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Presentation to:
IEEE-Southern Alberta Section
November 16th, 2015
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Agenda
WHAT IS LIGHTNING
STRIKING DISTANCE
GROUND FLASH DENSITY
STATISTICS ON LIGHTNING OCCURRENCE
LIGHTNING PROTECTION
EMPIRICAL METHODS
ELECTROGEOMETRIC MODEL (EGM)
ROLLING SPHERE METHOD
FAILURE PROBABILITY
FAILURE RATE
LIGHTNING PROTECTION OF TRANSMISSION LINES
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
TRANSIENT OVERVOLTAGE
LIGHTNING OVERVOLTAGES
SWITCHING OVERVOLTAGES
SURGE ARRESTERS
CONCLUSIONS
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WHAT IS LIGHTNING
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Stroke Formation
~ 0.06 s
0.001 s
10 to 80 m
100
100AA
Return
Return
Stroke
Stroke
24000
24000AA
Leader
Leader
streamer 30000
30000km/s
km/s
150
150km/s
km/s
streamer
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(µs) (µs)
Uman 9
STRIKING DISTANCE
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Striking Distance
300
250
150
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Peak Current (kA)
DARVENIZA LOVE WHITEHEAD IEEE SUZUKI
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300
200
150
100
50
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Peak Current (kA)
IEEE 12
GROUND FLASH DENSITY
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𝑵𝒌 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 ∙ 𝑻𝒅
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𝟏.𝟏
𝑵𝒌 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟒 ∙ 𝑻𝒉
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LIGHTNING PROTECTION
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STANDARDS
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LIGHTNING PROTECTION OF
SUBSTATIONS
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THE DESIGN PROBLEM
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Four-Step Approach
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EMPIRICAL METHODS
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Fixed angles
Empirical curves
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FIXED ANGLES
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= 45
= 30 or 45
PROTECTED OBJECT
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= 45
= 30 or 45
PROTECTED OBJECT
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Notes:
Independent of Voltage, BIL, Surge Impedance,
Stroke Current Magnitude, GFD, Insulation Flashover
Voltage, etc.
Simple design technique and easy to apply.
Commonly used in Distribution Substation design.
Has been in use since 1940’s.
For 69 kV and below produces very good results.
IEEE 32
EMPIRICAL CURVES
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Empirical Curves
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x
d= height of the protected object
h= height of the mast y
h
x= horizontal separation d
y= h-d
Ratio x/h
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Single Lightning Mast HIGH VOLTAGE POWER ENGINEERING SERVICES
0.1% Exposure
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ELECTROGEOMETRIC MODEL
(EGM)
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EGM: Procedure
Stroke Current
Strike Distance
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Electrogeometric Model
Allowable Stroke Current (Is):
𝑩𝑰𝑳 ∙ 𝟏. 𝟏 𝟐. 𝟐 ∙ 𝑩𝑰𝑳
𝑰𝒔 = =
𝒁𝒔 𝒁𝒔
𝟐
𝟎. 𝟗𝟒 ∙ (𝑪𝑭𝑶) ∙ 𝟏. 𝟏 𝟐. 𝟎𝟔𝟖 ∙ (𝑪𝑭𝑶. )
𝑰𝒔 = =
𝒁𝒔 𝒁𝒔
𝟐
𝟐∙𝒉 𝟐∙𝒉
𝒁𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎 ∙ 𝒍𝒏 ∙ 𝒍𝒏
𝑹𝒄 𝒓
𝟐∙𝒉 𝑽𝒄
𝑹𝒄 ∙ 𝒍𝒏 − =𝟎
𝑹𝒄 𝑬𝟎
Vm BIL Vm BIL
(rms) (kVp) (rms) (kVp)
72.5 325 950
362 1050
450 1175
123
550
1050
450 420 1175
145 550 1300
650
1175
550 1300
170 650 525
1425
750 1550
650 1675
750 1800
245 850 765
1950
950 2100
1050
850
300 950
1050
CSA-C71-1-99 43
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𝑺𝒎 = 𝟖 ∙ 𝒌 ∙ 𝑰𝟎.𝟔𝟓
𝑺𝒇 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟐𝟓 ∙ 𝒌 ∙ 𝑰𝟎.𝟔𝟓
Where:
𝑺𝒎 is the strike distance in meters
𝑺𝒇 is the strike distance in feet
𝑰 is the return stroke current in kA
𝒌 = 𝟏 for strokes to wires or the ground plane
𝒌 = 𝟏. 𝟐 for strokes to a lightning mast
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𝑰𝒔 = 𝟐𝒌𝑨
100%
90%
Probability of Exceeding Abscissa
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0 50 100 150 200
Peak Current (kA)
ANDERSON MOUSA
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4 6m
5m
3
4m
2 3m
1 2m
INSULATOR
1m LENGTH (w)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time to Breakdown (µs)
1m 2m 3m 4m 5m 6m
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ROLLING SPHERE METHOD
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STRIKING DISTANCE = S
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𝑺𝒎 = 𝟖 ∙ 𝒌 ∙ 𝑰𝟎.𝟔𝟓
S1 > S
I1 > I
STRIKING DISTANCE = S1
×
×
STRIKING DISTANCE = S
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FAILURE PROBABILITY
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Failure Probability
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Failure Probability
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Failure Probability
S0
S
𝑷 𝒇 = 𝑷 𝑰𝒔 − 𝑷(𝑰𝒔𝟎 )
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Failure Probability
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Failure Probability
𝟐. 𝟐 ∙ 𝑩𝑰𝑳
𝑰𝒔 =
𝒁𝒔
𝑺 = 𝟖 ∙ 𝒌 ∙ 𝑰𝟎.𝟔𝟓
𝒔
𝑺 > 𝑺𝟎
𝑰𝒔 > 𝑰𝒔𝟎
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Failure Probability HIGH VOLTAGE POWER ENGINEERING SERVICES
𝟐. 𝟐 ∙ 𝑩𝑰𝑳 𝟐. 𝟐 ∙ 𝟔𝟓𝟎
𝑰𝒔 = 𝑰𝒔 = = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟑𝒌𝑨
𝒁𝒔 𝟑𝟓𝟓
𝑰𝒔𝟎 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟑 kA 𝑺𝟎 = 𝟖 ∙ 𝒌 ∙ 𝑰𝟎.𝟔𝟓
𝒔 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒎
𝑺 = 𝟒𝟎 𝒎 𝑰𝒔 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟖𝟗 kA
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𝟏 0.990
12.9%
𝑷 𝑰 = 𝟐.𝟔 0.861
𝑰
𝟏+
𝟐𝟒
𝑷 𝑰 > 𝟒. 𝟎𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟗𝟎
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r
PROTECTED
ZONE AT
ELEVATION h
FOR Is
PROTECTED ZONE AT
GROUND FOR Is
PLAN VIEW
𝒓𝟎 = 𝟐𝟐 𝒎 𝒓 = 𝟑𝟓 𝒎
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𝑵𝒌 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟐 ∙ 𝑻𝒅
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LIGHTNING PROTECTION OF
TRANSMISSION LINES
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Route Selection
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Route Selection
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Route Selection
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Structure Height
Uman 75
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Structure Height
The first factor of a line route that affects lightning
performance is structure height
𝟐𝟖 ∙ 𝒉𝟎.𝟔 + 𝒃
𝑵𝒔 = 𝑵𝒈 ∙
𝟏𝟎
Soil Resistivity
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0.0982 0.2182
0.0711 0.1695
0.1123
0.0620 0.1565
0.0853 0.2024
0.1096
0.1345
0.0612 0.1598
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Shielding Angle
Ng = GFD
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Shielding Angle
Example:
Ng = 1 flashes/km2/yr
OHGW height = 30 m
Ic = 10 kA
Shielding Angle = 23
23
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Shielding
Angle
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Dc Dc
rg
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INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
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NFPA 180 86
GROUNDING
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Grounding Impedance
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Classes of Overvoltages
I1 = 50kA
R1 = 50
Vt = 2500 kV
I1 = 50kA
R1 = 10
Vt = 500 kV
IEC 89
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NFPA 780 90
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Ground Rods
Grounding
𝝆 𝟐𝒔
𝑹= 𝒍𝒏
𝟐𝝅𝒔 𝒓
R - Resistance ()
- Earth resistivity (.m)
s - Length of the rod in contact with the Earth
r - Rod radius (m)
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Supplemental Grounding
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Overvoltages
Lightning Overvoltages
Switching Overvoltages
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Classes of Overvoltages
IEC 96
LIGHTNING OVERVOLTAGES
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Lightning Overvoltages
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Lightning Overvoltages
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Impulse Voltage Generator HIGH VOLTAGE POWER ENGINEERING SERVICES
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1.2/50 µs
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8/20 µs
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SWITCHING OVERVOLTAGES
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Switching Overvoltages
Line energization
Load rejections
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250/2500 µs
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Transient Overvoltage
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SURGE ARRESTERS
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Function of an Arrester
Protect Equipment Against
Lightning
Switching Surges
Capable of Withstanding Repeated Duty
Durability Tests
Withstand System Conditions
System Voltage
Temporary Overvoltage (TOV)
Outdoor weathering
High voltage stress
Assure Uninterrupted Service
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Transient Overvoltage
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1. Sealing Cover
2. Silicone Rubber Insulator
3. Fiberglass Tube
4. Line Terminal
5. Spacers
6. ZnO Blocks
7. Spring
8. Venting Duct
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Voltage
Voltage
Current
Current
8 x 20 µs
Separation Effect
30 m
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CONCLUSIONS
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Conclusions
Any design of Direct Lightning Stroke Shielding depends on
the probabilistic nature of lightning phenomena.
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Conclusions
Fixed-angle design method is quite adequate for distribution
substations.
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Conclusions
Power system transient simulation studies help in quantifying
the maximum anticipated stress and determining the rating and
location of overvoltage mitigating devices.
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References
IEEE Guide for Direct Lightning Stroke Shielding of Substations - IEEE Std 998-2012;
IEEE Guide for Improving the Lightning Performance of Transmission Lines - IEEE Std 1243-1997;
IEEE Guide for Improving the Lightning Performance of Electric Power Overhead Distribution Lines-IEEE Std
1410-2011;
IEC 62305-Protection against lightning, 2013;
NFPA 780: Standard for the Installation of Lightning Protection Systems, 2014;
Uman, M., “The Art and Science of Lightning Protection”, Cambridge University Press, 2008;
Anderson, J. G., et el., “Transmission Line Reference Book 345 and Above, EPRI, Second Edition, 1982;
Hileman, A. “Insulation Coordination for Power Systems”, Taylor and Francis, 1999;
Zipse, D., “Lightning Protection Systems: Advantages and Disadvantages, IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Applications, Vol. 30, No. 5, September/October 1994, pp. 1351-1361;
Mousa, A.M.,”The Applicability of Lightning Elimination Devices to Substations and Power Lines”, IEEE Trans. on
Power Delivery, Vol. 13, No. 4, October 1998, pp.1120-1127;
Verdolin, R., "Laboratory Test for Evaluating the Performance of SiC and ZnO Surge Arrester", Rio de Janeiro
Federal University, COPPE/UFRJ, M.Sc. thesis, September 1983;
Verdolin, R, “Overvoltage and Coupling Effects on an AC-DC Hybrid Transmission System”, Ph.D. thesis,
University of Manitoba, 1995;
P.K. Sen, “Understanding Direct Lightning Stroke Shielding of Substations”, PSERC Seminar, Golden Colorado,
November 6, 2001.
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