; be ti nted with ocher manga nes e etc , , .
,
lace the a r ticl e i n it an conti nue the a ccording to the shade desired .
oili ng for 30 mi nutes Remove and . S tro n g Ceme n t Pour over well .
.
l ooking flui d will sepa rate and rise T his .
may be made into a cement which will after dr i n i n water petroleu m oils
carb on is ug
, , ,
stand a high degree of heat b simply phi d e etc very hard when , .
,
mixi ng it with a soluti on of so ium sil i dry a nd of very con si derabl e tensil e
cate . By s ubsequen t treatment with a strength is composed of casei n and
,
s ol uti on of calci um chloride the mass s ome tannic—aci d com p ound as for i n , ,
may be ma de i nsol uble sil icate of cal , stance calciu m tann ate a nd is pre pare d
,
ci um bei ng f o rmed
,
. as follows
A ce me nt sai d to stand a high degree First a tanni n s olution is r e pa r e d
e i ther by diss ol vi ng a tan ni n sal t or by
,
it is to be p ut .
Rosin i n fi ne pow ,
3 } pounds
Uni vers al Ce ment — T ake gum arabi c . , Li nseed var n is h oil ,
,
S laked li me 3 parts
, .
S u bstitute f o r Ce me nt on Grinde r
,
.
( 1 40 °
F ) it s uddenly becomes s olid a n d
M el t together 20 parts of gutta p ercha
.
,
hard If i n its li quid c onditi on this
.
, ,
1) arts of yel l ow wa x a n d 3 0 parts of
h
s e ac .
, s ubstance b e mi xed i n timately with a n
e qual quantity of cal ci ned b one it forms ,
becomes as hard as
molding f or wall pa per woul d ord inari ly stone a fact that s uggests man y useful
be gl ue a nd al u m S i z e put on th i n and ,
of gl ue and sa me weight of a u m d i s
.
LUTES
a dd the s ugar an d the cam phor and put
.
,
a nd diss ol ved or s us pend ed solids and ,
,
S tro n g Ceme nt — Pour over well . I n s ome cases the constituents of the l ute
washed a nd cl eaned casei n 1 2 ) pa rts react to form a m ore strongly adheri ng
of b oiled linseed oil and the same am oun t mass .
of castor oil put on the fire a nd brin T h e c onditi ons of appli cati on are i n
to a boil ; stir actively an d a dd a s malg
, ,
brief :
a mount of saturated a ue o us sol uti on (a ) He a ti n the com positi on to make
it pl asti c until firml y fixed i n place
a
l ooking flui d will separate at the bottom (0 ) Applyi ng the l ute with water or a
and rise to the top T his s houl d be . volatile s olvent which is all owed to vola,
—
itself ) .
S yn d eti co n — I S la ke 1 00 parts of
(6 ) Applying the l ute i n workabl e con
. .
burnt lim e with 50 pa rts of water pour dition a nd the setti ng taki ng pla ce b y ,
slaked li me heat to 7 0 or 8 0 C ( 1 5 8 to
,
° °
.
°
1 76
°
and set aside sha ki ng fr s nearly all cas es .
bic an d 3 0 pa rts of s ugar i n 100 parts of the fi tti n s h oul d overlap the ot er s o ,
s oda water lass .
as to ma e a s mall am ount of the l ute
—
III A o t s ol ution of 50 parts of
.
effecti ve and to kee p the parts of the a p
C ol ogne gl ue i n 60 a rts of a 2 0 per cent -
paratus rigi d as a l uted j oi nt
-
is n ot ,
aqueous cal ci um-ch o r i de s oluti on s uppose d to be a partic ul arly stron g one .
.
Ver m oderate a m ou nts of the l ute
acetic aci d of 7 0 per cent until it s wells u p shoul be use d a s large a m ounts are ,
,
then rub it up a ddi ng a li ttl e water dur
,
likel y t o devel op cracks be rubbed o fl’
,
, ,
i ng the process .
etc .
a r e c oated w ith it two or three ti mes be use d al one as a paste which quickl y , ,
AD H ESI VES
Asbestos is the m ost com monly used (2 ) Clay etc b oiled oil to sti ff
,
.
,
( 1 ) Plaster a nd water .
for co a ti n wood concrete etc where , , .
,
(4 ) Plaster ( wet ) and pl us h tri m s ol vent that is satisfactory for this pur
mi ngs .
pose as the only one that is cheaper
,
( 6) Plaster (w e t ) an d broken stone , d oes not dissol ve all the constitue nts of
etc .
the as phalt For waterproofing wood
.
,
11 Hyd rauli c Ce me nt
. C ement is . brick concrete etc
, melted as phalt
, .
,
used either al one or with sand asbestos , , al one is m uch used but when a little ,
Pa r a fli n e 1 part
.
Formulas :
3 Asphalt 1 0 parts
( l ) Cem ent — neat .
.
Pa r a ffi n e 2 parts
( 2 ) Cement and asbestos .
(3 ) Cement a n d sa nd .
B oiled oil 1 part
ed conditi on o f certai n grades renders cheaper the stra w -col ored grades being
,
, ,
Exa m ples of s o called stone cem ent -
. 5 . parts 8
Formul as : Rosin parts 7
( 1 ) Clay a nd li nseed oil . parts 2
(2 ) S ame usi ng fire clay ,
. S tone powder part 1
(3 ) Clay a nd m olasses .
T hese com positions are used to unite
( 1 ) I s suita ble for steam etc ; ( 2) for , .
slate slabs and stoneware for dom estic ,
an linseed oil Freq uentl y the li me is . of thes e two i ngredients are deter mi ned
replaced by chal k a nd china clay b ut , by the consistency desi red S ul phur and .
the lime s houl d be i n part at l east caus , , stone powder are added to prevent th e
tic s o as to form a certain am ount of
, formati on of cracks sul hur acti ng chem ,
Where the l ute woul d come i n c ontact i n l utes b ut its price makes i ts
sti t u e n t ,
1 As phalt
useful i ngredient to kee p the c om posi .
Rosi n
tion fro m getti ng brittle W i th age
G utta percha
.
calle g ”
mari ne gl ues ( q T hey .
T o stand acid v apors :
m ust be tough and e lastic When used . 2 Rub ber
. 1 part
for calking on a vessel they m ust expand Li nseed oil 3 p a rts
a nd contract with the tem perature a nd Fire clay 3 parts
n ot crac k or come l oose .
3 Plai n R ubber Ce me n t — C ut the
.
l pa r t 4 To
.
R ubber
s ubstitute 1 part p ervious to steam a nd water soak them ,
( S e e S ecti on I X )
.
. .
VI R osin , S h ellac , a n d Wa x
. A .
i s:
most ge nerally useful s ubstan ces we have
1 8 parts for l uti ng purposes if a bs orbe d by a por ,
2 L i me
. forming the well - known
va pors : putty .
S ul phur gi ves great hard ness an d T hese mixtures become very strong
permane ncy to rosi n l utes but this com when set a nd are best dil uted with o w
positi on is s omewhat brittle
,
G ood waterproof l utes of this class are al m ost a n endl ess num ber of lutes
are : usi ng metallic oxid es a n d li nsee d oil A .
glass s urfaces :
5 l pa r t
.
i
1 F nel y powdered case
.
12 arts
l pa r t S laked li me 50 arts g
6A stron ce ment without body
.
l etti ng 1 art of finely powdered s hellac m oderate heat i s the foll owing
stand wit 1 0 parts of a m m onia water 2 Casei n i n very fine
.
—
Beca use of its toughness ,
Rubbed u p with sili
elasti c i ty a nd resista nce t o alterative
,
cate of soda 3 parts
i n fluen ces , r ubbe r is a very use f ul co n A stron g l ute for general purposes ,
36 AD H ES I VES
tle bubbles begin to form a nd the liqui d held i n the fla me until it burns a n d it is
is a p a r e n t l y beginning to boil Do .
coole d o ff again D o not add any more . ti n or leather a mixt ure of 1 part of
, ,
boiling water added Boil for 5 minutes . phor is diss olved without heati ng i n 7
a nd then a dd 3 0 parts of dil ute acet i c parts of s irit of wi ne of s pecific
acid 3 0 parts glycerine and a drop o r
, , gravity a di ng 2 parts of water
, .
r
t wo of cl ove oil
To Paste Paper S igns o n M et a l or
.
tri ne and diss ol ve i n 6 00 parts of water Cloth — A piece of gutta percha of the
.
Heat the
,
i n t h e sa me ma nner as woole n goo s are
ressed T his method is als o very use
.
part of alcohol together with occasional , for oilcl oth or other goods but moisten ,
y stirri n g the second sl owly fire a nd sti r conti nuously until t h e aste
i nt o the first S train the mixture t h ro u gh
. is u niform a nd free from l u m ps hen .
a cl ot h into a shall ow dish and let it the mass has become s o stout that the
ha rd en Whe n nee de d cut o ff a piece of
. w ooden spoon or s ti ck wil l sta n d i n i t
A D H ESI VES 37
p aced i n another dish and covered s o white flour with col d water i nto a t ic k
that no ski n will form on top Whe n . paste . Be s ure to stir out all the l u m ps ;
cold the tabl e or desk top etc is
, , .
, the n ad d boili ng water stirri ng all th e ,
covered with a thi n coat of the paste the , time u ntil thoroughly cooked To 6 .
a rolli n pin T h e tri mmi ng of ed es is . diss ol ved i n a littl e h ot water When the .
a cc o mp i s h e d when the paste has ri e d . aste is cool add 1 drach m oil of l avender .
T o s mooth out the l eather after pasting a , his paste will keep for a l ong ti me .
desired to attach the aper m ust first M ingle the s ol ution first re pare with
be rubbed with a bit of n e emery paper .
the second s ol uti on I t s oul d be kept .
2 0 parts
S ugar .1 0 parts Agar Agar Paste — T h e a gar agar is .
i n 600 parts by weight of water ; add , , ti ons assume milky a ppeara nce b ut
a ,
is recom mended as a paste for a ffi xi ng when the a dhesi ve is all owed to dry after
labels on b ottles It is sai d that labels .
use it lea ves a firmly hol di ng mass whic h
,
put on with t hi s s ubsta nce and well is i nsol ubl e i n col d water Am ong the .
dried at the ti me will not l oosen even uses t o which the preparati on ca n be
when bottl es are put i nto water a nd l eft
,
applied are the d r e ss mg of textile fa brics
there for some time Alb umen d ry is .
,
a nd paper sizing a nd the production of ,
,
than gum arabi c the white of one egg , S tro ngl y A dh esi ve Paste — Four pa rts .
( b)C omm on l aundry acid a ppl y heat with c onstant sti rri n g
,
M ake into a batter an d pour into will ha ve a pleasant smell will n ot attract ,
.
m uch flour as will make it of the us ual
I — C hromi c acid
. 2 } parts consistency ; then sti r i nto it } ounce a
.
T hi n with warm water for use .
II — I si nglass
. s uf fi cient
, a
Pre se r vati ves f or Paste — Vari ous a n .
7 parts
, ,
.
D issol ve s u fficient isi ngl ass in the mix sassafras a nd s ol uti on of formal dehyde
,
ture of acetic aci d a nd water to make a are a mong those whi ch ha ve given best
thi n mucilage .
service A dura bl e starch paste is pro
.
to the other s heet a n they are then , 1 0 parts ( weight ) starch to 100 parts
pressed together .
from sur l us oil is by far the best a dhe 0 ut this additi on it will s our a fte r si x
sive for fiit i n g labels es pecially on metal , days I n the cas e of a glui ng m aterial
.
'
I t has reat te nacity a nd is not only , by mixing 1 0 parts ( weight ) starch i nto
a bs olute y da m p proof itself but is actu~
, a paste with water a nd ad di ng 1 0 parts
ally re pellent o f m oisture to which all ,
( weight ) gl ue s oa ked i n water to the hot
water pastes are su bject It costs m ore s ol uti on ; the a dditi on of fl, art ( weight )
of bora x to the s ol uti on will ca use it to
.
,
Bal k an Paste .
.
boili ng water ; when softened melt i n a us ually used half a nd alf th ough thes e
‘
,
sa ucepa n ; a dd sugar starch and dex , , proporti ons may be varied s omewha t
trine a nd lastly the glyceri ne in which
, ,
R i ce Paste —M i x the rice fl ou r with
carb olic aci d has been mixed ; add r e .
unti l it thickens
,
. .
1 — Wheat flour
.
~
1 pound
for ma ny purposes .
Water col d
.
M i x the flour b oric acid an d water , , , s ol uti on j ust turns red lit mus pa er bl ue .
and the preci ita te is d ried w ith out a rti N o w stir i n ( a ) a nd necess a ry (c) a nd, if ,
pose for which the a d he sive is i nte n ded which stir i n s ol uti o n (b) T h e a bove .
etrol eum oils an d car bon bis ul phide ( a ) 4 ounces comm on starch
p
, , .
flour is thoroug h ly coo k ed Let this cool a nd being very pliable is us ed for pa per , ,
flexibility is re quired .
1 1 — Ven e ti a n Paste
. .
VI — A paste with which w all pa per
.
.
mi x it well with th e so ft en e d b ol us a n d
a nd it will a dhere to a painted s urface 2 pounds plaster of Paris and st r ai n
,
com p osition .
T hi n t h e mass with water to the consist
ency o f a thi n paste Th e paste is now .
I I I — S tro n g
. Adh es i ve Paste .
ready fo r use It is no t only much .
( a ) 4 pou n de r fl o ur
e cheaper tha n other vari eti es but has the ,
(0 ) 2 oun ces pul veri zed rosi n such as h ave been repeatedly coa e d over
M ake ( a ) i nto a batter free from l um ps ; the ol d coati ngs whi ch were not thor
then pour into (b) B oil if necessary , and
.
oughl y r e m oved For ha n gi n g fi n é wall
pa pe r this paste is l ess co mmendable
.
I V —Fl o ur Pa ste
.
'
.
mended for pasti ng the groun d pa per o n
( a ) 2 pou n ds wheat flou r
the wall .
T h e foll owi ng o r mul a s for pastes of VIII — B oil rye flour a nd strong gl ue
.
I —T ragaca nth
arts a nd 0 1 of turpentine 3 0 pa rts
i bis mi xture furnis hes a gl ui n agent
F
.
.
‘
Acacia
which it is clai m ed eve n re n ers the
.
, ,
G lyceri ne .
label s proof agai nst being l oosened by
Water s u fficient to
,
m oisture .
II -Rye flour
. 8 ounces through a fi n e ai r sieve .
the heat u ntil as thic k as desired When . m uc aceti c a ci d into the s ol uti on as
nearly col d add the glyceri ne and oil of will all ow it t o remai n thi n on cooli ng .
sl owly .
m out ed b ottl e 5 ab out two-thirds with ,
I V -D extrine
. 2 parts .
isi nglass as the li qui d will h ol d and set ,
Aceti c aci d 1 pa r t .
a s1 d e in a w a rm place until com pl etel y
Water 5 pa rts diss ol ved When col d it sh oul d form a
.
V — D extri ne
. 3 pounds Ho w to Pa ste Label s Brush on Ti m—
2 ounces over the entire back of the la bel w ith a
5 drachms fl our paste fol d th e l a bel l oosely by
Water
,
3 pi nts 2 ounces
. .
sticking both ends together with out
D issol ve th e b ora x in the w ater by creasing the center a nd throw t o one ,
kept a part u ntil dry I n putting the . O nly col d Water must be used a nd be ,
aste upon the labels i n the first pl ace fore usi n g the mucilage all w hitish
p
, ,
o ll o w the method of placi ng the dry l u mps (wh i ch are pa rticles of u ndiss ol ved
labels over one a nother back sides u p , ,
gum ) s houl d be pi cked out or else th e
with the ed e of each j ust protruding over m ucilage strai ned T h e ti me of s ol uti on
.
the edge 0 the one beneath it s o that , ca n be consi dera bly s h ortened ( to a fe w
the fingers may easily gras p the la bel hours ) by acidifyi ng th e water i n whi ch
after the pasting has been d one . the gum is pla ced with a littl e s ul phuri c
D ru ggi sts ’ Label Paste — T his aste or oxalic ac i d ; b ut as the res ulta nt muci
when car e fully ma de is a n a d mi r a b e one
. .
,
l age woul d c ontai n traces of their pres
for label use a nd a very littl e will go a
,
ence such a ci ds are n ot per missibl e
,
l ong way :
,
when the gu m dragon m ucil a ge is to be
-
4 ounces .
i c m ake a very
Nitric aci d 1 drachm good adhesi ve 0 a flui d nature suited
Boric aci d 10 rains to mountin g h otogra phs ; a n d alth ough
O i l of cl oves 5 r o ps glyceri ne is p ygr o s c o pi c by itself s uch ,
Carb olic acid 5 drach m tendency to abs orb m oisture is checked
S tir flour and water together mixing , by the reverse nature of the gum a ra bi c ;
thoroughly and a dd the other ingre
, consequently a n ideal flui d m ucil a ge is
d i e n ts
. After the stu ff is well mixed , produced T h e pro o r ti o n s of the s ev
.
Bass ora gu m)
.
the diff erent pa pers used for pri nting a ll d ébr i s from the gu m to d eposit before
,
not set up decom positi on i n the coating pou nd is als o one that i s free from ch em
i cal reacti ons a nd is s uited for photo
of the pri nt For exam pl e a m ountant
.
,
gra phi c purposes :
,
T h e latter is b oil ed to a thi ck jell y , s oli ds are dissolved mix them together , ,
strai ned and th e strai ned mass used
, a nd the n stir i n the glyceri ne .
as an aggl uti nant for attachi ng photo T h e foll owi ng paste will be found a
gra hi c pri nts to the m ounts T here is useful mountant :
not p
.
years there has been put on the market a d iss ol ved sti r i n th e starch paste a n d ,
powdered gu m dragon which d oes n ot then boil the mixture until th e starch is
occupy s o many days i n diss ol vin g T o . properly cooked .
very l arge vol um e of water is required . card board m ounts t o fram es w ood a n d , ,
vert 1 gall on of water i nto a thi ckis h a nd then a ddi n g 1 o u nce of Ve n ice tur
mucila ge i n the cour se of 2 o r 3 wee ks .
p enti ne per
pound of paste and boi l , ,
42 A D HES I VE S
o wing to the resi no us nature of the Venice heating it i n a gl ue pot until the s ol uti o n
t urpenti ne , s uch p a stes are not s uita bl e is quite clear an d free from l um ps sti r ,
s uita ble mou n ta nts to use with sil ve r boiling hot s ol ution of gelati ne a nd con
-
G lycerine } to 1 ounce
. . 1 careful to k ee p it well stirre d s o as n o t
S oa k the elati n e i n water for a n hour to burn ; whe n cold ad d few drops of
or two un tif it is c om ) l e t e l y softene d ;
a
1 o unce of the glyceri ne ) then melt the muci l ages of the sa me consistence he .
prevents the pri nts from stretching or As a n aggl uti na nt for general use i n the
coc k l ing as they are a pt to under the
, , studio t he foll owi ng is recommen ded :
,
nant from decom posing : D issolve 4 by diss o lvi ng 1 part of the s ul phate i n
ounces of photogra phic elati ne i n 1 6 2 0 parts of wa t er ( com m on al um s ho ul d
ounces of water ( first s oa ing t he gela n o t be used only the pure al u mi num ,
ta m
,
gelati n e from the water all ow it to drai n , , i n a te d with iron salts ) Th e addi .
} pi n t ( 1 0 fl ui d o u n ce s) of al cohol a n d
, ,
a
, the brus h T h e m uci l age k e e ps fairly
proceed to combi ne th e m as foll ows
.
.
2 pi nts
44 A D H ESI VE S
S ee Photogra phy
have entered the bottle T h e gum mai n .
.
S e e Horse C hestnut .
ALBATA M ETAL :
AGAR AGAR PASTE S e e All oys .
S e e Adhesi ves .
which has bee n reduced by heat to the foll owing test for al bum en i n urine :
fusing oint is fi n e l ground intimately
mingle d with a s ma l ua n t i ty of kaolin
, ,
D issol ve 2 5 0 grams of citric aci d i n a
s uffi cient quantity of water a dd en ough
and pressed i n mol ds w ich yiel d button a m m onia t o n e utrali ze the n 50 grams
,
,
s ha ped masses T hese masses after hav .
,
of al cohol a n d finally en ough wate r to
i ng bee n fired are given a transparent ,
,
.
urin e one -tenth its vol um e of the a mmo
,
manner T h e a p e a r a n ce of th e faint
est turbi dity is sai gto in dicate with pos
.
AGING OF S ILK
S ee S il k .
i ti v e certainty the presence of al b umen .
ALB UM EN PAS TE :
AI R BATH .
S e e A dhesives .
walls of the bath are not attacked by After the ma n u scr i t of thi s b ook was
the m For the prod ucti on of the drying
.
ready for the press o n gr e ss passed the ,
a pparatus ta ke a flask with the botto m bill which has since beco me a law whereby ,
or upon as b e stos a per previously lai d , tant is this legisl ati ve meas ure that the
u pon piece of s e et iron T h e sa nd
a .
Editor has deeme d it wise to inse rt an
bath or the s heet iron is put on a tri pod , article on the sources of al cohol a n d the
s o that it can be heated by means of a man ufacture of alcoh ol from far m ) rod
burn e r pl aced underneath T h e sub . u cts. Because the first porti o n o f the
stance to be dried is l aced i n a glass or book was i n type whe n th i s step was de
o r cel a i n dis h whic h is put under the , c i de d upon the E ditor was co m pelled to
,
the Ja r is cl osed with a pierced cork , on alcoh ol referred to under the hea ding
ALCOHOL 45
”
S irit ; l ike wise meth ods o f den a tur in g D issolv e the oil s i n th e spi ri t a nd a d d !I
an p
C
G erma n Arznei buch esta blishe d the fol denaturized alc ohol ( 90 per cent ) i n a flask
l owing tests for the determi nati on of a b of d ouble the ca pacity on the water bath
s olute al cohol : to a bout 1 4 0 F a nd then mi x with 2 8 to
°
.
,
Absolute alcohol is a cl ear col orl ess vol , , 3 0 parts of well -dri ed ras ped Ve netia n ,
Abs ol ute al cohol has a peculiar od or a , will take place T h e s ol uti on is put
.
,
parts contai n to arts by vol ture of u m lac eff ects a better preserva
tion a n ti als o prevents the eva porati on of
,
ume or
,
to parts y weight of , ,
After t he ad mixture of 5 drops of sil a nd gun cotton col ored with mal achite ,
ver-nitrate s ol uti on 1 0 cubic centi meters ree n I t a pears i n the market i n the
orm of s ma ii cubes
.
,
fusel oil after s upersaturati on with dil ute not safe to go if the l egal li mit is t o be
,
s ul phuric acid .
O US a mmon i a .
M eanwhil e it is s carcely accurate t o t e rm
Five cu bic centi meters of abs ol ute a l ginger beers etc non -alcoholic
, .
, .
S pirit ( 95 per cent ) parts . pl ete acc ording to the purpose for
,
46 A L C O HO L
S o me of
.
additio n to every 1 00 liters (e qual to 2 6 5 the furthe r to prom ote their preserv a ti on
gall ons ) of s pirits : duri n g tra n sit a nd ch a nge of t e m per
a ) Two a n d one ha lf l i t e r s of the sta nd ature M i ld or s weet al es on the con
5
-
. ,
wood alc ohol 1 part of pyridi n e ( a nitro , fer mentation a nd abou nd i n sa cch a r i ne
,
genous base obtai ned by distilli ng bone an d gu m my matter T hey are there . ,
oil or coal tar ) with t h e addition of 5 0 fore m ore nutritious thou h l ess i n t o x
, ,
( b) O n e a nd one fourth liters of the - malt and the best hops of the current
ab ove “ sta nda rd ” a nd 2 liters of benzol seas on s growth a re al wa ys e mpl oyed ;
’
for various s pecial purposes for which , more tha n the us ual preca uti ons and the ,
nature of eac h s ubsta nce iven being ordi n ary al e intended f o r i mmediate use
, ,
the prescri bed dose for ca c 1 00 liters the malt may be all p a le ; but if the li quor ,
(f) T e n
liters sul phuric ether or 1 , a nd narcotic princi ples of th e h op s ome ,
For the manufacture of var n ish e s a n d qua n tities of mi neral a n d saline matter .
and for the prod uction of s oda s oaps by b oiled with about 3 ha ndfuls of hops ,
hectoliter of s pirits .
l i quor after bei ng run th rough a coars e
,
determined by the wa nts of the cons umer dra t or 18 a t once put i nto strong stone
a nd the partic ular market for w hich it ware bottl es which are th en well corked
,
kept in constant moti on when removed , T h e variati on of the s pecific gravity and
from the m outh until the whol e is con
,
melting points of all oys from the m ea n
su med i n order that the thi cker portion
, of thos e of their component metals als o
may not s ubside to the bottom . a ff ords strong evid e nce of a chemical
change having ta k en place T hus all oys .
,
S e e All oys .
M a tt hi esse n found that when weights
are s us pended to s pirals of h a r d d r a w n
ALK ALI , HOW
~
TO D E TECT
wire made of copper gold or plati nu m ,
S e e S oa ps
, ,
.
they become nearly straighte n ed whe n
ALK AL OID S , ANTID OTES TO : stretched by a moderat e weight ; b ut
S e e Atropi ne .
wires of e qual di mensi ons com posed of
cop per tin ( 1 2 per cent of ti n ) sil ver
-
,
i n fusibility are com monly made by he sa me chemist gives the foll owing
adding the m ore fusi ble o n es either i n a proxi mate res ults u pon the t e nacity
op
,
the melted state or i n s mall portions at a certai n metals a nd wires hard -drawn
ti me to t h e other m elted or heated to
,
through the sa me ga uge ( N o 2 3 ) .
and col or from either of its constituents . d uctile metals s ometi mes unite to for m
Whether the metals tend to unite i n a brittle com pou nd T h e all o ys formed .
all oys from the state of fusi on goes far , heated A mixture of 1 art of ti n and
.
to prove that s uch is the cas e ( Rud 3 parts of lea d is scarce y acted on at
berg) . T h e s ubject is however one of , , comm on temperatures ; b ut at a red h eat
considerabl e di fficulty as metals a nd ,
it readily takes fire a nd conti nues to ,
metallic com pounds are generally s ol u burn for s ome time like a piece of ba d
bl e i n each other a nd u nite by si mple
,
turf I n like ma nner a m i xture of ti n
.
,
not dissi mila r to othe r bo d ies is cl ea rly , Th e s pe ci fic gravity of all oys is rar ely
48 A LL O YS
as may be s een i n the foll owi ng table : of copper are diss olved as it were i n , ,
G reater tha n the M ea n of their C o n sti t . 3 T h e surface of all oxidiza ble metals
u e n ts : s h oul d be covered with s ome protecting
C opper a nd bism uth , agent as tall ow for very fusi bl e ones
, ,
b
,
S ilver a nd zinc .
T o obtai n metals an d m etallic all oys
L ess tha n the M ean of their Constituents : from their com pounds s uc h as oxides , ,
,
t er i a l ( e g chromic oxi de ) is pl aced in a
G ol d a nd nickel
. .
, v
,
cruci ble mixed with al u min um oxide
G ol d and sil ver
.
,
T h e mixture is set afi re by mea ns of a
Iron a nd antim ony ,
s old ering i pe or a b urni ng mag n esium
Iron a nd bis muth ,
wire a nd t e desired reacti on ta kes place
Iron a nd l ead
.
,
,
For igniti ng one may als o em pl oy with
N ickel a nd arsenic ,
,
adva ntage a s pecial pri mi ng cartridge
S il ver and copper ,
consisti ng of pul veriz ed al umi num to
T i n a nd antim ony ,
which a littl e magnesiu m may be mixed
T i n and l ead
,
,
a nd peroxid e of magnesia which is
Ti n a nd palladium ,
,
s ha ped i nto balls a nd l ighted with a
Zi nc a nd a ntim ony .
Co mpoun d ing Alloys — C onsiderable to the pul verize d mixture all oys con ,
i n compou nding all oys es pecially when , m i um manganese copper i ron boron
, , , , ,
the metals em ployed vary greatly i n S i licic acid etc are obtained , .
, .
h eated to their poi nt of fusi on or near it results of his i nvestigati ons into the all oys
of al umin um with s oft metals a n d th e
.
a nd exposi ng the whol e to heat M uch . and lea d is ad ded i n proporti on greater
of the zi nc w oul d fly o ff i n va por before tha n 1 0 per cent the m etals s e parate on ,
copper a nd add the zi nc whic h has bee n , nu m and between the m a n all o contai n
,
T h e all oys wi th 93 95 and 98 per cent have , , per a t ur eof casting b ut are readil y a t ,
m
.
,
of al u in um T heir col or is like that . T h e filed all oys beha ve like those of tin ,
and by strong sul phuric acid with evo ing poi nts near that of al umi n u m .
.
-
are attacked vi o l e n t y b a cids a nd by
ta i n e d corres onding to the formulas
, potassi um -hydroxide s o uti o n d e co m ,
Zn a Al , Zn e A Z n Al , Z n Al g, Z n Al s , pos e hy drogen peroxi de an d sl owly de ,
those containing m ost zinc are the hard action of water on these all oys j ust r e
est T hey a r e all diss olved by col d
.
ferred to has been recently dem onstrated
hydrochl oric aci d a nd by hot dil ute nitric on a larger scal e 5 to 6 cubic centi meters
,
acid Col d concentrate d nitric aci d a t of hydro e n bavin been obtai ned i n 2 0
mi nutes mm 2 c u i c centi m e ters of the
.
and Zn Al m are only slightly a ff ected by ed more h y rogen tha n the ti n all oy an d ,
cold potassi um -hydroxi de s ol uti on ; the the ma n esi u m all oy m ore than the hi s
others are strongly attacked o ta ssi u m ,
muth a l oy T h e oxygen of th e d e c o m
.
pl unged i n col d water gives o ff for s ome s ol ution by preci pitati on of c o per at the
minutes bubbles of gas c omposed of ,
expense of the m etal a l l o y e with the
'
.
,
with zinc a nd l ea d d o n ot deco mpose
of either al uminum or ti n is without ,
pure water but d o decom pose the water
,
action though the u n fi l e d rod of all oy
,
of copper -s ul phate s ol ution an d m ore ,
will act on b oili ng water T h e fil ed rod .
,
of all oy i n fai ntly aci d s ol ution of cop
.
,
Al uminu m is a m etal whose properties
per or zi nc s ul phate becom es covered ,
are very ma t e r i a ll influ enced by a pro '
M
.
lays bare a n al m ost infinitel y numerous er cent of co per give a n all oy w h ich can
seri es of j u ncti ons of the two metals
which heate d by the fili ng act as ther
,
be h a mmer e b ut with 1 0 per cent of cop
r the metal ca n n o l onger be worked
, ,
son orous brittl e fi n el grai ned a nd l oys are of a pure gol den -yel ow col or ;
hom ogeneous S i lver w fiite a nd with
, ,
,
-
, Wi th 5 per cent of al u min u m they are
meltin g points betwee n those of their con red dish yell ow like gol d heavily all oyed
,
T hey are not oxi dize d i n air at th e te m tur e is 0 an al most pure copper red .
50 A LL OY S
, parts al uminu m .
containi ng 1 0 per cent and less of aluminum col ored all oy is obta i n ed ; Wi th palla mm
ca n be us ed for i ndustrial purposes the ,
a copper colore d one ; a nd W i th cobalt
-
best consisti ng of 9 0 per cent of copper and a nd nickel one of a yell ow col or Ea sfl y .
st retch ed out into thi n sheets between ni um etc a pea r i n a bn or mal tones of
roll ers worked under the ha m mer and
.
, ,
, , color throng s uc h a ll o ya ge s .
On ac .
,
Alumi nu m-Brass — Al u rn i n u m 1 per .
,
cou n t of its hard ness i t takes a fi n e pol cent ; s pecific gravity tensil e strength , ,
ish a n d i ts pec uliar t ee n ish -gol d col or 40 .Al umi num 3 per cent ; s pecific grav ,
M inikin is prin
‘
,
palladi u m a n d is very strong
gold only by di r ect com a ri so n a n t h e
.
,
S il ver 3 pe r . .
,
l e a bl e .
‘
et a l is
‘
-
.
d u cti vi ty
'
ga nese c opper a l u m
.
,
i n um alloys s uffered
- sten is used of ate i n Fran ce i n the con
c om a r a tl ve l y littl e dimi n ution i n t o ta structi on of conveya nces es pe cial ly car
é
'
"
.
T h e French call it a rti n i u m; t h e com
wa s tho ugh t that a n e xa mi nation of positi on o i the ne w a l o y varies accordi ng
th e str uct ure of t h ese al l oys by ai d o f to the purposes for wh i ch it is used It
‘
light on th e gr eat d iff e r ence whic h exists al m ost as li ght a n d has a greater resist
betwe en S o m
,
m i n u m a ll o y 1 a s ti m
. .
,
‘
es the tensil e
strength of ordi n ar y co m me rci al al umi Al
umi n u m Zi nc
Zi nc 3 per befit
- —
al u m
'
. .
l
,
n um Un der a m
i num 97 per cent Very d uctile
. a gnifi cation of 8 00 ,
. AMALG AMS
m ark a bl e crystalli n e st ructu re exhibited S e e Fusi ble All oys
' ‘
,
.
in
'
,
many i nterfering circumsta nces Th e .
req uisite degree of sonorous ness For . complete the m ore d urable and fi n er ,
.
,
Bis muth poss esses the unus ual q uality
ti n 2 6 to 5 6 parts ; iron
, part Us ed .
of expa nding i n c ooling It is there ,
i n making the bells of orna mental French
.
, ,
color varying from a dark ash -gray to
.
,
e ci a l l y
well a da pted to dabbing roll ers
metal a ff ects di ff erently T h e additi on
of a nti mony a n d bis muth is frequentl y
.
p _
made by the founder to ive a more crys sesses a considerabl e degree of hardness ,
, ,
va n ta ge o usl
increases the s onorous ness of a l these y used .
press ure by skillful ham meri ng unti l they a ff ected b petrol eum an d is t herefore
very nsefuyfor cementing la mps made of
, ,
the pieces d uring the expos ure to heat . I n general brass is co m pose d of t wo
I n a general way howeve r bells are th i rds co per a nd o ne third zi nc b ut a
l i ttle l ea I or ti n is s ometi mes a d va n t a
-
, , ,
T his is necessar i y the case Wi th all very geons as the foll owing :
,
.
ti n 1 part ; ead 1 pa rt
, , .
I II — C opp er
of a ver little lead or any similar metal parts ; zi nc
greatly lesse ns the sonorous ness o f this
.
, ,
pa rts ; l ead pa rts ; ti n ,pa rt , .
asticity
i
an ,
.
and this s l o is als o easily worked f or a ny i ty a r e the product of the Rosthorn fac
purp ose ” rass co n ta i n i n 8 per cent of t ory i n L ower Austri a — c opper
al umi n u has the va l u a bF
m
, ,
e
property of parts ; zi nc iron , Als o ,
alumi num brass decreases very materi T h e great val ue of this all oy lies in its
ally i n vol um e in casti ng a nd the casts , strength which is equal ed only by that
,
must be cooled sl owly or t hey will be of the best steel As a n ill ustrat i on of .
Particular care is re quired to prevent s weat that is the i nteri or press ure is s o
, ,
the zi nc from evaporati ng duri ng the fus great that the water permeates through
ing a nd for this ) ur po s e it is customary the ores of the steel With a sterro .
to put only half o fit i nto the first melti ng meta cylinder the pressure ca n be con
,
,
.
S terro meta l ca n be made eve n m ore
a variety of brass with a n ad mixture of hard and dense if required for s pecial ,
iron which gives it cons iderable degree
, a
purposes but this is effected rather by
,
of tenacity It is es peciall y adapted for
.
mecha nical ma ni pulation tha n by a ny
purposes which re qu i re a hard a nd at chan e in the che mical com position If
the same time tenaci ous metal Analyses
, .
, .
rolle or ha m mere d i n heat its strength ,
of the various ki nds of this metal sho w is increased a nd it ac nires i n addition
an exceedingly high degree of tenacity
, , ,
considerabl e variation i n the proportions .
.
Even the a mount of iron to which the , S pecial care must be taken however i n
hardeni ng e ffect m ust be attrib uted ma y
, ,
this all oy is its hardness which is clai med , ample made of ster r o metal have s uch
,
to be not i nferi or to that of certai n kinds excell ent qualities that ma ny machine
of steel It has a bea utiful gol den -yell ow
.
factories are now using this material
col or a nd is sai d not to oxi dize easily a
, , entirely for t h e purpose .
i n the conte nt of i ron are from to 3 has attained great perfecti on and exte n
per cent . sive proporti ons are not in many cases , ,
,
S terro meta l may pro erly be co n si d genui ne br o rfze b ut fine cast brass F 0 1 , .
T heir speci a l adva n tage is that they er cent o f zinc are mall eabl e T here i s
p ,
.
good col or a nd one which w ill run free b e st accomplis hed by melti ng the metals
and clean T i n or l ead may be added together i n the usual man ner a nd heati n g ,
all oy an d one which will cut free a nd is i nti mate mixture of th e c onstituents is
strong I f a stronger all oy be desired e ff ected S mall pieces of the sa me all oy
.
,
are thrown i nto the li qui d mass until it
.
u n us ua degree of ductility .
I n the pre paration of brass for the manu
facture of wire a n es pecially pure qual
Mal l e a bl e Brass — T his metal is a f .
,
,
is i ndis pe nsa bl e to the manufacture of
rivets wh i ch were to come i n conta ct with good ductile brass may be see n f rom the
sea water At the present day it has
.
,
, .
pl es taken from the f used mass are cool ed Rosth orn ( Vienna ) .
e
y d o n ot s how the desired uniform I serl oh n R omilly
gra i n s ome zinc is a dded to the mass
, .
L ii d e n sc h e i d
After it has er me a t e d the whol e mass ,
( Brittl e ) .
B r a ss Wir e
remark that consi derable ex perience is
required to tell the correct com o si ti o n Augsb urg
of the all oy from the fracture T e ma ss .
N eustadt .
valua bl e quality .
( G ood q uality )
Experi ments with mall eabl e brass ( Brittle )
show that all all oys contai ning u p to For wire an d sheet
per cen t of copper a nd up to
.
A LLOY S 55
e et .
stand out r o mi n e n tl y with careful a dded and the mixture stirred consta n tl y
,
I II
to Britan nia metal is As h berry m etal ,
4
for which t h ere are two formulas
16
II I .
—Zinc 80 parts ; copper 10 parts ;
, ,
iron , 10 parts .
B RITANNI A M ETAL .
N ickel
B ritannia m etal is an all o y consisti ng
pri n ci pally of ti n an d a nti mony M any .
B R ONZES .
vari eti es contai n only these two metals , The co mpo sn i o n of bronze m ust be
and may be considered si m l y as ti n eff ect ed i m mediately before the casti n
hardened with a nti m ony w liil e others , for bronze ca nnot be h e t i n store rea y
conta i n i n addition certain ua n titi e s of repared I n forming t e all oy the r e
p
.
, , ,
sil very-white col or with a bl uis h ti nge , , added ; the who e is then sti rred a nd the
and i ts hardness makes it ca pable of casti ng carried o ut with o ut l oss of ti me .
taking a high polis h which is not l ost , T h e process of forming th e all oy m ust be
through expos ure to the air N inety pe r . effecte d q uickly s o that there may be n o
,
gives a com positi on which is the best for ti on and als o no interrupti on to th e
,
many purposes es eci a ll y for casting as , , flow of metal as m etal added after an ,
stant wear a harder all oy is re quired, . the spe C i fi c weights of the metals for ,
I n the proportions i ven ab ove the metal the heavier metal will nat ural ] tend t o
si nk to the b ottom a n d t he il ghter to
,
woul d still soon give way under usage . coll ect at the top O nl y i n this way .
,
h e nts of bronze have a tendency to form quality are fou n e d a p l i cati ons which
separate all oys of vari ous compos 1ti on ,
were formerly ne ver t p ought of viz ,
thus prod ucing the so called ti n s pots - . forged works of art for decorati ve pur
T his i s m uch more likely to occur Wi th a poses .An all oy of 95 parts alumi num
sl ow tha n with a sudde n cooling of the and 5 pa rts copper is use d here T he .
mass .
tech ni cal worki ng of bronze is not mate
r i a ll y di ff ere nt fro m that of i ron Th e
An ne a li ng Bro n ze — T his process is
.
.
metal es eci a l l y i n a hot condi ti on is
worked li ke iron o n the anvil with ham
, ,
more particularly e mpl oyed i n the prep ,
aration of all oys used i n the man ufacture mer a nd chisel only that t he tempera
of cymbals gongs bells etc T h e alloy
, , , .
,
with aci d
a nd m or e mallea bl e T h e all oy is
.
b melting the fi nes t copper in a cruci b est rati o is al umi nu m per cent ;
by
,
heat is released that the alloy bec omes phosphorus sh oul d al ways be added in
white h ot and thinl y fluid Al umi num . the form of ph os ph orous copper or phos
bronze th us pre ared is us ually brittle , phor al umi n um of exactly determined
a nd ac u i r es i ts est qualities only after percenta ge I t is first a dded to th e
.
having een rem elted s everal ti mes I t . c opper then the al umin um and the
,
may be remarked that i n order to obtai n , nickel a nd fi nall y the magnesium the
, ,
a bronze of the best quality o n l the very , last na med at the m oment of li qui dity ,
Al uminum bronze is not affected by ex 5 per cent al umi num ; s pecific gravity ,
po sur e to the air ; a nd its bea utiful col or to Ha n ds ome gol den color .
ma kes it very s uita ble for ma n ufa ct ur T h i s all oy oxi di zes l ess on h eati ng than
i ng vari ous ornam ental articles incl ud , cop er and iron an d is therefore espe ,
i ng cl ock cases door knobs etc, , . C i s l y a da pted for l ocom oti ve fi r e bo xes
Al uminum bronze wire is alm ost as a nd s pindles etc , .
strong as good steel wire and castings , I V — A steel bronze conta i ning on an
.
made from it a re alm ost as hard as steel y average per cent al u mi num (i n cl ud
iron ; its resista nce to bendi ng or sag ing 1 er cent sili ci u m ) ; s peci fic gravit
ging is great .
ery d uctil e a nd tough b ut sli htly ,
peci a ll y use f ul where i n f rangibility is de become very thinl y flui d a nd will ive ,
use is advisable i n cases where the metal bronze holds a n i ntermediate positi on
is to possess a good elasti city eve n i n , between gcuni ne bronze a n d brass ,
the cast state an d to retai n it after , bei ng h a r d er an d tougher than the latter ,
oxidati on and the acti on of acids . rom pal e yell ow to orange yell ow by
VII — D iam ond bronze containi ng
.
, slightl y varying the content of tin or
1 0 per cent al umi num a nd 2 per cent .
zinc whi ch m ust of course still be kept
, , ,
hard ; of great firm ness b ut brittle , . m uch ti n makes the a loy brittle an d dif
fi c ul t to chisel ; with too much zi nc on
Ar t Bro n z es (S e e also Al uminu m
,
.
Bronzes and Ja anes e Bronzes under the other hand the warm tone of col or is ,
fine ati na
. .
, ,
1 1 a rts ; ti n 5 parts
.
4 parts ; l e a g l part f
. , ,
c ol or or they d o not ta ke on a fine patina
, ,
, , .
tique statues were made of c unine e r a bl e loss i n meltin — 3 per cent at the
bronze which has a dva ntages fo r this
g
, very least an d s ometi mes as much as 10
, .
bronze and brass T h e reas on for th e . I t has been remarked that slight vari
use of suc h mi xtures li es pa rtly in the a ti o n s i n com positi on q uickly change
co mparative cheapness of their r o d uc the col or of the all oy T h e foll owi ng .
tio n as compared with genui ne ronze , ta bl e gives a series of all oys of di ff erent
a n d ) artly i n the ur po se for which the col ors s uitable for statuary bronze :
metal is to be us e d? A th oroughly good
,
me tal is the a l loy used i n Fra nce for more l y to des troy occl ud ed gas a n d s ul ph ur .
t o be g il ded . ,
or m etall i c
‘ _
a N o 7 0 crucible which holds about
. ,
.
then remove d fr om the furna ce a nd 7
— The r in
g gg
iv n
f
ow conta i n a a ? eae i p ounds o p
i n th e f ol l owi ng
hos phorus a r e i n troduced
.
ston e j a r half f ull of d il ute sol u ti on
,
gnedi cn ts and the ra tio of their parts for sev of bl ue vitriol i s weighed T hen the
er al sorts of moder n Japa nese bronze follo w:
, .
ea d per cent
g is a dde d till the s cales balance
, .
on
II — C opper
. per ce nt ; ti n ,
, agai n T h e phos phorus i s left i n this
.
l I I — Copper
,
. per cent ; tin , , s o that it may be ried a n expose to
per cent ; l ead per c ent ; zi nc
, ,
the a ir with out i gniti n g Have ready .
. per cent ; ti n , ,
ne tti n is bl otting a nd on this the
p
phos g lai (p
,
per cent ; zw o per cent ; lea d
, , l orus is atoerd r y when taken
per c ent ; a nti m on y per cent , .
out o the bl ue -vitriol s ol uti on T h e pa n
For i mitation Japa nes e bronze , see
.
. .
, T h e ph os phoru s i s n ow ready fo r
c ent ; ti n 1 1 per cent
, .
i n tr o ducti on i nto th e metal T his is
II —4 Cop per, 8 0 pe r cent ; ti n 1 6 per
.
.
, d one by mea ns o f a cu p-s ha pe d instrua
cen t .
ment called a retort or ph osph o r i ze r
. .
un d r e d t h s
'
, .
O gen causes the metal to be spongy ph o r us has a chance to fall o r flow out
x
a n ywea k S ul ph ur a nd bccl u d e d gases
.
which c o mbi nes with the oxy process i s conti nued till all the 7 pounds
ge n and t en fi uXes o ff S uch d eoxidiz ers
'
.
of ph osphorus has been put i nto the metal .
h ated by melti n
gth e metal exp osing it to
’
, , .
p
.
,
m oved by a ddi n g one o f th e a bove i tt l e of th s hardener is e m pl o e d
i y
men ti o n e u d e d xid i Zei s T h e i mportan t
.
'
. C opper i s a s oft d uctil e metal with i ts, ,
us e of phos p h orus i n bron ze is, there mel ti ng pa i n t at a b ou t F M ol .
60 AL L O YS
not any hotter tha n is needed . T hen known for m ore tha n fifty ye a r s i t 18 onl y ,
.
“
a dd 1 0 r ounds of hard ener ( made as ”
of late that the m ode for prepari ng phos .
p
.
c oal cool the metal with gates to as l ow Besides its a cti on i n red uci ng the oxides
,
a te m perature as is consistent w ith get diss olved i n t he all oy the hos horus ,
ting a good casting stir w e l l a a m and exerts an other very materia in neneo
pour T h e m ol ds for “
, ,
.
of work .
after s uch metal is cast (i n ab out two h omogeneous mi xture of the two metals .
mi nutes or so) the m etal will ooze or If enough phos ph orus is ad ded so ,
not one such experience wit metal ma de si d e r e d a n all oy of crysta l lized phosphor
T his practical poi nt s houl d be heeded , ph o r i s stil more i ncreased a art of the
O
,
viz that pig hos phor bronze s houl d be copper com bines with the p os horus
brought to the s pecifications that the
. ,
,
metal sh oul d have shrunk i n the ingot copper a nd tin com ounds of crystal ,
poured .
is considera bl y in creased M ost phos .
and thus causes hard 5 ots i n the metal . used together T hey m ust be s e ci a ll y
.
copper containi ng 5 per cent of phos 2 parts of gra nul ated c o per a nd 1 part
p ,
other s uch alloys ca n be obtained i n the c opper phos phi de contai ni ng 1 4 per cent ,
I n usi ng ph os ph orus i t is only necessary i n the form of a s ponge -li ke mass Col .
the metal say ,per cent M ore tha n . the b ottom of whi ch sticks of phos phorus
this will make the metal harder But not , have been pl a ced Press the ti n tightly .
Phos phor bronze is not a s pecial ki nd heat . C onti nue the heati ng until ames
of all oy but any bronze ca n be made
, of burni ng ph os ph orus are n o l onger
i nto ph os phor bronze ; it is i n fact si m , , observ ed on the crucibl e T h e pure tin .
treatment with phos phorus compoun ds . crystalli ne mass ti n -w h ite i n col or will , ,
Although the e ffect of phos phor us i n be found on the b ottom of the crucibl e .
i mprovi n g the qu a lity of bronze has been T o pre pare the ph os ph o r bro n ze th e ,
A LL O YS 61
phi d e and ti n p o sph i d e are a dded . VIII for railroad pur poses I V es e ci a ll y ,
Phosphor bronze properly prepared , , for val ves of l ocom oti ves V a nd I axl e ,
has nearly the sa me melti ng poi nt as that bearin s for wagons VI I for connecti ng ,
condition is al ways covered with a thi n S il i co nBro nze — S ili con si milarly to .
film of oxide .
,
If phos i hor br nze is kept for a l ong ,
n a ci ty and strength .
,
si milar to that of ph os ph or bronze ; the
hammered and stretched cold an d its
, ,
silicon is use d i n the form of copper sili
strength is nearly double that of the best cide S ome good silico n bronzes are
ordinary bronze I t is principally used
.
as foll ows :
in cases where great stre n t h a nd power
of resistance to outward i n fiu e n ce s are r e
quired as for i nstance i n obj ects whic h
, , ,
bronze is especially s uited to the manu the name of metalli ne has 2 5 er cent of
facture of axle beari ngs cyli nders for ,
al u minum 3 0 of copper 1 0 0 iron an d
, , ,
reat stren th and hardness are re ui r e d are tenaci ous d uctile a nd very hard
ghos hor r On z e if exposed to t e ai r
. , , .
, ,
To bi n Bron ze —T his all oy is nearly
soon eco me s c overed with a beautiful .
Tin cccc cc
phor bronze is given bel ow : Iron .
L ea d
S il ver
Cop
T in Zi n c L ea d
Phospho
per rus
T h e all oy marke d I V is s om eti me s
called deoxi dized bronze .
Li po wi tz ’ s
Allo y — I — T his all oy is . .
Paris is poured over the a nimal to b e All th es e all oys a re s uitabl e for lating .
the boili ng poi nt the m etal is m elted a nd N ext the all o h as to e remelted in a
,
d eposited i n the fi nest i mpressi ons of the gra phite cruci l a with charcoal ( or rosin
mol d .
powder ) and bora x If i n s pite thereof .
,
T his all oy is m ost e xcell ent for s ol der
,
of the first i mporta nce t e all o 3 gi ven , re prod uci ng all deta il s a r e the foll owi ng ,
b l o w may very well be used i n t e place
0 pt i .
Ti n
'
3
I II
6 pa rts
II .
—Cad mi u m all oy ( melti ng poi nt , L ead 13 8
°
1 70 Cad mium 2 par ts ; ti n 3 ; lead , , , Bis m uth 6 14
11; bis muth 1 6
III — A s oft all oy s uita bl e to take i m
, .
1 67 °
Ca dmi um 1 0 pa r ts ; ti n 3 ; lead , ,
pressi ons of woodc uts c oi ns meta ls en , , ,
,
8 ; bis muth 8 , .
gravin s etc a nd whic h m ust melt at
, .
,
Ti n .
2 3 1 i ts power of w astin g the
Bis m uth . 3 5 2 a ct i on of a c i ds a n d is therefore es peci ally
,
1 50 °
F is
flu i ds I t is c om ose d of copper zi nc
.
, ,
l or 2
, ,
l ead ti n iron n i ck el c obalt a nd a n
, ,
W
,
VI II —
ood s all oy melts between ’
C opper
.
1 4 0 ° a nd l 6 1 5 F I t is com posed of .
°
. pa r ts
l ead 4 parts ; ti n 2 ; bis muth 5 to 8 ;
,
.
, ,
L ea d
cad m i um l to 2 I n col or it resem bl es , .
Ti n
platin um a nd is malleabl e to a ce rtai n
,
I ron
e xtent
Nickel
.
Alfe n i d e Metal — C opper 6 0 parts tity of the iron the hard ness i ncreases ,
, , .
the fine white col or i t pos sesses I t . an ugly col or i ncl ini ng towa rd bl ack ,
takes a high polish and articles mad e , and a re therefore not ada pted for arti
from this alloy acquire i n the course of cles o f artt .
.
,
latter are red uced i n reverberati ng fur
great tenacity a nd ca n be f o r ed at a ,
nace with carbon or the like s o as t o
red heat properties which ma e it e s
,
prod uce a n all oy which prefera bly con
, ,
. .
,
copper
zinc 3 3 to 30 parts
, .
.
i i s is variety of brass
.
a
copper a ver fine white C ol or and makes ,
.
such cast arti cles as were n ot to come i n tory at D ii ssel d o r f ) will s h o w its us ual
contact with iron When ex posed to the .
com position
air they soon l ose their whiteness and
,
Cov er of gl a ss .
ces . ces .
Phos ph orus tra
Copper I ro n — T h e all oys of copper .
068
and i ron are littl e used i n the i ndustries
of the pr es e nt day b ut it woul d seem ,
that i n earli e r ti mes they were fre quently I is cast II h a m mered I II rolled
. , ,
prepa r ed for th e pur ose of givi ng a con and I V hot sta m pe d metal D elta
-
Go n M eta1
s onorous metal for
.
—A Vo gel ’ s Co mpos i ti on Fil es .
L ead 7 0 8 0
Pro d u ctio n of Mi na rge nt — T his all oy .
, ,
I II ( S e e als o S olders ) .
4 I R ose s A lloy
. Bis m uth 2 parts ;
’
.
,
200 F
°
20 .
,
1 11 — N ewton all oy m elts at 2 1 2 F °
.
,
I V — W oo d ’s M etal
. .
Ti n . 2 parts
R etz A llo y .
—T
his all oy which resists , Lead 4 parts
t he corrosi ve action of alkalies a nd acids , Bis muth 5 to 8 parts ”
, , . 1 4 9 to 1 60 F
° °
.
Ti ssi e r ’ s Metal
all oy contai ns .
— T his Oth er easil y fus i ble alloys
arsenic is of a beautiful tombac red
,
VII VIII IX
col or an d very hard Its compositi on
, . L ea d . 2 3
varies a great deal b ut the peculiar all oy ,
T in . 2 3
which gi ves the na me is com posed of Bis muth 1 1 1
copper 9 7 parts ; zi nc 2 parts ; arsenic
, , ,
M elti ng Point 258 F .
°
. 2 83
°
311
°
1 or 2 It ma y be considere d
. brass a
Fusible Allo ys for Electri c In sta lla
with a very high percentage of copper , tions — T hese all oys are e mpl oyed in
.
b ut other alloys are eq ually s uitable for short l ength of c ircuit they melt as soon ,
account of the absence of arse nic whic h , l owing is the c om positi on o f s ome of
is al ways da ngerous .
these alloys .
m
.
F u si n g
l o s are em ployed for the mak i ng of files B ls d
w hich i n d i sti nction from the steel files
, ,
t
z‘p
er
re
Lea d Ti n
mu t h iiii m
r i
T hese all oys a re pre are d by melting about F A corres pondi ng qua n
1 40
°
.
the lead i n a steari ne ath a nd a ddi ng tity of the molte n a malga m is the n poured
successi vely an d d uring the cooli ng
, , i n and the mol d m oved ra pi dly to a n d
first the cadmiu m ; sec ond the bism uth ;
, ,
fro s o that th e all o is thro wn a a i n st the
,
to proceed i n this ma nner si nce these , conti n ued u ntil it i s certai n that the amal
metals fuse at te m er a t ur e s ra ngi ng a m has s olidified When the m ol d
gas cooled o ff it is taken a part and
.
tin )
. the sea ms removed by mea ns of a s harp
knife I f the operati on is carri ed on
Fus i ble S afety Allo ys for S team .
pared as foll ows : M elt i n a dis h ca d , i ng to the de gree of ba r n css desi red for
mium 3 parts by weight ; ti n 4 parts ;
, , ,
the compositi on (the greater the quantity
bismuth 1 5 parts ; a nd lead 8 parts
, , , of copper used the ha rder will the composi
adding to the alloy while still i n fusi on , ,
tion become ) are thoroughly m oistene d ,
i qui d mass i n the dish which s h oul d aste the whole being con ,
fuses e r fe ctl y at the a malga m has hours after it has become cold the com
a stilFlower fusi ng poi nt which lies , positi on will be s o hard t hat it ca n be
aro und 1 4 3 2 F °
. polished I t is i mpervious to the a cti on
.
T his a mal ga m is e xcellently ada pte d of dil ute acids alcohol ether an d b oil , , ,
parts of plants having been made with its at any ti me be re ndered s oft a nd plasti c
aid which i n poi nt of sharpness are
, , i n the f o ll o w i n ma nner : If a pplied
equal to the best plaster casts a nd have while hot and p astie to the deoxi dize d
a very pleasi ng a ppearance T h e a mal . s urfaces of two pieces of m etal these ,
ga m has a silver-white col or and a latter will u nite s o firmly that i n ab out 1 0
fine gloss I t is perfectly bo n sta n t
. or 1 2 hours the metal may be s ubjecte d
to a t mo s ph e r i c i n fl u e n ce s T his a mal
‘
. to a ny mecha nical process T h e prop .
gam has als o bee n use d with good suc e t ties of this c omposition render i t
cess for the maki ng of s mall statuettes very useful for various purposes a nd it ,
at 1 99 F °
.
tin 2 parts
, .
make us e of these different col ors one ,
I X — Bism uth 5 parts ; l ead 2 parts ;
.
, , piece being frequently com posed of
tin 3 parts
,
.
several pi eces of varying col or Bel ow .
s cratch brush .
XI I . .
XV
pl e st man ner by taki ng 1 0 parts of mer
. .
T h e preparatory work on the object gold ware before bei ng put u pon the ,
a bed of gl owi ng coal care being e xer , wh i ch operati on is c ond ucted es pecially
c i se d that the heating be uniform . W i th all oys of l ow degree of fineness the
When cool ed this piece is pl un ged i nto
,
order to diss ol ve i n a measure the oxide . T h e presence 0 sil ver consi derably
N ext it is di pped i n a 36 ° nitric aci d bath -
, m od i fies the col or of gol d and the je w el ,
II — A n i nventi on
. a te n t e d i n G e r , an d it has fall en s ome what i nto disuse “
ma ny covers a m etal i c all oy to take
, , O n e variety of M a nnheim gold so ,
the place of gol d which even if exposed , , called contai ns , parts of brass
for s ome ti me to the action of a m m onia ( com positi on 3 C u , 1 Zn ) to 1 0 of copper
cal a nd aci d vapors does n ot oxidi ze or , a nd of zinc .
worked li ke gol d and has the a ppeara nce Mosai c G ol d is a n all oy com . T his
-
When the anti m ony has i k e wi se melted best m eth od of obtai ning a thoroughly
a nd entered i nto i nti mate uni on with the h om ogene ous mixture of the two metals
copper s ome charcoal ashes magne
, ,
is first to put into th e cruci ble one -half
sium a nd li me s par are adde d to the mass
,
of the zinc to be used place the cover ,
III A lu mi n u m G ol d
. T his all oy .
,
cover of bora x at as l ow a tem er a tur e
called N uremberg gol d is used for ma k ,
as possi bl e Ha ve ready th e o t er half
.
composition is usually 90 parts of cop so -called French gold when polis hed so , ,
per , of
g ol d a nd of al uminum , .
cl osely resem bl es genui ne gol d in color
I V — Im i tati on gold ca pabl e of bei ng
.
,
that it ca n scarcely be disti nguished fro m
worked a nd drawn into W i re consists of ,
it Besid es its bea utiful col or it has the
.
,
9 50 parts c opper 4 5 alu mi num a nd 2 to , ,
val uabl e properti es of bei ng very ductile
5 of sil ver .
account of the oxi dation of the copper . products of s ome Paris factories show
I t ca n h owever be kept bri ht for a l ong
, ,
the f o llowing c om positi on '
. Ti n
Cheap watch chai ns a nd jewelry are I ron
ma nufactured from it and it is widely ,
A s pecial receipt for ore i de is the fol
used by the manufacturers of i mitation l o w mg :
_
bronze ornaments .
I V —7 M elt parts of c opper and 1 00
M a nnhei m G ol d or Si mi lor — M a nn
.
.
add W i th c onstant stirri ng 6 parts of
hei m gol d is com posed of copper zi nc
,
,
. .
, , magnesi a of sal a m m onia c
, of ,
a nd ti n i n proportions a bout as foll ows :
, l i me a nd 9 of crud e tartar S ti r again
, .
A LL O YS 69
thoroughly an d ad d 1 7 parts of gr a n u
,
s on that the two m etals are actually
lated zi nc a nd after mixing i t Wi th the
,
wel ded by the rolli ng a nd als o beca us e ,
copper by vigorous sti r r i n keep the alloyed gol d is al ways used which is ,
all oy li quid for one h our hen care . m uc h harder tha n pure gold T h e pure .
fully remove the scum an d pour off the gol d of el ectro lati ng is very s oft T h e
compositi on 0 ps om e varieties of tal mi
.
alloy .
.
the content of gold varies r e a tl y and
t ur e d in Engla nd I ts dark gol d c ol or ,
copper Being ver d uctil e it ca n easily c orres pond to this T h e all oys I I I I I I .
, ,
Copper .
1 .
Zinc II .
I II . 0 9
IV '
Zinc
Brass
Palla d ium Gol d — All oys of gol d cop
i
.
,
VI - s4 s
per sil ver a nd palladiu m have a brown
‘
, , .
Japan s ome In
wheels of fine watches as they invite little ,
s pecialti es i n metallic all oys are i n use of
friction a nd d o not rust i n the ai r T h e .
which the com position is as foll ows :
composition used i n the S wiss a nd Eng S h a d k e consists of copper with from 1 to
lish watch factories consists us uall y of 1 0 per cent of gol d Articles made from .
Tal mi G ol d
.
na me of tal mi gol d .
— T he .ui s hi -bu-ichi is an all oy of copper
-
was first a pplied to articl es of j ewelry , c ontai ning 3 0 to 5 0 per cent of sil ver I t .
same name b ut which were reall y made , firmly ham meri ng together th e plat es ,
of other metals and whi ch retained their , filled u p with the a bove na med pickle -
.
beautiful gol d color only as l ong as they T h e finest Ja pa nes e brass consists o f
were not used T h e fine vari eti es of tal mi . 1 0 parts c opper and 8 pa rts zinc a nd is ,
gold are man ufactured from brass cop , call ed si a c h u T h e bell metal kara ka ne
.
are then rolled out by pa’ssi ng through mai ning metals are a dded i n rotati on .
closely to the base that the m etal will T h e com position of this all oy varie s
keep its bea utiful a p e a r a n ce for years .
considerably b ut from the a dj oin ed fi
,
Of late many art i c es of tal mi gol d
, ures an average may be found w h i c ,
have been in troduced wh ose gol d coat will represent a pproxi mately the n ormal
, ,
ing is prod uced by el ectropl ati ng and ,
c o mpO S i ti o n :
is in man cas es s o thi n that hard
rubbing will bri ng through the col or of Copper 5 0 to 66 parts
si ngl e metals For making s poons forks one of i m ost valua bl e properties
f
.
. , ,
cups ca ndlesticks etc the most s u i ta ble L ead ma es it m ore fusi ble ; ti n acts
s o mewhat as i n bronze m aki ng it denser
, , .
,
age of the metals composi ng it : T here are many formulas for all oys
which clai m to be s ubstitutes for G er
C opper Zi n c N i ck el Qua l i t y ma n sil ver ; but no one of the m has yet
I . 8Finest quality
3 5 4 .
become a n arti cle of general com merce .
readily fus
i ble .
Nic k el Bro n ze -T his is prepared by
.
11 S econ quali ty .
tin , ,
6 T hird quality .
a nd zi nc A ronze is prod uce contain
.
I II III IV
Co p
F or sh ee t Z in c N i ck e l 30 9
1 . H
15 . 1 C
20 . 21 O
nnnn nn 1
I is hard a nd very l ustrous s uita ble ,
M an ga n e s e Ar ge n ta n
C opper
N ickel
Zi nc
M a nga nes e
C opper -with 1 5 per
,
cent ph os phorus 3 to 5
Readily cast for obj ects of art .
.
N ickel
T ungsten
In s ome ki nds of G erma n sil ver are C opper
found va rying ua n ti ti e s of iron man , Ar zoi d .
N ickel
cost of production But all these metals .
Tin 4 035
have a detri mental rather tha n a bene L ea d 3 54 4
fi ci a l effect u o n the ge neral character of
.
S il ver
the all oy a n pes peciall y l essen i ts power
white al m ost d uctil e s uited for
, ,
, arti sti c purposes .
AL L O Y S 1
Zi nc 5 5
Ti n part s 35
Cadmi um
m L ead par ts 2 50
.
lead 5 parts
, . ganese a nd al um i num the quantities o f
,
V. — Copper 66 ; ti n 3 3 , ,
. tai ning m uch manga nese a re e xce e d i n gly
VI — Copper 6 4 ; tin 26
.
, , . brittle a nd can not be wrought l b .
XI — Platinum 1 5 ; steel 8 5
.
, , . lich has recently exami ne d them at the
XII — Plati num 20 ; copper
.
, , 79 ; ar Ph sik a l i sc h tech nische Reichsanstalt
"
X VI .
- Plati num , 12; iri diu m 88 , . ga nese ,
per cent ; alumi num 1 5 per ,
X VII .
—C opper , ti n zinc , , 2 . cent ; l ea d per cent with traces of iron
, ,
a n d silicon .
are used for vari ous purposes per cent ; l e a d per cent with , ,
Bibra Allo y — T his contai ns 8 arts of . All oy I I coul d be worked without dif
bismuth 9 of tin a nd 3 8 to 4 0 0 lea d
, , .
fi cul ty but all o I w a s s o brittle that it
,
parts ; zi nc 1 0 parts , .
F produces a great i ncrease i n its ca pa
.
agai n and the material s uffers perma nent at once combines with the copper to form
i nj ury which ca n be partly but not
, ,
a n all oy I n order to pre vent as far as
. ,
,
Another singu ar phenomenon was mass it is ad visa ble to cover the cruci ble
,
exhibited by both of these all oys When . with a li d which has a n a perture i n the
a bar of i ron is magneti zed by a n e l ectr i c center for the es ca pe of the carbonic
current it acquires its full magneti c oxide formed d uri n g the red ucti on .
grad ual i ncrease was observed even after pe a te d remelting of the cuproma nganese
the current had bee n flowin five mi nutes a consi dera bl e q ua ntity of the ma n
In magnetic strength ag
.
nese an d al umi num All oy I showed . out the all oy ra pidl y s oli di fies a nd re
, ,
»
mag n eti c stren ths up to kil ogauss , se mbles i n a ppeara nce good G erman
while the hi est magnetization o h sil ver Another reas on for a voidi ng r e
.
n e ti z a ti o n is a b out one tenth that of good - T h e best kinds of cu proma nga nese
wrought iron ( 1 8 to 2 0 kil oga uss ) or , contai n between 1 0 a nd 3 0 per cent of
one sixth that of cast iron ( 1 0 to 1 2
-
ma nga nese T hey ha ve a beautiful .
C uproma nganese is s uita bl e for many l ead 1 pa rt ; bis m uth 1 part ; mercury 9
, , ,
melted copper into col d water T hese . ti n, 5 0 parts ; C hi nes e copper 8 parts ; ,
c o er gra i ns are mixed with the dry l ead 1 part ; a ntim ony 1 part
,
, .
ble to all ow a thi ck cover of charcoal , ha rd ness of this all oy it ta kes a very ,
as the ma nga nese oxi dizes casil Th e h i gh pol i s h ; it is i m pervious t o the e ff ects
cruci bl e i s placed i n a well ra wing of the weather a nd is therefore re ma rk ,
A LL O Y S 73
ti n
, parts ; zinc parts ; arsenic , , Th e all oys of m ost of the other plati
parts .
num m etals s o called are littl e used o n
S pe culu m Metal — All oys consisti ng
, ,
serve for mirrors G ood s pecul um metal . a nd iri diu m steel s o call ed frequently , ,
shoul d be white a nd very hard the high , of iridi u m with os mi um has great hard
est de gree of polis h de pendi ng u pon thes e ness a nd resistance a n d is recom men de d
qualiti es A c om positi on t o m eet these
. for pi vots fine i nstruments a nd poi nts
, ,
have the effect of ca usi ng the metal to not oxidi ze An all oy eve n m ore fr e
,
,
quently used tha n this consists of lati
e ra bl e quantity of ars enic i n particula r
nu m 1 0 parts palla di u m 8 a nd go d 6
havi ng this eff ect
.
, ,
.
white col or whic h disti nguishes the s pec Plati num has us ually bee n all oyed
ulum metal contai ning with silver i n gol ds mith s work 2 parts ’
per ce nt of ti n .
,
r i ttl e to be
ow melti ng poi nt I n additi on to t h is .
all 5 to 6 per cent ) of plati num T h e . i num to sil ver makes it harder b ut als o ,
last-na me d all oy is extensively use d for more brittle a nd cha nges the white col or
,
parts ; zi nc 65 pa rts
.
,
de ntal work a nd they have also proved part ; i ron 1 part ; ti n 1 part
, , .
parts p l ati n um 2 parts gol d a nd 3 parts , , ness elasti city a nd power of resistance
, ,
, , , ,
parts . co per 2 1 plati nu m 50 a nd sil ver 3 6
, , .
i t is al ways safer to fuse the m with the T h e great hard ness a n d resistan ce to
o xyh yd r o e n fla me T h e all oys of l at .
the atm osphere of C ooper s all oys make ’
i num a n gold have a s ome what i m th em very s uit abl e f or ma nuf acturi n
g
76 A L L O YS
first ; while with a less pe rcentage tha n tiful white col or a n d ta ke on a d i sagree
7 2 per cent the ce nter of the bar will be a bl e s ha de o f yell ow li ke poor brass ,
.
poorer a nd the outside richer tha n the T h e sil ver contai ned i n the m ca n be
average T his characteristic of sil ver regai ned only by a la borious rocess
which is a great dra wback to t p
. ,
When nickel is a dded to the sil ver and S wiss fractional coi ns is as foll ows :
copper several good all o 5 may be
formed as the foll owi ng I len ch com
l
, 20 cen I Q cen
,
'
times ti mes
positi ons 15
I II II I 50
S il ver 38 40 20 OOOOOOO OO 25
C opper 3 7—4 2 8 0—4 0 4 5—55 o o o o o o o o o o o 10
N ickel 2 5- 80 2 0—3 0 2 5 —35
Mo u sset’s All o y — C op er
.
sil ,
T he whitening of all oys of sil ver an d
.
. ,
ranks next after Arge nt-Ruolz whi ch
weight of conce ntrated s ul phuric aci d to
,
als o contai ns s ometi mes certai n qua
,
sary .
I II I II
34
Cop er , S il ver a n d C a d miu m Alloys .
42
— Os miu m a d ded to silver all oys ives
8
great flexi bility a nd ductility wit out , 16 3 16 10 8
a ff ecti ng the white col or ; thes e proper
ties are val ua ble i n the ma nufacture of Japa n e se (Gray) all oy is Si l ver — An .
o s S ome of the most i mportant vari w h ich i s gi ve n a bea utiful gray col or b
y .
boili ng i n a s ol uti on of al u m to w hi c
eti es are give n bel ow . ,
“
T h e so call ed m okum ” a s o a Ja pa nes e
-
,
I . . 980 15 5 alloy is prepared b y placi n thi n plates
,
II . . 95 0 15 35 of gol d sil ver copper a nd t e all oy j ust
, , ,
III . . 90 0 18 82 describe d over eac h other a nd stretch
IV . . 860 20 180 i ng them under th e ham mer T h e cross .
I n [ preparing thes e all oys , the great stri ped a ppeara nce M oku m i s pri n .
, ,
T his is the s urest way to prevent the melted a nd strongly heated sil ve r th e ,
N o l a ti l i z a ti o n of the ca dmi u m .
mass i s th oroughly stirred with a n iro n
rod a nd at once poure d out i nto m ol ds
, .
p
,
.
to fuse .
I I —S ofter than t e for mer Ti n 8
I I — T on ca s metal contains copper 5
.
’ .
,
.
parts ; zi nc 1 art ; anti m ony 1 part
, , .
recommended .
I I I — T r a bu k metal c ontains ti n
.
of Zin c —Ti n 1 0 parts ; anti mony 1 part ;
.
, ,
, , ,
minu m 1 pa rt , .
excee d 1 0 or 1 5 er cent ; but cases have
VII — N i ckel 23 pa rts ; aluminum
.
, , been k n own i n w i ch the so-call ed tin con
5 part s ; copper 5 parts ; iron 65 parts ; , , t a i n e d a third part by weight of l ead , , .
S e e S ol ders .
f or sta e j e welry a n d mirrors for r efl e c t
i n g the i gh t of lam ps e tc A n es pecially , .
this it is state d a good s oli d m etal ca n be m onds O ther all oys of ti n a n d lea d are
.
the ordi na ry ca st-i ron mixture over which m ust also be chea p a nd there fore as ,
,
it h a s the a dva ntage of 2 4 per cent great much as 50 per cent of l ea d is used .
con , ma nga nese ph os ph orus wh i ch is even c hea per tha n t e all oys
, ,
s ul phur com bi ned carbon of ti n a nd l ead b ut has the disa dva ntage
,
, ,
of readily breaking if the art icl es are
ra ph i te , sharpl y bent T h e all oys of ti n an d
Ni c el
s t eel is com pose d of ni ckel 3 6 .
Th h °
e melti ng oi nt of t is all oy is 1 96
p
F . T h e all oy i s rather costl y becaus e ti n an d one a rt of l ead T i n is added .
glass cools ra pid ] a n d a dheres tena serve for type metal m ust be rea di ly
ci o usl y O utward y thes e a r ti fi C i a l gems
. cast fill out the m ol ds sh a r pl
, an d
a ppear roug h and gray but i n wardly they , be as hard as possible I t is d i cult to .
when see n i n arti fi cial li ht . alloy of a nti m ony a nd lea d a ns wers the
If the reflective s ur aces be coated purpose best At the pre se nt day ther e
.
prod uced by means of well —pol i s he d make the all o m ore r ea d i l fus i bl e as ,
9 .
10 .
I 3 1
11 .
II 5 1
12 .
III 10 1
13 I V 10 2
V 70
.
14 18
VI 60
.
15 .
20
16 .
VII 5 5 25
17 .
VIII 5 5 30
18 .
I X 1 00 30 8 2
19 X 6 4 90
.
20 .
T he Fre nch a n d Englis h t pes contai n
21 a certai n am ount o f ti n as s own by th e
f o ll o wmg analyses
. ,
22 .
23 .
En gl ish Types
24
I II III
.
L ea d 55
Anti mony . 19 5 18 8 22 7 30
27 1 00 .
15
Ti n S ta tue ttes, B u tton s, etc . C opper l 7
parts 4 Le debur l ves the coi n positi ou of
'
meta l as follg
type
pa rts 3 ws :
T his is a very s oft s ol der which s harp I II I II IV
ly reproduc es all deta ils . L ead 75 so so 82
A n other easily fusi ble all oy b ut s ome Anti m ony “ 23 25 20 14 8
what harder is the followi ng :
, 22 l5 ~
I I — Ti n
. 8 parts WATCH MAK E RS ’ ALL OYS
6 parts S ee Watch ma kers Formulas ’
.
I I Argentine h etal — Ti n
. .
. .
,
brass bearings are characterized by great O ther white bea ri ng metal s are
hardness an d power of resistance and , X XL — Ti n , a ntim ony, 10 ; co p
are ri n ci ally used for beari ngs of bea v per 5 arts
, .
found it a dva ntageous to s ubstit ute for Wh ite M etal s Base d Co pper on
the soft all oys generally i n use for bear I — Copper 6 5 parts ; ars eni c 55 parts
.
parts
.
, ,
nickel 30 parts
or cast steel I n this case the meta is
.
,
30
used in thin layer a nd serves only
a , ,
.
parts ; zi nc 2 0 parts
, ,
zi nc 4 parts
S uch beari n s are very d ura ble but ex
.
,
,
VI I — Copper 1 0 parts ; nickel 5
pensive a n ca n only be use d for la rge
.
, ,
,
parts ; zi nc 5 parts
machines For s mall machi nes r un
.
,
VI I I — C opper 8 parts ; ni ckel 3
,
parts ; zi nc 2 5 parts
For axles which ha ve a high rate of revo
.
,
'
I X X a nd XI are s uitable for ta ble
long ti me witho ut needi ng repair .
wa re
,
53 arts .
57 arts
XI I a nd X I I I are bright gray n u
.
I -Plati num
. 7 pa rts ; c opper 1 3 , ,
V — Plati num
. parts ; steel , ,
parts .
g
' '
'
v v d
o
fi u~ ~ I — For li ning cross -head sli des ead
—
v v
g
.
,
—— 8 a ss
a s d d o 4 4
6 5 parts ; a nti mony 25 parts ; c opper
.
o o o o c ,
” ,
E. ?s s0
A H O fl
sssss r zz 3 ° °
g 1 0 parts S ome obj ect to white metal
m
.
n
m
bo so - 0
0
2 80 ; - contai ni ng lea d or zi nc I t has bee n
a z z a n g aS fi Sn
E“
:
.
.
o
"
fig fl fl
h a u fi fi fou nd however that lea d a nd zi nc
, ,
0 63 0 0 0 all oys .
parts ; co er 7 5 parts , .
PC
. . PC
. . PC
. .
of zi nc a nd 2 5 pa r ts of ti n ; or 3 0 pa rts of
16 ti n a nd 7 0 parts of l ea d ; or 60 parts of
Zi nc 112 lea d a nd 4 0 parts of bis m uth
Ti n 2
ALLO YS F OR M ETAL FOIL
.
L ea d 3 1 2 9 4
S e e M etal Foil
. .
Zinc
Ti n . ALM OND LI QUE
S e e Wi nes a nd Li quors .
C opper . .
ALTAR S , TO CLEAN
T h e ti n is first melted a nd the l ea d , ,
s Clea ning Preparati ons a n d M eth
zi nc a nd copper a dde d s uccessively
,
.
0 d S ee
.
Allo ys for D raw ing Colors on S teel . i ts weight Red uce the resi d ue to pow
.
All o s of vari ous compositi on are suc der a nd reserve it i n a well -stopper ed
,
dra wn in the all oy as it mel ts a nd it will and the n comme nce to form b isters .
turn to stra w col or T his mi xture melts . Conti nue heating u ntil a dry white mass
at a temperature of a bout 43 7 F For °
. of a l oos e character re mai ns which is ,
to 2 parts of ti n which me ts at 4 94 F ,
°
.
T hey
be restored to their ma cl es ri nsi ng the m o ff cl ean and then dry
ma t whiteness i n t y
,
t m ust be u nder .
chemi cally pure hydroc hl oric aci d 1 00 ,
stood that this method is appli cable only parts of mangan ous nitrate a nd 2 0 pa rts ,
— ,
8 6 —95
°
F °
.
to alumi num the a p e a r a n ce of mat col d water a nd worked with a brus h the n
silver pl unge the a r ti clhi nto a hot bath
,
,
rins ed with water a nd well dri ed T he .
co mposed of a l O per cent s ol uti on of - - pieces are now provi ded with a gray m e
caustic soda saturated with kitchen salt .
tallie coati ng consisti ng mai nly of a nti
,
then wash a nd brus h ; put back i nto the metallic layer renders them ca pa bl e of r e
bath for half a mi n ute was h anew a nd ce i v i n g a lacquer which is best pre pare d
,
dry in sa wdust .
from parts of al cohol ( 90 per cent ) ,
qui ckl y
with very fine emery powder or finest b ut t h o r o u hl y ri nse d o ff d r i ed i n ,
in the dryi ng ove n After a s hort while . are ru bbe d with a cotton rag saturated
pour on oil again i n order to obtai n a b ,
with thin li nseed oil varnish a nd the o b -
,
solute uniformity o f the coati ng a nd heat , j e c ts thus treated now a ppear dull black ,
the late once m ore Under the action . like vel vet T h e c overi ng withsta nds all
.
or soft leat her gl ossy white u nder the black layer a t the
When the pieces have
.
When the arsenic and iron are dis painti ngs etc may be d one on al u
, .
,
of sul phuri c aci d with 1 part of water to the metal is poured is a considerati on of
1 4 0 to 1 5 8 F
°
i n a n ena mel ed vessel
°
.
,
. s ome i mporta nce .
I nto this li qui d di p the al umi num arti I n selecting the sand which sh oul d ,
82 A LUMI NUM A ND I T S T REA T ME 5
not have been r e vi o usl y used that of a that all parts are e q i a l l y m oist rub bing
f
, ,
t ou gh a n d i n go o d l c o n d i ti o n Wi t the
.
h ol di ng a gai nst the flow of the metal , a camel s -hai r brush i n cases in wh i ch a
’
,
a nd havi ng only m oderate co mpr essmn V ery s m ooth face is requi re d on the
i n ra m ming . castings Prefera bly however the use
.
, ,
to re me mber that al uminum has a large Patterns for al uminu m s h oul d be kept
c ontraction i n c oolin g a nd als o that at ,
s m ooth a nd well varnis hed .
ti ons ; but i f casting a s quare frame it , sary, a n d the fuel s hou d reach only
s hri nks a way from the outside only , a bout halfway u p the crucible as it is ,
whil e it s hrinks on to the central part not desirable to overheat the cruci ble or
or core With brass or iron or such
.
, , metal T h e m etal a bs orbs heat for
.
brass the venting woul d be consi dered a l arge head as this te nds to ra w rather
With al umi nu m it is how
,
excessi ve .
, t h a n t o feed the castin g
Wi th pro perl y prepare d m ol ds an d
.
_
I f it is c onsi dered desirabl e to us e a and as s oon as the reactio n apparently
s p e cially made -up faci ng sa n d for the ceases th e pot is lifte d a nd the metal at
mo l d s where the meta l i s of s om e thick once sk i mm ed a nd poured Th e use of .
ness the use of a littl e pea or bea n m eal s od i um i n a n form with a l umin um is
very uon des i r e y
,
diti on to proceed with further opera to cut d own the articl e wit h tri pol i a n ,
tion .
then polish it with r o ti ge as al rea dy de
N ext taki ng up the questi on of spi n scri bed before putti ng on t he scratc h
,
for a r ticles from 5 to 8 inc hes i n dia m A n effect si milar to the scratc h brush -
s e e d s houl d be s o re u l a t e d as to give ,
polis h ca n be obtai ned by first c utti n careful mani pulation quite regul ar forms ,
down the metal with a n ordi nary rag bu of a mottled a ppeara nce ca n be obtained .
“
O n e poi nt .
, all grease a nd dirt from t he article by
however that it is necessary to observe
, dippi ng i n benzi ne the n di p i nt o water ,
carefully is that both the tripoli a nd t he i n order that the benzi ne a dheri ng to
rouge s houl d be procured ground as fine the article may be re m oved s o as not to ,
as it is possi ble to grind them ; for if this , affect the stre n t h of the s ol uti on i nto
is not do n e the metal will have little fi ne
, which it is next i pped After they have .
scratches all over it a n d will not a p ear , bee n take n out o f t h e water a nd well
as bright a nd as ha nds ome as it o t er s hake n the articl es s h oul d be l unge d i n
,
wise woul d .
a strong s ol uti on of ca ustic s o a or caus
If it is desired to put on a frosted a p tic potas h a nd left there a s u ffi cient
,
tles will r o ba bl y give the best res ults of n i tri c aci d to 1 part of s ul phuri c aci d
T his w o r k of scratch brushi n g ca n be
, .
.
the irregula rities on the surface are r e I n burnis hing the metal use a bl ood
moved a nd the n utting the article on stone or a steel b urnis her I n burnis h
wheel b
, .
drops o f amm onia a dded . In e n gr a v o f mercury diss ol ves a large num ber o f
ing which a dds materially to the a p
, metals .
made of s heet probably the best l ubr i forms amal ams with m ost metals I: .
cant to use o n a n engra ver s tool i n order ’ unites direct y a nd readi l y either col d or ,
fi c ul tl
, ,
it does not destroy the s ati n finis h i n the with al umi num co pper a nd . ,
bright clea n cut as there is i n the choice whe n heated in presence of quicksilver .
as the lathe t ools already outli ned i ron nickel cobalt ura ni um plati num
, ,
p
, , ,
llan
hat is they s houl d be brought to a
,
.
,
sharp poi nt a nd be cut back rather” of thes e metals ca n be obta i ned of buty
far so as to gi ve plenty of clearance
,
rous consistency either by electrolysis of ,
aluminum that has bee n d e vel ope d silver as the negati ve ele ctrode o r by the ,
that is i n drop forgi ng the metal S ome a nd neutral s ali ne s ol uti o n s T hese
,
.
ALUMI NUM ALL OYS : es eci a ll y utili zed for the preparati on of
S e e All oys
al kali ne earthy metals by e l e ct r ol tic
.
domi nates .
or by
Amal ga ms
in ,
capillary
Al loys Accordi ng as the f usmg heat of a metal
.
ment of heat are electro -negative W i th the quicksil ver of t h e a mal ga m formed
ref e rence to the metals all oye d with the by heating this i n a current of dry h y
q uicksil ver T h e products with a bso r p
. drogen .
t i on of heat are electro negative with ref - II —Amalgams of s odi um serve for
.
ere nce to the metals com bi ned with the the preparati on of amalgams of the oth
quicksil ver ; consequently i n a battery ,
er m etal s particularly alkaline earthy
,
of eleme nts of pure cadmi um and amal metals an d m etals of high fusi ng poi nts ,
Water is decom posed by the amal and plati num wh en a well —cl eaned plate
,
al kaline a mal ga ms may therefore serve , , has the property of ren deri ng quick
as a sour ce of nascent hydrogen i n pres sil ver m ore brilliant a n d consequently ,
pl oyment of sodi um amalga m for hydro articl es of gol d destroy its activity
podi um amalgam of 3 per cent is utili zed
.
,
a cous e u e n ce of their action on water , with s uccess for the a mal gamated plates
the al ka i ne amal gams are changed by em pl oyed i n crus hers a n d other a ppa
m oist ai r with production of free alkali
, ratus for treati n g th e ores of gold If a .
of dry hydroge n .
the r i s k of a partial destructi on of these
II — T hey can serve for the repara
.
c ompounds by too i ntense acti on as ,
composi ng the salts o f these metals with , Applicatio n s of Bariu m Ama l gams .
, ,
III —T hey ca n be em pl oyed as a
.
,
also M irrors )
.
princi pal e mpl oyment of zi nc a malga ms of zi nc a nd 1 part tin may be used for
i s their use as a cathode or negative elec coveri ng the cushi ons of frictional elec
trode i n the batteries of M unson D a n tric machines T his amal gam is pre .
iel s and L e c h a n c hé
, T his comb i nati on
. pared b first meltin g the zi nc a nd ti n i n
is desi gned to render the zi nc n on attack -
a cruci l e a nd a dd i ng the quicksilver
able by the exciti ng li ui d of the battery previously heated
with open circuit T
.
h e actio n of the
. I I I — M ention has been ma de of the
.
ments w en foreign bodies are mingl e d q ui cksilver 2 parts 0 tin and 1 part of
, ,
with the metal ; i n a word the givi n g to , ca dmium For the sam e pur ose a n
.
and consequently of ca usi ng a great sav pl oyed (S e e als o Cem ents D ental )
.
a
in expense .
.
pl un ed for a fe w secon ds into water i n has been empl oyed for filling teeth .
whi o there is one -si xteenth i n vol ume T his us e has been a bandoned on account
of sul ph uric acid then rubbi ng with , of the i nconvenience occasi oned by the
a cop e r -wire brus h which has been great changea bleness of the product .
furnishes a first very thi n coat of a mal of the amalgam previously heated to the ,
mated by putting at the bottom of the taining with slight com pressi on copies of
com a r tme n t c o n ta i n i n each element deli cate objects whi ch ma y after hard
a l i ttl e quic ksil ver i n s uc a way that t h e
, , ,
on conditi on that the zi nc al one touches 4 5 per cent of copper by com pressi o n i n ,
the bottom of the vess el contai ni ng the the soft state i n molds of gutta percha , ,
,
the form of a grayis h powder
.
Appl i ca ti o n s of Ti n Amalga ms .
crushers are furnis hed with amal ga
Tinn i n of glass T his operati on i s mated lates of copper for retainin the
a cco mp i sh e d i n th e f o ll o wmg man n er : gold g l h e preparation of thes e pg
.
‘
‘
. ate s ,
88 A MAL G A M S
which are at least inches i n thick the purpose of economizi ng the bis muth ,
more ra pi d acti on is desire d with a cl oth , T h e bism uth broke n i nto s mall frag ,
dipped i n dil ute nitric aci d ; they are ments is added to the ti n a nd l ea d r e
, ,
completely a malgamated T hey are . ties floati ng o n the s urface are removed ,
finally ma de t o a bs orb as m uch quick ~ and when the tem perature is su ffi ciently
silver as possi ble B ut the plates thus . l owered this a mal am is sl owly o u r e d
treated are useful for only a fe w days into the vessels to e tinned whi o have ,
whe n they are s u fficiently covered with a been previ ously well cl ea ned and slightly
layer of gol d amalga m ; in the mea ntime heated M D itte recom men ds for the
. .
S o it is prefera ble to cover them arti herent to the glass a n a malga m obtained ,
n o mi c a l
.
t a ssi u m cya nide rem oves fatty matter , still l ower tem perature T his ast a mal .
a nd sal a mmoniac the oxides of the l ow ga m may als o be use d for filli ng carious
metals teeth T h e D arcet all o as known con
tai ns 2 parts of bis m uth 1 part of lead
. .
,
an d 1 art of ti n a nd m elts at 1 99 ]; F
.
o
1
T hese meet with a n i nteresti ng empl oy , .
T h e a dition of 1 of ui ck si l ver
ment for the a utogenous s ol deri ng of ”part
lead After the s urfa ces to be s ol dered
.
l owers the fusi ng point to 1 04 °
I n tp
a mal ga m is a pplied It is afterwards .
. .
T h e amalga m formed of 1 er cent of nide M L enoir has recom men ded the
, .
bis muth a nd 4 parts of qui c sil ver will foll owi ng : S pri nkle t he lass at the ti me
cause the strong a dherence of glass I t .
when it is covere d wit the mercurial
is empl oyed with a dvantage i n the ti n s ol ution with very fine zi nc powder ,
ni ng of glass gl obes For this operati on .
which precipitates the quic ksilver a nd
it is poured into a dry h ot receiver and , re ul a t es the a mal a mati on .
the n assed over the whole s urface of I — T h e meta l urgy of sil ver als o
.
tr ea ti n sil ver ores rec ourse is ba d to , yet a ain it is filtered through a glass
,
qui ck si ver i n the case of a mal a m i n f u n n c havi ng a very slender stem wit h ,
i n cylindrical retorts of cast i ron fur , cl oth i mmerse d i n water is arra nge d ,
n is h e d with a n exit tube i m merse d i n above a recei ver half full of water T h e .
Gildi n with quicksil ver T his proces s . hypos ul phite of s oda nitrate of potas h , ,
n o w but little us e d It ca n be applie d . latter for precipitatin g the sol uble sul
on ly to metals sli htly fusi ble a nd ca pa
g ph a t e s proceed i ng from the decom posi
bl e of amalgamat i on like sil ver copper , , ,
tion of pyrites .
remains superficially alloy e d with the the mercury reci i ta te d collects the gol d
a nd e ve n t ua l y the silver m ore e ffi ca
,
Wi th about their weight of quicksil ver , 5 parts of hydrochl oric acid T his s ol u .
mixed with a s mall q ua ntity of sand . the zinc to be a malga mated i nto this
Th e gold is diss ol ve d a nd the sa nd r e li qui d only for a few seconds .
90 A M A L G A M S — A M BE R
Amalga m for Ceme nting G lass , Por l onger the kneadi ng is conti nued the
ca lai u , Etc — T ake ti n 2 parts a nd cad
. ,
m ore u niform will be the mass As soon .
all i n a n iron crucible and boil agitat i ng a m still s oft is gi ven the s ha pe i n which
,
g
the mass with a pestle T his a malga m .
i t is to be kept .
mercury 4 0 parts , .
After the a malga m has hardene d the
the tin then a dd the bis muth ; ski m sev
,
thi n plate of it may be rei nforced by
eral ti mes a nd a dd the mercury stirri ng ,
pouri ng on molten type metal .
( S ee a s o M irror-S ilvering)
.
.
hammer or between roll ers ; it ca n als o mercury bei ng rem ove d from the gr a n u
be sta mped an d retains its metallic l uster
, l ated crystalli ne a mal ga m by pressi ng i n
for a l ong ti me i n the air I n air con .
a l eather bag S ilver a mal ga m can als o
.
consists in that it becomes very s oft whe n l uting with distill e d water a nd adding ,
lai d i n water and attains s uch l i a n cy , m ercury to the flui d i n the proporti on of
that it ca n be em pl oyed for mode i n g the 4 parts b wei ht of m ercury to 1 of the
sil ver ori ginally use d T h e mercury
most delicate obj ects After a fe w .
,
y ,
~
.
hours the a mal ga m congeals agai n into preci pitates the sil ver i n a metalli c state ,
a very fi n e grained rather malleable a n d i mme di a t e l y forms a n a mal gam with
-
,
, ,
i n the begi nni ng has united with the , gether pine rosi n 1 ; l acca i n tabulis 2 ;
, ,
mercury i nto a very plastic mass T h e .
wh i te col oph ony 1 5 pa rts , .
92 ANTID OTE S F O R POI SONS
S e e S te e l .
arabic or s i pery-el m bark fl a xsee d
, ,
AN I D E STROYERS
’
ul
.
warm w a te r a nd it has the adva ntage of acute pai n i n the t roat stomach and , ,
,
mustard from t he mustard pot Its s hri veled white or yell ow ; hiccou gh
, ,
n ot at ha nd ive two or three teas poon thirst while dri nk i ncreases the pain
,
,
fuls of pow ered alu m i n syr up or a n d rarely remai ns i n the stom ach ; fr e
m ol asses a nd gi ve freely of warm water q ue nt b ut vai n eff orts to urinate ; col d
,
vomiti ng has taken place large dra ughts if it ca n be s wall owed C om m on soap .
that the vomiting will conti nue u ntil the mortar from th e wall mixe i n water
pois onous s ubstances have been th or may be give n u ntil ma gnesia ca n be o b ,
oughly evac uated a nd then s uitabl e anti ta i n e d Prom ote vom i ti ng by tickling
.
,
e i m tea
s houl d be used When i t is known what
.
gruel or other mil d dr i nks
,
mistake for salts to which i n Eps om , i ngs with sym ptoms of nervous dera nge
,
shops it often bears a strong resem bla nce . ment and great prostrati on of strength
, ,
lar e qua ntity of water or large draughts , I f vomiting has not been pr oduced it
of i m
,
scrape the wall or ceili ng a nd give the , a nd a dmi nistering copi ous dra ughts of
s crapings mixed with water . warm water Astri ngent i nfusi o n s such .
,
Treatment : Chl ori ne i n the form of a nd then s pri nkle on one eighth to one
.
-
Weak s ol uti on
,
monia (s pirits of harts horn ) largely , toms : G enerall y withi n a h hour pai n
diluted may be gi ven a nd the va por of it
, , and heat are felt i n the stomach soon ,
chloroform i n half to teas poonful d oses dryness of the throat a n d great thirst ;
i n glyceri ne or m ucila ge repeate d every , the matters vomited are generally col ored
few minutes until the sym ptoms a re ,
either gre e n yell ow or brown and a r e , ,
like manner ; the col d d ouche over the a bsence of this or while it is being pre
head and chest warmth to the extrem ,
pared give lar ge draughts of new mil k
,
ities etc
, .
,
tra ted Lye , W oo d -a sh Lye , Ca ustic Pot water or even if nothi ng e s e i s at hand
, ,
hi cco u g pur i ng of bl oody stools stomach which foll ows m ust be treated
Th e com m on vegetable
.
An ti mo n y a n d I ts Prepa r a tio n s — Ta r
tar Emeti c, An ti mo n ial W e, er e s
i n K m ’
d ote . G ive a rom pt em etic a nd then
Mineral — S ym ptoms : Fai ntness and relia nce m ust e laced on continual
.
Fo lo ve , or D i i ta l is — S ym ptoms
L oss 0 strength feege flutteri ng ulse
.
per . ,
, ,
T reatme nt : Excite vomiting by drinki ng res pi ration features s wollen face blue
, ,
C a us ti c Pota sh — S ee Al kali s under this . bl oody stools great a nxi ety tremors , , ,
ti tl e
. ve rti go fainti ng si nki ng of the ulse
, , ,
.
me nt : Excite s peedy vo mi ti n by large
Heat a nd pai n i n the throat a n stomach ,
dra ughts of warm water mo F a ss e s and ,
viol ent retchi ng a nd vomiti ng col d a nd ,
water tickling the throat wit h the finger
cl a mm
,
ski n small a nd feebl e pulse
, ,
or a feather a nd e me tics ; give oily and
,
h ur r i e an d difficult breathi ng diar ,
m ucila ginous dri nks oily purgatives ,
rhea etc T reatment : An emetic fol
, .
,
a nd clysters acids strong coff ee ca m
,
,
,
l owed b the free admi nistrati on of mil k ,
phor a nd opi um
, .
,
la gi n o us dri nks . .
—Blue
ness of the throat trem ors dizzi ness , , ,
Copper Vi triol Verd igr is or ,
diffi culty of s wall o wing prostrati on and ,
Pi ck les or Foo d Co o k e d i n Copper Ves faintness li mbs powerless or paralyzed
,
G eneral i n fl a mma
,
sels —S ym ptoms : ,
Co rr os i v e Subli ma te —S e e M er cury .
fru i tl ess e ff o r t to vomit , e xcessive ten
under this title .
derness of the epigastri u m T reat me n t .
A NTIDOTES FOR POI S ONS 5
starch wheat , our , or arrowroot beaten , excessi ve salivation put a half oun ce of '
—Acetate
a nd use freely as a ga rgle and s wall ow a
Lea d of Lea d , S ugar of Lead , ta bl es poonful every hour or two
,
do ses a s weet but astri ngent m etalli c S ymptoms : I nte nse pai n a nd v o mi ti n
a nd purgi ng of bl ood mucus and shreds
,
small but l on conti nue d doses it pro - and afterwards fla xseed or sli ppery el m -
( 1 drachm i n a qu a r t of water ) gi vi ng
,
,
is covere d with col d cla m my pe r spi r a
one -fourth to c om me nce a nd repeati ng ,
ti on a nd the s phi ncters rela x T h e ef
,
.
T reatme nt : Em pty the stomach i mme
is col d use the warm bath .
s o n o u s e ff ects of o ium a nd ma y be
ment : M ustard over the stomach a nd ,
given i n doses of hal to a teas poonful of
,
brandy a nd a m monia .
the tincture or 2 grai ns of the extr a ct
, ,
i ety a nd teari ng pai ns i n b oth stomach Fi nally as a l ast res ort use artificial
, ,
.
,
med i ately — whi te of eggs i n conti nuous emetic may consist of a hal drachm of
large doses a nd i nfusion of catechu after
,
s ul phate of zi nc diss ol ved i n a half pi nt
wards s weet mil k mixtures o f flour a nd
, ,
of warm water of whi ch one -third should ,
96 AN TI D OT ES F OR PO I S O NS
the r ate of a wineglassful every 5 or 1 0 manifest themsel ves such stim uli s oul d
mi nutes until vomiti ng comm ences
,
. be avoide d and these sym ptoms a ppro ,
l or 2 fl ui d r a ch ms of ti ncture of c a psi
'
.
,
rough fricti on s oul d be applied t o the with itching red ness burni ng and swell
,
that accompan i es convalescence may be v omiting pur ing convulsi ons faint
, , ,
best met by aromati c aperients ; a nd the ness feeble pu se col d feet and hands
, , ,
general tone of the habit restored by stim with teari ng pains i n stomach and bowels .
case of an adult withi n our recoll ecti on a nd em ptyi ng th e stomach and bowels
was 4 § grains Children are m uch m ore
. with mil d dri nks must be relied on .
the age .
tard a nd hot fomentations over the
stomach a nd bowels an d ice all owed
O xal i c Aci d — S e e Aci ds . .
in the stomac h only until the i n fl a m
Ph osph orus — F o u n d i n L u c i f e r mati on ceases If prostrati on c omes on .
,
pai n i n the stomach a nd bowels ; vomit S tramoni um, Thorn Apple , or James
i ng diarrhea ; tenderness a nd tensi on
,
town Wee d — S ym ptoms : Verti 0 , head .
large stim ulating cl ysters After the . S trych nine or Nu x Vo mica — T h e char .
which is mani f este d by a general con or fl our beaten up i n water with mag ,
traction o f a ll the muscl es of the body , nes l a or chalk .
F
,
tion is sus ended T hese sym ptoms nervous debility col d s weat trem ors , , ,
a nd a t ti me s fatal prostrati on
.
etc.
, arti ficial res pirati on sh oul d be be relieved by copi ous draughts of warm
practiced with dilige nce a nd care “ I f . water Carbonate of soda administered
.
,
the pois on has bee n a pplied externally , i n s ol ution will decompose the sul phate ,
the wound I f the pois on has bee n. observed in the subsequent treatment .
swallowed for some time we sh ould give W oorara — S ym ptoms : When taken .
j ecti o n s of chl ori ne” a n d decocti on of S uck the wound i m mediately or cut it ,
est relia nce may be placed o u full doses iodi ne or i odide of potassium and give it
, ,
ties i f necessa ry Rec overies have fol . fe ctl y D ose ( of either ) 5 ounce to 1 ;
.
,
tion of oils or melted butter or lard In . I I I — M ustard s eed 1 4 pou nds ; cl oves
. ,
all cases e m pty the stomach if poss i bl e . and ca psicum of each 1 3 ; ounds ; mix , , ,
Ti n — Ch lo r i d e of Ti n S olutio n of Ti n ,
A portion of any one of these compounds
(use d by d yers ) , O xi d e of Ti n , or P utty a dded to cider or the like s oon allays , ,
,
advantageously used for Wi n e and beer as ,
98 A NT I S E PTI C S
greatly i m proves the flavor a nd the a p T h e best process for the preservati on
arent stre n t h of the li quor a nd als o of a nti u e metallic a rticl es c onsists i n a
p ,
.
M ent c l grams 1}
3 pounds ) may be the n o ttl e d and the ,
Phenol rains 15
corks tied over with bla dder a nd either ,
O il o f g a ul th e r i a r e ps 4
waxed or ca psuled .
Carm i ne to gi ve a pi n k ti n t .
Anchovies .
B orax powdered
,
of war m water .
S e e Pai nts .
Eucaly ptol 1 2 mi ni ms
.
crevi ces of the s kin A t the same time .
filter .
i ng i n benzi ne T h e ha nds ca n be .
corrosive s ubl imate a nd is certai nly far the rema i ni ng porti on of the ha nds one
more agreeabl e to use O il o f thyme i n .
tions — T h e safest
. col oring s ubsta nce for d l i n g i nstrum ents s p onges a n d tiss ues , ,
i nternal a dmi nistratio n or for a pplica For the a bd ome n the a cetone s ol ution
ti on to the s ki n is the col ori ng matter of has th e a dva nta ge a nd it dries i n three ,
lea ves chl orophyll A tincture of s pin to four s econds after its a p li ca ti o n
whil e the benzi ne s ol uti on takes from
. . ,
s ubsta nce is wa nted the s ol vent s houl cons i sts i n five mi nutes scrubbi ng with ’
be e va porated o ff .
s pi rits of gree n s oa p was hi ng with ether , ,
Water
.
pa rts of water .
S e e Waters
.
.
— Powdered stra m oni um 1 5 ; powdere d ,
S e e Essences a nd Extracts
.
,
A sth ma F u mzga ti n g
'
P o w d er s — I
.
. .
cc Adhesives . parts .
( All the h erbal i ngredients i n
coarse powder ; m oisten with the water i n
AQUARI UM P UTTY which the o t a ssi u m nitrate has been
S ee Putty .
S ch i flma n n s A sth ma P o w d er — Po t a s
'
ARGENTAN .
S ee All oys .
si um nitrate 2 5 ; stra m oni um 7 0 ; bella
, ,
N eu meyer si h ma P o w d er —
’
s P o ta s
S ee Adhesi ves under Je wel ers
.
’
d e r e d A ch i ll ea mi ll e o l i u m lea ves 1
.
'
.
,
AR NICA S AL VE Vor l a e n d er s A st ma P o w d er — S tra
’
.
S e e O i ntments .
mo n i u m 1 50 ; l obelia 8 0 ; arnica flowers
, , ,
S e e All oys .
i odi de 3 ; na phth ol
, parts . .
S ee Rubber .
i n the filtrate diss ol ve the salts I m .
S e e Varnis hes .
pieces about 2 } by 4 i nches a nd roll into ,
cigarettes .
S e e G ol d .
tract of bellad onna 8 grai ns ; extract of ,
water 2 0 0 parts D ry . .
fi n e bl otti ng pa per which is dried a nd ,
,
onna l eaves 5 ; powdered stra m oniu m Four or five in halation s are generally
,
o el i a 5 ; m rrh 1 0 ; oli
fi
o w d er e d
ASTHMA
anum 1 0 ; p el l a n d t i um y
, ,
CANAR IES
IN
r u i ts 5 parts
, , .
ATOMIC WEIGHTS
.
, ,
and dry ) .
.
1 02 B A K ING POWD E RS
ra ndy a re us ually a d mi nistered as sti m s maller qua ntiti es are best m i xed to
ul a n ts . C hief relia nce has us ually bee n gether i n a s pacious m orta r a nd the n ,
re ported was that of m uscarine extracted feres with the acti on of the acid on the
by alcoh ol from the m ushroom A ma n i ta ,
al kali .
eff ects u on the a nimal body a nd that Potassi u m bita rtrate 2 pa rts
it neutra i ze d poisonous d oses . S odi um bica rb onate 1 part
C ornsta rch 1 part
AQUA AR OMATICA .
Fol sa l viaa
. T h e sta bility of the prepa rati on is i n
Fr uc t fce n i c uli crease d by drying each i n redient se pa
r a t e l y by ex o s u r e to a ge ntg
.
AX LE GREAS E I V — Al um Ba k i n g Po wd er
.
.
S ee L u bricants .
Am m oni u m al um ,
I — T a rtaric
. acid 3 parts ; sodi um ,
v e sce n t) made by mixi ng equal parts of S ol utions for B a tteri e s —Th e al m ost .
S e e Paint e r e by th e
. ,
ge n ,
S a l a m m oniac 1 part
Plaster 3 parts
.
BA UD OI N M ETAL
S e e All oys
. .
2 parts BAY R UM .
Charcoal 3 ounces
. .
G ra phite 1 ounce
. .
B ED B UG D E STRO YE RS
its vol ume of a mercury-bichl oride s ol u
ti on an d a n eq ual vol ume of hydrochloric S e e I nsectici des .
acid .Add the fluid gra dually a nd well , BEEF IR ON AND WINE
.
, .
I II — Cal ci um
. chl ori de , D e ta n n a te d s herry
crystallized 30 part s .
w mo .
Ti nct ure o f oran e . 2 ou nces als o said that access to sal t water is i m
Ti ncture o f car a portan t for the health of bees .
m om co 1 ounce
BEETLE POWD ER
. .
,
S e e I nsectici des .
.I —Powdered chal k is poured i nto the ( cauti on ! ) a nd mix well with 2 0 0 pa rts of
cask and all owed to remai n i n the beer col oph ony After further m el tin g a dd
.
otas h will re move the s our taste of with stirri ng T his grease is i ntended
p
.
to whi ch bees are su bj ect It is ca used been applied they sh oul d be subjected
by bacteria a nd its presence may be
.
, ,
the ca ps are s unke n or irregularl y pu n c ered iron vessel heat at a tem peratur e o f
t a red Frequentl y the disease is sai d to
. 50
°
C ( 1 5 2 ° F ) 1 part by weight of
. .
antiseptically treated h oney or syrup are dissol ved and a dd to the mi xture
,
the mea ns take n for the r eve n tio n a nd part of e l l o w wa x I nto an other v essel .
used a re salicylic a ci d carb oli c a m o r , , a dd 1 art of tall ow and eat the mixture ,
and feedi ng with a h oney or rup med i sta n tl y stirring — a n operati on to be con
pated with them will us ually e all that ti nned until the ma tte r i s c ool ed a nd
y w a y o f treatment
.
BELT GL UE I II .
S e e Ad hesives .
A mm onia water .
.
I — Be nzine
. 20 ounces
O il of la vender . 1 fi ui dra ch m
Pota ssi um d i c h r o
B en zi n e mate 1 ounce
S ul phuric aci d 1 fl u i d o un ce
Water
.
best method of col oring be nzi ne green is a dd t he acid a nd whe n the s ol uti on is ,
to diss olve i n it su fficient oil soluble aniline cold the benzi ne S hake every hour
, .
green of the desired ti nt to give the r e duri ng the day all o w to sta nd all night , ,
q uired s hade .
deca nt the be nzi ne w as h w ith a pi nt of ,
of la vender
.
t r a li ze d ,s hakin g re e a te dl y After a .
is the n well sha ken i nto the mixture ,
while the milky l i qui separates into two a nd the whole all owed to stand T h e
be n zme r is es to the top of the watery
.
layers v i z
, salty s oa py m ud sediment
.
, a. , ,
-
I II — T o
.
, ,
be taken t h at they have as slight a n odor st i r well together a nd set asi de for 2 4 ,
i t a dd a sol uti on of 7
elai ne or olei n — m ore correctly o l eic aci d Q parts of p otassium
erman ganate a nd 1 5 a rts of s odi um
p
— o f the candle fa ctories may likewise
get rid of the bad -s melli ng fatty acids stand u ntil t he benzi ne s epara tes then ,
tetrac hl ori de a nd 1 vol u me of be nzi ne is be n zme and a gitate well to ether for two
m i nutes then l et settle a n dd ra w off t h e
1
practi ca bly i nflamma ble T h e fla me is .
,
III .
— Jamaica ginger ,
fla vor i n gi nger al e T his ether throws .
”
Ca ci n e d magne s ophisticators Add a few drops of .
Extract the mi xed gi nger a nd c a psi S ol ubleE xtr act of G inger Ale — Oi .
cu m by perc ol ati on s o as to obtai n 1 6 the foll owi ng three formulas the first is
fl u i d o u n c e s of water set the mixture aside , i ntended for s oda-fountai n use the sec ,
the latter macerate the l e m on peel for is a m ost satisfactory e xtract a nd has
7 days a nd agai n filter
, . been sol d with m ost credita bl e results ,
Brown sugar .
oleoresi n of gi nger is used i n a ddition to
Boiling water the o w d e r e d root T h os e w h o do not .
Infuse the ginger in the boil ing water , d evel op a n excell ent fla vor since the oil ,
yeast .Let it stand all nigh t then b ot , adva ntage of bei ng free from resinous
tl e ; one l emon an d the whit e o f an egg extracti ve .
Lemo n Beer .
4 ounces of extract t o 1 gall on of syrup ) .
Ja maica i nger i n
fine pow er 8 pounds .
Ca sieum i n fi ne pow
er 6 ou nces
Alcoh ol a s u ffi ci en t qua ntity
.
, .
add to it 2 fl u i d r a ch ms of o e o r e si n of
Boil 3 h ours strain the li qu or add : gi nger ; shake ad d 2 5 pou nds of finely ,
, ,
powdered pumice stone and agitate thor ,
( r a n ti ti e s of 1 pi nt at each ad diti on
sgak i ng br i skly meanwhile
,
.
, O i l of rose ( or ge
a nd delightful fla vor are produced by the ra n iu m) .
3 fi u i d r a ch ms
presence of ce n a n th i c ether or brandy O il of berga m ot 2 fi ui d r a ch ms
BEVE RAGE S 1 09
cl ear portion of the gi nger mixture to M i x moiste n with al cohol and set
, ,
which have bee n previ ously a dded 2 aside as i n the recedi ng formula ; then
ounces of alcoh ol a nd conti nue tr i tu , percolate with a cohol until 1 0 ints of
ration rinsi ng out the m ortar with the
, extract are obtained T o this a d oleo .
filter to make the resulting product pi nts of water i n q ua nti ties of 1 pint at a ,
me asure 2 4 pi nts or 3 gall ons If the , . ti me sha ki ng vi gorously after each a ddi
,
operator s houl d desi re a n extract of more ti on S et the m i xture asi de for 24 hours
.
,
the formula
O i l of gera nium } fl ui d o u n c e a
O il of ci nna mon 3 fl ui d r a ch ms
.
vessel for 4 h ours T hen pack the pow . enough water through the filter to make
der firmly i n a cylindrical percolator , the final product meas ure 2 4 pints or 3 ,
O il of l em on
I — S trawberry Lemonade : Citric aci d 6
.
1
O il of cin na m on 1 fl ui d o u n c e
. ,
.
ate 8 ounces ,
tincture a d lib .
,
.
,
carbonate 65 ; tartaric aci d 60 ; s ugar , ,
aside T he n lace Percolate N o 1 i n a
.
.
,
.
each into hal ves a nd us e a lem on -s qu ee z , S erve i n s mall glass D ress w i th sliced .
e r or rea mer to express the j uice i nto a l em on a n d fru i t i n seas on B ri ght red
, .
s mall pitcher Rem ove all the seeds . cherri es a nd pl um s m ake a ttracti ve gar
from the j uice to which a d d 4 or m ore , n i s h i n gs.
ta bl espoonfuls of white sugar a cc ording ,
Raspberr y Lem onad e — I — Juice of 1 . .
,
II — Ji i i ce of 1 l em on ; 2 teas poonfuls
.
a
s ugar 2 teas o o n ful s ; filtered water su ffi
, ,
of pi nea pple a nd cherry
cient ; shav e ice s u ffici ent , .
.
stra ws .
lem on .
seltzer .
Pi ng Po n g ” Frapp é — G ra pe j uice .
,
. ,
with stra ws i
.
S eltzer s u fii Ci e n t
, S erve i n a s mall . stra w .
glass
O ra n geFrapp é — Glass half full o f
.
.
fine i c e ; ta bl es poonful powd ered su gar ;
ul ve r i z e d s ugar 3 teas poonfuls M a ke , . 1; ounce ora nge syru p ; 2 das hes l e m on
e mo n a d e
.
li quid extract beef ; 1 egg ; salt a nd pe p Crea m Beef Tea — Use 1 teas poonful .
Gi nger .
cool a dd the a ci d ph os phate
Fl ui d extract of ginger ounces 25 Cel e r y Cla m P u nch — Cla m j uice 2 .
,
with the flui d extract of gi nger ; heat on Clar e t Pu nc h — Cla ret wi ne 2 ounces ; .
,
the water bath until the alcohol is eva p s uga r 3 teas poonfuls ; j uice of } lemon ;
, 1
Cocoa S yrup .
Lemo n J u i ce , Plai n — Fres h lemon .
extra ct .
may be combi ned with gi n er a nd other
II — C ocoa syr u p
. . flavors as for i nsta nce c o c o l a te and
, , ,
Cream . c offee .
crea m .
make 8 ounces A s mall piece of fres h .
L emon j uice 2 fl ui d r a c h ms
Hot Mal t — Extract of malt 1 ounce ;
.
Lem on syrup 1 fl u i d o u n ce ,
e 8 ounces Mi x
.
m ug .
Malte d Mil k — Horlick s malted milk .
’
S prinkle with n utmeg or cinna mon 2 tables poonfuls ; h ot water qua ntity
su i m
.
,
O range syrup
,
1 fl u i d o u n ce .
late etc a nd ma ny of the fruit syrups
,
phosphate 1 fl ui d r a c h m
Hot Ma l ted Mi l k Co ffee (or Chocol a te )
.
m ug
_
in
phos phate s ugar and hot water Hot Beef Tea —I — Best beef e xtra ct 1 . .
,
, , .
ta bles poonful ; s wee t crea m 1 ou nce hot
; ,
B E VE R A GES 1 13
i ul
.
‘
Mi x .
gether i n a n eg -s ha er ; sha ke as i n
111 - Extract of bee f 1 teas poon f ul
ma king col d dri n s ; a dd the hot water ,
a nd mi x all by i o ur i n g back a nd
. .
Mi x .
,
Hot Bo uill o n .
quickl y with the spoon an d add hot ,
I —Cl a
. j uice . 12 drac hms . . ,
Mi x
i ng the water S erve grated nut m
.
.
eg a nd
IL — Extract cla m b oui ll o n
.
i n butter ma kes thi s ouillon a broth there are no facilities for keeping hot
gt ma y als o be s erved with mil k or
.
, , ,
same wa y .
ii ounce ; bra n y Q ounce ; Angostura ,
.
ounces l e mon syr u 1 egg i ou nce s ol u
Extract of O ol ong ,
,
to a nother glass heated previ ously a nd
1 cu ful
, ,
, ,
.
fres h egg i nto s ha er a n a dd ounce
pinea ple syru p 5 ounce ora n e syru p
1 das pphos phate
, ,
,
ou nce glass D ra w 1 ; ou nces .of s yrup
add the water a nd mix b po ur i n bac k ,
a nd 1 ounce of crea m I nto the s ha ker .
,
3 parts blac k co ff ee a nd 1 part of bra ndy
.
I ce d Cofi ee — S erve
i n a l o-ounce.
s e mi fr o z e n state .
glass . D ra w 1 ounce
i nto glass fill ,
Mi nt Jul ep — O n e-half tumbl er sha ved .
,
i ce teas poon f ul powdered s ugar dash
, ,
stirri ng .
lem on j u i ce 2 or 3 s prigs of fres h mint
, .
c o fl e e li ght lunch .
glass l ea vi ng full of shave d i ce S erve
, .
powdered s ugar
,
be nice a nd l i ht N o w pour into lass . glass ; fill two -thirds full of cracked ice ,
else it will settl e a nd l ose i ts li ghtness , with i n one -half i nc h of top with ca rbon
a nd richness . ated water ; a dd s ha ved i ce hea pi ng full , .
Co fi ee Co ck ta i l .
water from large st r ea m turn from tum ,
Port W i ne ounce . 1
Brandy 2 drachms Lun a r Ble n d —T a ke two mi xi 11
gl asses brea k a n egg putti ng t h e 0 115
.
Ch o colate a n d Mi l k .
cherry syru p a n d s om e cracked ice ;
sha ke a d d s mall qua ntity s oda a nd
,
C hocolate syr u 2 ounces stra i n into a 1 2 -ounce glass I nto the
,
, .
other mi xi ng gl ass a d d 1 ou nce plain
a gl ass h alf f ull o f sha ved ice put
Fil l ,
s weet crea m a nd beat with bar s poons ,
with out strai ni ng Put wh i pped crea m . and ad d s oda from fi ne strea m only .
Ch o co l a te Fra ppé .
stra ws
Frozen whi pped crea m su ffi cient , .
Egg Ch o col a te .
S ha ved i ce su ffi ci ent
W
, .
Ch ocolate syru p .
4 ounces
Lemon syr u 12 drach ms
J uice of one emon B rown sugar 1 5 0 grai ns
Com pressed yeast 24 rains
.
O n e egg
M ilk sugar o o o o o o o o o 3 r a ch m
.
Ra spberr y S our .
D issol ve the mil k sugar i n the water .
,
Ras pberry syrup . 12 drach ms a dd to the milk rub the yeast and brown
,
J ui ce 0 g
.
one l emon .
,
porti o n .
S hake well put i nto cup , and add h ot is pr o pe r l fixed i t s h oul d be wired down .
Fr ui t Frapp é .
It is we to ta ke th e precauti on of roll ing
G ra nul ated gelatin 1 ounce . a cl oth arou nd the b ottl e duri n the
Juice of si x l em ons . shaki ng r o cess as th e a m ou nt 0 gas
,
of the water ; ad d t e W hites of the eggs acc ordi ng to all in vesti gati ons yet made ,
a nd lemon j uice .
is identi cal with k oum i ss Th e foll ow .
is a diff erence in the reparati on whi ch put in firmly s o that the flui d wi ll bec ome
may or may not be o f consequence It
,
has bee n asserted that the ferm ent use d the b ottl es must be da i ly ope ne d an at
i n Russia di ff ers from ordinary yeast b ut , l east twice eac h day brought n ea rl y to a
this has not bee n established . h orizontal posi ti on i n order to all ow the,
far more easy of digesti on ” He thi nks . fres h qua ntity of mil k si m pl y a dd i ,
’
that cow s mil k yiel ds a better prepara of i ts vol ume of either a c ti vel y fer
ti on when dil uted with water to reduce me n ti n g or freshl y ferme nted mil k T h e .
Here are s ome miscell a neous formul as : me n ti n g B ut perha ps the chief dra w
.
l l tl o n pour i n 5 0 0 grams of ma l t
,
of ver s our ( but oth erwise good ) but signal that the latter is rea dy for bottli ng .
ter mil k
I n each of the bottles whi ch sh ould be
Put it i nto a wide j ug cover
.
,
atabl e
.
pagne or s oda -water bottles ; do not col or a nd formi ng a consi dera bl e pre
,
and lay them i n a cool cell ar It w ill . sparkles and little gas esca pes Its
a .
then kee p for 6 or 8 weeks though , taste is more or less aci d possessing a ,
well to keep a b ottle or two to start with which a littl e wheat flour is ad ded are ,
ter ) is first put i nto the glass S hake . stirred with water i n a wooden trough
the bottle a nd h ol d it i nverted well i nto
,
a nd left to ferment for 8 hours T his .
the tumbler before turni n g the ta p . pul p is sifted mi xe d with little water
, a ,
Havi ng made one l ot of koum i ss as ab ove a nd after a n hour the braga is ready for
yo u ca n use s ome of that i nstea d of sale T h e taste is a little s weetish at first
. ,
buttermil k as a ferment for a secon d but bec omes m ore and more s ouris h i n
lot and s o on 5 or 6 ti mes i n success i on ;
,
tim e Fermentation begi ns only i n the
.
WINTER BEVERAGES
.
’
the best for koumiss ; the n ass s m i lk .
fire until r i si n
, Remove a nd sl owly ,
milk a nd t h e ice a nd s ha ki ng well
, ,
.
eggs a nd the yol ks of 4 with } po u n d p f 1 l ons ; best fourth -proof bra ndy 1 quart ; ,
fi n e s uga r ; next add 2 q ua rts of W hi te genuine cha m pa gne wine 5 pi nts ; milk , ,
fine cognac .
strong co fl’e e a nd 1 pi nt of mil k 5 o unces , after w ards s weet ci der 5 gall ons ; bruised ,
rum . o tt l e W h i le fermenti ng .
each b ottl e .
S cotc h Beer — Add l peck malt to 4 .
’
ers yeas t ut i n a warm place a nd let
,
the corks tied d own Th e dri nk is said . fer ment i n the us ual way .
to be very pleasa nt .
ad d re fined l i mej ui ce 60 ounces ; ti nc hour the n strai n a nd put into the liquor
,
4 ounces hops a nd 3
pou n ds of s ugar
,
a mel .
,
S u mmer D ri n k S arsaparil l a B e er — I — C o m o un d ex
tract of sarsa a rilla 1 5 o u nces ; ho t water
. .
.
Whipped 3 ta blespoonfuls
11 4 a rsa pa r i ll a ( sliced )
, .
1 pound ;
M i lk } cup
.
4 ,
S e e Ha l f Pr e pa r a tm s
BLACK B OARD PAI NT AND VA RNIS H :
BIR D D IS EAS ES AND THEI R R EM S e e Pai nt and Varni sh .
BLAS TI NG P OWD ER
S e e Expl osi ves .
Hem p seed
.
Wheat .
S tr aw — I — D i p the stra w i n a sol uti on
. .
S e e Li me .
bi li ty is i ncreased .
.
fu mes of b urni ng s ul phur A n ol d flour .
,
S e e D o g Biscuit .
o o d s to be bleach ed turne d ov e r it .
S e e G ol d .
4 poun ds of oxali c a ci d 4 ou nds of ,
S ee Leather T h e excess o f
.
.
of l i me or J a vel l e water .
B OIL ER COMPOUND S 121
BL UE F R OM GREEN AT NIGH T, TO
'
bleached .
BL UING
Bleach i ng S olution — Al umi num hypo .
S e e Laundry Preparati ons
chloride or Wils on s bl eaching l i qui d i s
.
’
, ,
li me sul phate (gy su m ) which se arates an d water with a littl e red i nk mixed in
, .
,
T his gi ves a very pleasi ng pi nk col or to
out in the form 0 a n ins ol uble sa t .
BLIGHT R EM ED IES .
very n oticeable T h e a m ount of sodi um .
I — S oft s oa p
carbonate use d depends u pon the sur
face o f the bl ue -pri nt pa er as some
.
Amyl alcoh ol :
.
M ethylate d s pirit
Water less s o a is used an d vi ce v ersa How .
II -S oft s oa p
. . on a small coin diss ol ved i n a b ottle of
S ul ph ure te d pot water gi ves good results .
Amyl al coh ol .
BL UE -P RINT PAPER MA K ING :
S e e Photogra phy .
I II .
—
S oft s oap l .
BL UE PRI NTS , TO TUR N B ROWN
t
.
B OIL REMED Y
Water
.
BLEACHI NG S OL UTION F OR PH OTO It sma rts a little at first but this is s oon ,
S e e S typtics .
boil ( no matter h ow i n durated ) s oftens
BLISTER C URE a nd opens .
S e e T urpe nti ne .
BLISTERS F OR HORS ES
B oil er Compoun ds
,
S e e Veteri na ry Formulas .
BLOCK F OR S OL D ERI NG
com p ounds the last bein g deri ved from
,
S e e S ol deri n g
s umac catechu a nd the exha usted ba r k
, ,
etc . T hat
it is i nj uri ous i n rea s ona bl e ,
authority free f rom i nj uri ous materials ,
may be caused through excess of ca usti c B oile r com pounds sh oul d c onta in only
s oda or s oda ash as is well known by ,
such ingr edients as will neutral i ze the
every practical engineer T a nnic aci d . scale -forming salts presen t T hey s houl d .
is to be condem ned a nd the use of its be used only by prescri pti on s o many ,
it removes iro n with the s cal e is als o T h e honest boil er c om ounds are ,
’
da ngerous as t ey coat the tubes with a
, of t ese ca pa bl e of hol ding a d a y s sup
,
com pact scal e n ot e r mi tti n g the water ply provi ded with a s oda ta nk i n com
to reach the iron R
, ,
sh oul d n ot be used i n the boil er S tarch . dles for stirring the contents Large .
substances generally shoul d be a voided . plants are operated on this princi ple ,
ver volatil e a nd must s oon leave the power S uch a syste m has a n a d va n
.
boi er a nd pass over a nd through the ta ge over a conti nu ous system in that ,
action upon the metal itself or on a c tions of such a system several com anies ,
caustic s oda S odiu m tri h osph a te an d tal pri nci ples o w ev er ha ve been used
s odi um fluori de ha ve both b
.
, ,
there s hou d be n o i nj uri ous res ults i n the s ha pe of a light m ud b ut the walls
,
through the use of caustic s oda a nd s oda of the boiler re mai n perfectl y bright
,
ular water for it woul d mea n a score or th e materials used for pa cki ng By the .
mixtures T h e less h onest of the boiler ou nds are s u ffi ci ent for a s mall b oiler
p
.
goods O thers have a stock a nalysis water on the c ontrary ha ving been
, ,
um 5 pound ;
,
of l ant s hou d i nsist that the c om
33333
a
; , gu m ara bic i ,
poun used be pron ounce d by com petent _
B ONE B L A C K
'
124
bones are heated red -hot i n a cl osed artificial heat Whe n dry the p urified
.
,
l odge i n the bony fra me w ork If the . B one black is pu t upon the market
heat is a plied gra dually the b one r e under all s orts of na mes s uch as ivory ,
m uch less weight than at first T h i s . tral black etc All th e se consist of
, .
bone black or a nimal charcoal is a s ub finely rou nd b one black purified from
stance which has great power of a bs orb minera matter If l eather scraps or .
it i s largely used for bleach ing such l i q ui ds . tubes a re empl oyed cl osed at one end , ,
made a re very dark i n col or but after fi l , gi ve off large vol u mes of combustible
t r a ti o n through a ni mal cha rcoal will gi ve gas d uring the charring it is a good lan ,
colorless crystals on eva poration Chem . to lead the va pors from the h ole y a
ical tra des require such large qua ntities bent tube s o that they ca n be burnt and
of bone charcoal that its producti on is hel p to s up l y the heat req ui red and so
a large industry i n i ts elf As in breaking . sa ve fuel f eather or bl ood gi ves a char
.
u p the charred bones a considera ble c oal which hardly requires treatment
amount of waste is produced i n the form , with hydrochl oric aci d for the a mount ,
of dust a nd small grai ns which cann ot be of mineral salts pres ent is s o s mal l that
used for bl eachi ng purposes this waste , its removal a ppears su perfl uous .
equal vol umes of commercial hydro T his test s h ows the difference i n the
ower of conducting s oun d possessed by
chl oric aci d a nd water As the mi n eral
matter als o contains carbonates a lively
.
,
pone and s oft tiss ue .
S e e Fertili zers .
earth is removed the carb on particl es deteri orate unless ca re f ull y guarded .
molds a nd fungi that row r a idl y when hol di ng the l ea ves i n one hand while yo u
the conditi ons are ia vor a b e B ooks . open a few leaves at the back then a few ,
longed s ell of m oist weather their c overs the secti ons till yo u r ea c th e center of
shoul d e wi ped a nd they s houl d be , the vol ume D o this t wo or three ti mes
.
l a ced i n th e su n or before a fire for a a nd you will obta i n the best res ults
F
.
p
arate . rea k the bac k or cause start i n th e a.
( )
2 A s mall black i ns ect one -ei ghth of
, ea ves .
pl etel y obliterated .
,
S ee W
aterproofing .
i n t an pure borax
I —D ammar resi n
.
2 ou nces
.
h e bora x is heate d i n a meta l vessel
2 ounces
u ntil it has l ost its water of crystalli zati on
Cana da bal sa m 1 ounce
and mi xed with cal ci ned cooking salt
Creos ote .
i ounce a nd potash — b ora x 8 pa rts ; cooking ,
S pi rit of wi ne 20 fl ounces . . .
salt 8 a rts ; potash 3 parts N ext i :
is poun p
.
, ,
Macerate with occasi onal s hakin for ed i n a m orta r i nto a fine pow
a few days if wa nte d at once but or a , d er constituting the s prinkli ng bora x
,
.
varnis h will res ult after a macerati on of is prepare d by substituting glass all fo r
several m onths . the potas h G lass -gall is the frot fl oa t
.
, sk i m med 0 3 .
be us ed i t is best t o wra p i t l n pa er .
,
.
drach m i
B OTTLE CLEANERS Package G : Pul verized po ta ssmm bi
.
0
S e e S toppers .
wi ne glasses with the di ff ere nt s olut i ons ,
S e e Varnis hes .
I nto N o 1 wi ne glass pour one or two
.
S e e Be verages .
.
B RAN, S AWD US T I N . the water from the b ottle i nto the pre
For the detection of sa wdust i n bra n pared gl ass T h us N o 1 glass gives a
. .
d ust is dyed red while bra n parts only Bottle -Cappi n g M i xtur e s .
T h e mystery of the
“
wonderful b ot mass a nd di the cork a nd portion of
tl e from which ca n be poured i n s uc the neck of t e bottl e i nto the liq ui d ; it
,
e r a to r i s easily explained
,
T h e mate .
1 ou nce
rials consist o f a n ordi nary dark-colored B oric aci d 2 0 grai ns
pi nt wi ne b ottle seve n wi ne glasses S tarc h 1 ounce
Water
,
S ol uti on B : S aturated sol uti on of a m re move the scum a nd strain Als o mix , .
first a rosy tint a nd the n col ors it Vi olet a few min utes i nto the liqu or the va ,
Upon a ddi ng to the last sol ution Black : For o tical articles ph otogra phic ,
,
the grease from the articl e b pickling
a nd di p it into the bath until ty
ti on of the im mersion yell owish orange , , ,
gray S il ver u nder the sa me circu m the oxi dation be a fail ure it shoul d be
rem oved by di pping i nto the brass
.
,
g
,
re
acetic acid or s ul ph uri c aci d a nd drying
, , .
1 0 ounces ,
A steel -blue col ori n g is obtained by
O n mixing the foll owing sol uti ons mea ns of a dil ute bO i li n s ol uti on of
chl ori de of arsenic a nd a Slue one by a
,
ou nces 5
a nd dry i n sa wd ust
,
m i xed Wi th n i trate of ti n
.
finely powderi ng ray a nti m ony an d b oil produced is u ni form bl ack an d tena
With
, ,
ti on of a nti m ony res ults w ich m ust not , be produced y first fi n i shi n the brass
be dil uted with water si nce a white pre , before blac ken i ng as the o xi izi ng roc ,
ci pi ta te of a nti mony oxyc hl ori de is i m ess d oes not i nj ure the textu re o the
mediately formed upon ad mixture of . metal A sa ti sf a ct o r fi nis h is produced
.
, ,
be ) r o d uce d by c ol ori ng th e enti r e a rticl e
a n dth en b u ffing th e ex o se d port i ons
carbonate of copper parts , .
.
consists of a bout 2 parts of copper a nd 1
Bl a ck Colo r on Brass — A bla ck or o x . part of zi nc s o that th e la rge q uantity of
,
idi z e d s urface on brass is produce d by a the latter s om ewhat hi nders the produc
soluti on of carb onate of c opper i n a m tion of a dee p -bl ack s urface Yell ow .
then m uch m ore easily diss ol ved Plas . of sheet brass known as gil di ng or bronze
tic carbonate o i c op er ma y be mixe d as work well C opper als o gi ves excell ent
.
foll ows : M a ke a s o uti o n of blue vitri ol results Where th e best results are de
.
(sul phate of copper ) i n hot water a nd , sired o u yell ow brass a very light el ectro
add a strong sol uti on of co mm on washing plate of copper before the oxidizi ng
soda to i t as l on g as a ny preci pitate works wel l and gi ves a n excell ent black
With the usual articles ma de of yell ow
.
move the im puri ties After the water . s ome blac k finis h may be p ut on brass
has bee n rem oved d uri ng th e last pour by the foll owi ng process : D issol ve i n
ing and n othi ng is left but a n emulsi on
,
parts of a m m onia water 45 pa rts of
of the thick plasti c ca rb onate i n a s mall natural malachite a nd i n the s ol uti on ut ,
added u ntil everythi ng i s diss ol ved a nd a ha vi ng caref ully a nd th orou ghl y cl ea ned
clear dee p-bl ue li qui d is produced If
,
. the sa m e After l etti ng it sta n d a short
.
the foll owi ng directi ons may be foll owed : II — T h e bl acki ng of brass ma y be
.
D iss ol ve 1 poun d of the plastic carbonate accom plis hed by i m m ersi ng it in the fol
of copper i n 2 gall ons of strong a m mon i a . lowi ng s ol uti on a nd then h eati ng over
T his gi ves the require d strength of so a B uns en b urner or a s piri t fla me :
l uti o n .
Add a saturate d s ol uti on of amm o
T he brass which it is desired to black niu m carb onate to a sat urated copper
e n is first b oil ed i n a s tr ong
potash s ol u s ul phate s ol uti on until the preci pi tate ,
which has pre vi ous ly been heated to heati n g a re re peated unti l the br a ss
from 1 50 ° t o 1 75 F T his sol uti on i f
°
. , turns da rk ; the n it is brus hed a nd d i pped
heated to o h ot gi ves o ff all the a mmo ma in negati ve varnis h or d ull va rn i sh
.
. .
,
18 0 B RA S S
“
til i t si zz es” when touched with th e For the form er d is sol ve 1 00 pa r ts o f ca r
dam pe ned fin er T h e s ol u tion is the n .
bo n i c ca rbonate i n 7 5 0 pa rts of a m m onia
pai nted over t e surface with a brush or a n d dilute this s ol uti on wi th distille d
swab bed on with a ra g I f one s wa b .
water whereu pon th e cl eaned articl es
,
bi ng d oes not produce a su ffici ent de pth are di pped i nto the li qui d b m eans of a
of col or repeat the heatin g a nd the a p
,
brass wi re After two to ree mi n utes
.
li ca ti o n of the liqui d until a fine durabl e take them out r i nse i n cl ea n water and
, ,
produce d on rass casti ngs b i mmersi ng then brush off the o wd er O xidized .
the th oroughly clea ned a nd ri ed articl es sil ver i s obtai ned by i ppi n g th e silvered
i n a warm sol uti on of 1 5 parts of s odi um goods i nto a heated s ol uti on of li ver of
hydrate a nd 5 parts o f cu ric carbonate sul ph ur 5 pa rts ; a mm onia carbonate 1 0
, .
dark ell o w light brown a nd finally st a n t i a ll y sil vered obj ects are suited for
, ,
, ,
’
o fl by this s ol uti on Unsatisfa ctory col .
a nd acquires l us ter whe n polished with ti mepieces are freque ntl y r o vi d e d with
a cl oth .
a dead grai ned s u r face or this pur .
'
disc ol ored f rom acid which m ay be pres a ve agai n bee n was hed the are treated
e nt i n the varnish O n e method pro w i th gr a i ii i n g powder wh i c c onsists o f
.
.
,
posed tor o bviating this is to mi x the S i lver powd er tarta r a nd co oki n g salt
, , .
va r n i sh wit h a bout five ti mes its volume T hese s ubsta nces m ust be ure d r a n d
'P y .
1 h e mi xi n i s
,
o f s piri t o f tur en ti n e a dd to the mixture , very finely pulveri ze d .
is necessary for the reas on that the dea d tice a nd care es pecially i n th e t reatment,
di p produces a dark coating upon the of wheels beca use rays are l i able to
,
show the real effect or the col or of the Pic k le for Brass — S ti r 1 0 parts ( by .
needed i n working the dea d di a nd it the article with the pr oper varnish .
,
u pon yell ow brass hi gh i n zi nc .
.
arts whi ch ha ve bee n cl eanse d with a m i xture of nitric acid 75 parts ; sul
p
, ,
. , ,
‘
well d ried Jewel ers red al one may be Ta mper i n g Bras s — I f ha m m e red too
'
.
.
o mi l e 30 parts
j ect r e
. .
O i l of cl oves 1 0 parts
B RASS CLEANE RS Mix G argl e a nd was h m outh
.
ods .
VI — S al ol
. . 5 pa rts
Al coh ol parts .
S e e D og Biscuit .
M ix G argl e the m outh twi ce daily
.
S ee also D entifrices .
VII I — S odi um bi ca r bo n
.
t r a li z a ti o n of t h e saliva a so th e re moval
T o stai n brick flat the col or of brown
,
I -Potassiu m perma n
.
grou nd i n oil is used thi n with turpen ,
ga n a t e 1 part . .
ti ne usi ng a little ja pa n as a drier If .
,
D i still ed water 1 0 parts . .
necessary to get the desi red shade ad d
Mi x a n d diss ol ve Add from 5 to 8 .
yell ow ocher to the m i xture of red a nd
dro s of this s ol uti on t o a glass of water black If the work is part ol d and part
.
an with it ga rgle the m outh . new rub the wall d ow n usmg a bric k
, ,
134 BR ONZ ING
cement i nto water until the water l ooks l yce r i n e 1 50 parts ; syrup 8 0 0 parts
, , .
T inge the was h with a littl e dry Vene . Emulsio n of Bromofor m — Add 3 parts .
B RICK S ,
S e e S tone Artificial
,
.
Bro mofor m Rum — B rom oform . ,
S e e Polis hes .
cient to make 1 2 0 parts Claimed to .
B RICK MA K E RS ’ NOTES
S e e Cera mics B RONZE CASTING
S ee Casti ng .
B RI D G E PAINT
S e e Paint .
B R ONZE , I MI TATI ON
S ee Plaster .
B RILLIANTINE
S e e Hai r Preparations .
B RONZE P OLI S HE S
S ee Polishes .
a n d B r on zi n g
B RITANNIA M ETAL , TO CLEAN
s Cleani ng Prepara ti ons a nd M eth BRONZE P OWD ERS .
o d s ee
G ol d bronze is a mixture o f equal
.
wL
y , , ,
S e e Antisepti cs .
i ch are fused i n a crucibl e ad di ng the ,
muth a r e i n fusi on .
Brom oform is insol uble i n dil ute a l very fine powder T o a ppl y these .
Frene bronze may be pre pa red by r e A Bron ze for Bras s — I mmerse the .
a cetate diss ol ved i n 1 pi nt of water latter s ol ution al one be use d the product
will be bri h te r dark -yell ow or red
.
a
If i nstead of lea d acetate a n eq ual
, ,
ad ded to the s odi u m hy pos ul phite a nd i ng oven the tone of the c ol ors is i m
the process ca rried on as before the proved .
brass beco mes coated with very bea u a To Bron ze Coppe r — T his process is .
Whe n this mi xture is heated to a tem metal will become covered with a series
of vary i n ti nts Brus h with a wa xed
pe r a t u r e a little bel ow the boili ng poi nt ghe gree n porti ons s oa ked with
.
ness of the layer di ff erent col ors are pro Bro n z i ng a n d Pa ti mzi n g of S mall Zi n c
’
,
d uce d . T o prod uce a n eve n col or the Arti cle s — C oati ngs of bronze tones a n d
articles m ust be ev enly heated By i m ati na s ha des ma y be produced o n zi nc
p
.
shoul d be rub bed d own with very fine t he powder i nto a glass ca r boy a nd pou r ,
tina e ff ects on bronz e are obt a i ned by a nd put i nto bottles S ha ke t he ti nctur e
.
highl y dil uted otherwise they may eat , With this paint the orna me n ts neatly .
entirely through the thi n metallic coat I n i h our the bronze will ha ve drie d
s
.
i ng
.
T h e places from which the br o n Ze is to
Bro n zi ng of Zi n c —M i x thoroughly 3 0 . be rem oved i e where the bronze has
, .
leaf gol d is s o s potted that a bronzed ply the bronze s ol uti on prepa red with ,
foll owi ng r o ce ss is the best kn own at stea d of gum ara bic with glyceri ne gela ,
arts whereby a ha nds ome copper col or charmin play of col ors i n perpe ndicula r
p ,
made use of i n la rger qua ntities beca use , bases for the a nili ne dyes ; of the tar pi g
t he l uster of the bronze is materially ments onl y basi c a nili ne dyes sol uble i n
affected O nly pigme nts
. of certai n al cohol a re used I n col ori ng the pul .
relati ve consta ncy to red ucti ve age nts , the latter is as fr ee as possi ble from o r
are s uita ble ; uns uitable are for i nsta nce , , ga ni e fats . T a r dyes s houl d be dis
naphthol yell o w phenylene -diamin etc , ,
. s ol ved i n as conce ntrate d a form as pos
Li kewise only a lac quer of certai n com si ble i n al cohol a nd sti rred with the
positi on is fit for use other lac u e r s of ,
bronze the pigment being then fixed on
,
prepared i n this ma nner excel i n l uster dried by all owi ng the al cohol to e va po
a nd col or e ff ect ; t he cost is very l ow . rate T his meth od o f col oring is purely
.
T hey a re s uita ble for bronzi ng l ow mecha nical as the tar dyes d o n ot com
,
riced articles as ti nware toys etc , , , . bi ne with the metallic bronze as is the ,
ri der the action of s un a nd m oisture the case with pi gments i n which hydrate of
articles l os e s ome of their l uster but o h , al u mina is us ed A coati ng of aniline
.
j e cts k e t i nd oors s uc h as figures of plas bronz e of this kind is therefore very sen
ter of a ris i nksta nds wooden boxes
, , , si ti ve to m oisture unl ess s rea d over,
etc retai n their brilliancy for years the a per surface with a sui ta l e protect
iv e p
. .
,
low orga nic yest u ff s s uch as gol d orange . . tra ns pa re nt coat of varnis h which of ,
T hese are e m l oyed together with a var course must not i nterfe re with the s pecial
p
nis h of certa i n com o si ti o n which i m , col or e ff ect .
e co per or copper
pe a r a n ce to new obj ects of bronze they
ma be heated over a fla me a nd rubb e d
,
coating ma de brillia nt which is prod uced ,
wit a woole n rag di ) ped in finely o w by r u bbi n with a soft brush put gra ph ,
o n the i te 5
,
arts and bloodstone 1 5 parts with a suf so that the copper ma kes its a ppearance .
ficient q ua ntity of alc ohol After 94 N e xt put on a thi n coat of Ja pa nese var
,
h ours brus h o ff the dry powder A hot nish ; wipe the relief a gai n a nd let dry .
t a i n e d by h o l d i n
,
,
a mmoniac 1 0 parts diss ol ved i n 60 to so as to obtai n a s m oke which will cha nge
1 00 parts of vinegar
,
.
the col or of the varnish e m pl oyed Th e .
Pate nt bronzes (prod ucts col ored by varnis h m ust be li qui d e nough to be
mea ns of a nili ne dyes ) have hitherto worke d easily for th i s style of bronzing
,
S i l ver
wal l or stai ned paper have recently i ven , 1
pa rt ; esse nce of la vender 1 9 ,
their atte nti on to these prod ucts all . pa rts . D i ss ol ve the a bietate of sil ver i n
— or m o i r é — pa per prepared with these the esse nce of l a vender After the arti .
dyes furnis hes c overs or r i n ts of sil ke n cles have bee n well pickl ed a pply the
g l oss with a peculiar d ou l e -col or e ff ect ab i etate -o i -sil ver s ol uti on with a brus h ;
i n whic h the metal lic brillia ncy charac next pl ace the objects i n a stove a nd let
t e r i st i c of bronze com bines with the the tem perature attai n a bout 1 5 0 C °
.
h ur ,
parts is od or ess and taste ,
B R ONZE VARNI S HES - z
ess an d dis s ol ves o n l i n chl o r i ne s ol u
,
S e e Varni s hes .
e rep
.
din g
cardb oard a n d woo M osaic gol d of S ee P hotogra ph y .
S ee Brick S ta i n
Th e ha nds omest a nd most
.
u r est , ,
a nd s ome sta nnic chl oride whil e the , Ce ment-set brus hes s houl d never be
mosaic ol d remains on the bottom the u t i n a ny al cohol mi xture s uch as s hel
p
, ,
beati ng l eaf sil ver or y dissol vi ng sil ver i ncl udes full ness of hai r or bristl es and
i n a qua fortis T his s ol ution is then
.
permanency of bindin 3 d life and ,
d ry condition .
of the brus h a nd is kil n dried to fit -
a malga m of eq ual pa rts of mercury bis outwar tensi on is l ost a nd the bristles
,
,
T hey s h oul d preferably n ot be kept i n
shaken dry I t is th en ready to i p i n
.
turpenti” ne as that ma kes the brus h
,
the paint a nd alth ough s ome of the hairs
,
l ousy — roug h ening the bristles .
thoroughly dry cl eaned in order that , Put the pencil i n oil a nd brush it sev
all l oos e hairs m ay be worked out .
eral ti mes over a hot iron i n such a ma n
After worki ng them through the han d it ner that th e hai rs touch the iron from
is a good thi ng to pass the brus h back each side ; then di p the pencil q u ickly i n
and forth over a s heet of sa ndpa per .
c ol d water .
T his rough s urface will ull out the l oose A Remo vable Bi n d in g — T h e bristl e
bristles a nd s m ooth own the rough bunch of brus h es is bound with rope s o
ends of the chisel poi nt T h e brus h .
as to k e e the m together for use I n .
shoul d then be was hed by working it for stead of t e twine a coveri ng of rubber ,
a few mi nutes i n cl ea n turpenti ne a n d may be employed whi ch is easily sli pped
,
swingi ng it dry It shoul d never be u t
.
over the bristl es a nd ca n be conve niently
in water For carriage work a nd n e
.
rem oved a gai n T h e clea ni ng of the
.
S ett i n g th e Pa i nt Br us h Bristles -
is sli pped over t e br ush .
.
of the brus h .
0
B UBBLES .
this only 2 or 3 ti mes before the sha pe Bubbles of air often a dhere to m ol ds
becomes set .
i m mersed i n de positi ng sol uti ons T hey .
Eve n for tem porary rest duri ng a j ob directi ng a powerful curre nt of the li qui d
the brus h s houl d never sta nd on end . a gai nst the m by mea ns of a vul ca n i zed
At n i ht it s h oul d al ways be placed i n a i ndia -rubber bla dder with a l ong a nd ,
“
brus -keeper ” — a water ti ght box or a -
,
curved glass tube attache d to it ; but the
pai nt keg with nails dri ve n through the
,
liqui d sh oul d be free from sedi ment .
ofte n e n o u h to revent their b ecoming I I —Fat from fres h ly sla ughter ed cattl e
.
. ,
the gr a i n i n vats a n d all owed t o stand
hands and arms in the s oluti on w ich
, ,
for a day w en it is ready for the presses .
,
,
ing a product c o mmer ci a ll known as
salt water poultices are applied .
ol e o oil which when eburne w i th crea m,
(S ee also Foods ) .
I I I — I n ma king butteri ne us e neutral
.
weight ; saff ron 1 part b weig t ; al co T his neutral l a r d is cured i n salt brine
for from 4 8 to 7 0 h ours at a n ice -water
, ,
turmeric are macerated with olive oil and tem perature I t is then take n a nd with
.
,
,
p y salted a nd pac ke d is ready for the
alcohol is expell ed agai n by heating the ma rket I n both cases col ori ng matter
.
. .
tai n seas ons of th e year — vi z i n col d .
,
washed beef suet furnishes a basis for weather a s mall q ua ntity of sesa me oil
,
t h e ma nufactures of a n edibl e substi tute or sala d oil ma de from c ottonsee d oil is
for natural b utter T h e th oroughl y .
u sed to soften the texture of t h e prod uct .
potassiu m carb onate a n d 2 stomachs of , ord i nary tem peratures tha n that sub
pigs or s hee p a re taken T h e tem er sta nce approachi ng th e consisten cy o f
ature of the mi xtu re is raised to 1 1 3pF
.
, ,
.
c o c o a butter I t is q uite od orl ess but i n
.
,
After 2 hours under the i nfluence of the, taste i t rese mbl es that o f a fair a rti cl e of
pepsi n i n the stomachs the membranes , b utter a nd what is m ore its behavi or
, ,
are dissol ve d a nd the fat is m elted and u n der heat is very si mil ar to that of but
rises to the top o f the mi xture After t r — i t browns a nd fo rms a s ort of s pu me
e
.
the additi on of a l ittle sal t the melted fat l i ke that o f fat Anka ra consists of a .
tacked by the air a nd the moisture con noticea ble tha n i n la rge pla nts si m ply t o ,
methods of preserva tion is the saturation to the carbi de b ut permits very satis
, a.
f er e d by L éta n g of Paris He em .
N a phthalene white
l oys sugar or sacchari ne b odies to which i n scal es parts
p
.
turpenti ne vaseline or va rn i s h of a ny
, , M elt on the stea m bat h a nd a dd to the
kind as well as chal k li mestone tal c
, , , , hot mass :
s ul hur or sa n d T h e carbi de is coated
, .
C ou mari n 2 parts
wit this mi xture T h e saccharine sub .
M irba ne oil 1 0 parts
stances diss ol ve i n the generati ng water
. .
s hape a
usual ma nner with the additi on of a
Whe n it is nearly reduced
,
that without weighing merely by count
, , little al cohol .
, ,
petrolatum .
or united i nto a co m pact mass by a bi nd T riturate fairly d ry s prea d out i n the air ,
i ng agent such as col oph ony pitch tar
, , , ,
say 1 5 mi nutes the n pass thro u gh a
,
sa nd etc , .
White wa x
.
in s pirit ; put in the oils whe n nearly 1 0 or 1 5 grains of saffron a nd the yol ks
ul d .
of 2 eggs .
II — O il of al mon d
. 1 6 parts ender bl ue pale or da rk 1 00 — 1 2 0 parts
White wa x
.
, ,
the mixture begi ns t o set a dd the ca m 27 peac h -pi nk or 2 9 cha mois a bout 1 00 , ,
-
Lard 1 0 pounds
.
White wa x 5 pounds
c ol ors s hould be rou nd i n oil a nd the
ceresine tinted wit the m afterwards
.
S permaceti 5 pounds
.
sel ; add a s ol uti on of 2 ounces powdered stearic acid are diss ol ved i n 1 part of a
bora x i n 1 pound of glyceri ne previ ously ,
s uita ble s ol vent ( e stearic aci d ) a nd .
,
varies PAINTS :
S e e Pai nt
.
, ,
s ol ve tlie col ors previously i n alc ohol a nd Whe n it is perfectly u nderstood that i n
a dd the concentrated s ol ution to the the ma nufacture of ca ra mel s u ar is to ,
a r ti cl e s W here they are not wa nted direct heat or that of a n oil bath con ,
ca r e must be ta ke n a nd t h e face a nd
ored T urpenti ne may be employed for
.
,
the water owi ng to the i ntensity of the
,
pe r a t ur e ; for i nsta nce some blues turn , nearly te n ti mes a s much as the sugar .
whi l e the ca ndle mixture is bei ng melted a n act i on wh i ch occurs s uddenly the fire ,
previ ous to moldi ng into ca ndles . must i nsta ntly be e xti nguis hed or r e
m oved Th e finis hed r o d u ct will be
i n ol ubl e if m ore tha n a b
.
S e e C os metics
b
,
D rie d Casei n , its Ma nufa cture a n d n es i a s houl d be chosen ; a nd for col ored
,
a rticles of slight val ue as they ca nnot be , T h e process employed for the n e w prod
e mpl oye d for feedi ng hogs or for ma ki ng nets with a base of cell ul oid a nd casei n
,
( 1 75 — 1 95
°
a nd s ul ph uric or hydro
°
a nd this li quid is filtere d to separate the
c hl oric acid is adde d until it no l onger matters not diss olve d a nd the i m purities .
a p e a r a n ce of vari ous cl oths laces , , as to free it from the s oda salt formed by
an sil ks casei n is very widely used
, . d ouble decom positi on b ut on account of ,
It is also largely used in waterproof its gum my or pasty state this washin ,
ing tiss ues for preparati on of water resents certain difficulties an d shoul
p
, ,
proof prod ucts a nd va rious articles , e done carefully After the washing .
prepared from aggl omerati on of cork the mass is freed fro m the greater part
( pack i ng b oa rds With lime water , of water contai ned by draini ng foll owed , ,
casei n makes a glue that resists heat , by dryi ng or ener etic ressing ; then it
,
arti fi cial i vory ( billiard balls co mbs , , the plastic mass of the cell ul oi d .
form casei nates or caseates ; a m ong these may be cond ucted in a mi xi ng a ppara
c o m pou nds casei nates of potash of , , tus ; b ut i n practice it is fou nd prefer
, ,
is per fectl h o mo ge n eo us, a nd the final a nd mi xed with the s ol uti on u ntil it is
g
'
hese leaves are pl aced i n hydraulic other way that will not discolor it a nd it ,
as ordi n ary cell ul oid T h e prod uct . property of the phosphoric acid a nd ,
resembles cell ul oi d and has all its prop , produces a dry and stable product ,
er ti e s At 90 to 1 0 0 C ( 1 9 4 to 2 1 2
° °
.
° °
which may be regarded as a h ype r ph o s
When it is mixed with
.
CASK S
Ph osphate of Case i n a n d i ts Pro To R e n d er S hr un k e n Woode n Cas k s
du ction — T h e process is designed to
.
Watertigh t — When a woode n rece tacl e
produce a strongly acid co mpound of has dried up it naturally ca nnot ho d the
phosphoric acid and casei n practically ,
water poured i nto it for the purpose of
stable and not h y d r o sc o i c which may ,
s welli ng it a nd the pouri ng has to be
,
commercial phos phoric aci d may als o be stra w re mai ns behi nd a nd greatly assists
m
e loyed
phe casei n may be preci pitated from
.
the s welling up of the wood
CASS I US , P URP L E OF :
.
an a kaline earth .
OF
T h e ne w compound is produced i n the S ee Plaster .
the w ei ht of the phos phoric aci d res til recent years metal castings were all
ent T e mixture is then heated til the
.
made in sand molds ; that is the patterns ,
s rupy co n si ste n c T h e re mai nder of metals are now cast i n bra ss cop er
ty
, ,
'
. e ca s ei n or of t e caseinate is a dded
zi nc or iron mol ds a nd o n ly the s ver
, ,
1 50 CASTING
and after the molds a re full the metal i s finel y grou nd c oke a nd ra hi te Al
though the former materiag is p
.
the i nside of the figure s o that the m olte n is fi rst ground in edge mills then again in
cop er ru ns a round it a n d as the c or e is ,
a s uita bl e ma nner a n d si f ted S ur
,
,
i n res pect to the whol e mass gives the ,
pours out the bal ance A n exp e rienced .
T h e li q ui d mixture
way a n d ma ke the wal ls of a ny thick
.
,
m ust before b urni ng possess the con
, ,
ness .
sistency of m orta r
Casket hardware tri mmi ngs which
.
pe ci a ll y the ha nd es are nearly all cast , Cast—brass work when it pres e nts nu ,
Alu mi num castings which one has , work l ooks very u nsi htl y when late d ,
proc ured at the f oundries are us ually and finished if i tte a ll over wit mi
m
, ,
ity with al umi num a nd all oys rea dily ; , without c onsi dera bl e la bor be o bli ter ,
ca uses much troubl e afterwards . that i n e ndea vori ng to work out s uch
_
this alloy assis ts the m ol der to produce ca vi ti es the become e nl arged a s they ,
his casti ngs easil y on the other hand it, ofte n exten dee p i nto t he bod y of the
will not polis h wel l a nd will corrod e i n metal A n e xperi ence d ha nd knows
.
Not onl y ca n the s ofter metals be ru n a nce of a n y w ritte n or pri nte d directi ons
i nto plaster m ol ds but ol d a nd sil v e r , is n o guarantee o f s uccess Prac tice .
meta l is out .
perfectly o xi dized
F ue1 — Where a good s oft coal can be
.
, ,
s mall ca sti ngs of s oft meta l is made of
this is perhaps the chea pest and easi est brass T h e expense of ma ki ng the cast
fuel to use ; a nd besi des it has s om e a d
.
, ,
m ol d is c onsidera ble h owever and on , , ,
va nta ges over as which is s o m uc h use d ,
that acc ount s om e ma n uf a cturers are
,
i n t h e Ea st s oft-coal fire ca n be regu
.
ma king thei r mol ds by electro -deposition .
lated t o keep the metal at a n even tem T his produces a m uch chea er mold
a nd it is es pecially handy to which ca n be ma de v e r y qui cp
,
e r a tu r e
p ly The
l:l o wever is very
, . .
e noon _
tro—d eposited ones are ma de o ut of c o p
h our the meta l becomes c fil ed a n d ,
per a nd th e backs filled i n wi th a softer
much ti me is l ost by the remelti n g after ,
,
s crews .
morning .
made out of brass that contai ns enough for several days S m oke the m old well .
ity over the dark red copper-colored brass d one i n a m ol d ma de out of dental plaster .
extra labor of c utti ng the hard brass pl aced i n a warm pl ace a nd left to dry
Whe n rea dy to use
.
tai n s ufficient heat while the worker the i nside s houl d b e w el l s moked over
is rem ovi ng a finished casti ng fro m the a
ga sli ht ; the m ol d s h oul d be well
m ol d so that the next pouri ng will com e warm e an d the m etal m ust n ot be too
full If the m ol d is too li ht it cools
.
h ot. Very good castings may be o h
more quickl y a nd c o n se qu e n y the cast t a i n e d this w a y ; the onl y obj ecti on bein
,
be l ooked u on as temporary T h e .
have u ri ht cl ea n a ppearance T h e
.
, .
m ol ds are ma e i n part the same as whe n m ol d may e very wa rm the n the metal ,
of brass a nd out of ti n that contai ns as need not be s o hot for bright clea n cast ,
s everal ti mes with S panis h red which n ot be ski m me d or s tirred too much ,
cl ean ranci d castor oil mi x 1 00 parts o f pour the mixture i nto a vessel with a
the oil at 95 F wit h a mi xture of 1 part
°
.
stopcoc k a t its base a nd all ow the mi x ,
sul phuric aci d All ow t o settl e for 24 the oil e xce pti n g the last porti on which
, ,
5 parts
How to Pour Out Castor 0 i1 —An y one .
Absol ute alcoh ol 95 0 parts .
knows how di ffi cul t it is t o a voi d a m ess D iss ol ve the sacchari ne a nd va nilli n
i n the al cohol then add the ci nna mon oil
.
ing a hol e unc hed i n the ca p which a gitate well a nd filter O f this li qui d ad d .
, ,
“ ”
become at rest Eve n m obile l i q ui ds . , I l I — Va nilli n
. .
. ported ) qua n ,
.
M i x va nilli n ga r a n to se o l me n th, , . .
,
D ose : O n e drachm to 2 fl u i d o un ce s .
O il of 1 5 m i n i ms
.
5 gra ms 1 ta bl e s poonful
S accha ri ne
.
guise for the taste of the oil that can be C AT D IS EAS ES AND TH EI R RE ME
used .
D IE S : S e e I nsecticides and Ve te ri
VI — Castor oil
. 1 3 ounces .
nary Formulas .
S ugar 2 dr achms
It is a well -known fact that the r e a c
.
M ucilage of acacia 1 25 cc . .
through the gradati ons of the tone
S pirit of gaultheria 10 grams val ues i n th e negative the positi ve pri nt ,
ium bicarbonate
So . 1 gram we als o have su ch a ccel erators i n ma
VI II .
-Castor oil . 1 ounce te r i a l s ubsta nces that ca n be use d i n the
C ompoun d tinc light the process bei ng termed catalysis
, .
drachms
4 call ed cata lyzers a pparently d o not take ,
of W i ntergree n
Oil
‘
drops
3 part i n the process but bri ng ab out ,
make 4 ounces . , ,
I X — Castor oil
.
1 2 ounces or accelerati ng the s e e d of a c h e mi ca
Vanilli n 3 grains reaction by means 0 agents which a p
S accharine 43 grains pear to remai n stabl e .
O il of peppermi nt 8 mini ms .
Profess or O s twal d a n d D r 0 G ros . .
,
p ”
na me of ca ta typy t o the new copyi ng
,
,
done a way with e xcept that for the sa ke ,
dri nks the oil c omplacently a nd then , or i n the dark He nce the negati ve (if
.
l ast vestige of the oil before rem ovi ng or the ascendi ng a n d descending action
the fin ers he will not e t the least taste
, of the tone val ues i n the positi ve picture
ro m t e oil which is la nd and taste is p r oduced only b the qua ntity i n the
f ess It all depends u pon preventi ng a n y
.
,
ta ty pi c i ct u re r o d u c ed by c ontact ) is
crea ted , .
Have the s ugar well d ried a nd a dd stir , by a c ontact lasti ng a few seconds the
ri ng c onstantly to the m olte n mass ,
. a per receives the picture di oxide of ,
C onti nu e the heat for 3 0 mi nutes then , yd r o gen bein g d e stroyed From a .
pour out a nd divi de i nto l ozenges i n the si ngl e a ppli ca ti o n several pri nts ca n be
us ual wa y . made l he acq uire d pi ctur e — still i n
.
1 56 CELL UL OID
be effected i n the m oist state or i n the nitro -cellulose ha v i ng recei ved the a ddi ,
is brou ght into conta ct with the s ol uti on a nd the mass is well mi xed T h e casei n .
,
T h e plasti c pul p th us obtai ned is
dry T h e form ol penetrates rapidly
.
i nto the al bumin oi d matter a nd i s fi l roll ed cut a nd dried li ke ordi nary cel
, ,
l ul o se a nd by the sa m e process es a n d
,
water until all the formol i n excess has apparatus T h e pul may als o be con
.
c om pletely disa ppeared ; this it is easy to verted i nto tubes a n other forms li ke ,
,
I t is advisa ble to s ubject the i m rove d
which produces a turbi d white as l ong
as a trace of formic al dehyde remai ns plas ti c pul p t o a treatment with ormal
d e h yd e for the purpose of re ndering i n
.
'
a temperatu re n ot exceedi ng 1 07 ° F .
, ,
li ui d .
di mi nis hes m ore or l ess a ccordi ng to the
I — Th e formol al bumen is re duced
.
pro porti on of casei n ass ociate d with the
to a perfectly h omogeneous o w d e r a nd ,
ord i na ry cell ul oi d I n this plasti c prod .
mi xture is accom plished the paste is , l ess l owers materially the cost of the
,
rolled a cc o r d i n to the usual operation .
final product T h e res ult is obtaine d .
is worked m ore rea dily tha n the cell ul oi d s uch a way that there are no s olid pieces .
sure .
, it is l eft to repos e for 2 4 hours .
atin is first i m mersed col d (i n a n y form , Before cooli ng the mi xture is passed ,
and i n a state m ore or less ure ) i n alc o through a sieve i n order to reta i n the
hol ma rki ng a bout 1 4 0 with th e °
pieces which may n ot ha ve bee n dis
additi on of a certai n q ua ntity (for exa m s ol ved After s welli ng a nd the diss ol u
.
,
75 per cent of the weight of the gelatin , pasty state s h oul d be i n a receiver of
more or less a cc ordi ng to the res ult , glass porcelai n or si mil a r material
, , .
T h e re a rati on in a cl ose d vessel does When the mi xture is com plete the cel ,
hol a nd a cetone at the m ome nt whe n ared by all owing 2 0 0 pa rts of it to s well
F
, ,
and furnis he dp with a mecha nical agita mai n are broken u p i n order t o m i ngl e ,
the operati on consi dera bly the paste pa rts of kitchen salt are then a dded a nd ,
co mes from th e a ut ocla ve well mi n the whole mass passe d through the
gled and is the n s ub mitte d to the
,
sieve .
acti on of roll ers T here is but littl e . T his product may be utilized for the
work i n distilli ng the al cohol a nd acetic prepa ration of photogra phic fil ms or for
acid i n the a utocl ave T hese may be . those used for ci nematographs or for ,
consiste ncy whe n it reaches the rollers . preparati on of plastic obj ects .
use of the mass may be prod uced in a ny oil of turpentine after being rectified by ,
form .
distillati on over ca ustic s oda is subjected ,
a n gu m ara bic are i ntroduce d a nd several was hin s with col d water the ,
Afterwa rds it is heate d on a water bath , Fifty per cent of ca ustic s oda calculate d ,
.
,
77
° F T he n the gel ati n i s a d ded i n
.
1 58 CELL UL OID
ature of 2 8 4 to 3 0 2 ° F T h e material
°
.
is too brittl e ; in still others co mbinations
is was he d several ti mes for freei ng i t are produced whi ch i n ti me are aff ected
from the mingled s odi um chl ori de an d unfa vora bly by th e col ori ng s ubsta nces
sodi u m hydrate an d the ca m ph or r e ,
e m l oyed .
mi xed with s ul phuric acid are introduce d of a s nowy a nd brillia nt white and of ,
a nd heated s o as to attai n 9 pounds of a greea ble odor a re suita ble for yiel di ng , ,
compositi on o f water T h e mass i s . ordi nary mea ns with nitrated c ell ul ose ,
or m ore si m ply by all owing a littl e of the a cetic ether a cell ul o i d i c product w h ich
, , ,
for replacing ca m phor i n its i ndustrial Elastic S u bsti tute for Ce l l ulo id .
In the el ectrol ytic oxidati on of the gro ups as well as the aci d a mi des Prob
, .
under the i n fl uence of the electric cur but the b ond ca nnot well be d efine d ,
.
metal sli ghtly heated a nd all ow it t o c ool
e ff ect is acco m plis hed by a slight pro gra dually After a rest of se veral days
.
the cell ul oid does n ot all ow of the pre a as in the previous case .
d uces nearly the sa me res ult ; the pro u e t fl a mma bil i ty of these plates 15 cla i med to
obtained fus es i n the fla me ; outside it is ,
be much less tha n with others of coll o
extinguished without the power of i gn i
,
di on a nd may be al m ost entirely o bvi a t
,
tion .
ed by a dmixture o f ma gnesi u m c hl or i de .
,
i ng are s ome proporti ons for s ol utions
decompositi on on e x pos ure to the li ght
, ,
of cell ul oi d :
all owi ng s mal l qua nt i ties of ca m phor to
eva orate the s urface of the per ch l o r i n
,
I — Cell ul oid
.
Amyl a cetate
powder a ddi ng castor oil to s ofte n the
,
Acetone
r o d u ct i n orde r that it may be less
S ofte n i n g a n d Ce me nti ng Cellulo i d
,
least one -half the a pparatus ordi narily b oili n g water will answer I n stea m at .
may be melted with out a ny da nger of it be i nte nded t o s ofte n it to sol ubility ,
W
, , , ,
stil l possess a tra ns pare ncy si milar to al cohol a nd 5 pa rts by weight ca mphor
4 Wi th 5 parts by weight cell ul oi d i n
, , .
, ,
b brus hi ng the s urface repeatedly with bri skl y first with a woole n cl oth a nd fi n
a cohol 3 pa rts a nd ether 4 parts until is h Wi th sil k or fine c ha mois A littl e .
e w el e r s rouge or
pu tz po ma d e greatly
, , , , ’
be mainta i ned for a b out one day By re moved in the sa e ma nner Printer s .
’
, ,
l ul o id rece ptacles is concentrated aceti c with a dil ute cell ul oi d s ol uti on of the
acid T h e cell ul oi d fra gments da b be d
. c onsiste ncy of oli ve oil w hi ch sol uti on ,
with it stick together al most instanta n e penetrates deepl y i nto the tissue ; dry
o usl y . qui ckl y i n a heating cha mber a nd satu
S ee al s o Adhesives for M ethods of rate Wi th a m ore concentrated cell ul oi d
M endi ng Cell ul oid . s ol uti on a b out as visc ous as m olasses
, .
level on the i m ,r essi o n — that is uniform foll owi ng ones 5 to 8 per ce nt while the ,
.
outer layer c onta i ns very little or n o oil .
the ty mpa n whe n a bout to r o ce ed with the i nterior consists of ma ny flexi ble
rinti ng on the cell ul oi d ; t is is to allow fibers s urrounded by cellul oi d .
Colore d Cel l ul o i d .
s ol utio n of carmi ne
Plu bers Ce me n t — A pl um bers cc
m
.
’ ’
Anili ne col ors may also be e mpl oye d melted a nd 2 pa rts of brickd ust thor
, ,
in
g an d
, pound of e mp cut u p fi ne , . rati on for a utomatically repai ring pun c
M i x together th oroughly W i th l i nseed Oi l tures i n bic cle tires consists of glyceri ne
to a bout the c onsis tency of p utty . h oldi ng ge a ti n o us sil ica or al u mi num
Gu tte r Ce me n t — S tir sa nd a n d fin e
h drate i n sus p e nsi on T hree vol umes
o f gl yc e r i n e are mixed W i th 1 vol ume of
' .
. ‘
.
Ce me nt f or Pi pe Join ts — A good cc
.
a nd 4 0 pa rts of ba ri u m s ul phate T e i n .
i nto the ole w hic h it cl oses , .
.
hardening cements lea d a nd s ul hur , ,
made by i ncreasi ng the proporti on s of the l atter is pop ula rly e mpl oyed t can .
gra phite and ba rium sulphate to 30 and be rende re d stil l m ore s uita ble for pur
4 0 par ts res ecti vely a nd om i tt i ng the
.
oses of pouri ng by this a dmixture of
li me Anot p
,
or tl a n d cement whic h is stirre d into
. er ce ment for the same ,
, , ,
a good and simple mixture for tighten i n ma gnesite 2 0—4 0 pa rts ; a nd s odi um
,
screw connections is made from powder e “
chl oride —5
, parts all as pure as ,
coati ng of s ol uble glass will impart to row one ma ke the iron an d silica te i nto
,
cement s urfaces exposed to a mm o n ia pas te instea d of utty T hi s material .
.
mended article is use d .
per cent s oa p water are said to ren der a paste with oil e d oil i n which 3 per
the cement waterproof ; after dr ing a nd cent of its weight of col ophony has been
r u bbi n W ith a cl oth or brus h t is coa t di ss olv ed .
in
g wi bec ome glossy li ke oil pai nt .
. , ,
T ll i s
me ndea j p
n , , ,
ca n be rea dily clea ned by was h i ng with T his ceme nt m ust be use d as s oon as
soa py water T h e coati ng is re ndered
.
m ade .
CHAIN OF FI RE II .
—cal cination o f 5 pa rts oxide of
A
S e e Pyrotechnics .
zi nc ; 1 part earl as h .
II I — Ad i ti o n of ra w oxi de of zi nc ,
moistened with ultramari n e bl ue for clay or a burnt brick or tile the foll ow ,
géi x t ogether :
.
, , ,
O ver-fi r i n g
Felds par 8 parts
.
Fli nt 4 parts
.
,
o s e d i n part of lea d b ora x a nti m ony or , , , T h e b rick s h oul d now be drie d sl owly
i t h a r e causes a dull ness of shade or
, , but thoroughl y a nd whe n perfectly dry ,
So ft Gl a ze . Claret Brown .
White l ea d parts
. 13 Bichromate of potash . 2 parts
Feldspa r pa rts 20 Flint . 2 pa rts
O xide of zi nc parts . 3 1 pa rt
Pl aster of Paris part 1 1 pa r t
parts 13
Bl ue Gr een
Corn wa ll stone pa rts Si
.
O xide of cobalt
Pr e pa r a ti o n of Col ors — T h e s pecified .
O xi de of zi nc .
Chromate of iron
O xi de of c obalt . O xi de of nickel
O xide of ti n
Gr ass G ree n
O xid e of cobalt
.
O xi de of chrom e
Imper i a l Bl ue .
Pure al umi na
0 0 0 0 0 0
. .
Fl int
O xi de of Carbonate of s oda
O xi de of cobalt .
M ah o gan y
Ma zar i n e Bl ue
.
.
O xi de of c obalt .
C hromate of i ron
O xi de of manga nese
Paris white
O xide o f zi nc
S ul phate barytes
O xide o f ti n
R e d Bro wn .
Crocus marti s
O xi de of zi nc
Gor d on Gr ee n
.
C rocus of mar ti al
.
O xi de of chrom e O xi d e o i chrome
Re d l ea d Pa ri s white
B ora ci c aci d Bichromate of potas h .
Re d oxi de of iron O xi de o f
Or a n ge .
Vi ol e t
.
Pure al u mi na O xi de of cobalt
O xide O xi de o f manga nese
Bic hromate of potash . O xide of z i nc
C orn wall stone
1 66 CE RA MICS
' ‘
Lave n d er .
In maki ng ma zarine bl ue gla zed b ri cks
Cal cine d oxide of zi nc 5 parts use the white body a n d sta i n the glaze
Carbonate of cobalt part only .
M a nganese
.
,
.
Yello w Gree n .
vert clay of a ny col or i nto a ric h dee p ,
Paris white .
part to clay 6 0 parts
, , .
Bichromate of potas h S ta i n .
Re d lead . .
. .
Yellow oc he r 4 parts
Plaster of Pa ris S ul hate of iron o o o o o o 1 0 parts
O xide of copper
Re oxide of i ron 2 pa rts
B OD IES R E QUIRING NO STAIN A still c hea per method is to put a sli p
I vory .
or e xternal coati ng u pon the goods .
T h e process is to mi x :
Bl ood red stai n -
1 pa rt
G ood red clay 6 parts
Cream .
Add water until t he mi xtu re becomes
ab out the c onsiste ncy of crea m the n ,
Bu ff .
ormer case of bl ood re d bricks -
,
F old s plied
B ull S tai nfor Blue Pa viors .
M anganes e 6 parts .
O xide of nickel 1 pa rt
Use 1 pa rt clay an d 1 part stai n for
c oati ng a nd 5 0 or 60 arts clay a nd 1
part sta i n for stai ning t p
,
.
rough
Bro w n .
Fire bl ue pa vi ors very hard .
B ufi Terr a Gotta S l i p -
.
II .
— Chi na cla y . . V — B all cl a
. pa rts15
C ornwall stone . . C hina c a y parts 12
B one . Fli nt . 6 part s
Fli nt . S tone . 4 parts
Bl ue clay . . Felds par . 4 pa r ts
Bl ue stain 2 pi nts to ton
III Chi na clay
.
.
— ,
C or n wall sto n e .
Bone
Flint .
Blue clay .
I V — C hina clay
.
COLOR ED B OD IE S
C orn wall stone . .
B one .
I vor y Bo d y .
Flint .
Ball clay
Blue clay China
V — Chi na clay
Fli nt
S tone
.
S tone .
II I — C hina clay
.
G rind the three last me ntioned ingre ;
S tone .
d i e n ts first
B one .
Ca l e d oni a Body .
Re d clay 0
I I — Ball clay
. . Bl ue clay .
China cl ay . B one
Flint .
stai n to 1 ton of
S tone
gla ze .
o o o o o o o o o o o o o
Bl ue clay
II I
. Ball clay .
C hina cla y
C hi na clay C obalt
Fli nt
Egypti a n B la ck
.
Fel ds par .
Bl ue cl a
S tain as required .
Cal ci ne och er
M anga nesee
I V —Ball cl a parts . .
C hi na cla y
Chi na 0 a y 1 3 1; parts
Flint . 8 } parts 1 Ironston e Bo dy .
II .
— D ried
fli nt .
C ornwall stone
L i th a r ge
Crea m Bo d y Yell o wgun der gla ze . .
Bl ue cl a 1}parts G rind .
B 14parts Gree n .
Black el a 1 part ‘
—O xi de
Cornis h c a y part I of copper
1
. .
Fli nt
B u ff col or part
Re d lead
G ri nd the n ta ke :
,
O f above
White glaze
O r stronger as require d
S age Bo d y
I I — Re d lead
.
Fli nt gl ass .
Fl owi n bl ue .
III .
—S
tone
Ename bl ue Fli nt
G rind . S oda crystals
Pi n k B orax .
N iter
.
White glaze
.
1 00 parts Whiti n g
Re d lea d 8 parts
.
O xi de of cobalt
M a rone pi nk U G 8 parts
G l ost fire then take :
. .
G ri nd Ab ove frit .
Re d lead
.
Calci ne d ox i de
White gl a z copper 5} parts
Re d lea d .
B u ff col or .
Black .
G rin d .
Re d l e a d . . 24 parts
4 parts
I vor y .
M a nganese 4 parts
White gl a z
.
Flint 2 pa rts
Re d
l ea d “
O xide of cobalt 2 parts
Ena m el am ber .
Carbonate of cobalt . 2 parts
Yell ow undergl aze G l ost fire .
G rind .
G rin d .
Yello w .
I . White gla ze
—
Re d lead
O xi de of urani um
.
G ri nd .
ooooooo o
1 70 C E RA M I CS
Paris white
S tone
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Wh 1te lea d
II .
—
Frit
Fli nt
C hina clay
Paris w h 1te
B oracic aci d
S oda crystals
T o mill
Frit .
S tone
III .
— Frit : Flint o o o o o o o o o o o o o
L ea d
B orax III
S tone
Fli nt las Pa ris wh 1te
Pearl a r ytes
.
Fli nt
T o mill : C hina cl ay .
B ora x
S oda crystals 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ena mel bl u e .
T o mill :
Flint glass . .
Frit .
IV — Frit
. S tone
B orax Flint
Chi na clay L ea d
S tain as re quired .
Felds pa r I V — Frit
.
T o mill : S tone
Frit Fli nt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Paris white
White clay Bora x
N iter
Flint T o mill
V— . Fr it Frit o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
S tone .
L ea d
Pe arl Wh i te Gla ze — Frit .
l l l l l l l l l
Fli nt
S tone
Paris white .
B orax
S oda crystals c c c c c c
T o mill
Frit n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
L ead o o o o o o o o o o o o o
S tai n o o o o o o o o o o o o o
G l a z es . Bl ue S tai n s .
I .
—Re d l e a d . . I — O xide of c obalt
.
O xide of zi nc
Red elay S tone
Best manganese .
Fire this very hard .
II .
— Wh i te l e a d _
I I —Zi nc
.
~
Fli nt
Fli nt O xide of cobalt
Chi na clay G l ost fire
M a nga nes e .
I V — Lit harge
Prepare d cobalt
O xi de of zinc
. .
_
Felds par .
Chi na clay
China clay
Carb ona te of s oda
.
M a nganese
O xide of i ron Hard fire .
ware therein .
O l d l ead 4 parts
When fired use the foll owi ng : G rai n 2 pa rts
M elt i n a n iron l adle an d pour out i n
G laze
,
.
water the n s prea d on a dish a nd cal ci ne
, ,
Flint 3 0 parts
Paris white 7 } parts . 1 O xi d e of Ti n .
S t o n e cl a y
.
.
Cal cine i n hard place of biscuit oven
B l a ck sta i n Wash this until the water is quite clea r
.
. .
c c c c c c c c c c c
Pro d ucti o n of Luster Col o rs o n Por
cel a i n a n d G la z e d Potter y —T h e l uster .
Calci ne a nd gri nd .
l uster pre parati on i nto m ore resistin g
CE R A M I CS 1 73
co mpounds I n this c onnecti on the a d K ensi ngto n M useums ; two are gi ven
mi xture
.
oi
s uch b odies has been foun d bel ow :
a d va ntageous as the y form ph os hides ,
‘with the metallic o x1 d e s of the u ste r s C opper s ul phide
after the b urni ng T hese p h os phi des .
S il ver s ul phide .
are es pecially fitted for the prod ucti on of M ercury sul phide
saturated resisti n g com ou nds n ot onl y , Re d ocher
on account of the i r i ns o u bili ty i n water ,
but als o o n accou nt of their c ol ori ngs T hese were round with vi negar a nd
a p lied with tfi
.
as regards gl oss i s n ot i nferi or to the non of the foll owi ng form ulas :
m
,
c ommercial metal i c oxid e l uster singly ground with a littl e gu m tragaca nth and
r e ci o u s m
,
2 5 —5 0 per cent of finely powdered more enamel Ena mels contai ni ng a c ol ori ng
.
or less metalliferous or s ul phurous coal is base — copper iron a ntim ony nickel , , ,
ad ded T h e mass treated i n this ma n
.
es pecially i n presence of tin give the ,
, .
,
chi na or gl ass pl ace the new article i n
heat . After the heati ng the material is col d water bring to boil gradually
, ,
that thi n but stabl e meta lic col or which the water till cool G lass or c ina .
is governed by the s ubstances used tou hened i n this way will never crac k
wit ghot water
.
, ,
T h e foll owing si mpl e test will serve
pl oyed T h e col or-gi vmg la yer 1s r e
.
Hol d t h e piece up to the light an d if it
m oved by washin g o r brush i ng w h 1l e ,
can be seen through — that is if it is
,
the desi red col or 1 5 burned i n and r e transl ucent — i t is porcelain Pottery is .
,
Meta lli c Gla ze s on Ena mels — T h e . man ufacture of stoneware ear thenware , ,
ma nus cr i pts i n the B r 1 tl sh a nd S outh the degre e of heat to which they are sub
1 741 C H EE SE
w a res fou nd i n this country are pottery place a series of tra nsformati on takes
or se mi ch i n a although the term chi n a
,
place i n conse que nce of whi c h I t a s
,
Ma n uf acture — T he
process of chees e Fres h c h eese is very s pari ngl s ol uble i n
water but after h aving b ee n y
.
e n separated from the liquid por aci d T h e chees e whic h whilst fres h is
.
,
m ucous mem bra ne of the last stom present i n its unaltere d sta te .
the phosphates and other salts of the alk a ca pric a nd caproic acids are liberate d
lies I n fres h mil k these su bstances may
. i n conse quence of the d ecom positi on
be readily detected by the r o pe r ty it of glyceri ne B utyric aci d i m pa rts t o
.
“
of water is eft i n contact with a s mall T h e tra nsiti on o f the i ns ol ubl e i nto
’
qua ntity of a calf s stomach for a few s ol uble cas ei n de pends u pon the d e
hours or for a night ; the water abs orbs com positi on o f the ph os ha te of li me by
the margaric aci d of t he b utter ; ma r
,
ments of whic h trans pose themselves poor cheeses is ca use d by certai n feti d
,
i nto lactic aci d which neutralizes the prod ucts c o n ta i n i n s ul phur a nd whic h
are fo rmed by the fie co m o si ti o n or pu
, ,
al kalies a nd th us causes the separation
,
the process may be foll owed a nd observ ed wh i c h the b utter u ndergoes (that is i n ,
through a ll its stages ; the al kali ne r e bec oming ra ncid ) or wh i c h occ urs i n the ,
acti on of the mil k ceases as s oon as the m il k s uga r still pres ent bein tra ns
-
th e fluid turns acid a nd the cheese itself , Th e pri nc i pal conditi ons f or th e rep
pass es into a state of decom posi tion .
arati on of t h e su perior ki nds o f c ees e
1 76 C H EES E
tible to the palate of the c onnois seur . a pplied to pres s out the whey A fter 1 2 .
N o other ali mentary s ubsta nce a ppears hours it is placed u pon a board or wood
to be s o seri ously aff ected by sli ght e n trenc her a nd t urned e very d a u ntil
,
variati ons i n the quality of the materi als dry I t ri pens i n a bout 3 wee s
. A .
pa r e n tl y trifli ng diff e re nces i n the met quen tly a little powdered l um p s ugar .
ods of prepari ng .
,
cheese goose berry c heese pl u m chees e
from which the ha ve bee n prepared .
,
, , , ,
all very agreeabl e ca ndies or c onf e ctions
other cheeses ; names which e xplai n them
.
Ch e dd ar — A fine s pon y ki nd of
Em me nthaler -S a me as Gruyere
. ,
tai n a ric h oi made 11 i nto round thic k Gl oucester — S i ngle G l oucester from
cheeses of co n si d er a bF
,
.
,
e siz e ( 1 5 0 to 20 0
mil k depri ved of part of its c rea m ; d ou
pounds ) .
ble G l oucester from mil k retai ni ng the ,
mi xed Wi th that of the precedi ng even able ; i n large round fla tti sh forms , , .
, .
G ree n or Sa ge — From mil k mixed with .
m uc h of the flavor a nd mil d ness o the G r uyere — A fine kind of c hees e made
.
, ,
.
the l i q u i d I t is c oa gulated by a s ol uti on
_
mol ds .
.
C H EES E 1 77
C hed G l o uce s S ki m
are the n t rown i n About a f ort n i ght
dar ter
.
,
’
, M i neral matte r .
Casei n
Sa ge —S a me as gree n c heese
.
. .
Fatty matter
S l i pcoat or S of t — A very ri ch white , . 90
cheese s ome what resem bli ng b utter ;
. N o u - nitrogenous or
f or prese nt us e onl y . a nic matter a n d
S ti l ton — Th e riches t a nd finest cheese
.
therefore sel dom eaten before it is 2 fla vor before it is c ons ume d T his is .
T his removes t p
rou nd flat forms from 2 4 to 30 pou nds .
each
,
.
e objecti on e xisting i n
s mal l fa milies agai nst purchasing a
.
T h e latter is a vo r e d
green c heese .
higher price is paid for any gi ven qual i ty
with mel i tot
.
.
but there is littl e likeli hood of obtaining
Westph a li a n — M a de i n s mall ba l ls o r exa ctl the sa me flavor t wice running ‘
.
.
may be shape d into larger or s maller the cara mel butter and lastl y th e gu m ;
cheeses the former onl y salted th e latter
,
-
,
mi x well i nto a sm ooth paste ; roll out on a
c ontaining salt a nd cara way seed T h e .
sm ooth marbl e dusting with finel y po w ,
Pa r a ffi n e .
Flavoring en ough , .
S e e Balsam .
and water together to what is kn own to
“
confecti oners as crac k h eat po u r the ,
CHERR Y CO R D IAL syrup over the oil sl ab a nd tur n into it
S ee Wines and Liquor the gum mixture which will make it ,
flavor
Ch ewi n g Gums I II G u m chicl e
.
— parts 122
Pa r a fli n e parts
. 42
i
r en ce i n ma ni pulati on is necessary to D iss ol ve the su gar i n the water by th e
succeed and th e published formul as ca n
.
ai d of heat and pour the res ulta nt syru p
at best serve as a guide rather tha n as on a n oiled slab M elt the gu m balsa m
.
, ,
I V — G u m chicl e
. 24 0 parts
di ff erent purchases of the same article White wa x 6 4 parts .
o r ma ti o n ca n be given .
Powdere d sugar . 1 part
Chicl e gu m is p u rified by boili ng with M elt to ether mix well an d roll into , ,
worke d i n u n der press ure by suitabl e out i nto sticks or a ny other desirabl e
m achi ner y Formula . form .
180 C H O LE R A REM E D IES— C I D E R
Ar o mati c Rh ubarb .
di ng but without press ure s o that th e
, ,
O il peppermint 5 parts
.
Alcoh ol q s a d 1 0 0 parts
ti on over the pol is hed si de of the glass ,
,
cohol to obtai n 95 pa rts of percolate I n .
T incture cam ph or .
te ri ng it nicel y a n d s qu eez e out the,
T incture catechu .
excess gelati n s ol uti on gentl y pr efer ,
S pirit peppermint .
is . ,
. .
S ee Pigments .
the pai nti ng which is best accomplishe d
,
be washed off Wi t warm water and then , sequently sh ow the col or through i n
lai d i n a 1 0 per cen t s ol uti on of nitric va r i n g strength .
col ore d with benzi ne by mea ns o f wa d gow g i nto the press s h ou d e car ef ul l y
CI DE R 18 1
heads out a nd provi de with a faucet ut , sh oul d be taken n ot to add too m uch as ,
in about two inches a b ove b ottom he . that woul d i m part a slight s ul ph urous
juice s houl d be cl osely watched and as taste .
drive n i n tightl y It is now rea dy for . press ure besi des being a convenient
,
of gelati n diss ol ved i n s u fficient hot diss ol ved i n the ci der a nd produces th e
,
s parkl ing
Let sta n d 3 days l onger the n syphon o fl
.
, ,
T h e greater the quantity of s ugar
bottle c ork a n d tie or wire down
, ,
.
as o ssi bl e
fi — Put 1 0 gall ons of ol-d a nd cl ea n poured out B ut this is true only withi n
.
.
,
T o ma k e the most s parkling cider the
ounces of si m ) l e syrup Add 5 ounces
of tartaric a ci d l et diss ol ve then add 7 5
.
, ,
five or si x weeks duri ng which f er me n
ounces s odi u m bicarb onate i n powder .
,
’
gall ons of ci der pre vents or materi ally ,
diss ol ved in col d ci der 2 ounces of cate ,
sa t re nders al coh olic ferme ntati on more Th e cider at this stage is still s weet ,
c om pl ete .
a nd it is point of consi derable nicety
a
I I — Cal ciu m s ul phite (s ul ph i te of not to carry the first ferme ntati on too
li me ) is l argel y u sed to preve nt f er me n
.
dry or else the ci der will taste of the m uch c hea er but c orres pondi ngly
s ubstitute or the a bove may be ma cp
, ,
dry sa nd ; they s houl d never be all owe d s ugar a nd 1 pi nt of yeast are all owed to
,
S houl d the Ci der be relati vely poor i n with the bu ng out for 2 4 h ours T hen , .
ca n be a dded to each bottle or else a , after which the li quor is rea d y f or use .
S e e Vi negar .
as foll ows
Rain water 1 00 gall ons .
’
Yeast re we t s pref ,
S o un c e s ,
g
—
of all cigars being 7 i nches l ong ; a Per
Let sta nd 2 4 hours ad d two or three ,
”
fecto swe lls i n the mi ddle a nd ta pers
gall ons of good whis key a nd rac k o ff i nto ,
d own to a very s mall hea d at the lighting
clea n cas ks B ung ti htl l et sta nd 4 8 “ ”
s o me wa rm j lace to ferment T h e c o n
t a i n e r s h o ul dbe filled to the s quare open
.
Even th ough the ci gars ha ve the a ppea r
a nce of fr e s hness i t is not the origi nal ,
i ng ma de by sa wing out five or six i nches
,
fres h ness i n which the y were recei ve d
of the ce nter of a stave a nd the s pume ,
from the factor T he y ha ve bee n d ry
s ki m med o fi daily as it arises I n cooler .
or c om parati ve y s o a n d ha ve a bs orbed
,
,
weather from 2 weeks to 1 8 days will be more moisture tha n has bee n put i n the
re qui red for thorough fermentation I n .
case a nd it matters not what that m ois
,
warmer weather from 1 2 to 1 3 days will ture may be it ca n never restor e t h e
be s ufficient Whe n ferme ntation is com.
,
, s s h ou ( 1 be .
18 4 CL A RIF YI NG — C LEAN ING PREPA R A T I ONS
CLARI F YI NG .
mi xture bei ng ke pt i n a warm room ,
to a d h ere to the medi um us e d for clar ta ge of bei ng e ntirely ins ol ubl e How .
is alb umen Whe n clarifyi n g vegetabl e p arts fire clay ; 20 pa rts cast —i ron turn
i ngs ; 1 part c om m on salt ; 5 part sal a m
.
prese nt i n m ost pla nts accom plishes this m oniac ; all by meas ure .
matter is extracted i n t h e c ol d s o as to ,
mi xed d ry an d the n wet dow n to the con
get as much al bumen as possible i n s ol u sistency of com m on m ortar consta ntly ,
tio n .
stirri ng the mass as the wetti ng proceeds .
the further a dva ntage that the su bse mixture dries hard a n d whe n glaze d by
q uent filtrati on is much facilitated .
the fire will l ast .
on a s mall scale .
Clarifyi ng powder for alcoh olic liquids : a pinch of sli ghtly m oiste ne d r ed crys
Egg al bu men dry , .
tals of c hrom i c tri oxi de u ntil a disti nct
S ugar of mi l k se nsati on of warmth a nnou nces t he de
S tarch s tructi on of the dye st uff by oxidation
a nd a n i ncipie nt irritati on of the ski n .
‘
.
C L E A NI NG PR EPA R A TI ONS A ND MET H OD S 1 85
attent i on to the pois on ous ness a n d strong a rticl e duri ng the dryi ng is not exactly
, ,
ca usti c acti o n of chromi c tri oxide ; but vertical .
onl y m oderate ca uti on i s re quire d t o To Clea n Fire -Gilt Arti cle s — Fire -gilt
avoi d e Vl l e ff ects .
.
Pyr o ga lli c -Aci d S ta i n s o n th e Fi n ger s c onditi on with water dil uted hydro
, ,
( see also Photo r a phy) — Pyro stai ns may . chl oric a ci d a mm onia or potas h s ol u, ,
fore res orti ng to s oa p as the l atter seems , rub the m sl owl y with a n onion cut i n ha l f
to ha ve a fixi ng e ff ect u pon the stai n . a nd di ped i n recti fied al coh ol a nd was h ,
Lemon peel is useful for rem ovi ng pyro o ff lig tl y with a moist soft s ponge after
which i nfusorial earth or si milar matter clea n s ponge a nd water s o that the l ye ,
washi n g o ff the perma nga nate with a 5 L et the mi xture sta nd a day or two
per ce nt s ol uti on of hydrochl or i c ( m uri before usi n Apply to the s pot with a
atic ) aci d After this was h the ha nds
.
s onge a n ri nse the goods with pl e nty
,
Alcohol 7 0 parts
.
T he n go over
B enzi ne parts
s oft a nd easy of re m oval
.
O il mirba ne 5 parts
.
,
, .
,
c o ff ee and choc olate for i nsta nce ) there ,
a nd the n with pl enty of water ; if the Apply the glyceri ne to the s pot W i th a ,
rubbed with the strongest acetic aci d ute or s o the n was h o ff with water or
,
bonate m oistened with l i ttle water to a To Clea n Colore d Leath er — Pour car .
II — Apply a solution of
.
ours .After s haki ng actively add more
B oric aci d 4 parts
utta pe r cha gra dually u ntil the s ol u tion
-
Water 1 00 parts
.
me nds lithium carbonate for the remova subse que nt operation c onsists merely i n
of picric -aci d stai ns from the ski n or r e mo vi n g the coat of
-
utta -percha from
fro m li nen T h e m ethod of usi ng it is
.
the s urface of the leat e r — that is rub ,
si mply to lay a s mall pi nch on the stai n ,
bing it with the fingers a n d rolli ng it o ff ,
a nd m oiste n th e latter with water Fres h .
the s urface
stai ns disa ppe a r al most i nstantly a nd
.
,
T h e c ol or is n ot i nj ured i n the least by
‘
a ble ) o n cal ci ned magnesia u ntil it be a re not s o d ressed T h e dry gutta -per .
comes a cru m bli ng mass and a pply this , cha ca n be re diss ol ve d i n s ul phuret of
to the s pot rubbi ng it in li ght] with the
, carbon a n d used over a gai n
Whe n t e be nzol
.
II . I f the f o r ego i n
-
fails ( which it on both si des with pi ece of good white a
someti mes though rare y does ) try the, , , s oap a n d lay the m i n war m water i n
foll owi ng : M ake a hot s ol ution of sodiu m wh i ch has bee n put a littl e s oda Let .
hydrate i n distill ed water of strength of , the m lie here for 2 h ours the n was h the m ,
pared som e bits of heavy bl otting a per bath s h oul d als o e ma d e al kali ne with
some what la rger tha n the s pot to he r e s oda T h e s kins are finally ri nsed i n
.
pieces of hea vy bl otting paper Lay the . water must b e a voi d ed at a 1 sta ges of the
s oiled pa ge face downward on th e bl ot cl eansi ng r o c e ss as it has a te n de ncy to
,
tin pad then saturati ng one of the bits shrink a n harde n the s ki ns
of g
, , .
it to the place and pass the i ron over it , with a s mall rou n d stick — a b u ggy s poke ,
to neutral i ze th e strong alkali T his process . say — turni ng the wa d ove r re peatedly
will i nsta ntly restore a ny faded writing and kee pi ng it well wet a n d s oa ped .
fres
ri ntihng agai n T he n ri ns e i n clea n water u ntil the s ki n
188 C LE AN I NG PREPA R A TI O NS A ND M E T H OD S
fe w minutes the old pai nt ca n be Wi ped has bee n ta ken out i n En la nd for a
liquid for re movi ng varnis h a c que r ta r
off .
a nd pai nt T h e c om positio n is ma de by
.
, , ,
Pai nt ( see als o Brushes and Pai nts ) . fusel oil an d 1 ounce of al coh ol
,
It is .
T h e clea ning of the brushes a nd ves stated by the i nve ntor that this m ixture ,
sels i n which the va rnis h or oil ai nt had if a pplied to a pai nted or varnished sur
dried is u s ua ll d one by b oi i ng with face w ill ma ke th e s urface quite clean i n
,
is again rendered servicea ble at once If as j ust to c over the parts whereby hydro
fl u o r i c aci d is generate d For use di p
.
can be rea dily rem oved with paper I n a way or diss ol ved which does not injure ,
of turpentine .
air a nd care sh oul d be ta ke n not to i n
,
sol ve 2 0 parts of caustic s oda (98 er li qui d on the ski n as hydrofluoric aci d ,
To R e move Water S ta i ns fro m Var T his m i xture is a ppl ied to the s urface
n i sh e d Furniture — Pour oli ve oil into a
.
a nd left on for s ome tim e I t is then .
T his mi xture s houl d be h eated until with it I t kee ps m oist quite l ong enough
.
the wa x melts a nd rubbed s pa ri ngly on to be easily rem ove d after it has acted .
l i a n cy
1 — S odi u m hydrate
.
. .
. Fl o u r pa ste
Water
.
.
arti cl es h ori zonta ll y i n a vess el c ontain is bleac hed by a m monia water ; sil ver
i n g a c once ntrate d s ol uti on of al u m a nd i nks b o ta ssi um cyanide or s odi u m
bOi l the m Th e s ol uti on s houl d be just
. h ypo suy pIp ite S o me a niline c ol ors a re
.
s ufficient t o cover the pieces I n 2 0 or . c asil rem o ved by al coh ol a nd nea rly all ,
25 mi nutes the ol d ena mel will fall i nto by c l o r i n a te d li me foll owed by dil uted ,
used the operati on will re quire m ore brus es or feath ers a nd all ow them to ,
Water distilled
0 0 0 0 0 0
’
borax s ol uti on a n d mi x by agitati on
,
with a delicate cam el s ai r pe n crl t e ,
a x s oluti on 2 parts
acts e nergetically on m ost i nks .
,
borax s ol u ti on . , .
bl otti ng pa er
.
chlori d e potassi u m y o ch l o r i te a nd 0 1 1
,
soaked i n clea n warm water the s uper , ,
( b) g
fl u o us moisture rem oved a nd th e fa bri c
, ,
,
a few mini ms of li qu or a m m oni ac forti s ,
parts .
Mix .
anili ne col or stai ns a re ofte n very a nnoy
I V —T h e customa ry meth od of cl ea n s
.
i ng a s they penetrate th e new coati n g
, .
im mediately on th e bl ot a nd i n many ,
p ace a ti n vess el on the floor of the room ,
i nstances will take the latter out without a nd to burn a q uantity of sul hur i n it
l eaving a trace behi nd I n m ore stub .
after th e d oor s a nd wi ndows 0 the room
born cases th e cl oth is di pped i n b oiling have bee n cl osed T h e s ul ph ur va pors .
water a nd rubbed with crystals of oxal ic destroy the a niline stai n s whi ch d i sa p ,
.
ceilings th e distem per must b e was h ed
stances th e linen sh oul d b e thoroughl y off d own to th e plaster fa ce all cracks ,
rinsed i n s everal waters afterwards .
raked out a n d stoppe d with putty ( plas
O xalic acid is undesi rabl e for certai n ter of Paris and diste m per mi xed ) an d ,
fabrics because it rem oves th e col or .
th e wh ol e ru b bed s m ooth with pumic e
V — Here is a m ore harmless m ethod
.
stone a nd water ; staine d part s s h oul d be
E qual pa rts of cream of tarta r and citric painte d with oil col or a n d th e W hol e ,
aci d o w d e r e d fine a nd mixed together
, , .
diste m pered I f ol d ceili ngs are i n bad
.
T his orms the salts of lem on s ol d by conditi on it is d esi rabl e that they sh oul d
drug i sts Procure a h ot di nner plate
.
,
be lined wit h pa per which sh oul d have ,
lay t e pa rt stai ned i n th e plate and ,
a coat o f wea k si ze before b ei ng distem
moisten with h ot water ; next rub i n the pered .
alcohol of 94 er cent aci dulated with after whi ch tim e it is very carefully r e
acetic a cid osi ne does not disa ppear
.
,
m oved with a soft ra g I n ma ny cases a .
disa ppears .
chea pest variety I n the case of a light .
,
’
e h ot a piece of al um the size of a
, essary .
he n s e g Q o un d Venetia n red a nd 1
Treat me n t of Wh itewa sh ed Wa l l s
, ,
. , ,
Care sh ould be taken that eve ry part of
b ora x a n 4 50 pa rts of brown s oa p of
,
the wall i s wel l scra p e d .
1 92 C LEA NI NG PREPA R A TIONS A ND MET H OD S
I I — Cas til e s oa p
. 2 pounds . S pot rem over c onsists of e qual pa rts o f
Potassi um carbonate 5 pound . acetone a m m onia and dil uted alcohol
, , .
,
A m moni a
a water bath sti rri ng o cca smn a ll y until
, , Ether
diss ol ved a ddi ng m ore water if n eces
,
Alcohol
sary a nd finally whe n of a consistence
To R e move S po ts f ro m Tr a ci n
, ,
e fficaci ous without the ca m phor a nd T h e places treated with be nzi ne sh oul d
a m monia . s ubse q uentl y b e rub bed with a littl e
If a aste i s desire d a otas h s oa p tal cu m otherwis e it woul d n ot be pos
shoul d b
, ,
made .
s o t is not lar c it m ay be i m mersed i n
,
of course b
,
a bs orbent cl oth sh oul d be place d u nder
y the addition of s u ffi cient
,
probabl y i m prove it .
the liq ui d s ponge d o n freel y e nough that
it may s oa k throu h carry i ng the greasy
matter with it g
,
4 ounce s
Hot water to ma ke . 4 pints arnish stai ns whe n fresh a re t rea ted
, ,
D issol ve the b ora x sodium bi ca r bo , i n the sa me way b ut the a cti on of th e
,
.
dr i ed i ts rem oval bec omes m ore d i ffi
,
ounces of rose water will render it s ome cul t I n such case s oa ki ng i n strong
.
what fragra nt .
To
l l l — Chl oroform Cloth i n g — M oiste n the spots with a mi x
.
. .
.
become very h ot a nd rub the s pots with m ore water is a dded T his mass is a l .
the cru mbs contin ui ng the work by u s l owe d to sta nd for half a day an d the ,
Wra p a
.
i ng new rolls u ntil all traces of fat ha ve wet laces a re painte d with it .
disappeared from the fa bri c Purified wet cl oth aroun d the roller of a ma ngl e ,
this purpose .
p leating
e xt di p the laces i n a clear sol uti on of ,
.
plicati on d oes not re m ove the s pots a hang them u p to dry thoroughl y attach , ,
K er o cl e a n T his n on i nflammabl e
.
chea p white wi ne a nd the n proceed as
cleanser re m oves grease s pots from deli with silver laces If the gol d I S worn o ff .
,
cate fa bric s without i nju ry cl ea ns all put 77 1 grai ns of shella c 3 1 grai ns of ,
,
ki nds of j e wel ry a nd ta bl eware by r e dragon s bl ood 3 1 grains of turmeri c i n ’
,
moving fats a nd tarnis h kill s moths stron al coh ol a nd pour o ff the ruby -col
ore d g
, ,
Carbo n t et ra c h l o ri d e br ush
'
tecte i n the carbon t e tr a c l o r i d e first For sil vering one of the fo l l o w i n two ,
i n g with a s ol uti on of 1
pa rt of phos
To Clea n G o l d a n d S il ver Lace ph o r u s i n 1 5 parts bisul ph i de of carbon .
an e ff ectual rem edy for restori ng the Fabrics — M oist e n the fa bric for two or _
5 parts
,
,
T hen rinse i n clear water I f a yell ow
O
tarnis h the bas e metal becomes m ore 5 0 0 parts of water a nd agai n ri nse i n
disti nguis ha bl e from the fine ol d cl ea r water .
,
ter i n very fi ne powder l ay the lace u pon R ust -S pot R e mover — D iss ol ve pot e s
, .
with it till it bec omes bright a nd cl ean parts a nd filter M oiste n the rust or , , .
afterwards pol is h with a n other brus h w k 5 ots with this s ol uti on : l e t the li nen ,
until all rem nants of the powder a re r e etc i e for 3 h ours rubbi ng the m oist .
, ,
1 94 CL E ANI NG PRE PA RA T I ON S AN D
by first was hing the m i n l ukewarm soap u pon a nother pla cin g a layer of t he pow
,
Rub bi ng
,
S olutio n for R em ovi ng Nitrate o f S il possible after they are ma de by the use ,
ver S pots .
of boiled linseed oil Afterwards they .
treated become whitis h yell ow a nd s oon nia water I n extre me cas es it may be
.
disappear .
n e c e ss a r y h use the scra per or sa n d pa
per o r bo tl l
, .
,
stai ns a nd spots sh ould be gone over
s wa b It may be rubbed freely over the
.
, ,
s houl d be freed of dust etc by the use
marks a nd dirt will quickly disa ppea r
.
, ,
.
,
es pecially ha ndso me finis h after the
any more ink lines .
I mmerse flann e l rags in a sol uti on 0 2 0 of lea d acetate als o powdered , Boil .
parts of dextri ne a nd 3 0 parts of oxalic until the oil is com l et e l y oxidi zed stir ,
acid i n 2 0 parts of l ogwood decocti on ; r i ng constantly he n c om pl etel y o xi
.
gen tly wri ng them out a nd sift over the m , dized the oil is no l on er red b ut is of a , .
M ix T o be a pplied with
. a s ponge III O x gall
.
- 1 pa rt
.
or soft cl oth .
S aturated s ol uti on
of s odi u m carb o
STONE CLEANING nate 4 pa rts
Clea nin g a n d Poli sh ing Ma rble .
O i l of turpenti ne 1 part
I — M a rbl e that has become dirty by
.
Pi pe clay enough to form a past e .
If this does not re move stai ns a weak Chl ori nated lime 1 ounce
Water
,
moistened with water will i n a measure , , V — Was h the surface with a mi xture
.
bi ng th oroughly with a piece of fla nnel dry rub with whiting a n d wash leather
, .
or s oft l eather .
twice for finer ki nds after which tri oli , clea n water a nd polis h the marbl e with
,
give n by the so called putty powder A - . VII — A strong s ol uti on of oxalic aci d
.
the coarse sand ; with the fine sa nd a ha ndling it the pois on ous nature of this
l ea den plate is used ; and the pumice is aci d should n ot be forgotten .
piece of convenient size For the final . be taken out i n the foll owi ng ma n
pol ishi ng coarse li nen or bagging is used , ner : T ake t ounce of butter of antimony
wed ged tightly i nto a n i ron plani ng tool . a nd 1 ounce of oxalic aci d a nd dissolve
D uri ng all these applications water is the m i n 1 pi nt of rain water ; ad d en ough
all owed to trickl e over the face of the flour to bri ng the mixture to proper a
lic ti n with nitric acid which converts and repeat the ) r o c e ss if the stai n is not
wholl y re move d
,
.
i ng rust from iron d epends upon the s ol u
cc o r di n g to Warwick col ored mar , bili ty of the sul phide of i ron in a s ol ution
ble s houl d not be treated with s oa p a nd of cyanid e of potassiu m Clay is made .
washed o ff after a b out 2 } hour s S h oul d a pply the aste uniformly on the s pot
with a brus ii and l eave the coati ng al one
.
ounces 4
usi ng Javelle water 1 or 2 drops shoul d
S odi u m carbonate ounce 1 be carefully poured on eac h spot ri nsing ,
, a .
M ake i nto a thi n paste a p l y on the To Rem ove Grease S ots fro m Ma rble .
,
— I f the s pots are fres rub them over
soiled s urface a nd was h 0 , after 2 4
hours .
with a piece of cl oth that has been di ppe d
XI I — I n a s a ci o us tub lace a tall
.
i nto pul verized china clay repeati ng the ,
sta nd i n the water which woul d l oosen a re ol d b rush with distilled water and
,
a few i nches of col d wate r —hot water bleach with chl ori de of li me that is put
renders marbl e d ull — take a s oft brus h on a piece of white cl oth If the piece of .
careful ] br u shi n
W Preparatio n for Clea n i ng Marble ,
’
o fl the articl e from
top to b ottom he n i n this ma nner
.
Furniture , a n d Metals , Especiall y Cop
dust a nd dirt ha ve bee n diss ol ved wash , per .
—
T his preparati on is clai med to give
o ff all s oa p particl es by mea ns of a water ver quickly perfect brilliancy persisting
wity
,
ing pot a nd col d water dab the object , out s oilin g either the hand or th e
with a cl ea n s ponge whic h a bsorbs the , articles a nd Wi t h o u t l ea vi n g any odo r of
,
‘
fully dry with a very clean soft cl oth , , ti on for 1 00 parts of the product : Wa x ,
restore the former gl oss t o the marble . acet i c aci d 4 2 parts ; citric acid 4 2 parts ;
, ,
XI I I — M i x a nd sha ke thoroughly i
. white s oa p 4 2 parts , .
a
brushing Wi th ala baster d ust and dis s ufficientl y hot to warm the mass a n d
tilled water th en bleaching with chlori ne
,
as it evaporates occasi onally rene w th e
,
saturated with Javelle water chl orine w a will have nearly d i sa p eared S ome .
,
days later when more oi works toward
ter or chl ori de of li me paste O l d oil ,
,
zine . resh oil or grease s pots are o bli t Cl e a n i ng Te r ra Cotta —After having .
crated by repeated a pplicati ons of a carefully rem oved all dust pai nt the terra ,
brushing with s oa p water or wea k s oda ture of slightly gu mmed water and finely
sol uti on For ma ny other s pots a n a p
.
powdered terra cotta .
s pirit of sal a m m oniac highly dil uted , o bj ect to be treated is smeared with it
oxalic acid Javelle water ox gall or
, , , , a nd all owed to stand for s ome time .
ready removal of the paste without a m zinc al ways h a s good electric contact
a ging the varnish or polish whil e the , with the i ron T o i ns ure this a n i ron
.
turpentine serves as a disinfectant and wire may be firmly wou nd a rou nd the
renders the odor l ess disagreeable d uring i ron object a nd connecte d With the zi nc .
T h e preparation is rapi d i n its acti on , l ong as the zinc is kept i n good electri c
and does not a ff ect the varnished or contact with it Whe n th e a rticles are .
li sh e d s urfaces of wood or marbl e taken fro m the l i qui d they assu me a dark
p ighile energetic i n its cleansin g acti on o n
.
S a n d sto nes — T his may be done by arts ; white soa p powdered 2 5 parts ; , ,
o il the n covering the p ace wit white parts . T riturate a l well a nd rub the
,
‘
VI 0 rem ove rust from polis hed
.
cl oth : 1 0 0 parts of stannic chl ori de are to act till a ll l oose rust is rem oved a nd ,
dissolve d i n part s of water ; this then polis h with cya ni de s oap T h e .
ti me te r s i n di o soluti on dil uted with cya nide a nd a d d chal k s u ffi ci ent t o make
g ,
all owing the s ol ution to act upon the fi ne s havings a nd th oroughl y i ncor porate
stai n for a few seconds it is rubbed clean , , i n a m orta r Whe n the m i xture i s sti ff
.
first with a moist cl oth then with a dry , ceas e to add the s oa p I t s h oul d be r e .
.
VIL — Apply turpenti ne or kerosene
moved by rubbi ng the metal with a cork Oi l a nd after letti ng it sta nd ove r night
,
means of a ski n .
meta l a re d i ss ol ved T his is foll owed by .
,
with a piec e of zi nc a nd placed i n wate r y .
2 00 C LE A NING PREPA RA TIONS AND M ET H OD S
.
,
Preci i t a t e d chal k
, . .
i y
r
a water bath Add the other ingredi ents
.
to the sol ution while still hot stirring , Cle an er — M a ke a thin past e
S i l ver w are .
constantly .
of l evigate d ( not preci pitated ) chal k a n d
To R em ove Hard Grease , Pai nt , etc , s odi um h ypo s ul hite i n e qual arts
rubbed up i n distil led water
.
, ,
poun d of causti c s oda to 2 gall ons of with a s oft brush Rinse i n cl ear water .
water and boil the parts to be cleaned i n a nd dry i n sa wdust S ome authorities .
with h ot water
S olutio n s for Cleani ng M etals
.
I — Water
. 2 0 parts Cleane r — M a ke a bath of
S i l ver -Coi n .
Nitric acid 1 part crust of silver sul phi de is diss ol ved From .
II —
.
r un n i n water then ru b with a soft ,
Alcohol 7 5 parts
.
When
.
.
badly bl a ckene d with sil ve r sul phi de if ,
D iss ol ve i n a quart of soft water a n s mall the a rticl e may b e di pped for a n
,
I nto this put the burner after re moving articles may be t r e a te as coins a re
the wick set it on the stove and l et it
, , i m merse d for 2 or 3 mi n utes in a 1 0
b oil strongly for 5 or 6 min utes then , per cent aq ueous s ol uti on of s ul ph uri c
ta ke out rinse un der the tap an d dry
, , .
acid or the s urface may be ra pi dly wi pe d
,
CL EA NING P REPA R ATI ONS A ND M ET H OD S 201
sta n tl y r i nsed i n runn i ng water . e mpl oying this remedy the dirt layer is
Cl ea n i n g Gilt Bro nze Ware —If greasy .
l oosened a nd the gree n plati na rea ppea rs .
To Clea n Po l is h e d Parts of Ma ch i n e s .
M i x Ri ns e i n runnin g water
. .
sha e T h e mi xture is now rea dy for
.
’
.
littl e of t h e li quid upon a wool en rag an d
with j ewelers rouge made i nto a paste rub evenly over the part to be cl eaned ;
with oil ; wash i n s uds ri nse dry a nd , , ,
or a pply with a brush S e t the articl e
finish with cha mois or was h l ea ther
.
.
aside and next day rub it well wit h a
, ,
c i a l l y sil ver or plated i nkstands t e , provided the article has not been neg e cted
uently become ba dly stai ned with i nk too l ong I n this case a further a p lica
qhese stai ns ca nnot be rem oved b ordi
. .
paste of chl oride of li me a n water Ja r u bbi n z continued too l ong the resid ual
oil fi n a ll y l e a ves the surface r o t e c te d by
.
,
a nd rub bed on the s pot with the end of To Clea n Ar ti cles of Nic k el — Lay .
the finger will us ually remove the darkest the m for a few seconds i n al cohol con
egg stai n from silver .
taining 2 per cent of s ul phuric a cid ; r e
To Clea n S i l ver Orna me n ts —M ake a .
m ove was h i n runnin g water ri n se in
, ,
a n d i n this b oil the articl es or a fe w mi n T his process gives a brilliant polis h and
utes — fi ve will usually be enough T ake .
i s es pecially useful with plated articl es on
out pour the s oa p s ol uti on i nto a basi n
, ,
the plating of which the usual o l i sh i n g
a nd as soon as the li quid has cool ed down materials act very destructive y T h e .
For gilt —
Arti cles thus treate d l ook as bright as .
n e w.
work first rem ove all grease dirt wa x
, , , ,
tacked by rust may be conveniently with a soft rag app y the foll owi ng
cleaned by di ppi ng them i nto a well
saturated sol uti on of sta nnic chl ori de .
S odi um carbonate 7 parts
S ani sh whiting 1 5 parts
T h e l e ngth of ti me of the action m ust be
.
1 2 5 parts
the rust As a rule 1 2 to 2 4 hours will
.
to attack the i ron itself Afte r the o h . When this d ries on brush o ff with fin e , a
j ects have been rem oved from the bath linen cl oth or a s uppl e cha mois ski n .
they m us t be ri nse d with water and s ub , O r the foll owing pla n may be used :
se que ntl y with a mm onia and then , Rem ove gr e as e etc as directed a bove , .
, ,
surface becomes bri ght wash o ff an d , , gl e port i ons with mixti on (gil d i n
d r y i n the direct sunl i ght .
oil ) a nd gil d as us ual S uch crosses l oo .
S till another cl eaner is made of n i tri c better whe n they are n ot altogether
a cid 3 0 parts ; al umi nu m s ul phate 4 black O rnaments ma be very well
treated i n c ol ors with o i fpa i n t an d then
.
’
, ,
Rinse o ff and dry i n sawdust Fi nally . , but it is essential t o use good exteri or or
some articles are best cleane d by i m coa ch varnis h for v a r n i sh i n a n d not the
mersing in hot soa p suds and rubb i ng s o called
- bla ck varnis h w fii ch is mostl y ,
a spot on the gi t surface with a glass rod with sof t soa p ; next wash it i n l e n t y of
di pped i n a sol uti on of corrosive suhli water ; wi pe l e t d ry a nd ppl y light e n
mate I f the gilding is true n o discol or caustic mixture com posea of spi rit of
, ,
.
i mmersing the separabl e parts for sev spoonful of al kali to 3 spoonful s of water
eral h ours i n a wa rm lye heated to about ,
and rub the a rticl e with this by m eans
7 0 C ( 1 58
°
. sai d l ye to be made of
° of a ball of w a dd i n N ext wi pe with a
9 parts of caustic soda and 1 8 0 parts of cl ean cham ois si m i ar to that e m pl oyed ,
ten stone into a sti ff paste with soft soap the articl e will ta rnis h quickly C opper .
and water Rub on with a woolen rag kettles an d sauce ans brass a n di rons
fenders an d candlesti cks a nd trays a re
. , ,
,
copper must be we l washed dri ed and O xali c acid and salt should be employed
for furniture brasses — i f it touches the
, ,
o l i s h ah o r o u h
Treatme n t of Cast-Iro n Gr a ve Crosses
g y with oil a nd tri poli
go me ti me s ow ered rotte n ston e d oes é
.
burn t lam pblack and e ual arts of oil of W i th stron am m onia sud s and rin se dry
turpentine and va r n i s his c o a ti n g
before beg i n ning wit h the a cid an d salt .
is foll owed by one of lam pblack rou n T h e best treatment for wrou ht steel
with coach varnish N o w paint t e si n g
i s to wash i t ver
y cl ea n with a sti ff brus h
.
2 04 C LEANI NG PREPA RA TI ONS A ND METH OD S
D ilute alco hol is also excellent M ethyla ted . salt 2 parts ; rai n water 8 parts
, B rus , .
.
si um permanga nate has bee n r e c o m
scal e from cast iron use a s ol ution of 1 m en d ed
art vitriol a nd 2 parts water ; after mi x
.
,
wa re acquires from pers pirati on ca n b e ,
i n the orm of a brus h usi ng eno u gh to ,
readily re moved by mea ns of ammonia .
, ,
for 4 hours in soa pma ers lye then th row o n ’
,
s urface will be completely removed .
by soaking the m i n a strong s ol uti on of causes it to disa pea r but gives e xtr a o r ,
wit h quie lim e i n a queous sol ution . powders is attende d with s ome di fficulty
T h e measures are allo w ed to soa k i n the and i nconvenience An e xcellent res ult .
sol utio n for a s ho rt time when the resin , is obtai ned without i nj ury to the sil ver by
o us matter of the paint or varnis h is
‘
a rticl es are very ha rd to clean so they will more the a ppea rance of pewter tha n
have a bright n e w a p peara nce T his is sil ver When it wa nts cl ea ning rub it
.
,
gas oline or benzine then put it i n a con u p wit gradual a ddition of water i n a
,
,
whic h is put into a s ol utio n o f 8 0 parts ,
e n ti n e a nd steari c a ci d a re used .
c orked i n the cella r ,For use lay the .
,
3 0 parts of bora x and parts of l i quid which has previousl y been well
,
,
.
days .
powdered chic ory mi xed wit h water s o , N e w pewter is polis hed with a paste o f
as to obta i n a aste whic h i s a pplie d , whiting a n d brandy rubbing the dishes ,
sol ved i n water L et dry a nd a p ly the iron filings from the file cuts a bath o f
fol l owi ng mixture with a rag : Carb
'
.
, ,
cl os ed up by zinc are cl ea ne d by i m
cl ot h or a piece of s upple ski n over it
'
, , ,
n ear a fire . .
S ca l e Pa n
littl e s oda d ry a nd pass over the gild i ng
,
.
tac p i t i ve poy
i n g the ob ect to t h e
‘
T hi s ta rnis h ca n b e removed by dipp i ng
j pos
a battery a nd i m mersi ng i t i n a s oluti on
e of
_
the articl e for fro m I to 1 5 mi n utes
co m o se d of 1 pou nd of cya n i de d i ssolved
that is until the tarnis h shall h a ve bee n
,
a rag a mi xtur e of 1 pa rt s u
,
,
dust T arni s h o n j ewel r y ca n be spee d
.
hat felt or whis k until all particles of dirt cyanide is not com pletel y r e move d i t
,
plates it is well to ha ve the turner make n. GREAS E PAI NT-S POT E RAD
si m il ar wooden forms fitti ng the plates ,
ICATORS :
a nd to ru b the m cl ea n this wa y N ext .
D issol ve the soa p i n the w arm water R e mo vi n g Spo ts f rom Furn i tur e .
n e si a on th e s pot
, .
, , ,
I I -S oa p spi rit
. 1 00 parts . on white filtering p aper saturating it ,
II I —
. Ext ract of quillaia 1 part black co ff ee s pots were re moved from a
l pa r t val uabl e diagram W ithout eras ur e by
O x gall , fresh 6 parts knife or rubber .
is a plasti c mass w hi c may be rolled , Pour good vinega r ove r this a n d rub
into sticks or put up into boxes . vigorousl y Rinse in cl ean water a nd
.
treatment may have to be repeated a few they be matt or pol ished by laying them ,
s pot may be re moved very si mply by fi nally shake n i n cl ea n sa wdust free from ,
s preading the place rather thickly with sa nd I mita tion gol d a nd plated chains
.
butter and letting this act for a few hours . are first cl ea n ed i n ben zine then ri nsed ,
N ext scrape off the butter with the poi nt i n al cohol a nd afterwards s ha ken i n d ry
,
the latter bri ght a nd clean use a paste , Clea ni ng Bras s Mo un ti n gs o n Clo ck
ma de of ben z me a nd burnt magnesia of Cases , etc — T h e brass m ountings a re
.
s uch consistence that W hen the ma ss is first cleaned of dirt by di ppin g the m for
r e s se d between the fin ers a drop of a s hort time i nto bO i li n g s oda lye an d
Wi t this mixture
,
e n zi n e will exude .
next a r e pic kl ed still warm if possibl e , , ,
and a wad of cotton go over the entire , i n a m i xture consisting of nitric acid 6 0
,
surface of the glass rubbing it well , .
parts ; sul phuric a cid 4 0 pa rts ; c ooki ng ,
O n e rubbing is usual ] s ufficient After salt 1 part ; a nd shinin s oot ( la m p
black ) 5 part whereby firey a cq ui re a
.
,
books pa pe rs etc
, , . ti on of hea t but s ho ul d settl e f or at l east
,
2 08 C LEA NIN G PREPA RA T I ONS AN D MET H OD S
e mpl oy dia mond powder T ake a littl e . of acetic ether ; 1 5 parts of e t h yh c ether ;
of the powd e r make i nto a paste Wl th 2 0 0 parts o f Vie nna li me ; pa r ts o f
‘
Wi th
,
bol us ; a nd 5 5 0 parts o f ol e i ne
. _
pegwood
,
Rose pi nk 6 ounces
spirati on on a ccount of bei ng worn i n the
hair at the throat a nd on the arms
,
M i x the i ngre dients i n fine powder , ,
, .
T here are several ways of rendering and sift through musli n T h e n mix .
put the pearls i nto a bag wit h wheat bra n of a soft rag or s ponge ; all ow it to dry on ,
a nd to heat the bag over a coal fi r e with wi pe 0 3 with a cl oth a nd polis h with ,
,
constant m oti on .
cha mois .
parts each of well -cal ci ned fi nely pow , purpose a G erma n conte m orary rec
dered li me a nd wood charcoal which , o mme n d s v e eta bl e pith T e m edulla .
has been strai ned through a anze sieve of rus hes e l ers or s unflowers is cut out
‘
, , , ,
to a boi l with 500 parts 0 p u re rai n t h e pieces are dried a nd pasted si ngly
water s uspen d the pearls over the stea m
, al ongside of one an other upon a piece of
of the boiling water until they are cork whereb y a brus h -like a pparatus is
,
the li quid for 5 minutes turni n g fr e , face o i the l ens For very s mall l enses .
quent] Let them cool i n the l i quid , pointed pi eces of el der pit h are em
take t e m out a nd wash off well with ,
pl oyed T o di p dirty a n d reasy l enses
.
,
To Re mo v e Glue fro m Gl a ss — I f gl ue
te m tur e
.
y
nar era
has si m ply dried u pon the l ass h ot
.
l
I he pearl s may al so be boil ed
a bout hour i n cow s mil k i nto which a ’ water ought to re m ove it If o w e ve r .
, ,
little 0 ees e or soa p has been scr a ped ; the spots a re d ue to size ( the el a ti n o u s
take the m out ri nse o ff i n fresh water was h used by pai nters) when rie d they
a nd dry them with a clean white cl oth
, ,
become very refractor a nd recourse
V — Another method is to h a ve the
, .
0 p
,
barley flour a nd to have the l oaf baked sol ve d i n a sol uti on of soda an d com
bi n e d with starch h ot sol uti ons of caus
well i n an oven but n ot too brown ,
If .
h i ghl y dil uted sul phuric aci d remove stronger aci ds If th e s pots sti l remai n
.
Wi ll be i n j ured by it
,
GLASS CLEANING
.
M e ta l D ecorati o n s —M i x pa rts of .
Clea ni ng Win d ow Pa n es — T ake di .
d enaturiz ed s pirit (9 6 per ce nt ) with 1 6 0 l uted n i tri c aci d ab out a s strong as strong
CLEANING PREPA RA TI ONS AND METH OD S 20 9
give off a hissi ng sou nd N o w rub both . brown soa p is also a good wa of r e mo v
with the han d over the wh ol e pa ne a nd i ng the s pots but care must e ta ke n i n
,
polish wi th a dry rag Ri nse o ff with . rinsing o ff that the win dow frames are
cl ea n wat e r a nd a littl e alc ohol a nd polis h n ot acted u pon .
all i m purities which have re mained on i ng s ol uti on will remove sil ver stai ns
the gl ass at th e factory and even with from the ha nds a nd also from woolen , ,
ta i n e d .
M erc uric chl oride 1 part
Ammonia m uriate 1 part
Clean S tor e Wi n d ow s — Fo r cl ean
. .
To
'
.
8 parts
i ng the large panes of glass of store wi n Th e compound is poisonous
dows a nd als o o rdinary S h ow cases a
.
, ,
kept i n a tight-closi n b ottle A littl e of . of most of the solid grease era dicators
th i s substa nce r ubbe on the s pot wit h a is benzi ne a nd the si mplest form is a
l inen ra g will ma ke it disapp e ar . benzine j elly made by s ha ki n 3 ounces
of ti ncture of q uillaia ( soa p ark ) with
To Re mo v e Oil —Pa i n t S pots f ro m
e nou gh be nzi ne to ma ke 1 6 fl ui d o un ce s
Gl a ss — If the window pa nes have b e en
.
.
B e n zme may also be soli d ified by the use
bes a tte r ed with oil paint i n pai nting of a soa with a ddition of a n excess of
wal s the s ots are of cou rse ea sil t e o r mul a s
move d Wh B
, ,
al kal i in which s oaps are
Whe n the y ave
,
.
e w et .
paint s pots sheet zinc m ust be used a si t , I f the benzine is adde d i n small por
cannot da mage the glass on account of i ts tions a nd thoroughl y a i ta ted 2 } fluid
, ,
1
Water of a m monia 5 fl u i d ra ch ms
.
,
CLOTHES CLEANER S :
B enzi ne enoug h to S e e Cl ea ni ng Pre parations a nd M eth
make 1 6 fl u1 d o u n c e s
ods ; also Household Form ula
,
S e e Pol ishes
,
.
COAL OI L
litt l e ether a n d left sta ndi ng a fe w hours
S ee O il
,
etc .
C OCOA S
S e e Beverages .
a nd clea n w ater usin t e latter till all , with a little h oney or sugar
s mell of bromi ne has i sa ppe a r e d D r y
.
.
beet root sliced drie d i n a kil n or oven
, , ,
S e e Photography . I V — D a n d elion
. From da ndelio n .
S e e Alloys .
All the above a re roasted before rind ,
CL OCK OI L : co fi e e .
S e e O il .
V .
—
Ch ico r y — T his is a com mon a dul .
S ee Watchma ki n g .
cutti ng the full grown root i nto s l ices -
,
od s .
po w der i n a mill it constitutes the ch i
212 CO LD A ND COUG H MI XTURES — CONDI MENTS
COLOR PH OTOGRAPHY
T inc ture of eucal yptus .
S ee Photogra phy
of ben z o m
.
T incture
M ix .
C ONCR ETE
cl oth and h ol d to mouth so that th e mix S ee S tone Artificial
ture is i nhaled thereby gi vmg rel i ef
.
,
.
,
E xpectorant Mi xtur e s .
L — Am m on chl oride
Con di men t s
1 drach m
. .
Paregoric 2 uid r a ch ms
S yrup of i eca c 2 fl ui d r a ch ms .
Ch o w ch o w .
.
Cel ery seed -
m 2 r a ch s
Eucalyptus oil 5 parts Ci der vi negar 2 gall ons
T artari c acid 1 5 pa rts .
M i x all th e powders with the vi negar ,
Extract of malt 2 4 parts .
a nd steep the mixture over a very gentl e
Cacao . . 1 00 parts
re for 3 h ours Th e pi c kles are to be
Pep e r mi n t oil
.
S ee C osmetics .
Esse n ce of E x tr act of S oup Herbs .
S e e Veterinary Formulas .
s weet marj ora m 4 ounces ; sweet basil , ,
COLLOD ION .
eschal ots 2 ounces ; bruised cel er y seed
, .
T ur pentine 5 parts
.
1 ounce ; al coh ol ( 5 0 per cent ) 64 ou nces , .
and al cohol mixture ( i n e qua l parts ) an d serve i n 4 -ounce bot tles well corked , .
.
toes 1 quart ; a rrowr oot 2 ounces ; ex
,
el astic coll odio n .
tract o f beef 1 ounce ; bay leaves 1
,
COLOGNE ,
S alt 2 ounces
ounces black peppercorns ; 1 ounce m us
tard seed ; 1 ounce coria nder fruit (seed ) ; Brown su ar 8 ou nces
T amarin s 4 ou nces
1 ounce pi mento ( alls pice ) ; 5 ounce
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
S herry wine 1 pi nt
mace ; ounc e cl oves ; i ounce nutmegs ;
ounce chili pods ; 3 drachms carda mom Wi ne vi nega r 2 pi nts
seeds ; 4 ou nces garlic ; 4 ounces escha T h e S pices must be freshl y bruised .
vinegar for 1 5 m i nutes and strain T o more of the vine a r as it is l ost b eva p
orati on ; then a c the wine a n if de
.
lic ; 2 ounces Ja maica ginger ; 3 ounces vinegar wit the ta marinds an d raisins
black peppercorns ; 1 ounce cayenne pep u n til soft then pul p throu h a fine sieve
, .
per ; ounce ossei n ; 2 ounce nutmeg ; Pound th e oni ons and gar i c i n a m ortar
a nd add the pul to that of the a ples
T hen a dd the o t er i ngredients a n dvi n
2 ounces salt ; 1 } pints I ndia soy
.
.
I — C oriand er seed
.
ounces garlic ; 4 ounces eschal ots ; 4
ounces h orse-radish root ; 2 ounces black
Fresh ginger .
pepper ; 4 ounce chili pods ; 3 ounces
m n seed
gi
p
raw Ja maica ginger ; 1 5 pou nds golden
. .
Ci nnam on .
S pi ces etc and boil i n vinegar fo r 1 5
, .
,
Carda mom .
minutes th en strai n T o the strai ned
, .
G rated cocoanut .
M ustard a nd strai n .
or until it thickens .
Black pepper . .
FLAVORING S PICE S .
ounces powdered nutmegs ; 1 } ounces The flavors ; other tha n that o f the
powdered cara way seeds ; 1 } ounces m ustard itself of the variou s prepara ,
powdered cori a nder seeds ; 1 ounce o w tions are i m parted by the j ud i ci ous use
dered Ja maica inger ; Qounce pow ere d of spi ces — cinna mon nutmeg cl oves
L et ag
, , ,
II — Pi ck li n g S pi ce — T e n pounds .
marj ora m tarragon etc a nd finall y
, ,
.
,
g
all the o t er i ngredients intimately .
ferme nted rape uice ) wine or what , ,
egar is sufficient but it may be made si milar to a drug or aint mill being used
his d ough i mmed i
,
ounce pi mento ; o unce nutmeg ; Qounce as the basis o f the vari ous m ustards o f
mace ; ounce cloves ; ounce cinna mon com merce .
spices and having mixed spirit and water , flavor desired to be i m parted to the fi n
digest i n mixture 14 days sha king f r e , ish a d r o d u ct T h e ca kes are broadly .
”
Th e brown cake is ma de with black
j un cea T h e first yi elds the white
.
“ ” in o r ti o n s
gzp
ro
m ustard ; the second the black seed
m ustard f rom 2 0 to 3 0 per
,
ac
yiel di ng the more pungent powder ; a nd
,
the latter a ver pun ent and oily mus cent ; sal t f rom 1 to 3 per cent ; spices
, ,
un ge n cy of tp
flour mm 10 to 1 5 per cent
.
,
on .
l I t is a lso extensi vely used for ill u i n the b oili ng liqui d 5 pounds of s ugar ,
,
S ee Ve terinary Formulas ,
.
grad ually to it 2 poun ds or more of suga r .
with conti nuous stirri ng until it becomes a col ori n a n infusion of s affl ower or
tincture o f tur meric is used
,
dra w lines with a knife across the sur and then scoring wit h a knife so that
face i n s uch ma nner that when it is quite it c a n easil y be b r oke n into”
pieces whe n
ha rd it will brea k al ong them easily i nto , , col d T o ma k e
. drops a s uitable
bits the size of a l ozenge . mol d is ne cessary .
n uts thoro n hl y with the sugar When the “s u gar is then i n a conditi on to yiel d
” “
the threa d form ; at 2 4 0
.
°
” “
out i n l ong t hi n sticks crac k ; a nd at hard crack .
Fi g S u t es . —
Place 5 poun ds of i n the l i qui d a nd observi ng it from time
5 pounds of fine cocoa nuts ; mi x we ll a nd and pour 3 gall ons of bo ili n water over
pour out on greased marble roll s mooth , , i t ; sti r i t u
p well N o w set t e pa n wit h .
a nd c ut li ke cara mels . t he
gum i nto a nother a n c ontai ning
bo ni n water a nd stir t e gu m sl owly
.
oun ces pa ra ffi n e wax to the mixture tar to a stiff bal pour it over the gu m
mi x well set the pa n on the kettle with the
,
.
nel d ropper i nto th e starc h i m pressions t he drops are chi pped u a nd be f ore
S i tti n g rub s ome ic i ng wit p
. ,
and place the trays i n the dryi ng room , them .
ylace
for Proceed as before prescri bed but
p a}
,
,
e
.
when sufli ci e n tl c ool pass the batch
A G oo d S u mmer Ta fi y — Place i n a .
through the aci tabl et rollers a nd dust
kettl e 4 pound s of s o ar 3 pounds ,
wit h sugar .
in the stea m pan i n 2 qua rts of water . boi l to stiff boil degree T ake the pa n .
Have a pou nd of egg al bu me n soa ked i n off the fire a nd rub porti ons of the
2 quarts of wate r: B eat this like eg s sugar against the side until i t produces a
into a very stiff froth a d d gra dually t lg e , creamy a ppearance ; then ad d the fla vo r
sugar a n d gl ucose ; when we l l beate n u p '
B r o w n s uga r .
to the l yco -gelatin mass and our i nto
a n oile dtin tray ( s uch as the li of a hi s
‘ ’ ,
T artar i c aci d
Crea m of ta rta r cuit box ) When the mass is col d d i Vi d e
.
An i s e-see d fla vor i ng ,
M enthol pastill es are sai d to be a n
qua n tity s ufficient .
e xcell ent remed y for tickli ng cou h a s
M elt t he su a r i n the water a nd when , wel l as l a r yn i tis T hey shoul be .
C over the a n f or 5 minu te s Remove . the patie nt may ta ke hal f of one or les s , ,
O il of orris 1 drach m .
Carbon black
l d r a ch m G ra pe sugar
Vanilli n 2 drachms wa te r . . U C 0 0 I l
30 grai ns Ci n n a ba r Red ! .
Bl uish R o se ! .
foll ows o o o o o o o o o o o o o
S i m pl e syrup enough
to make 500 parts Potato flour
Rub u p th e potassium carbonate and Carmi ne Gree n .
is acquired .
Ye l low — Vari ous shad es of yel l ow
.
lea n to the sandal wood tincture until th e ture i s obtained D il ute with water .
A red added to any of th e yel l o w s gives ' aq ueous s ol uti on of quercitrine als o
a n orange col or .
gives a n excelle nt yell ow .
, , ,
, .
,
dence i n thei r inn ocuity . ful a n harml ess agent I t may usually
, .
T h e ob j ect of th e red ucing part of the l eally with the copper b ut when i ts oxy ,
.
renders the a rsenic or a ntim on i nert .
when i t requires fre qu e nt bendi n g to break proba bly not what occ urs i n the pro
it a nd when after i t is broken the col or
, , ,
duction o f so -call e d b ur nt co per during
is pal e red the fracture has a silky l us
,
annealing T h e a m ou nt 0 i mpurities
.
is ma y e bet
,
T his is the conditi on in which refined of thi s very s mall a mount o f ox gen ,
out changing this tough itch any , will suffic e t o render c opper o ver pol e d
speci men of copper that coul d e brought and rui n it for a n y use .
mere trace of i m purities T his is shown . a really good met c d o f a n neali ng cop
b the a bsol utely worthl ess condition per will prevent a n y change i n the state
0y o ver po l e d copper T h e addi tion of . of oxi dati on I t is necessary to revent
.
carbon also plays a very i m portant part access to the h eate d c opper b ot o f a t
i n the production o f o ver pol e d copper . mosph er i c air whic h woul d oxidize it
, .
T hat the addition of oxyge n to refined a nd of the re duci ng gases used i n heat
i n g the mu fii e whic h woul d ta ke oxygen
.
c op er i s n ot s o da magi ng is shown by
the p
,
act that at present nearly all the cop a way from it O b viousl y the onl y wa y
.
essary to gi ve the copper its tough p i tch th i s purpose but fortunatel y one which
. , ,
taken to i ncl ose the copper while heating To D Copp er Parts Violet a n d Or
e
a n ge o l i sh ed cop per acqui res a n
and whil e cooli n i n a n atmosphere of .
stea m T his wil eff ectual ] y excl ude ai r orange -like col or l e a mn g to gol d when ,
the a n n ea ing of iron wire wi th no d etri metal for a few minutes i n a s ol uti on of
,
the use o f a nneal ers s uch as are ordi 1 part As these bl eachi ng baths attack
.
n a r il y e mpl oyed for a n nealing iron a nd , the copper ui ckly the objects must be ,
thus cheapens the a nnealing consi der l eft i n only or a f e w seconds was hin
ably as co m are d with the present use of
,
.
drying i n sawdust bra n or s pent ta n , ,
.
I I — Water
. ,
ci d e n ta ll
phate of al umi na 8 0 pa rts ; water 520 , ,
th e da nger of produci ng t e o ver po l e d the obj ects are pl unged into a bath of
conditi on often i n o n ly a small section bl ue 1 tri ol ; after the bath the y may be
'
heatedagai n
,
piece .
ature or ra pi d h ea ti ng at a hi h tem
,
.
C OPP E R LA CQUERS
S ee L ac quers
pera tur e produces the sa m e r e su t As .
.
,
2 22 C OPPER— C OPY IN G PRINTED PI C TURE S
S ee Paper M etallic ,
.
when the true rel ation s of right and left
will be seen M oreover if sufi ci en tl y
COPP ER PATINI Z I NG AND PLATI NG :
. ,
C OPPE R ’ SEPAR ATIO N or GOL D of the fresh s heet j ust as was done i n
making the reversed copy T h e i m
F Ro M
.
S ee Varnish e s .
For indicator cards the pa per is pre
pared by coati ng one surface with a suit
C OPYI NG PRI NTED PI CTU RES .
able com pound usually zi nc oxi de mixed
,
“ ”
T h e so call ed
- metallic pa per used with a littl e starch a n d enough gl ue to
for steam -engine indicator cards has a make it adhere After d ryi ng it is
.
sm ooth surface chemically prepared so , pa ssed betwee n cal enda r rolls under gr eat
that bl ack lines can be draw n u pon it r e ss ur e .T h e various brands manu
with pencils made of brass co per sil , , a c tu r e d for th e trad e th oug h perhaps ,
receives the faint l ine drawn by a brass pa per of firmer texture coul d b e pre are d
point at one end of the pencil arm a nd ,
with the sa m e surface finish pro abl y ,
i ts special advantage over ordinary paper m uch lar 8 er copies could be produced .
is that the metallic e n ci l slides over its O ther kinds of pa per notably the
surface with very l i ttP
,
e fricti on and keeps heavy plate pa ers use d for some of the
best trad e ca t a F
,
th e meta lic transfer paper face u p u pon , , found which will re move e non h ink
at least a doze n sheets of blank paper , t o give copies a nywhere near a s ark a s
and l ay the ) r i n t face d own upon it O n the i ndicator a pe r
the back o f the print place a sheet of Fairly gooptra nsfers ca n be made
, .
Line drawings pri nted from relief ol d pr ints can be copied better tha n new
plates or pictures with sharp contrast
, ones ; i n fact it was by accidental trans
,
of black and white wi thout a ny half , fer to a n indi cator card from a book
tones give the best copies Very few
, .
nearl y a hundre d years ol d that the
half -tones ca n be tr a nsferred sa ti sfa c pecul i ar property of th is meta llic ”
to r il y ; al most all give streaked indis , pa per was d i scovered .
worthless .
Copyi n g Pro ce s s o n Woo d — If wood .
T h e trans f er taken off as described is surfaces are exposed to direct s unl ight
a reverse of the ori inal print If the the wood will exhibit after 2 weeks
question of right a n d l eft is not i mpor
.
.
,
tant t his re versal will seldom be o bj e c e xposed pl aces C ertai n parts of the
.
fit the dis h i n whic h you melt the paraf Corn Cur e — S alicylic acid 1 1 pa rts by , ,
way be made gas and air -tight a nd ca n , flexi bl e coll odio n U P a suffi c1e n t , . .,
composition it is necessar y that the con the liquid made u p to the required
s ti tu e n t s be mingled and treated under
a mou nt T h e I ndia n hem p is resum
.
parts by we i ght
mi t te d to press ure during its coagulation
, .
S e e Preserving .
, , .
salicylic acid 1 0 parts by measure ; oil , , carbol i c a ci for a f e w mi nutes foll owe d ,
pa r ts Appl y a thin coating ever night restored by a plate Whe n the j oints
putting ea ch la yer directl y on the pr e
.
, .
ti sm, t he
c onstitutional co n ditions m ust growth care being ta ken that the y pe n
,
the parts m ost i a bl e to corns T o this . are brought to get h er by one or two fine
e n d a well -fi tt i n g shoe is esse ntial T he . s utures ; a n a nt i septic dres sing is a pplied ,
shoes s houl d be of well -seasone d leather , a nd the wou nd is left to heal — pr i mary
soft a nd elastic a nd sh oul d be cut to a ,
u nion i n a fe w d ays bei ng the rul e T he .
e ra l l y carrie d out with che mical s u b the site of the corn but this l eads to n o ,
If the poi nt of a sharp thin -bladed , then i ncorporate the sol utio n 0 borax in
knife be i ntroduce d at the groove which the rose water .
Expressed oil of a l
be easily ma d e to separate from the parts
'
m onds .
beneath .
Gl coni ne
I I I — Any method of treatme nt to be
.
O i of la vender
c urat i ve m ust secure the re moval of the
.
Freela n d confide ntly advises the full a nd have been previously wel i nc orporated ,
Extract of j as mi ne
.
comp l e te .
6 drach ms .
, a
Wa x white , . 2 00
pound ; b utter of cocoa 1 pound ; lan o ,
S permaceti 2 00
li n 2 ou nces
, .
S a ffron s urrogate 10
M elt a nd sti r in 1 drachm of balsa m
.
Cl ove oil 20
of Peru After settling pour o ff the clea r
.
,
White
.
VI .
— Pa r a fli n e 4 9 0 parts
S e r ma c eti .
Vasel ine 4 9 0 pa rts
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
a mphor .
O i l of le m on 0 75 parts .
, fi n e r ti ps :
o Ca m phor 5 ounce ; men ,
hor has been dissolved with very gentl e tho k ounce ; eucaly ptol 1 dra chm ;
, ,
i n which the b orax has pre viously bee n } pound ; al ka net root
1 ounce ; oil of ,
dissol ved beating or agitating con
, bitter al monds 1 5 drops ; oil of cl oves
, ,
sta n tly with a wooden spatula until cold 1 0 d rops ; oil of cassia 5 drops
.
D igest , .
. .
Pow d ere d Nail Polis h es .
O il of rose I — T i n oxide
. 8 d rachms
Alcohol . Carmi ne drachm
A s mall q uantity of bora x may be R ose oil 6 drops
a dded if desirable a nd the pe rfume may N eroli O l l 5 drops
,
Vaseline
tion 1 0 per cent
.
Anch usi ne .
, ,
II — Vasel i ne Poma d e
. .
tion until n o furth er preci pitati on o c
Vaseli n e oil w h ite , pa rts curs L et sta nd over n i ght ; pour o ff the
Wa x wh i te
.
.
every 2 pounds
Wh ite C o sme ti que
.
VII — S tick Po ma de
. .
Jas mi ne pomade
T all ow . T uberose poma de
Ceresi ne . White wa x
Wa x yellow
.
, . Refined s uet
Rosin light , . R ose o il
P a r 3 Hi 11 e 0 i l.
M elt the wa x a nd s uet over a water
( thick ) . 3 00 parts bat h the n a dd th e poma des a nd finally
, ,
O i l of cassia . 5 pa rts the otto .
O il of bergamot 5 parts
Cu cumber Jelly
.
G lycerine ui d o u n ces
pa r ts of white wa x at m oderate heat a nd
mix wel l with 2 0 0 pa rts of vasel i ne .
Water n n n n n 1 0 fl uid o u n ce s
Add 1 5 parts of berga mot oil 3 parts of ,
Pe r fume to s uit Th e perfume m us t
.
2 parts of l em on oil m i xin g well , . otherwise it mars the beauty of the prep
aration O ra nge -fl o w er water or ros e
I X — Wi tch — Ha zel Jel l y
.
. .
water coul d b e s ubstituted for the water
O il of s weet a l if desi red or a n oth e r perfum e cons istin g
,
G l ceri ne 3 2 parts
.
S o ft s oa p
.
S pi rit 0 fper
cou mari n
20 pa rts
( 1 5 grai ns per
. .
S pirit of bitter a l
.
col ored red by i n fusi n al ka net in the Rub the pomad e wit h th e s oa p a nd
grease ; yell ow may be 0 ta i n e d by using b ora x u ntil i nti matel y mi xed the n a dd ,
annotto i n the sa me way ; a n oil -sol uble the di still ed water ( which may be
chl orophyll will give a green col or b y warm ed to bl ood heat ) ou nce by ounce , ,
I .
— Prepa red chal k 4 av ounces
. tity s uffi cient .
trate . . 4 a v ounces
.
m onia a nd a dd sol ution to the mixtur e .
Oil e ppe r .
Vermili on
S ufficie nt al m ond oil s hould be use d T incture of saff ron
to form a mass of proper consiste nce . O rris root powdered ,
C hal k precipitated
,
II .
— Zinc oxide . 8 parts Zi nc ox i de
Bis muth s u bnitrate 8 parts Ca mphor .
.
,
, m onds .
O il 0 peppermint
Br i gh t Re d . Perfu me .
Eo sme
Zinc oxide 10 parts
.
i de 10 parts
Al mond oil qua ntity suffi c i ent ,
. R o uge .
R ed .
D issol ve the eosi ne i n the esse nce
Caca o b utter bouquet a nd mi x with th e cam phor a n d
,
O li ve oil .
i nto a paste with al m ond Oi l .
gilg
f
f Blac k Gre a se Pai n ts .
of neroli
O il I — S oot
. . 2 a v o un c e s.
.
a sm ooth mi xture with the oil ; th en ad d l I — White wax 8 parts ; rosin white
.
, , ,
to the melted caca o butter ; a dd the per 8 parts ; m utton suet 4 parts ; col or to ,
.
,
I I — Best
.
1 d rach m
Caca o butter 3 drach ms Ro u e Ta bl ets — T here are two dis .
M elt the caca o butter and oil ad d the , and th ose i n which the aniline col ors are
l ampblack and stir constantly a s the
,
used T h e best are th ose prepared with
.
the l ast .
M i x th e ta l e a nd dextri n a nd add the
I V — La mpbl ack
.
perfume prefera bl y i n the sha pe of an
,
O il cocoanut .
dro s to every 4 ou nces of other i n
Perfume s uffi cient , .
gre i e n ts I ncor orate the a m m onium
.
Beat the lam pbl a ck i nto a stiff paste carmi nate a nd a d j ust en ough simple
with glycerine Apply with a s ponge ; sv r u
p to make a mass easily rolle d out .
whe n using
,
a m m oni um ca rmi nate is ma de by adding
1 part of carmi ne to 2 § parts of strong
.
, ,
the skin .
A dd en ough tra acanth mucil a e to
D issol ve 1 drach m anhydrous lano make the mass ad ere an d spr e a the
li n in 2 drachms of ether i n a mortar .
wh ol e evenly on the porcelai n palette
Mi x
.
of the powder as necessa ry knea d i nto a , pre parati on may be ma de as foll ows
232 COSMETICS
C a rmi ne No 4 0 .
M i x the bay ru m a n d glyceri ne ad d ,
Water to s ha vi ng .
as it contai ns l ess gg
filter and ad d
yc e r i n e : Bay rum
,
,
S ol ution of l ouone 1 drac hm .
I —Lactic acid
. 1 “ ”
c ure the worst c ha ps i n two ni g hts .
Castor oil 6 drachms best s ubsta nces for the purpose are n u
II —Unna advises hyd rogen dioxi de
.
gu e n t u m cere u m or ol eu m o li v a r u m .
Petrolatu m 3 0 parts .
bis m uth oxyc hl oride parts ; with fat ,
T incture of witch
.
,
R o s e water s uffi
.
,
,
with or without s ome free a l ali Any “
.
3 d rachms
White soa p
e
b
.
L a noloi n 6 drach ms
aff ected a reas I n t h e mor a in after
.
,
Va se l me 1 ounce
removi ng the aste with a bla n soa
bathe with coo water a nd dry with litt e Ad d a ny perfu me desired T h e bora .
each 1 ounce Perfu me to s uit Use . . the m odern massage crea m is casein
im mediately after bathi ng rubbi ng i n
.
.
Add the water of am m onia to the mil k
day wi th the foll owi ng mixture a nd l et it stan d 924 hou rs T hen add .
Work t is th o r o ughl
.
G lycerine 8 parts . in a ,
o
Ha n d Bl e a ch — L a nolin 3 0 parts ;
.
. ,
the product th us obtai ned add a n equal
glyceri ne 2 0 parts bora x 1 0 parts
, ,
amount of col d crea m made by the for
eucalyptol 2 pa rts ; essential oil of a l
,
m u l a herewith give n :
monds 1 part After ru bbi n g the hands
White wax
, .
Water
.
30 parts
.
tion s houl d be of the sa me te m perature
Al c ohol 1 0 parts as the melted mass .
C ocoa nut 0 1 1
.
1 ounce
Me di cate d Massa ge Bal l s are .
— T hey La nolin 1 ounce
the balls of pa r a ffi n e wa x m ol ded with O il of s weet al monds 2 ounces
a s mooth or rough s urface with menthol , M elt i n a porcel ai n dish remove from ,
ca mphor oil of Wi ntergreen oil of e p
, , the fire a nd a dd
,
permi nt etc a dded before s ha pi ng pe
O ra nge-fl o w e r water 1 ounce
. .
, ,
other affl ictions of the s ki n and bones . Beat briskly u ntil crea my .
crea m . 4 ou nces
the pal m of the ha n d with press ure .
La noli n . 4 ounces
Co n ti nue u ntil relief is obtai ned or a O il of the obroma 4 ounces
sensati on of warmth T h e only external .
White petrolatum oil 4 ounces
method for the treatment of all ki nds of D istilled water 4 ounces .
In
wi nter the two latter are l eft out a nd An d grad uall y stir i nto this a s ol uti on
the pro o r ti o n of cocoa b utter is m odi
fied . r e pa r e d a nd perf u med i n pro B ora x .
Rose water
TI L — White petrol atum 7 a v ou nces
C oncentrated nitric
Pa r a ffi n e wax
aci d 5 drops
.
La n oli n 2 a v ounces . .
Water 3 fl ui d o un ce s
. III —L an oli n
. 3 0 gram s
O i l of rose 3 drops . O il sweet al m ond 1 0 gram s
Va nillin 2 gra ms . B ora x 1 gra m
Al coh ol 1 fi ui d r a ch m
. G lyceri ne 1 5 gra ms
.
ti on a ssists the abs orbed fat in devel oping O intment zi nc oxi de 5 gra ms .
,
may of course be e m pl oyed as a general
to re medy a n oil or flabby skin Apply , ,
, , ,
1 5 ounces
T i n ct u r e of benzoi n Emo lh e n t S k 1 u Balm
5 ounce .
, .
0 l o t 11 .
0 11 of orange peel 1 0 drops
O i l of Wi ntergree n 8 drops
B l eaching Sk in S a l ves — A skin -bl each .
O il of rose 2 drops
i ng acti on due to the presence of hydro
.
s ol ution of
Sk i n Lotio n
B ora x 1 part
.
b e st to dil ute it largely with water S uch . sl owly with consta nt sti r r i n until all h a s
a l oti on may be ma de by mi xi ng bee n added a nd s m oot crea m h a s
a
G lycerine 1 part
.
bee n formed Fi nally a d d the two vola
.
,
“
T hen stir i n
porti on of ha ndkerchief extract or
s ome essential oil in the glycerine a nd ,
I L — White wa x ounce .
S permaceti By weight .
O i l of sweet a l 1 0 parts
monds 2 5 ounces
. . 5 parts
M elt remove from the fi re a nd add 4 parts
, ,
White wa x
.
1 00 parts
.
S permaceti .
By weight .
S we et a l m o n d VI I — Al mond oil
. 4 00 parts
.
G lyceri ne 4 fl ui d o u n ce s .
60 parts
O i l of rose gera S permaceti 6 0 parts
ni um 1 fl ui d r a c h m Rose water 3 0 0 parts
T i n cture of ben By weight
VI II — White wa x
.
zoi n . . 4 fl ui d ra c h ms . 6 parts
M elt the wa x a nd S permaceti a dd T all ow fres h l y
,
,
of rose gera ni um .
O i l of s weet a l
m onds 6 parts
po r a t e d to a s mooth crea my mass pour
. .
, ,
i nto m olds .
M elt together a nd whil e still hot ad d ,
I V — S weet al monds
. with c onstant stirring 1 part of s od i um ,
white .
taste .
White wax .
I X — O i n t m e n t of
.
the aid of heat i n the necessar a mount O i l of rose oil of bitter al m onds
li q ui d a d d the wa x
,
, ,
of water to form a , of ea ch su fficient to perfu me .
, ,
O il of al m onds
ma i n d e r of the water L astly a dd the .
,
fresh 1 2 parts
volatil e oils
.
Ph a r ma c o pa i a ‘
.
M elt on a water bath the S permaceti
a nd wax a dd the oil ( which sh oul d be
X — S e r ma ce ti
,
. . .
fres h ) a nd pour the whole i nto a sli ghtly
,
hite wax .
warmed mortar under c onstant and l i vely
,
S weet al m ond stirri ng to prevent gran ulati on Con .
,
oil 1 4 fl ui d o u n c e s
.
ti n ue the triturati on until the mass has
Water distilled 7 fl uid o un ce s
, a white crea my appeara nce a nd is
, ,
B ora x powder 6 0 grains , a bout the consistence of butter at ordi
C oumarin {1
O il of bergamot 2 4 drops
.
nary tem perature Add littl e by littl e .
, ,
be r gr i s 5 drops
Crea m
.
Ch a ppi n e
M el t the s e r ma c e ti a nd wa x a dd the ,
.
Flavoring s u fficient
Hone y 2 a v ounces
.
,
Castil e s o a i n wate r ,
wh i te pow er 1 a v ounce .
strain a dd the gl yc e ri ne and
, lea d ace
O il s weet a l tate previ ously dissol ved i n
,
s u fficient
monds 2 6 fl uid o u n c e s water ; flavor with j ockey cl ub or ora nge
O il bitter a l essence .
m onds 1 fl ui d r a ch m
Cu cumber Creams
5 fl ui d r a c h m
.
O il berga m ot
I — White wa x
.
O il cl oves 1 5 drops . . .
Peru 1 fl ui d r a c h m S permaceti .
Li q uor potassa .
Benz oi nated lard .
M i x the h oney with the s oa p i n a mor lard a nd i nfuse i n the l i quid the c ucum
,
X I I — White wa x
. .
Gl yceri ne Crea ms .
S permaceti
S w e e t al m ond I — O il
. of s weet a l
oil parts m onds 1 00 parts.
White wa x
. .
C oumari n part . .
M elt on th e wat e r bath the oil wa x
,
_
, , ,
Add for each pou nd of the cr e am 5 an d glyceri ne together rem ove and as ,
dro s of etheric oil of bitter al monds the m ass cools down a dd the perfum e i n
su fficient quantity to mak e a cr ea m y
,
as i n m a ki n g c ol d cr eam . mass .
2 38 C OS M ET ICS
II .
—
Q ui nce seed ounce . 1 Aqua n a ph ae 1 0 parts
B oric acid grains . 16 D istilled water 1 5 parts .
S tarch ounce
. 1 G lycerine 5 parts .
ui n c e seed for 3 h ours ; then strai n Preparati ons which ha ve been intro
g
.
Heat the mil k u ntil it curdl es and of wine 1 00 parts a nd shake with a suit
, ,
M uci l a ge Cre a ms
must be entirely free from water to avoid
.
,
B oil the starch i n the carrageen m uci
found i n forming a good base for the lage add the boric aci d and the gl yce r
,
C ream .
me Let c ool a nd a d d the col ogn e ,
I — A n h yd r o u s l a n o l i n
. 6 5 0 parts .
Witch Ha zel Cream s-
Peach kernel oil 2 00 parts
-
I — Q ui nce seed
.
Water 1 5 0 parts
.
B ori c a ci d
Perfume with ab out 1 5 drops of G lyceri ne .
yla ng .
Carbolic acid .
II — L a noli n
. 40 parts C ol ogne water
O live oil 1 5 parts . O il lavender flow
Pa r a ffi n e o mt me n t 1 0 parts . . ers 40 d rops
2 40 C OS M ETI CS
dered b orax .
used :
Jas mi n e M ilk parts o f w a te r .
— T o 25 (a ) C orrosive sublimate 1 part
O r a n g e - flo w er
.
I .
—
Appl y over the a ff ected ski n a T his preparation is a ppli ed with a
sol uti on of c orrosive s ubli mate 1 in 50 0 , , s ponge on reti ring to the a ff ected places
, , ,
or if the patient ca n stan d it 1 in 3 00
, , , a nd all owe d to dry on .
morni ng a nd evening and for the night , VI — Acc ording to Brocq the follow
.
a pply e mplastrum h yd r a r gyr i com ing sh oul d be pencil ed over the a ff ected
positum to the s pots In the m orning .
s pots :
rem ove the pl aster a nd all remnants of Fresh pure mil k
it by rubbi ng fresh butter or col d crea m
over the s ots .
A c i d hydrochl ori c
For re ness of the ski n apply each concentrated
,
5 parts
other day zi nc oxide oi ntment or oi nt
.
i n equal parts I n the m orni ng wash o ff . powe rful agent S houl d it cause too .
of service .
Zi nc oxi de 2 parts
green soa p or with alcoh ol an then a p ,
T i ncture quillai a
.
5 parts
When the a pplication dries th orou ghl y , S pirit nitrous ether 1 part
o over i t with a layer of traumaticine
ghis a p l i ca ti o n will loosen itself i n Rose water 9 5 parts
.
.
several ays whe n the process shoul d Sa ponify th e oil with the l ead acetate ;
,
be repeated .
add the rose water a nd foll ow with th e ,
O i ntment of rose
small pieces 1 35 part s
A l c o h o l 8 5 per ,
water 7 parts
parts 88 VII —Bicarbonate of s oda 2 drach ms
.
88 parts C om o u n d ti ncture
Citron oil 6 parts
. of a ve n d e r l l drachms .
G lyceri ne 1 ounce
T his mi xture is all owed to stan d for 3
Rose water 4 ounces
or 4 days i n the sun and filtered C oat .
,
.
aces of the sk i n where the freckles are glyceri ne a nd rose water a nd a dd the ,
X — S ub nitrate of h i s
.
I —Zinc sul ph o ca r bo
.
.
m uth 1 5 drachm s
l ate .
Powdered French
G lyceri ne .
chal k . 30 rai ns
Rose water .
G lyceri ne 2 . r a c h ms
Al coh ol 90
, per Rose water 1 1 ou nces
ce nt
M i x the powders a nd rub down care
.
C ol ogne water ,
S pirit of ca m ph or
rose water S hake the bottle before use
.
. .
II — B orax
.
XL — G lycerine crea m 2 drachms
Potassiu m chl orate Jorda n al m onds 4 drachms
G lyceri ne .
Rose water 5 ounces
Al cohol . .
Essential oil of a i
Rose water to make m onds 3 drops
Ferrous s ul ph a te
.
I V — Potassi u m carb on
.
ate .
Ta n a n dFr eck l e Lo ti o n .
a nd infusi on rose .
s mall q ua ntity of the infusion a nd a ply i n the morning after the us ual a bl u
d rach m of the l y c e r i n e ; with this fluid tions a nd let dry on the face
, .
a nd r u b it down r a d ua l l y ad di ng m ore ,
powder 8 grains ; witch -hazel 2 ounces ;
, ,
obtai n ed ; the n stir i n the re mainder of Agitate until a sol ution is o btai ned .
TOILE T P O W D E RS :
of fine s ponge a pply a little of sol uti on A
to t h e ta nned or frec kl ed surface until a ,
Almo n d Pow d ers for th e Toi l e t .
II Al mond
.
Bra n
. .
Cl i ty .
Br u n e tte or Ra ch ell e .
L inseed oil . .
Base 9 pounds
L i me water Powdered Fl ore nti ne
Para ffi n e li quid ,
orris . 1 pound
M i x t h e li nseed oil and water a nd a dd ,
Perfume the sa me .
I -C orrosive s u b l i
. Ru b do w n the carmi ne a nd ocher with
mate alco hol i n a m ortar a nd s prea d on glass
White s ugar
. ,
White of egg .
Vi olet Pou d re d e Ri z
L e mo n j ui ce
.
. u u u u u u u u u
. .
Rice flour
M i x the subli mate sugar a nd alb u , , Powdered talc
me n i ntimately then a dd the lem on , Powdered orris root
j u i ce a nd water D iss ol ve sha ke well .
, , Extract of ca ssia l
freshness
VI — T al cum
.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 00
Alcohol 8 0 per cent, parts Gl ceri ne 1 50 parts
Vi negar 10 , per '
O i l of bergam ot 2 parts
9 .
.
al cohol a nd i n the mixture diss ol v e the
,
, cent
acid a nd l et sta nd overni ght
, D is .
Water
sol ve the carmi ne in the a mmonia water T i ncture of ca n
a nd add to mixture S hake th orou ghly .
, th a r i d e s 2 5 pa rts
l et stan d for a few mi nutes the n deca nt , .
S alicyl ic aci d 2 5 pa rts
TOILET WATERS Gl ceri ne 1 00 parts
O i of birch b uds 4 0 parts
B e auty W ater ”
.
.
B erga m ot oil 3 0 parts
Fresh egg al bumen 5 0 0 parts . G era n i u m oil 5 par ts
Alcohol 1 25 parts D issol ve the oil s i n the al coh ol add ,
L em on oil 2 pa rts the aci d a nd ti ncture of canth ari des ;
La vender oil 2 parts .
mi x the water an d gl ycerin e a nd ad d
O i l of thyme 2 parts
,
Water
teaspoonful of the water i n the pal m of the I V —Al coh ol o o o o o o o o o
.
,
also be re lace d by calciu m h yd r o sul
a n d instead ?
odor of a m m onia the wh o e bein pe r
fu med by the a dditi on of vo l a t ig ph i te of stea ming the
,
e oil
, ,
mulas : III —
Bleach i ng of Ve etable Fi ber s
I — M oisten coarsely powdere d a m
.
.
with Hyd rogen Pero xi d e ass the pieces
mo n i u m carb onate contai ned i n a suit
.
,
through sol ution containing ca ustic
a
able b ottl e with a mixture of coneen
,
s oda soa p h drogen peroxide a nd burnt
, , ,
tr a t e d ti ncture of orris root 2 } ounces ; ,
magnesia he pieces are pil ed i n heaps
.
to the salt as much of the foll owing sol u ph e r e N ext wash acidulate wash a nd
.
, ,
tion as it will absorb : O i l of orris 5 , dry Th e bleachi ng may al so be d one
.
of vi olet .
r a cti c a bl e also to commence with the
Rose water
r o c e ss is handsomer tha n that produced
D istilled extract o f
witch -hazel enough b y th e ol d method with hypochl orites ,
1 6 ounces
and the fabric is weake ned to a l ess ex
to ma ke tent .
TE STS F OR COTTON
Cotton
.
i n hea ps for 1 h our wash pass through , , made by diss ol ving 1 0 parts of copper
caustic s oda lye of 3 8 Ré dil uted Wi th 8 °
. sul hate in 1 60 parts of disti ll ed water ,
times its vol u me of water stea m put , , an ca uti o usl v adding sol uti on of a m
a gai n through s odi um chl ori de wash ,
.
, monia to the li quid until the preci pitate
acidulate sli h tl y with hydrochl ori c a ci d , first formed is nearly dissol ve d T h e .
fibers a n d cellul ose is made by d i ssol vmg pa rts ; a n distri but e evenl y on cotton ,
T his s ol ution diss ol ves cotton linen and , , proof a paratus where it is si mul ta
,
to be es pecially useful i n micros copy a s , pared for bleachi ng by the foll owing
it ra pidly diss ol ves cell ul ose but has no , process which is perf or med with out the
,
action on lignin .
waste being re moved f rom th e a ppa ra
[ IL — Jan d n er ’s Test for Cotto n i n
'
tus : ( 1 ) treatment wit h a s ol ve nt such ,
fabric a nd trea t with sul phuric acid of va porizi ng a nd e xpe lli n from the
( 20 Ré ) for half a n hour on the water c otton waste the sol vent stil re maini ng
i n it after as much as possi ble of this has
.
or c o d e i n e a a ve n d e r ; t h mol or menthol
,
a tem perature of 2 1 2 ° to 8 00 F T h e °
.
.
,
V — Lie ber man n ’s Test — D ye the fab the aci d va ors coming from the mixture
may be l e pi nto a second q ua ntity of
. .
s ol uti on a n the n was he d with water a i r being dra wn through bot h vessels to
OIL
To Di s ti n gui sh Cotto n fr om Li n en . S ee O il .
possi bl e .
bl ows a n i nfinity of tiny b u bbl es wh i ch ,
crea m is being whi pped with cracked churni ng raise the dasher gentl y and
,
as the first has a tendency to force the air i y an d sti ff a n d sta nd up much ,
added to th e crea m after i t is whi pped , O n e of the best starti ng p oi nts for the
“ ”
i n order to s weeten it repa rati on i s th e cre os ote obtained
p
.
quan titi es a nd kee p it on ice . cres ol s a nd contai ns com parati vel y li ttle
I —C u mmi n s ’s Whi ppe d Cream
. .
phenol s T h e proporti ons used are :
.
for about 1 hour ; then with a whipper a nd sol uti on of s oda ( 1 0 per cent ) 3 0 .
beat to a consistency that will withsta nd parts B oil the ingredie nts together for
.
, .
dered s u ga r and 2 ounces of a sol ution CR EAMS FOR THE FACE AND S KIN
of gelati n (a s poonful dissolved in 2 See Cosmetics .
CR OCK ERY
III — Fo y’s Wh i ppe d Cream -Use
S e e Cerami cs
. .
CR OC US
about one -half full of cream and beat ,
.
dered sugar may be a dded before eat which i s s o exceedi ngly useful as a pol
i ng T h e crea m may be left i n the
.
i sh i n g m ediu m for steel etc may be , .
,
h e a ter a nd pl aced on i ce
, .
very ge nerally obtained i n the ci nders
produced from c oal c ontai ni ng i ron I t
I V — Ame r i c a n S o d a Fo u n tai n Co m
.
.
Wi ll be easil y recogni zed by its rusty
a n y s Wh i ppe d Cream — T ake 2 earthen
’
,
, d uce d to a powder f or f uture use S teel .
greater i n diameter than the bowls ; place burn i shers may b e brought to a hi h
a bowl i n each pan surround it with ,
state of c lis h with this s ubstance }
broken ice put the crea m to be whi pped t e m u on a butt ma de of sol :
.
r bbi n
u
,
re move the churn and skim o ff the , CRYSTAL CEM ENTS F OR RE UNIT
w hi ped crea m into the other bowl . I NG BR OK EN PIE CES
he ph i l osophy o f the process is th at S e e Adhesi ves u nder C em en ts , .
C R Y STA LL IZ A TION— D A MA SK EENI NG 249
C UC UMB E R E SS ENCE
S ee Essences a nd Extracts .
so as to fill up the openin g Finally the .
C URA OA CORD IAL : larger pieces of certai n outli nes they are ,
C URRY P OWD ER
S e e C ondi ments
raised gol d inlaid with sil ver .
and ma ke i nto a paste ; dry this until it of a dro ha m mer or a stam pi ng press
can be red uced to a powder a nd then into gol lated or sil ver plated sheet
m etal on the si de which is to s how the
,
Da ma sk een i n g
I ndia was produced by roug -etching a
,
which has been blac ened or at least , , , pended i n a bath of sul phate of c opper ,
the design consists of li nes the grooves , connected with the negati ve pole T h e .
are d ug out with th e graver i n such a current etches grooves wherever the wax
ma nner that the y a re wider at the b ot has been removed When enough h a s .
2 50 D A MA S KE E NING— D ECAL C O M A NI A PR OCE S SES
be e n eate n a way rem ove the plate from T h e mixing pro o r ti o n s of the two so
l utions em pl o e d as well as of the a d :
,
of water and p ace it i n a bath of sil ver T h e foll owi ng may serve f or a n exam ple :
or nickel connectin g it now wit h the neg
, D issol ve 5 parts of s hella c or equi val ent
ati ve the positi ve pole being r e pr e gum i n 25 parts of s pirit a n d e m ulsify
sente (p
,
by a lea f o f pl ati n um
ole After a this liquid with 20 parts of varnish and
.
certai n ti me the h oll ows are c omplete l 8 parts of liquid gl u e After dr i ng the
filled with a deposit of sil ver or nicke y gla ze is put on a nd the ware t us pre
.
,
a nd it only remains to polis h the plate pared is placed i n the grate fire , .
D a ma s k ee n i ng o n Ena mel D ia l s
,
trace on the dial the designs desired tures i e for s uc h pictures as are ,
, . .
,
penetrati ng d own to the ena mel D i p c om osed of di fferent pressed surfaces
p
.
,
the dial i n a fl uo r hyd r i c acid s u fficient c ons i sting mai nly of gu m or similar ma
a
l ength of t i me that i t may eat to the teri a l If this process is t o be ada ted .
wit wa x i mmersed i n essence of turpe n ing whereu pon th e detail s 0 the proc ,
ti ne By filli ng up the holl ows th us o b
.
ess a r e c a r r i e d out as describe d abov e
t a i n e d with ena mel very pretty e ff ects with the exec ti on that there is another
a re prod uced .
glaze c oating etw e e n the a dhesive coat
a nd the bisc uit-ba ked ware I n t his case
D AND R UFF C URE
.
.
, .
burnt i n i n the case of pottery ) acquire ca nth dissol ved i n 600 parts o f water , .
nal pri n t is destroyed by the tra nsfer parts of water ; i n the other 3 0 0 parts the .
,
attai n this the layer beari ng the tra nsfer
, run through the pri nti ng press t he pic? ,
picture as well as the latter are si m ul
, tures h owever being pri nte d reversed
, , ,
ta n e o u sl y coated with a dextri n sol ution so that i t may a pea r in its true positi on
of a b out 1 0 per ce nt Whe n this dex
tri n coating is dry the picture is glazed
whe n tr a n sfer r e
be used
,
.
Any col ore d i nks a y
. .
m .
2 52 D E NT I F RI C ES
T his powder will cost ab out 15 ce nts a water add all to the orris a nd set aside
, ,
soap .
.
—
A cam phorated tooth powder may be
I L — Precipitated chal k 1 pound
F l ore ntine orris 2 ounces
.
O i l of rose 12 r o ps
s ubstituting 2 drachms o f l i q u e fi e d car
O i l of cl oves 4 drops
.
D iss ol ve the carmine i n an ounce of B ut the tooth powder grad ually l oses the
water of a m monia and triturate this with odor a nd taste of the aci d I t is not of .
art of the c halk until the chal k is uni m uch u ti li t a nyway as the castile soa p
o r ml y dyed
,
T hen spread it i n a thi n
.
i n the pow er is of far greater a ntiseptic
layer on a s heet of pa per a nd allow the po w er tha n the s mall a mount of carbolic
a mmonia to evaporate When there i s .
acid t h at ca n safely be com bi ned i n a
no a mm oniacal odor left mi x this dyed , tooth po wder S oap is one of the best .
sift the whol e se veral ti mes until thor Al kaline salts b ora x s odiu m bicar , ,
oughly mixed T he n proceed to ma ke .
b onate etc are su perfluous i n a powder
, .
,
up the o w d er as i n t h e previous formula , already contai ni ng s oa p T h e only use .
T h e oil of cloves is used to bac u p the powders the French C ode x to the con
,
oil of rose It strengthens a nd a cc e n
.
t ra r y notwithsta ndi ng .
get a drop too much or it will pr e d o mi , Pep er mi n t as a Fla vor — I n Fra nce .
country
.
.
,
I I I — Preci i ta te d chal k
. 1 6 pounds .
Ultra marine .
o pul a r i n s ome l ocalities .
G era nium la ke .
I V — Preci i ta te d chal k
.
1 o un d
Jasmine .
Casti e s oa p 5 r a c h ms
O il of neroli .
B ora x 3 dra chms
O i l of bitter a l T hymol 2 0 grai ns
monds .
M enthol 2 0 grainso o o o o o o o o o o
Va nillin .
Eucaly ptol 20 grai ns
Artificial musk O il of W intergree n 2 0 grai ns
( L a uti e r s )
’
6 0 grains Al coh ol ounc e
S acchari ne 1 4 0 grai ns .
D isso l ve the thy mol a nd oil s in the
Rub u p t h e perfumes with 2 ounces of alcohol a nd triturate with the chal k a nd
,
Re d ki no
1 5 6 parts
1 5 6 parts
the taste b ut with s ome l oss of a n ti se p
,
ti c power .
S ugar 6 pa rts
Fla vor with pe ppermint oil
An ti septi c Po wd er .
III — Cha rcoal
. .
V — B oric acid
. .
S u l phate of
S alicyli c acid qui ni n e .
.
parts
Esse nce spearmint 1 2 parts .
I V —C harcoal
. 3 0 parts.
chona ba rk 4 parts
,
S ugar 1 5 parts
or eve n oftener i n ba d cases It is e s , .
.
Me n th ol Crea m of ta r
Po w der M enthol
Tooth .
ta r
lea ves a cool a nd pl easa nt se nsation i n Cochineal
.
1 part
Carbonate of
8 parts
ma gnesia 3 7 5 parts .
Essence Cey
. .
9 0 parts
Powder finely a nd mi x
.
I f there is .
E s s e n c e
much ta rta r o n the teeth it will be well cl oves 7 5 pa rts
to a dd to this form ula from 1 0 to 20 Essence Eng
parts of pu mice po wdered very finely , .
lis h p e p
Tooth Po w d ers a n d Paste s — Al th o u h .
permint 4 5 parts .
tain amount of a ntise ptic power to ena ble S cent with oil of peppermint a nd oil of
it to deal with pa rticles of stale food a nd ,
rose .
English pe p XV . C oral
-
O rris root . .
S ugar
Wh i t e wo o d
.
X —
.
E s s e n c e of
250 parts rose . 4 parts
Cinchona Essence o f n e
bark .
roli
S ugar
X VI I — C i n c h o n a
.
P e p e r mi n t .
12 parts bark
Ci nna mon oil 8 parts Chal k
M yrrh
XL — P r e c i i t a t e d O rris root
cha k . . 75 0 parts Ci nna m on
Crea m of ta r Ca rbonate of
tar . . 25 0 parts a m m onia
Fl orence o r O il of cl oves .
60
Cutch
Ambergris . 4 parts Lic orice j ui ce
Ci nna m on parts
.
4
.
Cascarilla
C oria nder . 4 parts M astic
Cl oves 4 parts O rris root
Rosewood 4 parts O il of cl oves
XII — D . ragon s ’
O i l of pepper
bl ood 250 parts mint .
Crea m of tar E x t r a c t of
tar. . 30 parts a mber
Fl o re n c e o r E x t r a c t of
ris root m us k 5 parts
Cinna mon .
XI X — Chal k
. 200 parts
Cl oves C uttl eb on e 1 00 pa rts
—
O rris root 1 0 0 parts
X III P r e ci i t a t e d
.
B e r ga mo t oil 2 pa rts
cha k 50 0 parts L em on oil 4 parts
D ra g o n 8 N erol i oil 1 pa rt
bl ood 250 parts Portugal oil 2 parts
Re d sa ndal
wood 1 25 parts XX — B ora x
. 5 0 parts
Al um 1 25 parts C hal k 1 00 pa rts
O rris root 250 . . parts M yrrh 2 5 parts
Cl oves 15 parts O rris root 2 2 pa rts
Ci nnamon 15 . parts Ci n na m on 2 5 parts
Vanilla 8 pa rts X XL — Wood cha r
Rosewood 15 . parts c oal 3 0 parts
Carmin e lake 2 5 0 parts White h one y 8 0 parts .
Cochi neal . .
XX I I — S yr u of 3 3 ° B
. 8 8 pa rts
.
Oil o f cl ove pa rt . 1 VI .
— White casti l e soa p oun ces . 1}
O il of ci nna mon part . 1 O i l of orange 1 0 m i ni ms
.
Sa fi r o n 1 part . . O il of cassia 5 m i n ms
i
D eod orized alcohol
8 50 parts . O i l of wi ntergreen 1 5 m i mms .
G lyceri ne ounces 5
A Fre nch D e n tifri ce — I — A prepara . .
Water ounces 20
tion whic h has a re putat i on in France as Al cohol ounces 80
a liquid dentifrice i s com posed of alco O i l of peppermint drachm . 1
hol 9 6 per cent
, parts ; M itcha m ,
O i l of Wi ntergree n drachm . l
peppermi nt oil 3 0 parts ; a niseed oil , ,
O i l of ora nge peel drachm . 1
5 parts ; oil of Acorus cala m us parts , .
O il of a nise drachm l
Fi nely powde red cochineal a nd crea m O il of ca ss i a drachm
. l
of ta rtar 5 parts each are used to ti nt
, , Beat u the s oa with the gl ceri ne ;
the s ol ution T h e mi xed ingredients .
dissol ve t e oils i n t e alcohol a n add to
are set aside for 1 4 days before filteri ng .
the s oa p a nd glyceri ne S ti r well until .
So z o d o n t .
the s oa p is c om pletel y d issol ved .
I I — T he
.
”
li quid tooth preparation VIII —White castile s oa p 1 ounce
. .
make 2 ounces .
desira ble :
,
M ix S ig :
. A teas poonful dil uted
.
IX — O il
of pe ppermi nt 3 0 mini ms
with half a wi neglassful of water . .
O il of s e a r mi n t
.
1 5 mi nims
I V — Carbolic aci d pure 2 ounces
O il of c oves o o o o o o
.
5 mi nims
,
gl
cerine l 2 60 1 ounce
°
6 drachms .
S V R . 4 0 ounces
.
Care m ust be take n not to confoun d
D istilled 4 0 ounces the o il of ceda r tops with the oil of cedar
D issol ve the acid in the l yce r i n e with wood Th e form er has a n od or li ke tur
.
the aid of a gentle heat a n the essen ti al pe ntine ; the l atter has the fragra nce of
oils i n the s pirit ; mi x togethe r and ad d the red ceda r wood .
the water a nd cochi neal ; the n l et the For a cl ea nsi ng wash a solution of ,
O il of cl oves 5 drops .
D issol ve t h e s o a p i n the h ot water a nd
O i l of cassia 5 dr ops a
dd the gl ce ri ne a nd e x tra ct of va nilla
D i s sol ve t y
.
G lycerine
.
14 ounces .
through pa per .
D ENT IF RI C ES 257
te
Ol l l s
.
r 1 00 d rac h ms
fad e but will be found r e a so n a bl per Po wdere d
ma nent whe n kept from strong lig ht
,
rose
.
l eaves 60 drops
O il of cl oves 55 dro s
TOO TH SOAP S AND
Tooth S oaps .
PAS TE S : of ma ce
O l l of gera ni um .
55
55
g
(h o s
drops
I - White castil e soa arts 22 5
Preci pitate d chalk g
.
Ch i n ese Tooth Paste
arts 2 25
—
:
O rris root parts
. 0 2 25 IV . Powdered pum i ce drach ms
1 00
O il of pe ppermint parts 7 St Ch ’
drachms
20
0 11 o f pe ppe r m1 n t 40
.
, . i drach m
O il of cl oves 1 0 0 drops ,
O il of peppermin t 3 drach ms
cl oves 1 2 drops oil of a nise mixed to
,
brush .
Col or a nd perfume to suit .
O il of yla ng-ylang parts ful 1 50 grams of boiling stra i ned hone '
G lyceri ne 30 . parts
R ose water to ca use l i q u e fa c rubbed up adding while doi ng so 200
,
col or .
be put into a m ortar a nd pounded for a n
hour and the n kneaded with the han ds
Preci pitated car for 2 hours .
S oa p powder 45 parts
45 parts Tu be s
Arrowroot .
O il of peppermi nt 1 part .
l evigated 1 00 parts
O i l of gerani um 1 part Cuttlefish bone i n fine ,
a mm oniated
.
col or .
S i m pl e s yru p
2 58 D ENTIF RI CES
pa rts 2 B or o to n i c .
M eet Sa licyl
perfume a nd me nthol i n the alcoh ol a nd .
necessa ry .
o o
MOUTH WASHES .
Foami n g Ora n ge .
I — Q uillaia bark
. 1 25 pa rts .
VII — Castile soa p
.
4 parts Australian Mi n t .
O l gerann
. parts VIII —T hy m ol
.
0 1 ca r yo ph yll
. parts Acid benz oic
O l rosse
. parts T incture euca lyp
0 1 ci n n a m
. parts
.
tus o o o o o o o o o o
T inct ra ta n hae
. 45 parts . Al c ohol o o o o o o o o
Aqua r osae 900 parts O il pe pper mi nt .
4 50 parts
M arj ora m oil 3 parts
M acerate for 4 days a nd a dd :
.
X — T hy mol
. 20 pa rts
Ea u de cologne . .
O i l peppermi nt 10 parts
Orr is a n d Ro se .
O i l cl oves 5 pa rts
I II — O rris root
. . 80 O i l sa ge 5 parts
Rose lea ves . 8 O i l ma rj ora m 3 parts
S o a bark . 8 O il sassa f ras 3 parts
C oc i n e s l 8} O il Wi nte rgree n .
pa rts
D il uted al cohol . 475 Coumari n parts
O il rose . 80 D iluted alcohol pa rt s .
of wate r
.
1 25
’
Foa mi ng
. .
T incture benzoi n 50 .
.
T incture cinchona 8 XI —S o a
.
bark powder 2 ounces
C oc meal powder 60 grai ns
,
Alcohol 22 5
.
I V — Al cohol
. .
rubbing howe ver energetic the friction
, ,
rts for 3 or 4 days i n thic k c oats S o i n order to distin guis h the true dia
p ahe n the c oll odion plaster thus formed
. ,
,
of yellow wa x T h e sticks a re heated
.
without l ea ving a trace a n d without i n ,
li ke a stick of seali ng wa x until soft or to the stone
j u ryhe com m on test for recognizing the
.
on the place from whic h the ha i r is to be diam ond is the file which d oes not cut it , ,
re moved a nd the mass i s all owed to c ool
, .
S e e Plati n g .
ca n sel ect the m ost c onvenient :
A piece of gl ass on whic h the ed ge of a
dia m ond is drawn will be cut without ,
s Clea ning Pr e pa rations a nd M eth ti on may scratc h the g ass b ut this wil l ,
o d s ee
.
not be cut a s with t he dia m ond .
D I A M OND TEST S — DIG ES TI VE POWDERS 261
the face of a dia m ond and m oved a bout s pent hours a nd days in the endea vor to
by mea ns of the oi nt of a pin it wil l roduce s ha rp a nd full i m r e ssi o n s o n
p
,
water will be distinctl y visi ble a n d will , i mpressions a nd req uires only half the
,
shine cl earl y through the liquid T h e . force that is necessary i n u nvented dies .
imitation stone will be c onfounded with T his is not known i n many shops a n d
the water a nd will be nearly i nvis i ble . conseq uently thi s little air c osts m uch i n
By l ooki ng through a dia mond with a power a nd worry .
LETS
pear i f t p
.
,
e stone is s purious . I .
— S odi u mbicarb onate . 93 parts
Hyd ro fluo r i c a ci d disso l ves all i mita S odi um chl orate . 4 parts
tions but has n o e ff ect on true diam onds
,
. Cal ciu m carb onate . 3 parts
‘
I hi s acid is ke pt in gutta -percha bot
'
5 parts
tl es. Am moniu m ca rb on
For a n eye practiced i n compa risons l pa r t
it is not d i fii c ul t to discern that the facets
II — S odium bicarbonate 1 20 parts
in the c ut of a true dia m ond are not as . .
reg ula r as a re th ose of the i mitation ; for S odi um chl orate 5 . parts
S a l h ysi o l o gi c ( see
in cutti ng a nd polis hing the real stone a n
eff ort is made to preserve the origi nal as h e ow ) 4 parts
much as possibl e preferring s ome slight M agnesiu m carbon
,
3
T ake a piece of a fa bric striped red
.
If it is a n i mi .
M il k s ugar . 2 parts
ta t i o n the c ol ors will be seen through it
, ,
S a l Ph ysi o l o gi cum — T h e form ula for .
while a dia mond will n ot all ow the m to this i ngredient , th e so -call ed nutriti ve
be s e en .
salt ( N a h r sa l z ) , is as foll ows :
A genuine dia m ond rubbed on wood ,
Cal ciu m ph os phate 40 parts
or metal after ha vi ng bee n previously .
exposed to the li ght of the electric arc Potassiu m sul hate . 2 parts
becomes ph osph oresce nt i n darkness
,
S odium ph o sp ate . 20 parts
,
,
S odi um chl orate
it a coating of bora x a nd l et it fa i nto .
phate 5 parts
the test with out the slightest da mage ;
the glass wil l be broken in pieces .
Carlsba d salts arti ,
the di ff ere n ce .
D igesti ve Ta blets .
parts
D I ARR HEA I N BI RD S Pa ncrea ti n o o o o o o o 45 parts
S e e Veteri nary Form ulas .
M uci lage 35 pa rts
G i nger 30 parts
D IA RR HEA R E M ED IE S :
S e e C holera Re med i es .
M i x a nd divide into s uitabl e sizes .
2 62 D IOGEN DEVEL OPER— D I S I NFEC T A NTS
D I P F OR B RA SS : Aqua
S e e Plating and Brass .
S oft salt water
S ee M etals .
—
VI . Hea vy ta r o i l 1 0 gall ons .
See Househol d Form ulas the mixture entl y with constant stir
ring ; a dd W i en j ust on the boil 20
, ,
I .
— Creosote or W ee d -Ki ll ers
D isi n f e c ti n g Fl ui d s .
Rosin powdere d
, .
I — C ol d water 20 gall ons ; powdered
.
,
Caustic s oda lye 3 8 ,
°
rosi n 5 6 pounds ; cre os ote oil 4 0 gall ons ;
, ,
gall ons 9 sul phuric aci d gall on ; caustic soda lye , ,
B o ili n water gall ons 12 30° B 9 ga l l o n s
M e th y a ted spirit
. .
,
gall on . 1 Heat water an d dissol ve the rosin ;
Black treacl e pounds . 14 then add creosote a n d b oil to a brown
M elt the rosin and add the creosote ; mass an d shut o ff stea m ; next run i n
ru n in the lyes ; then ad d the matter an d sul phuric aci d a n d then the lyes .
I I I — Fresh made
.
~
soa p III ( White ) — Water
.
40 gall ons ; .
,
G as tar ,
Wa te r w ith 2 pounds
,
lyes 2 gall ons ; white su ga r 60 pounds
, , ,
2 1 pou nds
diss ol ved i n 40 pounds water .
I V — Rosin
. . 1 cwt . ti on .
Caustic soda l ye 1 8 ,
°
N itro - n a ph t h a l e n e I .
— S ul phate of iro n 1 0 0 pa rts .
Ta r 5 parts
5 gall o n ) 2 pounds
Oll 5 parts
M elt the rosin add the caustic lye ;
.
,
.
na phthalene .
burnt u m ber a dd water a nd set on plates . , .
2 64 D IS I NFE CT A NT S
cases of d i smf e cti o n by formalde hyde is s oda e wder 98 per ce nt stre n gth a s the
, ,
that a mecha nical clea nsing m ust pre oil Wi l ta ke up T h e qua ntity de pen d s .
cede the a cti on o f the a ntiseptic If . upon the a m ou nt of acetic a cid i n the
there are thick deposits of orga nic mat oil. If too m uch soda is add e d it will
ter which ca n be easil y disl odged with a re main at the bottom Wh en th e rosi n .
sc r u bbi n brush they ca n only be dis oil has ta ke n u p the s oda a dd creos ote
i nfected %
, ,
I Ferric c hl ori de
— 4 parts
Ge nera l D isinfectants
. .
Zi nc c hl or i de 5 pa rts
.
10 ounces .
fl ui d r a c h ms o i l of rosema ry
,
cient .
r e vi o u sl ,
Water to ma ke 1 gall on .
dissol ved i n a b out 1 2 fl ui d r a c ms of a
D iss ol ve the al um i n one half gall on
cohol may be a dded to e ach gallon
, .
1 a ll on a nd filte r , .
1 00 parts
u use this is di l uted with 7 parts of
,
water .
D iss ol ve the al u m i n ab out 50 parts
boili ng water a nd a d d the s odi um car
II — For th e S i ck R oom — I a using
. .
bonate T h e resulting preci i ta te of
.
Z i nc s ul phate parts 50
T hyme oil
S odi u m chloride parts 65
.
Lavender oil
S pirit 90 per ce nt 11 , . . Paris S a l ts — T h e disi nfecta nt known
.
I — Creosote ( containing
.
Potas h perma nga
1 5 pe r cent to 20 nate 1 part
per ce nt of e a r Li me 1 part
bo l i c aci d 2 parts
T h e i ngredie nts are fused to ether
S teari ne or o r k s hi r e ,
l pa r t
I — Al umi nu m sul phate 6 ou nces
Black rosi n 5 per per , cent to 1 0 .
.
2 ou nces
M elt the r e si n and a dd grease a nd s oda Calciu m chl oride 3 ounces
l yes a nd then a dd creosote col d
, .
Water en ough to ma ke 2 pi nts .
Zi nc , i n stri ps .
make s pecial varieties or as in the ease , ,
L ea d ca rbo nate of I nd i a n meal for chea pness ,Rye .
M agnesi um ca rbon
,
ate .
. ounce to go through a special process of d r yi n
Al u m i nu m h ydrate 1 } ou nces after ba king else they woul d m old a n
Pota ssmm hydrate
,
.
1. ounc e spoil D o g brea d m ust be ma de fro m
.
D iss ol ve the zinc i n the a cid ; then a dd il ot brea d or crackers T his is the rul e
p
.
adde Whe n all are dissol ve d ad d the a ff ect more or l ess its nutriti ve val ue ,
an e xcess of a cid ; the n filter . other n utriti ve salts I n pre paring the .
g
D OG l
security from disease erms may be the
mea ns of s prea di ng rat er tha n of check
,
D ég
i ng the s prea d of sickness .
S ee Vete rinary Form ulas .
D OG S OAP
Coati n g — Carb oli c aci d
Di si n f ecti n g
S e e S oa p
,
D OORS , TO CLEAN
DIS TEMP E R IN CATTLE s Cleani ng Preparations an d M e th
S ee Veteri nary Form ulas .
o d s ee
.
years been i m porte d from S outh Ameri a ge . By this rul e a chil d 1 year ol d
can tall ow facto r i es i n the form of blocks . s houl d ge t 1 l us 1 2 or 1 3 dividing l , , ,
M ost of the d og brea d c onsists pri nci pally or 1L; o f a n a ult dose If the child is .
flour ma de from the waste of meat ex As both chil dren a nd adults vary
tract factories T h e flesh o f d ea d ani
. materiall y in size when o f the sa me age
mals is not used by a ny reputa ble man u the calculation by a pproxi mate weights
facturer a for the reason that i t gi ves a
,
is the m ore acc urate way T a king the .
( ioul
et d
.
receive only one -hal of a n a d ult dos e ,
,
2 66 D OSE TA B LE— D YES
.
describe dyes for la rge qua ntities of
is to get as nearl y as possi bl e to the goods b ut to m ake them equally adapted
,
a mount of dil uti on the d ose un dergoes i n for the use of private fa milies th ey a r e
the bl ood or in the i ntestinal contents of usually given i n even quantities s o that ,
the patient Each volume of bl ood sh oul d
.
it is a n easy matter to ascerta in the quan
recei ve exactly the sam e dose i n order to tity of materials re uired for d ye i n when
i ve the sa me res ul ts other cond i ti ons once the wei ght of the o o d s is nown
gei n g equal
,
,
.
the quanti ty of materia 8 used being t e
d uce d i n proporti on to the smaller qua n
D OS E TA BLE FOR VETERINARY
tit of o o d s
P URPOS ES
.
D RAWINGS , PR ES ERVATI ON OF .
ons water to 1 pou nd of goods ; for lar er
u a n t i ti e s a little less water will d o et
Working designs and sketches are eas
.
by c oating the m with coll odi on to which , ing out the s oa p w el l a nd d i ppi n g i n warm ,
2 4 per cent of stearine from a good stea rine water before i m mersi on i n th e dye or
,
candl e has been added Lay the drawing .
m ordant G oods sh oul d be well aired
.
,
d esign will be dry and perfectl y white , fabr i c will res ult .
s Cleani ng Preparati ons and M eth previ ously mi xed t ogether I t is essen .
o d s ee
.
tial that the pre paration s h oul d be acid ,
S e e S iccatives . , .
,
D ROPS TABLE OF i m merse th em in li mewater 4 0 mi nutes
S e e Ta bles
, ,
.
rem ove a nd all ow the m to dri p Q of an
,
i me wa te r for 20 mi nutes ;
D RYI NG OILS th e n ma ke a new dye of l ogwood 20 ,
S ee O il .
pounds b oil 2 } h ours a nd enter the
, ,
LEATHER
S ee L ubricants .
Black S traw Hat Va rn is h — Best a l .
D UST-LAYING i n
g wax l O e nnec Pl a c e i n a phi al an d
, .
,
acetic aci d Immerse the goods and carmi ne 1 pou n d m akes a better col or
, , .
ounds sul phuric aci d dil uted with water first then l et the fabric b oil Q h our or ,
Bl ue o n Cott o n —
For 4 0 pounds of .
Lo gw oo d a n d In di o Bl ue — For 1 0 0 .
oods use c opperas 2 po unds ; boil and pounds of cl oth C o or the cl oth first by
gi p 20 minutes ; di p i n soapsuds and
.
, ,
,
one or two di ps i n th e vat of i ndigo bl ue ,
make a new bat w ith prussiate of pot sol ution of 20 oun ds o f al u m 2 poun ds ,
ash ,
pound ; oil of vitriol 1 } pi nts ; ,
of h alf-r e fi n e tartar a nd 5 pounds of ,
.
good l ogwood for half a n h our in a bag
of goods bl ue vitri ol 5 ounds
, B oil a ,
.
or otherwise ; c ool o fi to 71 0 °
F before .
fip
.
—O n e
of goods take bichromate of potash 8
, ,
Blue D ye for Hosier y hundred .
ounces ; al um 1 pou nd ; diss ol ve all and ,
pounds of wool are colored with 4 pounds brin th e water to a b oil and put in th e ,
G uate m al a or 3 pounds Bengal i ndigo ,
goo s ; boil 1 h our T hen em pty the .
whether the cudbear is put i n before or l ue vat to a li ght shade then boiled i n ,
after the i n digo T hree ounces of ani . a. sol uti on of 1 5 pound s of al u m and 3
l i ne u r pl e dissol ved i n al cohol 4 pint , , ounds o f h al f - r e fi n ed tartar for 1 1; ,
can e used i nstead of the cudbear . ours th e w ool taken out c ool ed and
Wood s pirit is cheaper than alcoh ol a nd
, , ,
is much use d by dyers for the pur ose of water 8 pounds of powdered cochi neal
disso l ving aniline col ors I t r o n o es a . for a few minutes cool the kettl e to 1 7 0 ,
°
used on m i xed goods whic h ha ve to be for 1 hour when it is ready to cool rinse
, ,
, ,
be used i n thi s color
d ant 6 pou nds ; extract of indigo 6
.
, ,
i n a bag or otherwise th e n cool th e dye , finely pulveri zed i ndigo 8 ounces s tir , ,
c over u p a n d s ti r 4 or 5 ti m es d aily
, with 2 gall ons water containin g 1 oun ce ,
the same quantity ; b oil well enter the rayish green is r o d u ce d which m ust
ge brightened an fi xed i n a secon d bath
, ,
t e col or to any d esi red sh ade by using of water 1 0 0 F to which s ome acetic °
.
,
equal parts of l ogwood a nd al um . acid has been added C otton req uires .
preparation by sumac .
GRAY D YES
Gree n for Cotto n — For 4 0 ounds of
S late D ye for S i l k —
For a sm all quan .
finished I f too m uc h l ogwood is used quite ho t it is read for d cing ; enter the
.
.
,
, ,
water an d let it settle T ake the clear
water to cover the hat ; work it in this
.
,
, ,
sul phate of i ndi o ; handle goods i n this
and work or stir the b onnet in this until till of the shade e si r e d T h e ebony may
the tint l eases D r y then rinse out
.
.
,
the final sl ate will be too dark Gr e e n for Wool a n d S i l k — T ake equal
.
. .
i ndigo .
aci d may be necessary in order to n eu until of a good yell ow col or rem ove th e ,
.
P URP L E VI OLET D YE S : AN D
An ili ne Violet a n d Pur ple —Acidulate
D ark S teel - M i x bl ack an d white
.
.
the bath by sul p h uri c acid or use sul ,
wool t ogeth er in the proportion of 5 0 phat e of s oda ; both these substances
poun ds of black wool to 7 15 poun ds of . render the shade bl uish D ye at 2 1 2 F .
°
.
,
fully an d th orough y .
1; to ounces of the solid ( 1 e will be r e
GREEN D YE S :
q uired T h e col or of the yed fabric is
.
crea m of tartar 2 pounds B oil th e , . dye bath for 1 pound of goods ; l ess water
al um tin and crea m of ta rtar for 20
, , , for la rge r qua ntities .
m ove and enter the m in a new dye com d ye may be given by passi ng the goods
pose d of brazil wood 3 pounds ; l og first through a sol uti on of verdigris then ,
muriate of tin 8 cu pful s a dding a littl e la stly ugh al um water A fast violet .
extract o f indigo
,
.
may b e iven by dyeing the goods crim
son wit coch i neal with out al um or ,
hot l ogwood li quor enter 3 pieces gi ve , , through the indi o vat i n e n s or cot .
,
, ,
by usin t h e alcohol or wood s piri ts an d dip the sil k quickly ; the n l et it cool ,
at a gentl e heat i n weak s oapsuds ri nse vi olet or lilac m ore or l ess full wil l be
, , ,
well sti rred bef ore the goods a r e r e a s hort ti m e t ey are d one I t i m proves .
may be used instead of t h e ma d d e r as a , VII — Plum —With the red dye fol
. . ,
mi nutes . a ,
I X — Yel lo w — A m ordant of alu m . ,
goods and di p for 2 hours wring them
.
, ,
foll owed by a bath of t ur meric or weld .
D YE S F OR AR TIFICIAL FLOWERS
weak lye of potash and afterwards
.
russiate of copper gives a bronze or for the leaves Very recently thin pl ates .
potash .
dissol ved i n oil o f vitri ol and the aci d ,
hartshorn
FEATHER D YE S
.
I — C ut some white c urd soa in small V — Vi olet — Liquid archil mi xed with
. .
quite dissol ved and the mixture cool , T h e colors are generally a pplied with
enough for the hand to bear pl unge the , the fingers .
a good color Beat the m against the } pound ; wate r 1 5 quarts ; cochineal
1 , ,
.
bl ue Vi tri ol 1 ounce ; water 2 2 ounces ; , ,
i ndigo vat .
V P urple — Use l ogwood 1 1 ounces ;
.
-
.
,
foll o wed by a hot bath of brazil wood , fi ne ; sa p gree n ou nce ; mix all to ,
i
.
Th e hats sh oul d be at first strongly process lasti ng from 1 0 to 1 5 mi nutes .
stance ; after w ich a proper quantity of of potash 3 parts i n hot water ; then add
, ,
kept in th i s mixture for a consi derable or by i m mersing the hat when it is cold ,
most e r fe ct col or the hair or wool is T hese col ors thickened with a littl e
dyed g
, ,
l ogwood ; 1 2 pounds of green s ul phate of hate of i ndi go with water If req u ired
p
.
.
weak lye of s ubcarbonate of s oda or
ach set of hats after bei ng exposed to ,
potash .
littl e gu m an d al um
pl e t el y bl ackened by the pe r o xy d i z e
.
ment of the iron with the atmos pheric VI — Red — D issol ve carmine i n a m
. .
copperas occasi onally Let the bonnets . To Cleanse WOO L — M ake a hot bath
remain i n the li quor all night ; then take com posed of water 4 parts ; an d urine 1 , ,
Rub i nsi de and out with a spo nge liquid After 2 0 mi nutes i mmersi on
.
’
,
moistened in fine oil ; then block . remove from the li qui d and al lo w it to
I — Re d D ye — B oil ground brazil
. .
drain ; then rinse i n clean runni n g water ,
wood in a lye of potash and boil your and s pread out to dry T h e l i qui d is .
,
then place two pieces of ve r y so ft bl otti n
.
TO D YE, STIFFEN, AND BLEACH paper under an d two upon i t press welg ,
FELT HATS .
with a hot iron a nd the grease will be ,
, ,
.
tion .
assu med a deep reddis h -brown co or the ,
rest u ntil the li me is preci pitated and the col orin pr i n crpl e whi ch forms l emon
water clear ; add this quantity to a tubful yell ow lakes with al umi n a and is chiefly
of clear water . used i n d ye i n wool Y oung fus tic is .
,
dark-brown l um ps whi ch form a dark
ch a l k 4 ounces ; pi pe clay 1 o un d
, , .
brown sol uti on with water I t contains
,
after which they are exposed to the actio n dark-bl ue cubica cakes varyi ng very ,
.
gluti nous substa nces C onseq uently the .
Prominent among natural dyestuffs is col or vari es Powdered i ndi o d issol ves
.
the col orin g matter obtained from l og i n c oncentrated fumi ng sul p uric acid .
“ ”
wood and kn own as haematein Th e . formi n g m onosul ph onic an d d i sul h o n ic
col or -forming su bstance ( or ch rom ogen ) , acids O n n eutralizi ng these so uti o n s
.
, , ,
carried on in the factory consists in a results are obtai ned with ne utral or sli h t
mechanical mixi ng of basic coal tar dye -
l y basic chromiu m sul phocyanide his .
agents for these col ors insol ubl e sub it is a dvisable to have a sol uble ch romate
stances may als o be em pl oyed A part . and a nitrate prese nt as well as a sol uble ,
als o of the egg dyes are treated with the copper salt and a free acid O n e ex .
neutral sul phate ; for i nstance light , a mple o f the process is as foll ows : M ake
bri l liant green because of its rubbi ng off
, , the bath with 2 to 3 per cent of am monio
is made with dextri n and G la uber s salt ’
chromium sul phocyani de one -half of 1 ,
For the dyei ng of eggs s uch col or mi x l per cent s odi u m nitrite one third of l ,
-
tures are r ef e r a bl y em pl oyed as contai n per cent sul phate of copper and per ,
T h e colors will the n be very brilliant . T hen work for half an hour lift a nd rinse , .
Here are some reci pes : T h e bath does not e xhaust a nd can be
reinforced a nd used agai n .
Pa r ts
C ol o r Cit D ex
D y estufi
Weig
.
Aci d tr in
ht Proces s f o r D yei n i n K h a k i Col o rs .
B r i l l i a n t gr ee n O
.
18 0
.
of manganese a n d a sol ution of acetate
,
O r a n ge . 0 ra n ge I I a re
Re d D i a mo n d fu ch si n e I 3 5 . .
dissol ved s uccessively i n e qual quan
Vi o l e t Me th y l v io let 6 B
t i ti es .
Yell o w N a ph t h o l
. y e ll o w S .
Fast S tamping
Colo n — Ru b up sepa i s i mmerse d in the bat h After a e r i o d
varyi ng a cco r d i n to the results de
.
,
with 5 parts of glycerine and sufficient the concentration ought never to be less
water until a thick uniform paste -li ke , ,
than 1 4 B é T his degree of c oncentra
'
°
.
f ll i n g a nd to chl ori ne
a .
B oil t h e ga ran cine in 4 gall ons o f pure
LAK E S ate r ; add the al u m a nd c onti nue boi lin g ,
in 1 0 gall ons h ot wate r a nd add 5 0 chl oride of tin and s uffi cie nt of the pot
,
gallons c ol d water Prepare a sol utio n of ash o r s oda sol ution to precipitate t h e
al u m; filter through flanne l a nd was h
.
,
l ake of a n inferior q ual i ty an d the
.
let out stea m i nto the vat until a tem per Ma r oo n La k e — T a ke of a mi xture .
be of a bright red col or ) is drawn off and al u m together and add to the woods
s ol uti o n col d T his m ust be was h e d
Was h by d e
,
Potash al um . .
I —
. Ma d der L a k e s — Prepare from .
P ure bl ock ti n nitro ,
M a ke th i s l i quor
,
matter is extracted .
it sta nd for 4 8 h ours ( not for precipita
boil an d grad ual l y our i nto the b0 1 l l n g
, tion ) . Add gradually nitromuriate of
water sol ution A d the carbonat e of
.
ti n until the test on bl otting pa per
potash sol ution gra dually sti rr i n g all the ,
( give n bel ow ) s hows that the se parati on
'
a n d drop a nd d r y as re qu i re d .
it has settl ed a nd filter T o tes t rub a .
, ,
shows that pre ci pitation i s taki n g place ; c hl ori de dil uted with 3 pailf ul s of c ol d
if the white rin g is too strong too much ,
w ater L astly the barium chl ori de s ol u
.
fil tered .
Al um . 1 0 pa rts
T erra al ba 3 0 0 p a rts
Black Lak e AL — L ogwood extract ,
Whiting 2 00 parts
0 0 0 0 0
S anford 1 2 0 ,
arts ; gree n vitriol 3 0 ,
S ugar of l ea d 7 parts .
2 0 parts
,
T h e o gw o o d extract 18 first
.
another tub a nd add th e cl ea r li me w ater
,
h ours
‘
ter
D iss ol ve the sugar o f l ea d in warm
.
Bl a ck La k e — I n the pr e ci pi .
water and pour gentl y i nto the tub stir ,
tati ng vat fill ed with 2 00 parts of c ol d ri n all the ti me ; the n di ss ol ve the al um
water enter with constant stirring in the an ru n in whil e stirring ; press slightl y ,
order menti oned th e foll owi n g sol utions drop an d dry as re quired .
m
,
th e li mewater to the bark (T his draws .
a m oniac ( 1 6 °
8 parts by wei ght ; so all the c ol or out of the wood ) D iss olve
d i um hos hate 3 0 parts by weight ; stan
.
nic chp
,
al u m i n water an d run it into b ark
ori e 5 parts by weight ; bari um
,
l i qu or T h e al u m sol uti on m ust be ust
.
'
of sp i r i t 0 gsa p
now be i n a pul p a nd m ust b e dropped
a mm oniac and l et stan ,
an d dri ed as required
,
off th e clear fluid for use an d use this u a ll y in creasin th e tem perature until
j ust b el ow the g
,
mixture 2 ? T w . oil in g pa i n t .
,
D iss ol ve 8 ounces of bl ue d ye i n 1 gallon
w r un out and ut i nto the al um m or of m ethylated spi rit wh i ch has been ,
dant or ab out t e sa me ti me ; then i t 1 8 sli ghtl y s oured wi th s ul ph uri c aci d and ,
agai n wrung out and entered in the dye bo rl the s ol ution over a water bath until
bath at 1 2 0 ° F and d yed to shade de .
it is perfectly cl e ar T o repare the dye
sired an d afterwards ri n sed in col d
.
,
bath a d d m ore or l ess 0 the s pirituous
water and dried .
,
then wri ng out and dye in a separate c ods ab out i n a weak sol uti on and
finally in one of full stren gth to which
,
is needed dissol ve the dye in meth ylated dye bath by dissol ving 1 p oun d of ani
,
s pirit of wine a nd dil ute this spiri tuous li ne bl ue (s ol ubl e i n s pi rit ) i n 1 0 gall ons
,
sired shade i s obtained then rinsing i n c otton goods i n the h ot li qui d a nd let
col d water and d rying
,
the m re mai n th erei n for 1 2 h ours T hen .
roseine dissol ved i n water in which a col or acc ording to the shade desire d .
little s ul phuric acid has been mixed and Put i n th e good s and work them until th e
work grad uall y raising to the b oi l in g
,
c ol or is c orr e ct kee pin g th e tem perature
,
,
without the ad diti on of methyl ated spirit a wea soa p liq uor that has been ust
of wi n e For dark shades dissol ve i n
.
s w e ete ned (1 e its al kalinity turne to
. .
,
boil i ng water only slightly acidulated a slight sourness ) with a littl e sul phuric
,
dye wh en dyeing wool but for th e bright that has been slightly aci d ul ated wi th
,
s hade a l i ttl e curd s oa p may be dissol ved acetic tartari c or citri c aci d
, , .
hese proportions are for a dye bath to Gree n — Use brilliant green and have
dye 1 00 poun ds of c otton goods at a time .
the material neutral i e neither acid n or .
, .
,
of m ethyli n bl ue cr ystal dye liq uor of ac i d ) and work in an aci d bath or else
1 20 to 1 6 0 T w
° °
W i th a dye bath that sumac
will hol d 8 0 pou nds of goods P ut i n
the sil k at 1 30 F an d rai s e to 1 4 0 F
°
.
slightly acid .
material being c om posed of an i mal an d ble bl ue has for many years been readily
.
in a p e a r a n ce to Prussian bl ue but n u
best process to i ns ure success is to stee p like t e l atter is freely sol ubl e in water
, ,
Or d ina r y D ra b .
Ab out 64 parts of the iron sa t is n e ce s
sary to convert 1 00 parts of the potassi u m
C om m on l u m ba go 1 2 ounces . .
sa l t into the bl ue com pound .
M i x into fl uid paste with water a nd add tha t end the water e mpl oyed shoul d be
sul phuric aci d at 3 0 T w For the dye °
. free from mineral substances an d it i s ,
liquor make a b oiling-h ot sol uti on of the best to filter the sol ution th rough several
anilin e dye and all ow it to cool ; then put thicknesses of fine cotton cl oth before
into an earthen ware vessel h ol ding water b ottling ; or if made in l arge u a n ti ti e s
and heat to 8 3 F and add sufficient dye
°
.
, this method may be m odified y all ow
liquor to ive the quantity of fel t the de ing it to stand some days to settle when ,
sired sh a e First m oisten well the felted the top o r ti o n can be si phoned o ff for
u se the b
.
deepen the s ha de ad d m ore dye li q uor , , of this substance are forme d by mixin g
lifting out the material to be dyed before it with gl ucose or gl uc ose and dextrin ,
addin the fresh dye li quor so that it ca n an d pr e ssi n into sha e When gl ucose
be we il stirred up and th oroughly mixed
.
,
Bro w n S h a des — Bismarck brown will ency may be count e racted by a proper
.
pro portion of dextri n Bicarbonate of
give good results particularly i f the
.
,
sod i um is adde d as filler to cheapen a
dye d goods are afterwards steeped or the product the uantity used and the
passed through a weak sol uti on ( pale q ual i ty of the uqtr a ma r i n e em pl oyed
,
mixed cotton and wool goods may be parts of freshly prepare d am m oni u m
a
See Woo d
s pontaneous heating and tem porary .
al coh ol an d dried
, .
tarch French chal k l yco odi um of
, , ,
To D ye Feath ers — A prereq uisite to . parts ; sal icyli c acid 2 arts ; menthol 1 , ,
the dyeing of feathers appears to be soft part Apply freely to t e affected parts
. .
.
surface b ut n ot to th e bottom w h ile one
, ,
D oubt ess an an i line dye woul d prove 3 days ol d will s wi m j ust i mmersed in
equally e ffi cient an d woul d be l ess trou the li quid I f m ore th an 3 days ol d the
bl e so me to use
.
,
After dyeing feathers are di pped i n an
,
emul sion formed by agitatin g any blan d if 2 weeks ol d only a littl e of the shell
,
fixed oil with water contai ning a l ittl e will di p i n the li ui d .
.
tion studied the chan ges in th e speci fic
his operation gi ves the l oss
Curling wh ere re quire d is effected by
.
gravity of the eggs on kee i ng an d f ound
that on an average fres eggs had a
slightly warming the feathers before a s pecific gra vity of after they were
fire and then stroking with a bl unt me
,
1 0 day s o ld of , after 20 days of
tallie edge as the back of a knife
, A .
and after 3 0 days of Th e
,
o
.
.
S e e Expl o si ves .
th e eggs used in the 3 0 da test spoiled -
.
S e e Ceramics .
grouped un der two gen eral cl asses : ( 1 )
Use of l ow tem e r a tu r e i e col d stor , . .
,
EA U D E UINI NE : age ; and ( 2 ) e xe udi ng the air by coa ting ,
S ee Hair reparati ons . c o ve r i n or i mmersin g the eggs some
‘ ,
angle made by the ax1 s of the egg Wi th Yellow bees wax 0 2 parts .
Egg Pow d er .
Wh ol e Eggs S h ell
,
. .
G round rice 1 6 ounces
Gr a i n s Gr a in s . N et .
C o mmo n h e n , sma l l .
.
C o mmo n h e n , l a r g e
(a c co r di n to article to be made ) to be
. .
,
It a l i a n h e n
Ho u d a n 95 6 60 93 50 8 53 10 mi xed wit each half pound of flour .
La Fl esch e 92 6 50 9 4 25 8 35 25
Th e Pr e ser vatio n o f Eggs —T h e spoil
. .
B ra h ma . 9 1 0 64
.
.
Houdans and Brah mas are the most N ormally t e s hell has a surfa ce coating
pro fi table producers as far as food val ue , of mucilagi nous matter whi ch r e v e n ts ,
Houda n eggs .
ing of the shell so that air bearing the
,
Brahma mean ,
germs th at cause decom position may be
Brah ma l arge , . .
completely excl uded .
the yol ks of eggs se a r a te d from t h e , for winter use b ut suc e gs are very far
,
e mulsion is strained and evaporated that water glass more cl os ely conforms
under reduced pressure at tempera a to the requ i re m ents of a o o d preserva
ture of 8 7 ° to 1 2 2 ° F to a paste The . tive tha n a ny of the su stances com
latter is further drie d over quickli me or mo n l y e m l oyed A 1 0 per cent sol ution
.
Egg 0 i l .
yolk settles to one side an d t h e egg is ,
with constant stirri ng in a dish on the O f twenty meth ods teste d i n G ermany ,
water bath until it thickens and a sam ple the three which prove d m ost e ff ective
exhibits oil u pon pressi n g between the .
use by coating the m whe n perfectly , V -T ake about half a doze n eggs an d
.
If only a trace of the chl oroform enters the c yl i c a n d E gs treated i n this way are
shell the de ve l opment of such germs as sai d to taste a ter si x m onths absol utely
, ,
may have gaine d access to freshly lai d as fresh as the were when first put up ’
,
excludes all future contamination from an d shoul d be th oroughly cl ean bef ore
e rm -la den air an d with n o fungi grow di p ing T h e ph il o so by of the process
g
i s tp
, .
in each gallon of water 1 2 ounc e s of but reinforces these latter by a ver thin
ui ck li me 6 ounces of comm on salt 1 l ayer of coagulate d al bume n ; wh i e the
drachm of so da drachm saltpeter 4
, ,
T h e fluid is brought into a barrel and m os here S alicylic aci d is obj ected to
.
sufficient qui ckli me to cover the bottom on t e same grounds as sul ph uric acid .
barrel is then covere d with a c oth upon , clean hey shoul d be im merse d in the
.
which is scattere d som e lim e . sol utio n in such manner that ever art
III — M elt 4 ounces of cl ear beeswax
.
of each egg is covered with the liq ui t en ,
boiling etc ,
.
a s fol ows :
A s ubstitute for el aine for woolen
N itri c acid of 3 6 B é 1 00 vol um es
°
yarns is obtained by boili ng 4 pounds
carrageen m oss in 2 5 gall ons water for Chl oride of s od i u m
( com mon salt ) 1 v ol ume
3 h ours T h e soda is t h e n put i n an d
.
throu gh a fine si eve and well mixed Wi th are next rin sed t o r o ughl y with col d water
2 5 pounds cottonseed oil 1 2 1; pound s , and are again subjected to a strong n i tric
sweet oil and 1 2 } ounds amm oni a aci d bath to giv e th em a bri ght or dull
speci p
,
’
S ul ph uric aci d 1 00 vol umes
El ectr opl a ti n g a n d El ectr o S e a salt 1 volume
S ulph ate of zin c 1 to 5 vol umes
typi n g T h e d ur a tion of im m ersi on in this bath
(S e e also Pl ating ) varies from 5 to 2 0 mi nutes according to ,
T o rem ove rease W arm the pieces be pear o u l un gi n t he m for a m oment into
the brig tenin g B
,
red tint .
articl e badl y cl eaned will com e out i n
T h e articles a fter havin g been cleansed various shades an d l a cki n its metallic
,
of grease by th e potash sol ution must be bri h tn ess It is better to t row a spent
.
then be used for m ovin g th e arti cl es as through these several process e s are then ,
or orcelain strainers may be used may not be amiss S mall a rt i cles are gilde
.
o ll o w s :
ened by previous use Th e a rticl es a re .
PLATING , AND GIL D ING . pieces sh ould be m oved a bout i n the bath
T h e first step in the i s the prep as much as pos si bl e i n order t o preserve
aration Of th e mol c{processTh e s ubstan ce th e h om ogeneity of the li quid I f th i s .
originall y used f or the constructi on of b e not atte nded to strati fication and ,
hol l ow mol ds it is a good plan to arrange followi ng si m ple a pparatus will be ser
an i nternal s keleton of latinum for ,
v i ce a bl e .Place th e s ol ution of sul phate
ulti mate c onnection with t e a nodes i n , of copper i n a n earthenware or porcelain
order to sec ure a o o d electrical contact j ar i n the c enter of which i s a porous 0 1:
,
with all parts of t e mold When c o v c onta ini a malgam ated zinc an d a so u
tion of sn gph ur i c aci d an d water about
.
Having prepared the mol ds i n the which is between that of th e conta i ning
usual way — by o bta i n i n an i mpression vess el and th e orous pot From this
metallic circl e t p
.
ELM TEA
coats of n i trate 0 si l ver and ulti mately .
the heat generate b the ad mi xture of cool s trai n and fla vor with l emon j uice
Sli l ph a te of c opper
,
,
then all th e other i ngredients when a , e r a ll y rotated with the th umb an d fore
clea r s ol uti on of 3 gall ons res ults which , finger and water is us ed to l ubric ate its
,
is the prope r a m ount for a body weigh ~ c utting part which soon wears awa y
, .
soda i n 1 4 0 parts of water by th e aid of machi ne oil an d fl our emery 7 parts oil ,
IV .
or by reducing the s e e d or b both ,
Alcohol . .
Emer wheels shoul be turne dy off so
G lycerine .
that t e will run true before using A .
M ercury chloride
Forma l d e h y d e Eme r y S ubsti tute -For making arti .
VI .
—
Arse n i ous acid .
parts of coke and 96 parts of a flu x which
, ,
S o l ac carb ol ic 5
. .
. . ,
on account of its low price T hese ma .
m i nutes .
EM ULS IFIERS
Rosi n S oa as a n Emul sifi er — T li e
soa p shoul d ?>e made by boiling gently
.
ge ther with e me ry and fixed to a short i qui d s queezed then heated on a water
, ,
m etal rod f orms th e grinder used for bath u nt i l it is dr and friabl e Fi xed
0 113 m y be emul si ed by addin g 1 o u n c e
.
i a
2 90 EMUL SIF IE RS - ENA MEL ING h
to a sol uti on of 1 0 grains soap in 1 ounce use ; (3 ) e n a mel i n l ocom oti ve and other
water Vol atil e O i l s require 1 0 grains
. tubes ; (4 ) ename in g drai n and wate r
r osi n soa p 2 31 ounces wa ter and 2 pi I es ; (5 ) sign board enameli n g
Th e r e is one defect to whi ch a ll ena mel
.
, ,
this am ount of soap T hym ol may be . ware is s ubj ect and that is ch i pping , .
O f course man y other substances may be well ena mele d article has been known
-
emul sified with the same e mulsifier . to last i n dail y use f or 1 0 or 12 yea rs ,
fir st receive a co a ti n o f a c om osition
ting a dil uted ointment for the gum
chi e fly c om pose d of ass cal l ed gray p ” ‘
plac e of the oxide of zinc A further . being m uch harder is n ot aff ected by th e
variatio n i n the character of the liqui d s econd firing I f it were li uid it would
.
may be introd uced by the use of medi becom e mixed with the w ite and de
o s ted or perfumed waters instead of the stroy i ts urity Frequentl y O wing to
i nferi or c p
.
. i mperfect mixing or ,
h
‘
.
t e n ecessary purity an d l uster Th e .
in th e process
of fu smg prevent that cg
forms a clear grayish jelly
e mi ca l combi
.
, . h
p e ri c conditions .
I n this condition the late i s s ubm i tted elem ent T h e glass sh oul d be white
.
m aterial the plate surface i s i ped i nto acter as possibl e as col ored gl ass woul d ,
or has th e liquid mixi ng c a r efu poure d i mpart a tinge of its own color to the
over it any sur l us b eing drai ne off and
,
’
,
mi xing .
any pa rts w h i c are n ot to be coated be i ng T h e foll owing are two distinct glazes
wiped cl ean by a cl oth T h e c oati n g i s .
whi ch d o not contai n gl ass or porcelain :
then dried in s uitabl e stoves after wh i ch ,
Fel dspar oxid e of ti n niter soda T his
, , ,
'
.
it is read y for fusing on to the i ron Th e . is free from any pois on ous bo d y a n d r e
gray coati ng shoul d be fairl y un i form and quires n o additions : S ilica powder oxide .
which i s to be subj ected to any outside Alk a l ies —O f th e alkalies which are
C ooling slowly is i m o r ta n t
.
i nfluence . .
necessary to produc e c om pl ete fus ion of
Rapi d cooling frequently causes c ippi n an d com bination with th e q uartz soda
of th e coating and in any case i t wilg
,
th e m etal .
G enerally the next surface is a white opacity but only semi -transparency to
,
one and it depends u pon th e class of
,
t h e e n a me l an d is therefore not much
arti cl e the character of the enamels an d
, ,
use d
,
were the same the result woul d be that from which a l arge proporti o n of the
the gray woul d melt on the iron and n atural moisture h as b een el iminated is ,
thus l oosening the attach ment of the that melts at m ediu m heat and enters ,
distribute d throu ghout the melt and r e , CIa y — O n l a fairly pure cl ay can be
. .
in much less deman d tha n oxide of ti n Th e two best are pi e — o r white — cla
y
.
recipe which was i n very general use for — G roun d cryol ite is a white
l
Cryo i te
so me years : G lass (cullet ) powdered ,
.
.
flint l ead soda ( crystals ) niter arsenic m i neral easily fusi bl e an d sometimes
, ,
, , , ,
used i n e nam el mi xi n gs I t is closel y
.
, , ,
i s added .
of glass vary r e a tl y s mall experimental ,
for several years the ex peri ence of m an Fe ldspar — T h e introd ucti on of feld
.
ufa ct u r er s usin gl ass was not sa ti sfa c s par i nto a n ena mel frit in creases con
tory I mprove com positions a n d work si stenc y Th e com mo n wh it e variety i s
.
E NA MEL ING 2 93
m i xing — frit — som e bei ng better adapted b onate of s oda — 5 8 per cent —o r enam el
for this purpose th an others T his how .
,
i ng soda T h e l atter is specially pre
.
, ,
pared so as to free it al most entirely
,
the character of th e fl ux depends upon from iron and admit of the production of
,
the com position or che mical changes to a pure w hite enamel when such is r e
which the ingredients a re to be subjected .
qu i red .
T h e fl uxes are borax cl ays cull et , , , Ti n O xi d e —All enam els m ust co n tai n
.
foundation .
O n the q uantity added depends the
Gypsum — T h i s mi n e r a l i s someti mes
denseness or degr e e of opacity im parted
.
. o
to t h e enamel
used i n conj unct i on W i th baryta and I t will be understood that the enamel
.
fl u o r spar
- .
viscosity .
T h e enamel there ore thou much , ,
at once be discontinued .
must be remem bered that the thinner th e
S ilici c A ci d —Q uartz sand rock crys . , ,
coat of the ena mel the better it will be
2 94i ENA ME LING
distrib uted over the i ron and th e greater , I n enamelin g factori es n o causes a re
will be its adherence t o the i ron A n y . m ore proli fic i n the prod uction of waste
ar ticl e heavi ly enam el ed i s al wa s liabl e th an these a nd i n many cases th e de
,
any e xcess of m aterial added to a pl ate easier to enam el than wro ught iron .
holl ow-ware enameli ng the preparati on i n its s mall microse c i c rec esses and ,
of each frit generall y recei ves somewhat greater u niformity can e ar r i ved at with
m ore attenti on th an for late ena meling greater ease Cast-iron enamel ed sign
m
. .
possibil ity of rou gh ness o n a n y part of it i mpossibl e f or the m ever to come into
the s urface es peci ally th e i nside surface . general use .
cr o sco pi ca l l y wilp
,
capabl e of bein dri ven out t o var i ous m ore liabl e to flow l ongitudin all y than
forms and d e t s by sta m pin g presses . transvers el y an d this tendency will be
,
Th e s urface 0 the charcoal i ron is not s o m ore accentua te d at s ome places than at
liabl e to becom e oxidi zed and therefore , oth ers T his h owever is prevented by
’
.
, ,
can be more readil y made chemicall y vin g the iron sheets what might be
c lean for the recepti on of th e e nam els . escri bed as a c ast-i ron finish Th e .
S ome manufacturers use charcoal pl ates sheets to be enam ele d sh oul d be thorough
for tablet work but these are expensive ; l s coured i n all directi ons by quartz or
flint sa nd n o part o f the surface being
,
T h e sheet irons generally used for the make it uniformly retentive of enamel
e n a mel i n pur oses referred to vary i n mixture an d i n n o cases s houl d it be
he i ffi er the iron th e great er
,
m uch m ore quickly than that of the mix he foun dation glaze i s n ot essential ,
i ng Unl ess care therefore is used th e
.
, , , an d when requi re d th e m ost beautiful r e
result of fusing will be that the enam el sul t s of blended col ors can be obtained
mass will n ot h a ve become th o r o ugh l by very littl e ad diti onal ex perience to o r
li quid and its adherence to the i ron w i 1
, d i n a r y enameli ng
When th e vase or other article has been
.
be i m erf e ct .
m ore rapidly than the ena mel will con , appl i ances consist only o f a pointe d to o
tract th us l oosenin g its contact with th e
,
tw o or thre e s mall punches of v a r yi n
gl aze and the l atter will either then or
, . S i zes
, an d a h am me r With this sma .
after a short peri od of usage chi off i pme n t the operator sets to work
Tip
c
We then arri ve at the foll owing h e r and
, .
.
-
e s paces betwee n eac h dividing l ine
fast rul es : ( 1 ) I n all cl asses of enameli ng , are grad ually l owere d by h am mering ,
b ut partic ul arly where thi n iron sheet s and when th i s has been u niformly com
are use d the te mperature of the plate
,
pl e te d each little recess is ready to r e
,
and i ts coveri ng must be raised ver cei ve its all otment o f en amel
, M ore .
on i t s surface m ust be cool e d ve r y grad u T hi s wire is sol dered or fixe d on the vase ,
ally and very uniformly T h e i m portance .
an d f orms the outli ne f or the entire
of these rules cannot be over-esti mated d es i gn I t m ay be of brass c op ) er or
gol d but i s fixe d an d b u il t roun devery
, .
, ,
and will therefore be referred to in a
more practical wa y l ater
, ,
,
enameled ware When th e plate has been . the stencil will be re prod uced on the
thoroughl y d ried a nd fusion has taken plate.
fre quently b uilt for this purpose and , tion is al m ost i dentical with that of the
the i r use is the means of preventing a wh ite b ut when the coa ting has been
,
large number of wasters Before put . applied a nd dried the lettering must be
,
ting o n the glaze care m ust be taken to , brus hed o ut before it is fused T h e .
remove the gray from a ny part which is coating is generally a pplie d by a badger
not to be coated T h e te mperature of . brush after a little gu m water has been
°
fusi on should be about l 8 90 and , added ; the e ffect of this is to m ake the
the t i me taken is about 5 minutes .
bl ue m ore com pact .
ance S te n ci s may be o ut either from br ush i n rem oves all the blue coating
which s ho w s the lettering an d leaves the
.
,
are satisfactory enough when only a few been d one t h e ste n cil is re move d and t h e
,
pl ates are required from one stencil , connecting ribs of th e lettering — some of
when large quantities are required say , . which are marked X in Fig 2 — are then .
l ated s pirits to the ordi nary liquid gum case of th e white gl aze and the plate is ,
form and this is s pread over both sides complete O n e coat of bl ue s houl d be
When thor
, .
var i ous characters and ty pes For o r . I n hollow -ware ena meling the iron is ,
but for more intricate desi gns 2 3 and , , of the size re u i r e d for the ware to e
even 4 stencils may be re ui r ed I n the . turned o ut t is s oft and d uctile and
.
,
preparation of the plates re erred to in the by means of suitabl e punches and dies it
paragraph preceding S tage I only 1 , i s dri ve n i n a stam ping ress to the nec os
sary sha pe For shal ow articles only
.
Mel ti n g a pie ce o f bra ss wi ll repr esen t th i s t em one operat i on i s necessary but for deeper
arti cles fro m 2 to 6 operations ma y be
,
pot a ture .
ENA MELING 2 97
move all roughness T h e articles are . Fusin g — T h e best res ults are obtained
now r e ady for ena m eling For e xplana . in ena meling when the thoroughly ground
tion let us s u pose they are tum blers to
, , and mixed constituents are fused to
be white insi e and bl ue outsi de T h e
, . gether reground an d then a pplied to
. ,
gray is first laid on th en the white an d , , the metal s urface In chea p enamels the .
lastly the bl ue — that is after the pickling , gray is someti mes a pplied without being
and cl e a n i n operations have been per r e vi o usl y melted b ut it lacks the dura ,
S eamed or riveted parts are of course , , G enerally they are arranged in groups of
,
kind running in straight lines from the the cruci ble system Th e cruci bles are .
enamel li quid m ust be reduced to the most satisfactory are sol d under th e nam e
re a te st stage of li quidity the heat m ust of “ Hessian cruci bles Th e chief o b
he raised sl owly an d in cool i ng the
.
,
l utel y necessary addition to the gray i n of the crucible will cause i t to crack or
successful hollow -ware e n a mel i n and fall to pieces but for this there is n o
,
,
duce fracture not only causing the de
,
and then pl aced in a furnace rai sed to a s truction of the crucibl e but also the l oss ,
m ust s ustain for the purposes of fusion . a tubul ar fireproof support 0 w h i cti , ,
‘
S ometi mes ungl azed porcel ain cruci bles all ows the m olten mass to be eas i ly run
s pecially pre pared W i th a lar e propor o ff i nto a tub of water which i s laced i n
t i on of ch i na clay are used g
,
These are .
, the chamber d T h e fuel is t rown i n
, .
ac
i ng a frit with a col d mass for t h e suc h eating purposes in connecti on with the
ce e d i n g one ; it sh ould first be heated in a drying stove T h e pl ug used may be .
stove and then introduced into the cru either a permanent iron o n e coated with
ci ble ; ( 3 ) carefully protectin g t h e h ot a very h a r d enamel or made from a
cruci bles from col d draughts or ra pid com position of quartz o w d e r and water .
be s uch as to protect the whol e of the In some cases only a very s mall hole is
cruci bl e fro m chills T h e us ual pit ma de in th e crucible and no stopper used ,
lid a
, . When fusion is complete this hal f
is turned over an d the pl ug pulled up , ,
.
,
on is pl ugged u with
, s e ci a ll y pre a T h e tim e re quired for melting varies
pared stopper h e cr uci b e stands on
.
! Tw o i n ch es fo r gr a y o n e i n ch fo r gl a ze ; t h e
.
arrangement of the fines for the passage temperatures m ust be ma i nta i ned fuel ,
of the gases round the fusi n oven T h e . of l ow quality an d price is not des i rable .
O
GR UND LEVEL
quickly and is therefore expensive an d
, ,
C RATE
ce ll e n t i n every way as it consists of ,
O
GR UND
.
,
S ECTIO N O N A . B.
but to this there ca n be n o objection .
i vm
Fi g 7
o ff no excessive s m oke an d capa
gl e 0 al m ost com pl ete com bustion will
.
T h e frit kil ns
,
Wi ll use from 2 to 4 tons per day of coal
,
and the fusi ng oven flues both lead to the and it will thus be seen that th e financial
brick chi mney but the stoves are con,
s uccess of a concern l ies to a very gre a t
n e c te d to a w r o u ht iron chimney shown
.
- extent at the m outh of the furnace Coke .
have been to so arrange the stoves that necessary heat req uired in ena melin g if
i t can be got at a reas ona bl e price With
.
the fullest extent there may still be u , T he glazing or ena mel mills are shown
necessary waste T h e arrangement .
in Fi g 1 0 T hese mills consist of a
. .
for reducing the hard fritted granular rangement for s mall factories consists of
particl es to a fine powder T hese mills .
2 large mills and 1 small er mill driven
, ,
dle b is l ed
, , T h e powdered material
.
Fig 9
ri ndi ng stones are then set in motion .
ve
ye d by a belt to th e d r i vi n g pull e y an d , has been reached the mixture is run 0
th i s is transmitted from the p i n i on to the through the val ves 0 Each mill can be , .
the materi al causes the m i ll wheels to fe r i n g with the working of the others .
prevent slippa ge and when all the parts , it is ad visable to al ways have a spare set
are made of i ron the metal m ust be , in readi ness to replace those removed for
close grai ned and of very hard structure , refacing T h e com positi on of the stones
.
so as to red uce the a m ount rem oved by should not be negl ected for in many , ,
wear to a mini mu m When the mate . cases faults in the enamel have been
,
rials are ground wet the powder shoul d , traced to the wearing away of stones
be careful l y prot ect ed f rom d ust a n d containing earth y or m etallic matter .
,
3 02 ENA M EL I NG
cas k shoul d n o t exceed the 5 -gallon size , A hard s urface is d ue to the quantity
and shoul d at no ti me be more than two of lea d i n the mi xing bei n too s mal l .
1 per cent ,
I I I — Q uartz
. per cent
.
additi on an d thorough inte rmi xture of
per cent ca lcined borax or boracic acid S h ould .
pipes .
A hig h ly gla ze d surface on l eaving the
m u ffl e sh ows th at t h e c om o si ti o n is too
I V — Frit of silica pow
. ,
water may render a mixing al most entire heap Th e best firms adopt the latter
l y useless Clean water and with little
.
.
,
course beca use the r e co a ti n and firing
or no s ul ph ur present is essential For ,
.
,
—In the case of sign tablets the charac the excessive heat havin g practi cally
t e r i sti cs l ooked to are appearance an d fused the fundamental coat i ng .
plate if slightly bent s hould not crack the patchin t em up an d then recoating
the who e With sign ta bl ets there is no
,
boili ng water for s ome time and then obj ecti on to d oi ng s o b ut with hollow ,
pl unged i nto very col d water should not ware the fact re ma ins th at the article is
s how a ny cracks however s mall even , ,
faulty no matter h ow c arefully defects
,
should be capable of resisting the action the greatest care is necessar at every
of acids . Lead shoul d never enter into s tage of the ma nufacture hil e glow .
coating of the ena mel at some s ot b the mor e opa que tha n others T h e former
a pplication of strong nitri c aci p
.
T o test the power of che mical resistance articles t his is rarely d one Th e opera
, .
Th e
S oft Ena mels fo r I ron , White
w he n i t has becom e s u ffi ciently hard .
.
N i ter l l» parts
powder a nd str o n gl calcine d with an Re d l ead 4 parts
equal vol u me o f un urut gyps um at a , Fli nt or china clay 1 part .
Black.
O xide of uraniu m
'
Ma zarine Blue .
, ,
Ch r o me Gree n
. .
Whiting .
1 part .
Flint glass .
put a pl ate of co per i n the sol uti on to
En a mel Wh ite — S oft : r e c i pi ta te the si ver in a metallic state
gVa sh well with water to remove the ace
.
.
Red le d
0 a l ga
tate of copper
ass .
Arsenic
Ti n S oluti on
Put the acid (aqua —
.
Ni ter .
1 part
G round flint glass 1 part .
D issol ve grai n gol d in the a qua regia
so as to ma ke a saturated sol ution .
All the enamels sh oul d after bein , T ake basin an d fill it 3 parts full of
a
mixed be melted i n crucibl es poure
, , water ; drop the sol uti on of gol d into it
out when in liquid , an d powdered or till it becomes an am ber col or Into this .
ti ons '
Purpl e of C assius .
Fl i n t gl a ss
.
“ . .
N o calcinati on r e
.
G rind only .
“
Hard fire Highest heat attain . Purpl e of Cassius 1 ounc e
abl e . Fl u x N o 8 (see pa ge
. 3 07) Qt ounces
“
Frit T h e i ngredi ents partl y com
.
Fl i nt glass 2 ounces
posing a gl aze which requ i re cal ci na ,
ti on .
“
S tone Al ways best C ornwall stone
.
.
”
Paris white S uperior q uality of .
whiti ng .
“ G rind
Parts Al ways s o many parts by
.
D L Zi nc
"
. Particul ar bran d not
. .
zi nc will d o .
30 8 ENA MELING
T h e base of ena mel is glass col ored been a ) plied the contai ned water is
remove d by m eans of a fin e l inen rag
,
,
t a l li c oxides mixed and melted with it pr e ssi n sl i ghtly on th e arts that have
.
b ut of a l ess rich ton e ; chrom e produces operation the fi r e cha mber ought not to -
°
1 des
. Anti m ony a nd arsenic al s o enter , .
Enamels are of two classes— opaque and the durati on of the process is quite
and trans parent T h e opacity is caused .
sh ort O n comin g from th e fire the
.
,
pe r a t u r e of l 8 3 2 or ,F When °
.
agate m ortar with the aid of a pestle of Tra nspa re nt Blue — Crystal gl ass 3 4 .
,
water .
then got rid of by repeated washing wit Transpare nt G ree n — C ryst a l gl ass 8 0
filtered water T his should be carefull .
,
a r ts
d one s tirring the enamel powder with ,
.
, ,
,
glass rod i n order to keep the particles in y we i ght ; b orax 2 parts by weight , , .
s us pensio n .
D ark G ree n —Crystal gl ass 30 parts .
, ,
s ure by the taste of the water that it does bl ack 4 parts by weight ; arsenic acid 2
, ,
order to burn o ff any fa tty matter and arts b weight ; cobalt oxide 4 parts
p y w e 1 gy
, , , ,
Enamel s are a pplied with a steel tool l — Crystal gl ass 30 parts by weight ;
.
, ,
i n the form of a spatul a ; water is th e sod i um ant i m onate 1 0 parts by weight , , .
ENA ME L I NG — ENG RA VI NG S 30 9
Th e
finel pul verized col ored enam el is ENAM EL C OLORS , QUICK D RYI NG :
applied witya brush an d lav e n der oil on S e e Varnishes .
arsenic 2 parts by weight or silici ous After the first m on ogram has been en
, ,
sisting of 1 5 of ti n er 1 00 of lead 1 0 0
, ,
of bees wax 3 of tall ow 1 of Can ada bal
, ,
t ; ox i de of cobalt ,
Cl ean in g o i Copperplate Engr a vings .
togeth er a nd pour into a crucibl e with time with clea r water N ext m oisten with .
twi ce as m uch pul verized sul phur ; the water in which a littl e win e vine gar has
crucibl e is th en to be i mm ediately covered been admixed rinse the sheet a ga i n with ,
the mixture i s to be calcined over a s melt and d ry i n the air preferably in the sun , .
ing fire until the superfluous sul phur is T h e paper will becom e perfectly clear
burned a way T h e com poun d i s then .
W ithout the print being in j ured .
i nto a paste which is to be pl aced u on that have turned yell ow may be ren
the arti cl e it is design ed to enamel he . d ered white by first washing carefully in
article m ust th en b e h el d over a spirit water contain i ng a littl e hyposul phite of
l am p till the com poun d u pon it melts soda and then di pping for a m i nute in
.
other enamel formulas . water ; b oil for 1 5 min utes then stir in 1 ,
3 10 ENGR A VI NG S — ES SENCE S A ND E XT R A CT S
our o ff the clear liqui d and keep i n a si d e r a bl y s maller than the original 18 ,
p ,
the use of hydrogen peroxide in th e I n this way anything of the kin d even ,
,
ENLARGEM ENTS
l east inj ury to the picture T h e cell ul ose .
S e e Ph otogra phy .
s t r u ct i bl e .
EPIZ OOTY
To rem ove grease or other spots of S e e Veteri nary Formulas .
,
Preser vation of Fruit J u i ce s — T h e
since its vapors a r e al so exceedi ngly i n j uices of pul py fruits when fre s h con , ,
all owed i n the room T h e i ct u r e is . which i s the coagul ating s ubstance that
l eft for several h ours then i ft e d out ,
. forms the basis of fruit j ellies T his it .
I n many cases the ab ove treatment i s the ad diti on of alcoh ol to th e fresh j uices
s uffi cient to i m prove the a pea r a n c e of
‘
badly soil ed engravings it is foll owed , t a ti o n is far the better m eth od not only ,
of the picture i n a sol ution of sodium the taste a nd aroma of the fr uit but yield ,
carbonate or a very dil ute sol ution of ing far m ore j uice T h e fruit is crush e d .
oured off the picture m ust be repeated crush ed fruit is all o wed to stand a whil e
p and to proceed to a li ght fer mentation
, ,
cleansed that only spots of mol d or the aroma an d flavor of the prod uct are
other discol orations remain T hese may . very se nsi bly inj ured b the procedure .
fairly strong sol ution T h e com mercial . 1 to 2 per cent of s ugar an d put a way in ,
peroxide may be dil uted with 2 parts a cool place ( wh ere the te m perature will
water . n ot rise over 7 0 or 7 5 Ferm enta
° °
the e r o xi d e poured over it and the few days As soon as th e devel opment
vesse? placed i n a stron light
.
,
soon the discol orations wi l pale . begins to cl ear itself from the surface ,
To Re d uce
Engra vi ngs — Plaster casts .
, m atter will lie in a m ass at the bottom ,
n othing of its clear outline but some , be ind uced i n cl osed vessels only a s ,
times even ains in this respect by con When con ducted in open contai ners a
traction Igi t is desired to red uce an
.
f u n go i d gr o w t h is a pt to form on the
engraved plate make a plaster cast of it , , surface someti m es causing putrefactive
, ,
treat this with water or al cohol and fill , and at others an acetic ferm entati on i n
, , ,
th e n e w cast with some easily fusibl e either event s poiling th e j uice for s ub
3 12 ESSENCE S AND E XT R A C T S
bot tom of the kettle — the l i ghter o r ti o n , the m into l i ttle bits Put i n a su i table .
or that still carrying i mpr i so n e gases , vessel and pour over them a mixture of
r e ma i n i n on to p unti l i t i s freed fro m 5 parts each of com mon white W i ne and
t hem .o n st a n t stirring can preven t water and let macerate to ether for 5
,
overcome the res ults of the natural forces bein cl osed durin the ti me T h e n stra i n .
tilled water to make up for the loss by cloth . B oil 3 0 parts of s ugar and 2 0
evaporation and add the sugar after wards
,
. parts of water together an d when boiling ,
, ,
to ma ke 8 ounces
,
colature add 1 part of s ugar Boil for .
III — O i l o f b i t t e r a l
. ly warm A s m all u a n ti ty of tartaric
.
of its hydrocyanic
acid Ba n a na S yr up — C ut the fruit in slices .
Alcohol .
4
parts of al mond oil an d t h o r o ug ly ,
Alcohol deod orized ,1 6 ounces
agi tate the liquids together Repeat the .
D istilled w ater 1 6 ounces
agitation at an i nterval of 5 minutes , D issol ve t h e oil i n the alcohol and add
t h en filter Put the filtrat e i nto a glass
.
retort and distil until all t h e oil has passed tion after each a ddition M oisten the
Remove any water that may be
.
over .
cin namon with a l ittl e of the water add ,
with the distillate by decantation or , and agitate C ork tightly and ut in a
.
,
otherwi se .
warm place to macerate 2 wee s giv
,
, , ,
,
1fows
orm:
p i nt C u r a a o cocoa 4 0 0 parts
Vanip
.
la chopped ,
Apple E xtract .
fine n n n n n n
G lycerine o unce 1 Alcoho l of 5 5 per
Amyl val erianate drachms 4 cent parts
Linalyl formate minims 45
"
pi nt .
parts pass through Put the percolate .
ES S ENC ES A ND EXTR ACTS 3 13
w i th the alc oholic extract If it be de boils awa S e t t h is aside and conti nue
the pe r co fii t i o n with bo i l i n water until
.
,
after cooling with the alcoholic extract , . two If desire d the res ult may be
.
,
I — Th e co ff ee sho ul d be a mixture of
water Ha v e co ff ee fres h roasted and of
.
alcohol
,
and pul verized 1 0 0 parts ff e e exha usted ; then add the sugar a nd
B oiling water 6 0 0 parts E p ter
Pack the coff ee m oistened with boil , V — M ocha coffee
. 1 poun d
Java coffee o o o o o o o o o 1 pound
.
in a vessel sta ndin i n the water bat h at G lycerine quantity s u ffi cient .
l y as possi bl e ( best i nto a vessel rev i ously then m oisten wit h a mi xture of 1 p art of
heated by boiling water to nea rp y the boil glycerine an d 3 parts of water and pack ,
and pass the wh ole agai n through the unti l 3 0 ounces of the percolate is o h
strainer (the co n tainer re maining in the ta i n ed It is a more com lete extracti o n
.
,
cra ble to one of dil ute alcohol gi v mg a ,
roasted and powdere d as before with ,
finer prod uct .
ed N o 2 0 pow
.
a .
_
M oisten the co ff ee slightly with water ,
filtrate ad d carefully the n o w clarified are obtained then set aside Place the
,
.
fine with any des ired q uant i ty of a 1 i n 3 water until 8 fl u i d o u n ce s are obtained .
run through a ddin g su fficient water at , , pa r a bl y s uperior to that made by the for
314 ESS ENCES A ND E XT RA CTS
being apparent i n the first step i n the for 1 2 hours ; then filter .
process .
Put the filtrate i n a still an d distil o ff , ,
vessel a nd when col d strain press and all that is possible and wash the still with
, ,
,
T his takes u p all that is essential .
Re cti fi e d spirit of wine 8 ounces Finally filter o nce m ore through double ,
Pure glycerine ( fluid ) 1 6 ou nces ,
Pumice in m oder
ats i n the preparation of cos metics .
ately fin e powder
,
1 ounce
Fr ui t Jel l y E xtract — Fill i nto se parate .
Water enough to make 1 2 ounces
paper bags : Pour the fl uid extract i nto a bottl e add ,
Li kewise into a glass bottle a mixture of fre quent] after eac h a ddition When .
and mi xi ng before cooling with the fruit Alcohol dil ute , 4 pints
esse n ce m i xture .
e xcelle n t method of preparing a sol uble with the dil ute a l c o h o until saturated and
essence or extract of ginger lace i n a narrow percolator being care ,
Re cti fi e d s p i rits 60
powder to be percolated s o that the ,
water ; let cool and add the solution to the M a gn e smm carbon
filtrate and water mixing well Add 2
, .
1 6 parts
drachms of calcium chl oride dissol ved i n Rub the oleoresi n with th e m agnesia ,
the end of this ti me filter T h e filtrate . essence of lem ons ; 3 parts o f al coh ol o f
i s usnai l cl ear and if so a d d 4 drach ms , ,
9 6 per cent ; 5 part calciu m c arbonate ;
of va nil in If n ot proceed as in th e
.
,
parts s odi um phosph ate an d why art ,
l emons ; alcohol 7 pi nts ; boil ed water , , particles of ul p etc heat it to the boil , .
,
1 pint
i n
g point e t i t cool d own
, a dd tal c , .
M i x an d macerate f or 7 days If .
.
0 of lemon grass
'
filter .
inserted T h e bottl es a re sealed a n d
.
VI — Esse n ce of lemon
. 1 2 ounces kept at an e ven tem perature ( in a cellar ) .
Pure glycerine .
Nutme g Esse nce —O i l of n utmeg 2 .
,
Pure phosphate d rach ms ; m ace in powder 1 ounce ; a l , ,
cal cium 4 ounces coh ol 95 per cent de odorized 3 2 ounces
,
.
, , .
, .
VI L — O il of lem on 6 parts . .
an d filter .
l y grated ) 4 parts .
oil of oran ge 1 1 fi ui d o un c e s ; carb onate
Alcohol sufli ci en t , .
of ma gn e smm 2 o unces ; al coh ol 1 2
,
, ,
VI I I — Exteri or rind of
.
t ure i nto a q uart bottl e an d fill th e b ot ,
Al coh ol 95 per ,
week or m ore sh aking e very d a y T hen , .
O il of lemon r e ,
water throu gh the paper to ma e filtrate
cent 3 fl ui d o un ces meas ure 2 p i nts .
Expose the lem on rind t o the air until Oran ge Peel , S ol ubl e E xtr a ct .
. .
the expressed l i q u i d to 1 0 per cent of its
parts o f crystallized Ci tric acid ; 2 parts weight of powder ed ma gn esui m ca rbonate
.
ES S ENC ES A ND EXTRA CTS 31 7
.
,
Linalyl formate e e e e e e 9 0 mi nims
t hrough paper K ee p i n an a mber b ottle .
G lycerine o o o o o o o 2 ounces
and c ool pl ace T o make syrup of orange .
,
Alcohol 70 per c en t to 3 pints ,
add 1 part of this e xtract t o 7 parts of , .
Pea ch E xtract .
of fru i t j uices are firmly con vin ced that
Li nalyl form ate the preservation of these j uices with out
Am yl valerianate . the ad diti on of al cohol salicylic aci d , ,
ti l l a ti o n .
by shaking the container sharply w hen , ,
I — Essence of al mon d
. 2 fl u i d o u n ce s T h e fermented j uice is then filtered t o
T incture of vanilla 4 fl ui d o u n c e s get rid of the pectinic matters yeast etc , , .
,
4 fl u i d r a c h ms
II O il
of orange peel quickly and comes off very clear Th e
.
.
— ~
of cassia
O il 1 fl ui d r a c h m
.
O il .
p
ressed j uice has the advantage of caus
ln the fermentation to progress to th e
Po megra nate Esse nce .
f ufi l imit and also to preserve by the
, ,
M i x and dissol ve .
31 8 ESSENCES A ND EX TRA CTS
,
q ua rt b ottle and fill the bottle with
.
, ,
occurs autom atic ally so to speak through th e paper addin enough water ,
, .
throu gh th e pa per to ma e th e fini sh ed
D eep Red Ra spbe r ry S yr u p — A m uch product measure 2 pi nts .
over the surface i n layers T h e ethylic . stant s kim m ing u ntil n o m ore s cum ,
al cohol prod uced by fermentation in this arises . Add 5 parts of cit ri c acid and
manner aids in th e extracti on of the continue the bO i li n g until about
red col orin g matter of the fruit M ore . parts a re l eft S tir i n littl e by littl e
.
, ,
be cooked over a fire but by super stemm ed a nd be parti cul arly careful
When all the
,
caramelization be compl etel y avoided . berries are add ed cover the vessel r e , ,
O n l su ar free from ultram arine an d m ove from the fire put i nto a warm place ,
chal S i o ul d be used in makin g the and let stand cl osely covered for 3 hours
, , ,
I — Raspberri es fres h
.
,
1 6 ounces . .
number of pint bottl es by fillin g them
r Angelica ( C alifornia ) 6 fl ui d o un c e s with warm water puttin g them i nto a ,
, .
drainin g as quickly as possi l e I nto .
M ash the berries to a pul p in a mortar these pour the hot j uice cork an d seal ,
l I — Fresh raspberries
. 200 grams S trawb erries fresh 1 6 ounces , .
Water distilled
.
1 0 0 gram s
,
A n gelica ( California ) 6 fl ui do un ces
Vanilla essenc e 2 grams .
Brandy ( California ) 6 ounces
Al coh ol 8 ounces
Pul p the raspberries let stand at a Wa er quantity s uffici ent
t
,
,
tem perature of ab out 7 0 F for 48 h ours
.
°
.
,
and then add 1 00 grams of water F i ft . M ash the berries to a pul p in a m ortar
grams are th en disti lled o ff and a l co h o , or bowl and transfer to a flask al on gwith
, ,
90 er cent 25 grams i n which , , th e Angelica brandy alc ohol and about
, , ,
van l i n has b een r e vi o usl y dissol ved ,
8 ounces of water
_
L et m acerate over .
.
he add i ti on of a littl e essence of vanilla
Pure oil of winter and a hint of lem on i m proves this es
green 5 fl ui d r a ch ms se nce .
320 ESS ENC ES AND E XT RA C TS
active state of ebulli tion cover the vessel a cl osed percol ator a nd l et stan d for 2
closely and set aside m oderately a ho urs Add 4 0 parts of dil ute alcohol
. ,
When q u i te col d ad d 7 2 0
,
warm place .
cl ose the percolator a nd let stand 8 days ,
.
par ts alcohol close the vessel ti ghtly At the end of this ti me a dd 1 1 0 rts of
dilute alcohol and let pass through T h e
, ,
little m us k to the bea ns before pouri ng T h e foll owi ng are chea p extracts :
on the hot water is tho u ght by many to ,
X Va nilla b e a n s
-
T onka b e a n s
syrup is excell e n t for fo untain purposes .
powdered 1 0 parts
VI — Vanilla beans
. 8 ounces S ugar o wd e r e d 14 parts
, .
G lycerine 6 ounces .
Al co h o 95 per
G ra n ulated s ugar 1 pound ce nt 2 5 arts .
Wate r 4 pints ,
,
1 0 parts of alcohol cut with 1 5 parts of ,
VII — Vanilla b e a n s
.
,
D eodorized alcoh ol 8 pi n ts
good q uality 1 6 ou n ces . .
S i mpl e syrup 2 pi nts .
10 fi u i d o u n c e s
.
M acerate for 1 4 days i n one half of the -
D il ute alcoh o l qu a n ti ty s u ffi ci c n t , .
s pirit with occasio n al agitati on
, Pour .
M i x and macerate with freq ue n t agi , o ff the cl ear li qu or a n d set aside ; pour
t a t i o n for 3 weeks filter and add dil ute
, , , the remai ning s pi rits i n the m agma and ,
P u m i c e stone ,
1 ounce
,
s ure M i x the two porti ons o f liquid
.
,
Rock ca nd 8 ou n ces
and filter through felt A dd the syrup . .
Al co h ol an water of each a s u fh , Wh i te Pi ne a n d Ta r S yr up .
ci e n cy .
White i ne bark 75 pa rts
Wil d c herry bark
.
urate well wit h the pu mice stone and rock S pikenard root 10 . parts
candy Pl ace th e whol e i n a percolator
.
Bal m of G il ead buds 1 0 parts
a n d percolate with menstruum com S anguinaria roo
a.
8 parts
posed o i 9 parts alcohol a n d 7 parts water S assafras bark 7 . parts
until the percol ate passes through clear .
Su 75 0 parts
B ri n g th e bul k up to 1 gall on with the Ch o r o fo r m 6 parts
sa me menstru um and set aside to ri pe n
.
.
S yrup of tar 75 . parts
I X — Cut up as finely a s possibl e 2 0 ‘ Alcohol enough
Water e n o u h
. , .
, ,
dil ute alcohol pack somewhat l oosel y i n , parts of a ti ncture from the m In this .
ESS ENCES A ND E XT RA CT S 32 1
a nd th e chl oro o rm and finally eno ugh , , , lea d salt precipitates natural colori ng
sy r u to br i ng the meas ure of the fi n matters b ut has no e ff ect upon th e a n i
,
D eodorized alcohol eno ugh to make dil ute with 3 vol umes of water and ad d ,
1 6 fi ui d o u n ce s .
1 dro of ti nct ure of iron chl oride If .
follows :
An tw erp
I — C ochineal i n coars e
.
Di omn e S gmp — D i o n i n e , 1 pa rt ;
. '
powd er 6 pa rts
.
. dis
Potassium c a r b o n till ed wate r , 1 9 parts ; sim pl e s yrup ,
ate parts Mix. .
Al c o h ol 95 per ,
andi 1 part ; sim p e syrup 1 9 parts M i x
, , . .
Rub the cochineal and potassi u m to sim ple syrup 9 5 par ts D iss ol ve the ex
, .
4 parts i
wate r 2 0 parts, M i x a n d macerate for
.
sta ndi n this shows a ten dency to se pa the filtrate eno ugh sim pl e syrup to b ring
rate a rop or two of a mm oni a Wi l l cor
,
4 the final weight to 2 0 parts .
II I — C armi ne
.
1 part Amm o n i um Va ler i a n a te S ol uti on — Am .
am ar r o sm, 1
,
I a etching two factors com e i nto con part melted together an d m i xed w i th
,
part of the metal n ot exposed to the pri nters in k 3 parts ; ros i n 1 part ; wax
’
, , ,
I n t e process a distinction 15 to be ,
,
the design is drawn or pa i n t e d upon the i ng the resista nce of t he e tching ground
surface with the l i qui d et c h i n g roun d - to the acti on of the etching fluids several
s o that after etching and removagof th e
, ,
i ntagli o e tch i n the whole s urfac e i s rubber i n benz ol then a s p i ri tuous shel ,
groun is s unken .
after they are dee p e n o u h and the o h ,
Coveri ng Agents or Resists — T h e late j e ct is put back into the ath for further
is enclosed b a border made of grafting
.
etching .
1 part
,
.
threads .
s cri b e d before I f the whol e obj ect is to .
Etch i n g-G ro un d for Copper En gr a v covered with the etching -ground After
i n g — White wa x 1 2 0 parts ; masti c 1 5
.
e t c: ll l n
, , g i t i s washed with pur e water ,
The .
, . .
, , etch ng w i th 4 to 8 parts of water or ,
.
or saline sol utions T hus for copper
dil ute s ul ph uric aci d 1 in 2 0 For cop
.
,
,
.
,
r o ma t e 3 0 parts ,
. pole with the plate to be etched I n the .
proportio n of 1 in
Etchi ng Flui d f o r Copper , Zi n c, a n d Etc h i n g B a th for Bras s — 1 — M i x . .
of water M i x 1 and 2
, ,
For r o te cti n g
thos e portions which are not to b
part . .
e etched
.
be used .
,
vitrio l can also be used .
i n a n iron bath usin a battery T h e , .
whic h does not of itself a ff ect the m e tal , When the plate is take n from the bath
but is made capabl e of doing s o by the and has been was hed a nd dried remove ,
s harper ; the fumes from t e acids are I I — T h e plate m ust b e first polished
.
also avoided and th e etchi ng can be , e i ther wit h emery or fine pu mice stone ,
modified by regulation of the current . and after it has been d ried with care ,
I f grad ati ons in etching are desired the , the design with a very fine point M ake .
pl ates are taken out after a time rinsed , , a border with modeli ng wax so as to pre ,
and covered and returned to the bath , . vent the aci d from running o ff Pour on .
For the bath dil ute acids a r e used , n i tri c a crd i f th e plate is of copper or ,
ET C H I NG 3 25
h ydrochl ori c a ci d dil ute d wit h water if lead tray is not at hand the powdered ,
the plate is of zi nc all ow the aci d to act , spar may be poured o n the glass an d the
according to th e desired de pth of the e n acid poured on it and l eft for s ome ti me .
ra ving ; wash several ti mes a nd re m ove As a general rul e the marks are opa que , ,
t i e varnish by h eating the plate lightly but sometimes they are trans are n t I n
Wash with essence of t ur e n ti n e a nd dry
.
.
before the e n graving o n the plate with vesse l s lainL iq ui d hydrofluoric aci d has
.
the resist varn i sh i nstead of covering the been reco mm ended for etching b ut is ,
the acid eats a way all the parts n ot pro T here are two methods of marking
t e ct e d by the varnis h .
bottl es — d ry etching or by stam ping ,
Etchi n g Fl ui d s fo r Co pper — I —A . .
with etching i nks T h e first process is .
,
rubber sta m p is necessary for this roc
am mon i a wate r is ad ded I t is sai d to .
ess and the letters shoul d be ma e as
,
bite i n very rapidly and with great regu large and clean cut as l) o ssi bl e without
l a r i ty and uniformity .
crowding the m too mu cia B esides this .
,
ETCHING ON GLASS .
etching powder takes better when the
N ames d esigns etc can be etche d on
, , .
, vessel is somewhat warm T h e stam p .
glass in three ways : First by means of a n , shoul d be provi ded with a roll er which i s
engraving wheel a m eth od which requires , kept constantly su ppl ie d with a visci d oil
some man ual ski ll S econ d by means of a .
, which it distributes on the stam p and
sand blast m a king a stencil of the n am e
,
.
,
which th e stam p transfers to the glass
fixing this on the glass and then by means , , s urface T h e powder is dusted on the
.
T h e glass is covere d with beeswax ar , unoile d s urface may be rem ove with a
a ffi n e wax or so me acid resistin
g in or fine l ong-h aired ) e n cil T h e printe d
bottle is tr a n sfe r r e dto a d am p l ace and
.
,
which eats a wa the glass at those parts the lass s urface T h e bottle is then well
.
and neatly c ut into glass by the sand ent manner T h e stam p here is inserted
.
,
smearing the s urface of the glass with proj ects a bout a u a r t e r of a millim eter
bees wax drawing the lines W i th a steel
, ( say inch ) a ove the surface O il .
tions will vary with the pur i ty of the For an etching ink for glassware the
mat e rials used fl u o r spa r (e xce pt when in
,
foll owing is recommended
crystals ) being generally mixe d with a
large q uantity of oth e r m atter En ough .
m
Am onium fl uoride
Bar i um s ulphate
acid to make a thin paste with the pow
dere d spar will be about right Where a . R educe to a fine powder in a mortar ,
226 ETCH ING
th en trans f e r to a lead dish an d m ake into i n g polish e d For f an c dea l ris i t suf
.
gerons sores very difficult to heal The . T h e glass thus etched presents a sort of
vapor is also dangerousl y poison ous regul ar an d d ecorati ve d esi n simil ar to
when inhaled . the flowers of frost de o si te on win dow
Hyd r o fl uo r i c Fo rmul a s —I — D issol ve pan es i n winter he n salts that are.
.
readil y crystall iz abl e an d that exert n o
.
water M i x the sol uti ons an apply to Hyposul phite of s oda an d chl orate and
nitrate o f po ta sh produce nearly the sam e
.
II — A mixture consisting of am m o ,
is mixed with h d r o c xl o r i c a ci d an d a
,
detached rese nt a conch oidal appear
a n ce T e contracti on of the gelatin
,
of the sol ution is drop Jed u pon a rubber l ea d w hi o ben d backward i n d rying
,
,
S uch etching of gl ass a n d di ff erent
reproduced is transfe rred to the glass ,
ing only the full wax letters undis glass the action of the l ue will e stil l
'
h ours rem ove the acid wash the gl ass , become s o h ard that it n o l onger yields to
well with h ot water next pour on essence , th e press ur e of the fi nger nail ( say i n ,
of turpentine or alcohol to take o ff the ab out 2 4 h ours ) ut the article in a ,
w a x or t h e preservative varnish Pass .
warm er place in w ic h the tem e r a tur e
,
a ain th rough clean water ; the glass m ust not exceed 1 0 5° F en t h e .
p ate will have becom e dead wherever the ob j ect i s rem oved from th e oven after a ,
aci d has eaten in onl y the letters remain , few ho urs the gl ue w i ll detach itself with
,
8 28 ETC H ING — E XPL OS IVES
of bees wa x over the bri h te n e d s urface t o niter ; b ut s ome tim e l ater the propor
be etched With a s arp lead pencil .
tions e ve n no w taken for all ordinary
,
and rem ove the beeswa x with a piece of obtai n this th e materials m ust be in a
,
cotton waste w e t with b enzine an d if very finel y d ivi ded state M oreove .
r
,
piece be l arge swab over it with a piece of stances th e percentage of m oisture pres
,
n ot do .
T h e weigh ed quantities of the in e
I f it is d esired t o coat th e piece with d i e n ts are first mixe d i n u n m eta or
beeswax with out h eating it dissolve ,
copper d rum s h avin g b ades i n th e ,
then use the l ead cu cil etc as before charge ) is passe d on to th e i ncorporatin g
mills where it is th oroughly groun d u n
. .
, ,
.
,
EXPECTORANTS
.
Expl osives ma y be divided int o two rangement being s uch th at the u ps etti n
great cl as s es — m echanical mixtures an d of on e tank discharges t he contents 0
chemical com poun ds I n th e former th e . th e other tanks onto th e co r r e spo n d i n
comb ustible s ubstances are intimately m i ll be ds b el ow s o that i n the event 0 ,
where carb on an d sulphur are inti broken d own b etween roll ers th e “ meal ” ,
the carb on and h drogen present th e , After on ce m ore b reakin g d own the
ox ygen being in fee l e comb i nation with
.
nitrogen M an expl osives are h ow req u i res s pec i al treatm ent to ad apt i t
ever me ch a n i ca ymi xtures of com poun ds
.
,
property well ill ustrated by t e fail ure of without vaseline gives products so f re e
a red-h ot platin u m wire to ignite a mass ,
from soli d or liq uid s ubstances that
of powder in a vacuum only a few , e xcessive friction o f the proj ectil e i n th e
gra i ns actually i n contact with the plati gun causes rapid wearing of the r ifli n g ,
substan ces which woul d act as a bsorb on drums whil e the larger cordite is cu t
,
ents first usi ng charcoal an d afterwards
, o ff i n suitabl e lengths the drums an d
“ ” ,
an infus orial earth kieselgu hr , an d , cut material being dried at 1 00° F thus
“
obtaining what h e term ed dynamite ”
.
driving o ff th e remainder of th e acetone .
N obel f ound that coll odion cotton C ordite varies from yell ow to dark
s ol ubl e gun cotton —c oul d be c onverted brown in col or a ccor di n t o its thick
When i n ited it urns w ith a
,
by treatm ent wi th nitro-glycerine into a n ess.
jellylike mass which was m ore trust stron g flam e w ich ma y b e extingu i shed
,
worthy i n action than the com o n e n ts b y a vigorous pu fl of a i r M acnab a nd .
,
cent nitro glycerine 4 0 per cent nitrate
th ough as is well known th i s form of
, ,
of potash 1 3 per cent cell ul ose 7 per
,
rosi n or charcoal .
,
which has been treated in one of various Anoth er process f or th e manu f acture
ways to make it burn sl ower tha n gun of s mokeless o wd er is as foll ows :
cotton a nd als o to render it less sensitive
, S t ra w; pr efe r a b y oat -stra w i s trea ted i n ,
use m ay be di vided into three groups : th e action 0 a sol ution com p osed of
( 1 ) T hose consisting of mixtures of parts of water parts of po ta s ,
the aid of a sol vent T o this group be . T h e e xcess 0 sol ution is presse d out ,
and 56 pa rts of nitrate d cell ulos e (2 ) . s ubj ect of the experi ment .
dion on the surface of each rain rate an d the ch romate of potash as W ell ,
c el l ul ose ; to this grou bel ong D u ont s ’ wax c ut i n s mall pieces i s fi nall y a dded
, , ,
from collodion by e xtraction with methyl charcoal or any other co mb ustible b ody .
glyceri n e a n d gun cotton are first mixed , lent quantities of s oda and po ta s its
parts of acetone added and the act i on i s re arded as favorabl e T ests
em pl oy i ng g
, .
cases in which it is all owed to cool T h e propyl and amyl m e thyl —a myh et h e r
'
, .
, , ,
iron cases are taken to the di ppin acetic ether di -ethyl keton e m ethyl ,
-
,
.
, ,
ea rthen ware pot an d transferred to the gi v en sol vent m ust n ot be use d to indi
steeping pits where it is all owed to r e , cate s ol ubility i n a nother N o nitro .
mai n for 2 4 hours a l ow tem perature , cotton is entirel y sol ubl e in any s olvent .
taken out of the machine and i mme d i standin g a few weeks th e clea r s uper
ately i mmerse d in a large vol ume of natant l i q uid may be d ecanted off On .
shows that a s uffi cient degree of sta bility or only slightly pul pe d nitro -cc l ul o se .
has been obtaine d the gun cotton is r e , I n this con dition it al so dissolves m ore
moved to a beating eng i ne and red uced easily than the finely pul ped material .
When
,
Vi d e d
“ ”
wi th gr i t tra ps an d el ectro T a rtar .
iro n etc
, into large .poachers ” in
, ,
charcoal powd er 3 parts T riturate , .
which the gun cotton is contin uously together u t into a cruci ble that it will
,
a itated to geth er with a large qua ntity three fo ur t s fill ( previ ously rub bed insi de
-
0g
,
q uantity of gu n cotton .
on the cover After 3 h ours exposure to .
’
S ol uble Gu n
Cotton — S ol uble gun .
an d 6 or 7 h ours cooli ng cautiously ’
,
n e o us l
acid mixture etc , . y crum ble t o a powder hen .
T h e term
“
sol ubl e usually impl i es the a bove process is properly cond ucted ,
that the gun cotton is diss olved by a mix the res ul ting powd er contai ns potassi um ,
parts of the former to 1 of the l atter bein g w a ter A piece the size of a pea i ntro
.
exce pt when the nitrogen contents are Fu l mi nati n g B i sm uth — T ake bis
also quoted .
’
,
with ca mel s -hair encil every 1 2 or 3
Be ca r e f upnot to get it i n the
through glass funnel tu be into al cohol
a
, ,
hours
(s pecific gravity 8 3 0 parts ( or
.
parts ; fl owers of sul ph ur 1 part ; red uce , D rops of Lime i n the Eye — I f li me has .
comes brown an d then expl odes with a , oil or olive oil is prescribed but pure lin ,
deafening report .
seed oil ought to render th e same service ,
I I — S ulphur
. 1 art chl orate of as it is also use d i n the h ouseh ol d S u b .
potassa 3 parts , .
, sequently the eye may be ri nsed out with
,
c u ssi o n .
EXTRACTS
S ee Essences and Extracts . Fa ts
Fa t —
Fresh bears fat i s white ’
EXTRACTS , TE STS FOR Bear
S e e Foods .
and very similar to lard i n appearance .
or other te m porary discol orati ons of the di ff ers from the fats of the d og fox and , ,
of pink grease aint or coll odi on col ored , very l ow melting point a nd a fairly high ,
I — Am m oni um c h l o
. is pri nci ally obtained from horse bones ,
l pa r t is very ark col ored i n the crude state ,
l pa r t and of an extremely disa greeable s mell .
when the fat has been recovered by of glacial acetic aci d an d the whol e
means of steam It consists in cutting . sha ken th oroughly T h e a dd i t i on of .
up the fat into s mall fragments and ex c olori ng matter is known by t h e red or
posin it to the air for several da s ell o w col oration which a ppears i n the
mass cing turned over at i n te r va y
,
its own weight of water wh ich d one , , c ol ori n matter is s us e cte d the acetic ,
about 3 or 4 pe r cen t of salt 1 8 added , aci d s o uti o n is run 0 into a porcel ain
and the whole i s boiled over again T his . basi n an d the l atter h eated on a water
treatment which takes 2 or 3 weeks
, , bath when the col oration will be seen
,
s weetens the fat makes it of the consist , m ore readil y T his test is i ntend ed for
.
e ff ected s o l e l by the oxygen of the air . Fatty Aci d Fe r me n ta tio n Pro cess .
oili n g water and 8 parts of hydro , stirred into the oil a nd water ; th e wh ol e
chl oric acid ( density 2 2 this quan °
mass is th en kept mi xed for 1 2 h ours by
tity being s u ffi cient for 4 00 arts of fat bl o w i n air through after which it is
D ecol oration proceeds gr a g
.
,
water .
en d of every h our After 2 4 h ours the .
always attended with danger of render at the sam e ti me all ows t h e fatty acids to
i ng fats rancid it is better to li uefy these
,
se arate m ore freely T o assist in this .
at a gentle heat and then add in weight e ect th ere i s added 1 gall on of s ul phuric
of a mixture of equal parts of kaolin an d
,
aci d ( 1 in 3 ) sol ution .
worked up for a time and then left to have separated i nto th ree l ayers — fatty
separate K aoli n has the ad vantage of
.
acids on th e t op glyceri ne water bel ow , ,
procured .
glycerine water is run away and the ,
Fresh ] b urned ani mal charcoal woul d whole mass l eft to stan d for 2 h ours .
w lp
i ze r t l ,
,
steam under high pressure ( a tem pera l ayer at th e b ottom which contai ns s ome ,
melted fat are put i nto a sm all s e parating r i o u s gl yceri ne Waters are treate d to
re
funnel and dissol ved i n 1 0 parts by meas , cover t h e glycerine while the fatty acids ,
ur e, of petroleum ether T h e sol ution .
are ma de marketable i n any c on venien t
i s then treated with 1 5 parts by measure , ,
33 6 FEAT HE R CO L O RIN G — FE RTI LIZE RS
With copper
, , , , ,
bl ue de lyon R B ; cotton bl ue N o 2 , , .
,
.
I I I — An
. acetic s ol ution D yes . , As a result of a series of experim ents ,
a ny one class pl umes can be dyed every , plants as f or exam l e b uckwh eat th e
, ,
possibl e color After dyeing they are . preferabl e form of t e food m aterial is
rinsed a nd dried in a rotating apparatus
, . that of a nitrate others for instance , , ,
I V — Th e s pra y method
. T h e sol u
that a pl ant will thri ve wh en the l acking
.
ph o sp ate
'
transi ti ons from one col or to another are ferri c phosphate ( s odi um
,
S e e Waterproofing
.
.
It 18 well known th at i n n ature nitrates
are formed wh erever deco m position of
organi c ni troge n ous su bsta nces takes
pl ace i n th e air th e am m onia forme d by ,
S e e Fats .
formati on o f nitrates are pre sent in
FERMENTATI ON, PREVENTION OF : nearly every corn field an d they are also ,
S ee Anti -Ferments and Wines and Li quors the cause of the presence of nitrates in
water that has its source near stables ,
P l
z .
com b i ned with am m onia ota sh an d
si ti ve to excess i v ely minute quantiti e s of
, ,
, , o th er s .
FE RTI LI ZERS 337
I .
-Ar ti fi ci a l Flo wer F er ti l i ze r .
phate .
1 2 3
Ammon ium n i tr a te 0 40 1 60 par ts V — S odium ph osphate
. 4 ounces
Ammon i umphosph a te
" . .
0 25 l 00 r
pa ts Amm oni um s u l
A mmo n i u mch l ori d e
.
5 0 pa rts
C a l ci um su lph a te . 0 24 6 . 0 pa rts phate
F errous sul pha te 4 O parts S ugar .
I I —Compost f o r In d oor Pl a n ts
. .
O n e application of this a week is
1 2 3 enough for the sl ower growing pl ants ,
Ammon i umsulph a te r 1 20 pa ts and 2 for th e m ore ra pi d growing her
S o d i umch l o r i d e
. .
pa rts 1 20
P o ta ssi umn i tr a te 0 15 pa rts
ba ce o u s ones .
for wateri ng a pot of about 1 quart capa c d ro ps to the quart of water and use as i n ,
Am m oni um ph os
phate parts p ate
Phos h oric acid parts .
Potassiu m phos
S im p e s yrup parts
.
phate 2 parts 0
syr u ’
For hastening the growth of flowers
fi
.
. . 30 ,
. s ul phate ,
5 parts of 1 i n
alternati n g with water to the pp
,
M a gnesia 1 part
.
ants , .
water the pl ants with the s ol uti on . parts ; s odi um nitrate 2 50 arts ; pot a s ,
Potassiu m nitrate 90 pa rt s .
T o every parts of water dissolve 2
Am m onium ph os parts of the mi xture an d water the po t ,
phate . . 5 0 parts ted plants once a week with this sol uti on .
Potassi um nitrate
.
as an i m o t ta nt bearin g upon a va il a bi l
,
F IRES C OL ORED
.
, ,
as filtering .
impur e o o o o o o o o o
,
, ,
—A m m o n i u m
.
a
q uired varies wit h the water s o t hat a n ,
.
water will not contai n any alum but and powdere d 3 5 parts
only a trace of potassi um sul phate for
,
Water parts
c —Am moni u m s u l
,
FILTE R PAPER : f — L i ui d
q . w ate r
S e e Pa per .
g l ass 4 50 parts
F I RE E X T I NG UIS H ER S — FIREPROOF ING 34 1
M i x the s ol utions i n the order named S ubsti tu te for Fire Gre n a d e s — A com .
a n d to the mixture while still yellow and , m on quart bottl e fille d with a saturate d
t urbid add , parts of water a nd let s ol ution of comm on salt m akes a chea p
When the preci pitate has s ub
,
VI I .
— S odi um chl oride . 20 parts the use of a combination of water glass
A m moni u m chl o or sol uble glass and tungstate of soda .
ride .
T h e followi ng is chea per an d m ore s uit
Water . .
a ble for the purpose :
Equal parts by weight of com mercial
, ,
—
VII I . S odi um carb onate 16 parts white co pperas Epsom salt an d sal a m , ,
Th e m ost e ffecti ve of all e xtinguishers a moist pul p or paste that m ust be dried
is am monia water It is al most instan .
by a l o w heat When dressin g the ma
.
,
may be thrown from si phons or soda II — G ood results are als o obtained
.
8
r o ce ss introd uced in Fr a nce the fol
II — S odi um chl oride parts , ,
I I I — S odi um
. chl oride . 6 parts the fa bric an d saturate it again this ,
Am monium chl oride 6 parts time wit h a sol ution of a titanium salt ;
S odi um bicarbonate . . 8 parts any sol ubl e titani um salt is suitable .
wire net of the size of a boilin g pan pl oy for this u r po se a sol uti on of silicat e
should be kept on hand in every varnish of soda of a out 1 4 B é but a mixed °
.
,
the netting is laid upon the b urn i ng s ur am moni um chloride may be em loyed , .
face th e flame is exti n guished beca use T h e objects are afterwards washe dried ,
,
i ron wire q uickly cools 0 s o that i t can variatio n consists i n treating the objects
not glo wany m ore T h e use of water i s .
i n a mi xed bath containi ng titan i um ,
excl uded and that of earth a nd sand u n tungsten and a suita ble sol vent
, .
4 .
Umber parts
. i n a 2 0 pe r cent sol ution of am m oni um
Japanese wax parts sul phate O n e pou nd of nettin g will
.
e
V —For Ligh t Wo ve n Fabrics
,
. .
s uch obj ect a nd let it get a bout half dry, ,
Am moni um s ul hate 8 parts by weight ; , , then iron it o ut with a h ot iron T h e .
, , ,
ora x 3 ; water 1 00
, T h e articles are , . .
to be left in the sol ution heated to , D uring the whol e d urati on of the
2 1 2 F for about 3 ho urs then s queezed action of the heat the fibers m ust be k e t
°
.
,
out and dried T h e mixture costs . from contact with the air which w o n ( 1 ,
a fi o r d e xcellent results
.
Water
.
.
N u merous processes have bee n rec
Ammonium o mme n d e d for com bating the i n fl a m
s u l ph a t m ma bi l i ty of organic tiss ues so me consist ,
c h e m i c a lly Parts
pure 14 by in g in e xternal applications others i n ,
Hartshorn salt
.
1
By sim ple s u perficial a pplications only
i l l usory protect i on is attai ned for these ,
B oil the water put am moni um s ul , j e cts on which they are a pplied preserve ,
i n g water on and then add the remaining flame Resistance to the fire being of o n l
.
materials i n rotation N ext foll ow the . short d uration these coati ngs scale 0 ,
rest of the h ot water T h e vat sh oul d be . or are rapidly red uced to ashes an d the
kept covered unti l the sol ution is com parts covered are a ain ex os a d I t .
each of silicate of s oda and al um in 4 rub trigger of trap with the soluti on .
Fireproof Co mpos i tions — I I — For fur . . I I — D urin the C ivil Wa r when both
. ,
naces etc : , .
al cohol and s e ll a c often were not pur
Pure silica (in grain ) 6 0 parts chasable an d where in the fiel d espe
, ,
G roun d flint 8 parts ciall ink was alm ost un kn own and ,
B all cl ay 3 parts .
men in the fiel d were com pelled to use
the penci l for correspon denc e of all sorts
M i x well together by passing on ce or
.
more thro ugh a fine S i eve an d use i n th e Where the com m unication was of a na
,
ture to make its perman ency desirable
same way as cem ent .
'
Fireproof Pap er — Paper is ren dered . milk which effected the purpose admi
,
,
For the sam e purpose sodi um tung bl ow one of these liquids u pon the freshly
state may also be em pl oyed .
pounced design by means of an atomizer .
pea 1 00 parts
LANNELS , W HITE NI NG OF :
.
,
parts .
7 0 0 parts .
FIREWO RK S
Oi l S tains for Har d Floor s —I — Burnt
S e e Pyrotechnics
. .
, , ,
is thi nn ed with a mixture o f oil of tur u mber 1 1 0 arts ; a n d cal careous earth
, ,
penti ne an d a ppl i ed with a brus h on the 2 0 parts . A ter 4 8 h ours a pply the araf
p
re spect i ve obj ect T h e s uperfluo us stain . fi n e w hi ch is previo usl y d i ssol ved i n pe
,
r o l e u m or prefera bl
is at once wi ped away with a rag so that ,
t ,
y e m pl oyed in a bo i l
onl y the abs or be d stain remains in the in
g cond i ti on in wh i c h case it will enter,
similar manner all oth erwise ti nted an d scratched o ff and an even smooth s ur ,
colored oil s tains are prod uced by merely face o f gl oss y color results which with ,
grinding th e res ecti ve col or with the stan ds acids and al kalies .
iccc of
suitabl e wood I n th e cas e of so t wood . ,
O il mini ms 20
however it is ad vi sabl e to stai n th e wh ole
,
M elt the pa r a ffi n e and ad d the bori c
previousl y with ordinary n ut stain ( not cid an d th e perfumes M i x well an d .
,
e e ffect .
and 1 pa rt sla ked lime with 1 5 parts
II — B o il 2 5 ) arts by wei ht of fustic water in a cast-iron pot is a pplied to the
and 1 2 parts o f Brazil woo with
. , ,
, ,
’
parquet to be renovat ed by means of a
parts of soa makers lye and 1 2 parts of cl oth attached to a stic k After a w hile .
potash un ,
the li quid m easures a bout r ub o ff the floor with a sti ff brush fine ,
order for a year T h e floor sh oul d be . m ove the particles 0 dirt and wax which
swept with a brush broom daily and , have entered the floor a nd enliven t h e
wiped u p twice a week with a dam p col or of th e wood Fi n a ll wax the .
cl oth a p lying the stain when n e ce s parquet after it has been was ed o ff with
sar to piii ces where there is m uch wear
, ,
Ever 6 wee 5 put the stai n all over the FL OOR OIL
y
floor an d brush it in well . S e e O ils .
,
I II — N ea t sfo o t oil
. .
FLOOR PAPER
C ott onseed oil .
S e e Pa per .
Water 56 parts
FLOOR VARNI S HES
Potassi um carbonate 4 parts S e e Varnishes .
K erosen e 1 part
Li me water 1 part FL OWER PRES ERVA TI VES .
Fl oo rs — T h e cracks an d
Pa r a ffi n i n g of .
Th e flowers sh oul d be di pped on e at a
j oints of th e parquet floor are fill ed Wi th t ime hel d by the stal ks and m oved about
,
are said to make excell ent s e c i men s VI —S tand the flowers upright in a bo x
.
Formal d ehyde
Alcoh ol f e ctl y but in very fleshy j uicy s e ci me n s
, ,
D istill ed water the sand m ust be renewed T o e effect .
ture to d estroy its brittl eness it can be resence of one or m ore of t h e se d r ugs
pceps the flowers from l osin thei r tur
,
5 ounces of dam mar an d 1 6 ounces of ers that have al ready w i ted are sai d to
oil of turp e ntine shoul d be used and a revi ve q uickly if th e stems are inserted i n
second coat gi ven if necessary When .
a weak camphor wat e r .
, ,
trans l arent copal and 2 0 parts san d fine parts of the fl owers s uch as stamens
Th e flowers s houl d be im mersed in t h e
.
, , ,
varnish for 2 minutes then all owed to dry , s pecial attach ments of textures wire , ,
be repeated 5 or 6 times .
w h ole is covered with shell ac s ol uti on
IV — Place the flowers i n a sol ution of or with a mixture of gl ue g psu m lime '
water .
ine col oph ony etc I f desired the sur
, , .
,
washe d and thoroughly dried and sifted em pl oyed in the shape of festoons for
with a sol ution co n si sti n of 3 parts of
,
decorating walls etc , .
Cl ose the box lightly and put it in a place upon the petals by putting the cut ends
where it can be mainta i ne d at a tem into water im pregnated with a s uitable
e r a t ur e of from 8 6 to 1 0 4 F for 2 or 3
° °
. aniline dye S ome dyes ca n th us be
.
receptacl es or gl ass cases with out fear of of water contai nin g a very s m all am ount
deterioration Wilted or withered fl o w
. of am m oni a i n a bell gl ass the col ors of ,
ates .
Abstract of a m ono r a ph by W D
Bigel ow a n d B urton f Howard pub
. .
S aturate u n sized paper with this sol u chemical ana y si s e m pl oyed i n food
tion a nd dry well . laboratories can be mani ul a t e d only by
one wh o has had at least t e usual college
V — B oil together for half an hour
course i n chemistry and some special
.
t e r a ti o n an d ca n be employed by the
,
q ui ckly as possi bl e to prevent it from careful house w ife with the reagents in
g e tting sour .
her me dicine cl oset a nd the a pparatus in
her kitchen T h e num ber may be great
VI — M i x together
.
.
l y extended by the purchase of a very
O rdinary syrup 1 00 o u nces . .
f e w articles that may be proc ured for a
Honey 3 0 ounces .
few cents at any drug store I n apply .
.
one whether layma n or chemist must
, ,
that has “ leaked ” over furniture and instance before testing a sam ple of sup
,
shelfware can be removed without caus posed coff ee for starch the method ,
with alcohol rain or wood ) or oil of coffee an d starch pre pared by the oper
tur cuti ne A coh ol will not inj ure the
.
ator .
S e e I nsectici des .
and someti mes even of the proportion of
adultera nts resent T his is especially
F OAM P R E PARATI ONS
.
.
true of s uc articles as coffee wine , ,
A harmless gu m cream is the foll ow salad oils flavoring extracts butter and
, , ,
in g: m i l k T h e h ousewife finds herself con
.
I .
— D igest 1 00
parts of Panama wood sta n tl y subm itti ng her p urchases to this
for 8 days with 4 00 parts of water and test . Her broad experien ce devel ops
1 00 parts of s i r i t s of win e ( 90 per cent ) .
her senses of taste and smell to a high
g
o ur o ff wit out strong pressure and degree an d her discri mination is often
,
l ter .
sharper an d m ore accurate tha n she her
For every 5 parts of lemonade s rup self reali zes T h e man ufacturer wh o .
take 5 parts of th i s extract where y a , has devel ope d h is natural senses m ost
FOOD A D ULTER A NTS 3 49
hi bl y appreciates best the assistance or tacks and will in ure metal vessels C are
'
broaden her fiel d of vision an d detect s ol ution of saleratus or sal s oda ( wash
many i m puri ti es that are not evident t o i ng soda ) i n water shoul d be applie d
, ,
eral methods for the detection of col oring B oric aci d or borax .
best be prepared for the funnel by cut I t is prepare d as foll ows : An a pprox
ting a C i rcular piece about the p roper i ma te l y 1 per cent sol ution of s ul ph u r i s - '
size and fol ding i t once thro ugh th e mid made by dissolving a bout {g of a t e a
dle and then agai n at right a ngles to the
, spoonful o f reci i t a te d s ul ph ur i n 3 or
first fold T h e paper may then be
. 4 ounces 0 car on bisul phide T his .
0 ene d without unfol ding i n s uch a way sol ution mixe d wit h a n eq ual vol ume of
t at three thicknesses lie together on one a myl al cohol forms the reagent required
side an d only one thickness on the other . by the method A s maller q uantity th a n .
I n this way the pa per may be made t o that in dicate d by these directions m ay ,
crable work on this s ubject b ut can be , few min utes stir all ow it to stan d again
, ,
size for test tubes is diameter of from a into the s ol ution and dry it , .
.
foll owing meth ods cover all of the more
be found very conven i ent If th i s i s .
,
T hese are q uite frequently used for pre
cubic centi meters will be foun d to be serving foods — the former with mea t
convenient ; if the English li quid measure products an d the latter with fruit prod
is used it may be graduate d to from 3 t o u cts — but unfortunately th e meth ods for
, ,
8 ounces .
their detection are not suitable for house
Ch e mical R eage n ts — T h e word r e hol d use .
” “
agent is a pplied to any s ubstance use d D etectio n of S al i cyli c Ac i d — T h e .
to e ff ect chemical cha nge i n an other determination of salicylic aci d can best
substance for the purpos e of identi fy i ng be made with li quids S olid and semi
its com ponent parts or d e t e r mi n i n i ts
.
i
,
T urmeric paper .
marmalade an d sausage m ay be m acer
I ron al u m ( crystal or powdere d form )
, ,
concentrated .
ati on m ay be performe d by rub bing i n a
Ca uti o n — All tests in whi ch hydro
.
teacup or othe r con ven i ent vessel with a
chl oric aci d is used sh oul d be con d ucted beav spoon .
consisting entirely of salicylic aci d are testi ng on e for sal icyl ic aci d an d the other
often carried from h ouse to h ouse by for benzoi c acid .
obtained from the fruit prod ucts as de , B oric aci d ( al so call ed boracic acid ) and
scri bed above are placed i n
,
n arro w a. its com pound with sodi um ( borax ) are
bottle hol ding 5 ounces about a quarter , often used to preserve ani mal prod ucts ,
chl oroform are added to the cl ear liquid T h e liq uid obtained b treating solids in
i n the second bottl e an d the li quids this manner is clari ed somewhat by
mixed by a somewhat vigorous rotary th oro ughly chilling an d filtering through
motion poured into an ordinary gl ass
, filter pa per .
m uch a s p o ssi bl e of the chl oroform layer littl e h ot water until the b utter is thor
( which n ow contains the salicylic acid ) oughly melte d M i x the contents of the
‘
is rem oved ( with out any admixture of cup well by stirri ng with a teas poon and
the a ue o us liqui d ) by means of a m edi set the cup with the s poon in it in a
cine rop er an d place d in a test tube or col d place until the b utter i s so li d T h e .
small b ott c with a bo ut an eq ual am ount s poon with the butter ( whi ch adheres to
of water and a sm a ll fragment — a littl e it ) is n ow rem ove d from th e cup and the
larger than a pin head — o f iron al um . turbid liq ui d rem ai ning strained through
T h e mixture is th oroughly shaken an d a white cotton cl oth or better through , , ,
all owe d to stand till the chloroform again filter pa per T h e liq ui d will not all pass
.
salicylic acid is then in dicated by the s u ffi cient am ount for the test m ay be
purple col or of the u pper layer of liq uid . secured readil y .
manner the operation ma be conducted turm e ric er is di pped into the l i quid
with safety even b one w o is not accus and then p a epd i n a warm lace — near a
to me d to hand ing chl oroform I n .
stove or la m p — till d ry I b oric acid or .
warm weather the vessel of warm water borax was present in the sam pl e the
may of course be omitted B en zoic
, .
.
W i ll now appear in the dish i n character am m oni a chan ges th e red col or to dark
i sti c flat crystals O n warming the dis h reen or greenis h bl ack I f too m uch
gyd r o chl o r i c aci d is used th e tur meric
.
.
cats u p or other articl es in which it is case h owever am m onia chan ges the
, ,
, .
3 52 FOOD AD UL TE RA NTS
of the cu fre quently with a s plinter of d r o chl o r i c aci d is used a dirty brownis h
wood . our out the contents of the c up col or is produced .
hydrochl oric acid to come i n contact Wi th or smal b ottl es of a bout e qual size and
metals or with the flesh or cl othing . shape s h oul d be em lo ye d an d an equal
a m ount ( 2 or 3 tab es o o n ful s or m ore )
D etectio n of Tur meric — I n yell ow .
of the s us ected sa m fe pl aced i n each .
sp
,
c i a ll y true of prepared m ustard to wh i ch
aken vi go r o usl for 2 or 3 minutes ,
a s ufficient am ount of starch adulterant and the n fi l te r e through filter aper
the first porti on of th e filtered fi q ui d
,
has been ad ded to reduce the natur a l
col or materially I f turmeric be e m
.
being returned to th e filter pa per and
pl o yed t o restore the n ormal shade a n the sa m l e finally collecte d i nto the test
i nd i cation of th at fact m ay sometimes be
tube or o ttl e i n whic h it was ori i n a ll y
obtained by mixing a half teas poonful l aced or a similar one T h e l te r e d .
,
ractice an d experience before they can
give the brown appearance with amm o
nia described above I n such cases a
p e s u c c e ssf ul l perform ed T h e h ouse .
.
wife can use t e m but must repeat the m
teas o o n f ul of the sus ecte d sam pl e may f r e uently i n order t o becom e proficient
,
wedge-sha ed stri p of filter pa per ab out , able to see the prod uct u ntil the can is
2 or 3 inc es l ong 1 inch Wi de at the opened B a stud y o f the di fferent
brands avaiy
, .
then suspen ded by pinning so that its , he c a n readil y select thos e whi ch are
narrow end is im mersed in the sol ution , preferabl e As stated in a n earlier part
.
and is all owe d to stand for a couple of of th i s article canned t omatoes some ,
. t e ct e d as described .
,
preservati on have recentl y been reported
i of an inch to an inch abov e the su r face in N orth D akota an d som e i m por ted ,
F OOD A D UL TERA NTS 3 53
tomatoes have been f oun d to be arti on the table for a m oment Pure co fi e e
fi ci a ll y preserved
.
T h e presence of c op
.
c ontains a l arge a mount of oil by reas on ,
per often use d for th e a rti ficial greeni ng
, o f w h i c h th e greater o r ti o n of the sam ple
of im ported cann ed peas beans s pi n ach Wi ll float All co cc s ubstitutes and
ma y be detected as described
, , , .
et c.
, .
some particl e s of coffee sink to the b ot
Co ffe e — T here are a n um ber of si m
.
tom of the li quid
.
A fair idea of the .
pl e tests for th e presence of the ad ulter pur i ty of th e sam pl e can often be d eter
ants of roun d co ff ee T hese are called m i ned by the pro o r ti o n of th e sam ple
which fl oats or si nks
.
simpl e e ca u s e the
y can be perform ed
.
I t m ust be u nderstood that they require is dropped into a gl ass of water the ,
home and mixed wit var i ous kinds of may be avoid ed by workin - fi r st with
ad ulterants which can also be secure d
,
known sam les of co ff ee an chicory as
0
su e s te d a ove
s e parately T h us th e a rticles themsel ves
fi a n } coff ee s ubsti tutes are now s ol d
.
.
the tim e an d persevera nce to master mined by s haking a teas oon ui i n a bot
them tl e half full of water as escri bed above , .
Ph ysi cal Te sts —T h e di ff erence be. s o as to wet ever y particle of the sa m ple .
round .n s uch conditi on pure co ff ee cept chicory used for its ad ulteration
,
?
his is particular true if a magn i fyi ng a p l yi n the test for starch I n making
p
! .
.
glass be e mpl oye T h e d i ff erent art i th i s test ess than a quarter of a teaspoon
cles co m os i ng th e mixture may then be .
ful of ground co ff e e sh oul d be used or a ,
ti cl e s sta n d out in strong contrast to the after dil uti on T h e amount of water
.
other s ubstances used a nd their n ature , that sh oul d be added can only be de
can be determin ed by one wh o i s fami l i ar ter mi n e d by experienc e .
T h e ap pearan c e of th e coff e e part i cles Cbn di men tal S a u ces — T omato cats u p .
After a careful ins pecti on of the sa mpl e oal -tar col ors a r e frequently em
with the na ked eye o r z better W i th a , , pl o ed with this class of goods es pe ,
placed i n a s mall bottl e half full of water tomato catsup T hey may be d e tected
.
f rom fresh b utter only with extrem e Mil k — T h e ol dest an d sim l est meth od
di ffi culty D uring the l ast few years
.
of a dulterating mil k is by i l uti o n with
considerable progress h a s been made in water T his destroys the n atural yell ow
the attem pt to renovate butter in such a
.
results .
An other form of a dulterati on is the
T h e s poon test has been suggested removal of the cream an d the sale as
as a househol d test and is com m onl y ,
whole milk of ski mme d or partially
used by anal tical chemists for distin ski mmed milk Agai n the di fficult
ui sh i n g fres b utter from ren ovated
.
,
lamp or it may even be hel d over a n able the specific gravit of mil k will
,
the sam ) l e in uesti o n be fresh butter it ple has been adulterated by dil uti on with
will boii ui e f i y with the evoluti on of
,
water Whole mil k h as a speci fic grav
.
man sma bubbles throughout the mass ity between and T h e spe
c i fi c gravi ty of ski mme d m il k is higher
w hic produce a l arge am ount of foam . ,
An in dicati on b means of a h yd r om
,
fresh butter the fat will alm ost certainly eter or l actom eter el ow th e fi ure
be entirely cl ear .
therefore indicates either that t e sam l e
T o m anipul ate wh at is kn own as the i n questi on is a very rich mil k or t at
Waterh ouse or mil k test about 2
” “ ” it
is a mil k ( pe r h a 3 normal erba s
sk i m med ) that has g T iie
, .
,
e a te d a teaspoonful of ,
dish of ice water and the sti r r i n con stated when mil k is dil uted by m eans o f
ff the
.
the fla vor of the product Vanilla ex . eva porates t o about one third or l ess o f -
.
tract is s ometi mes a dulterated with th e i ts vol ume .O win g to the eva porat i on
extract of the T onka bean T his extract of the al cohol th e rosi ns w ill then be i h
s ol uble Water may be added to restore
. ,
that one wh o has given the m atter som e then filtered an d the re si n on th e fil ter
attenti on may read i l y distinguish the pa per washed with water T h e r osi n is .
tract may often be j udged with a fair port i on of this sol uti on is a dde d a small
degre e of accuracy by means of the od or particle of fe r r i c al um an d to another ,
that is now quite preval ent is the use of , neither ferri c al um n or hydrochloric acid
artificial van i llin i n place of the extract wil l r o d uce m ore than a slight change
of either vanill a or T on ka bea ns Arti . of co or . With rosins from most other
fi ci a l vanillin has of course th e same , , s ources h owever one or both of these
, ,
natural vanillin of the vanil l a bean . For filtering a piece of fil ter paper
,
Extracts made from it h owever are , , sh o ul d be folded once through the middle
deficient in the rosins and oth er prod ucts an d again at right angl es to the fi r st fol d
'
m ust d e pend u pon the presence of other When the washing is com pl eted th e
substa nces than vanillin .
rosins may be dissol ved b po u r i n alco
D etecti on C a r a mel — Th e h ol through the filter h i s wor with
f col oring .
o
th e rosins w ill require som e practice be
.
quires the loss of th e sam pl e used for the that l e m on extra ct is practi call y a satu
test.
rated sol ution o f o il of lem on i n strong
al coh ol th e sam pl e m ay b e examined by
E xa mi n a ti o n o uref th e Rosi n — If S i m ple dilution with water A tea .
,
e
contai ns very littl e if a ny oil of l em on , , . fru i t pul p l eft after rem ovin g the j ui ce
for m ak i ng jell y When th i s is d on e .
Fr ui t Pro ducts — Ad ulterati on of fruit . res i du e s from d i fferent fruits are s ome
products is practically confined to j ellies t i mes m i xe d Exhausted raspberry or
.
sometim es em pl oyed ellies contai n . alfalfa seed having been used with jams
,
appearance that the m ost su perficial With the aid of a small magnifyin g
inspecti on is s u ffi ci ent t o dem onstrate l ass such forms of ad ulterati on may
that they are n ot pure frui t j ellies From . e detected the observer fam iliarizing
,
mine th ei r ur i ty .
D etecti o n o f P r eserva ti ves an d C ol o r s .
N atural ruit j ellies becom e li quid on — With j ellies and jams salicylic an d
bein warm ed A spoonful d i ssol ves
.
ben zoi c aci ds are someti mes em pl oyed .
tion .
classes of foods certai n questi ons i m ,
T hen all ow th e sol uti on to cool and t e st s e r v a ti v e s an d col oring m atter its appear
for starch with tincture of i odine as , ance is so changed as to deceive him .
dire cted l ater Arti fi ci a ll col ored j el T h e preservatives em ) l oyed with meat
products are bori c aci d borax and s ul
.
li es are someti m es n ot e co l o r i z e d by
'
, ,
and an equal vol ume or a littl e m ore of filtered through filter paper and a piece ,
ever a ense white preci pitate separates acid has been em pl oyed a d i rty brown
,
the li quid .
with the col or d ue to th e presence of
fi$ FOOD AD UL T E RA NTS
a m monia i s a dded to the col ored turmeric are s om etimes c ol ored with c oal -tar
aper it is t urned a dark green al most col ors T h ese prod ucts may be detected
b
.
, ,
the meat with a mixture of e qua l parts s ma am ount of practice with this test
of glycerin e a nd water to whi ch a f e w enables one to distinguish with a high
drops of aceti c or h ydrochl oric acid have d egree o f a cc uracy between w i n e an d
been ad ded After ma ce r a ti n for som e
. cid e r vi negars a nd the ordi nary su bsti
time the mi xt ure is filtered an the col or t ut es .
ity of the s ubsta nces used for the adul at astringent i n taste an d ,
adulteration .
cupful of oilin g water and the boiling vinegar has the odor of scorche d a ppl es ,
.
whil e that of Vinegars made from sugar
ture is then cool ed If of a dark color .
house wastes and of distilled and wood
V inegars col o red with a l arge am ount of
,
tent that the reactio n formed by starch moti n these characteristics h owever it , ,
tion can o nly be determined b practice t i lled an d wood Vi n egars often receive
,
c i a ll y distilled a nd wood
,
vi ne ar are
i of a teas p oonful o f the sam l e m ay be com monly col ored with c a r a me whi c h
,
u ntil the l i qui d sho ws by its co or the S a usa ge Colo n — T o dye sausage red ,
pres ence of i odin e in sol ution . certa i n tar dyestu ff s are e mpl oyed ,
360 FOOD PRE S E RVA T I VES
and have been th e subject of severe eriti an inch with the material Put i n the .
ci s m .
m eat takin g care that it d oes not touch
,
success ? and of the more thoroughly m ore suet or lard bei ng careful to com ,
tested ones the foll owing probably pl et el y c over and envel op th e meat T hus .
i ncl ude all of those d eserving m ore than pre ared the m eat will rem ai n absol utely
,
.
,
I
. .
these organs have been rem oved saltpeter ; parts by weight sodi um , ,
etc .
by wei ght take parts by weight
, , ,
5 Reducti on of temperature
. i e , . .
,
sodi um di ph osphate ; parts by w e i gh t , ,
col d storage .
water of crystalli zati on ; parts by ,
,
’
,
weight saltpeter ; together with traces of
,
7 T h e a pplicati on of gases
. Here .
by weight water of crystallizati on ;
ma y be mentioned D r G a mge e s and
,
’
.
parts by weight saltpeter ;
, parts by
, ,
IV C er vcla tw ur st (s pi ce po w d er ) :
Ai r dryi ng powdering of meat smo k
.
-
, ,
For 1 0 0 parts by weight take parts
pi c kli n sugar or vin egar curing , , ,
ing ,
V
,
al bumen of t h e surface and i ncl osing the For 1 0 0 parts by weight take parts , ,
body of the meat in an im permeable e n by we ight sal am m oniac an d, parts , ,
v el o pe of cooked flesh Pour some melted . by we i ght of saltpeter , .
of li me an d m agnesi a
E xtract of Meat Co nta i ning Al bume n
.
X —M i c h el s C a ssa l a S a l t: T his i s
.
phos phate ; per cent potassi o-sodic or the aci d salts of th e m eat extract part
tartrate ; per ce nt water of cr ysta lli l y through salting out by the salts of the ex
,
sium nitrate 5 0 parts ; sodi um chl oride i n col d or h ot water into a white mil ky ,
, ,
intensel y yell ow with an azo d yestufi and arati on is obtain ed which contains l arger
impregnated with oil of m ace .
quantities of al bumen an d is m ore
XV
B orax .
—
80 parts nutri tious and pal atable than other
B ori c a ci d 17 . parts preparations .
X VI m su hite
lp
.
—S o d i i i
I I — O l eate
. of zinc ( pow
S ali cyli c aci d 5 parts . .
XI X — P ot a s s i u m n i French chalk . .
III .
—
D ried al um .
s pirit in the presen ce of air over coppe r
, ,
1 6
”
V .
— S alicylic acid . 7 drach ms i n a reservoir fall s into a mixer wh ere it
,
B oric acid 2 ounces . 440 grains is volatilized an d intim ately mi xed with
T alcum . . 38 ounces air from a cham ber which is connected
S lip pery el m bark . 1 ounce with a force pum p T h e ases after .
B oric aci d
.
beneath
.
Zinc ol eate .
S alicylic acid
O i l of eucalyptus
is then l ed through a series of two
“ ”
washers T h e form ol th us obtained
.
VII .
— S alicylic
acid . is a mixture of water m ethyl alcohol , ,
,
I — S al icylic acid
. 1 drach m become poly meriz ed into t r i o x me th yl e n e .
T alc um 6 ounces When once oxi dation starts the heat gen ,
L yco odium 6 drach ms .
cally automatically .
m
.
G lycerine 1 § o unces . .
add 5 c ubic centi meters of the suspected
Al cohol to ake 3 ounces .
formal dehyde sol ution A strong red .
rop 1
F TRA CTS
SE
EiE
iEdfi t
FI T
M i x Pencil over the ski n and then
.
II.
—
Hebra s oi ntment ’
5 0 0 parts .
serves ) .
G lycerine 1 00 parts
Ho w to K e e Fr ui t — Accordin to
Liquefied carb olic e xperi ments o f ax de N a n so u ty g ruit ,
acid 1 5 pa r ts care fully wrapped i n sil k pa per and then
M i x Appl y to the broken ski n
. buried i n dry sa n d will preserve a fres h
occasional ly . a pea r a n ce with a fres h odor or flavor ,
. .
served i n d ry excelsi or b ut not nearly ,
I odine , ure
? s o wel l I n stub bl e o r stra w fruit rots
.
.
the i odine i n the least possibl e a mount of pl aced o n wooden tablets a nd expose d to
alcohol M elt the a r a ffi n e an d add the
.
the air most fruit deca ys ra pi dly
, .
I — Cr u s h e d S tr a w be rr y — Put up by
pour i nto s uitabl e mol ds Wr a the .
.
,
pack in wooden b oxes By using more .
e xposed to the air for m onths wit out
or less oli ve oil th e pe n cil s may be made fe rmenti ng
,
and 5 part s of alc oh ol ; then add coll odion gall on of pul p t hus obtai ned 8 pounds of ,
s u ffi cient to make 1 0 0