Analysis Methods

S. N. Parameters Brief Description Test Methods

Measurement of pH with the instrument is accomplished by
Electromeric, 4500 -
determining the potential developed by an electrical cell. The cell
H+ B,: APHA-
consists of a glass electrode system immersed in a test solution. The
1. pH AWWA-WPCF,
electrode system is pH sensitive and develops an electrical potential
2005, 21st Edition,
linearly proportional to the pH of the solution in which it is
Instrumental Manual
immersed.
A well-mixed sample is filtered through a weighed 0.45µm filter Oven Drying, 2540
Total Suspended paper and the residue retained on the filter paper is dried at constant D APHA-AWWA-
2.
Solids, (mg/l) weight at 103 to 105oC. The increase in weight of the filter paper WPCF, 2005, 21st
represents the total suspended solids and is expressed in mg/l. Edition
The azide modification analysis is the Iodometric titration. In this Winkler Azide
method, manganous sulfate solution, alkali - azide solution and Modification, 4500 -
Dissolved
3. sulfuric acid are added successively in the DO bottle and the O C, APHA-
Oxygen, (mg/l)
liberated iodine is titrated against sodium thiosulfate solution to the AWWA-WPCF,
starch end point. 2005, 21st Edition
EDTA forms a chelated wine red soluble complex of calcium and
EDTA Titrimetric,
magnesium with erichrome black T indicator in an aqueous solution
Total Hardness as 2340 C, APHA-
4. buffered at pH 10. When all calcium and magnesium has been
CaCO3, (mg/l) AWWA-WPCF,
complexed by EDTA addition the solution turns from wine red to
2005, 21st Edition
blue, marking the end point of the titration.
It can be determined by titration with standard 0.05N sulfuric acid
solution to the successive bicarbonate and carbonic acid equivalence Titrimetric, 2320 B,
Total Alkalinity as points using appropriate indicators. Phenolphthalein is satisfactory APHA-AWWA-
5.
CaCO3, (mg/l) to determine the alkalinity contributed by hydroxides and WPCF, 2005, 21st
carbonates (pH 8.3) and methyl orange to determine bicarbonate Edition
alkalinity (pH 4.5).
The presence of chloride ion in water and wastewater can be
Argentometric
detected using the argentometric method, in which standard silver
Titration, 4500 - Cl-
nitrate is used to titrate the sample. The chloride ion is
6. Chloride, (mg/l) B, APHA-AWWA-
quantitatively precipitated as white silver chloride. Since the silver
WPCF, 2005, 21st
chloride in nearly invisible, the indicator potassium chromate is
Edition
used to observe the end - point.
Spectrophotometric measurement at 420nm of the yellow to brown Direct
Ammonia - N,
7. (reddish brown) colored compound formed by reaction of ammonia Nesslerization, 4500
(mg/l)
in the filtered water with nesslar reagent. - NH3 C APHA
The absorbance of the filtered sample is taken at 275 and 220nm
4500 - NO3- B,
respectively. To obtain the absorbance due to nitrate ion, subtract
APHA-AWWA-
8. Nitrate - N, (mg/l) two times the absorbance reading at 275nm from the reading at
WPCF, 2005, 21st
220nm of samples and standards. Finally, the nitrate concentration
Edition
of the sample is calculated from the calibration curve.
This method is based on a comparison of the intensity of light
scattered by the sample under defined conditions with the intensity Nephelometric,
of light scattered by a standard reference under the same conditions. 2130 B, APHA-
9. Turbidity, (NTU) The measurement of the intensity of scattered light at right angles to AWWA-WPCF,
the direction of the incident light (Tyndall effect) as a function of 2005, 21st Edition,
the concentration of the dispersed phase is the basis of Instrumental Manual
nephelometric analysis.
10. Iron, (mg/l) Direct Air -
11. Manganese, (mg/l) Acetylene AAS,
The sample is wet or dry digested and the fixed volume is prepared.
3111 B, APHA-
The aliquot is aspirated in AAS and the concentration is found out
AWWA-WPCF,
12. Copper, (mg/l) from the calibration curve.
2005 21st Edition,
ISO 5815-1989