Department :English Language and Literature

Filière : English Studies

Semester : 6, Module 24
Course : End of Studies Project

REFERENCING

Pr. AFKINICH
 List of References/ Cited Works
• The List of references /Cited Works is presented at the
end of your essay or report on a separate page.
• It’s where you provide complete details about the
sources that you have used in your assignment
• The bibliography should provide enough specific details
to allow your reader to physically access the same
source that you have used.
• It should also follow the conventions of a recognised
system
• Bibliographies are always alphabetical

Pr. Afkinich End of Studies Project: Referencing 2

 Published Printed Works
Books by a single author
• To document references for books, include:
– Author’s surname and initials
– Year of publication
– Title of publication – this should be in italics (or
underlined if your bibliography is handwritten)
– Title of series, volume number, edition (if applicable)
– city of publication followed by Publisher
• eg’s Brown, D.J. 1993, Contemporary Australian Health,
Melbourne, Australia: Melbourne University Press.

Pr. Afkinich End of Studies Project: Referencing 3

 Published Printed Works
Books by multiple authors
• Document as for single authors, using the
punctuation shown in this example:

• eg Brown, P.L., Jones, W.T. & Barrow, L.N. 1996,

Television Violence, Sydney: Bridge.

Pr. Afkinich End of Studies Project: Referencing 4

 Published Printed Works
Edited books
• Some books have an array of different authors listed inside
the cover, but it’s not clear which parts each of them wrote,
nor is it clear that they all co-authored the whole book. In
these cases, there is usually an editor named clearly on the
cover and on the title page inside.

• Document such books as for authored books, but show that

an editor put the book together by using ‘ed’ in brackets after
the editor’s name:

• eg Brown, S.W. (ed) 1991, Beating the Big C, Sydney,

Australia: Random House.

Pr. Afkinich End of Studies Project: Referencing 5

 Published Printed Works
Translated works
• Even though your in-text reference will only
cite the person whose ideas you are using (in
the following example, Nietzche’s), your
bibliography should tell your reader whose
translated version you used (here, it’s
Kaufmann’s)
• Nietzche (1954) The Portable Nietzche, trans, W.
Kaufmann, Penguin Books, New York.

Pr. Afkinich End of Studies Project: Referencing 6

 Published Printed Works
Periodicals
• A ‘periodical’ is a printed publication that is issued ‘periodically’ ie daily, weekly,
monthly etc. It includes magazines, professional journals and so on.

• In your bibliography, details of each article you use should be shown separately,
and should include:
• Author’s surname and initials
• Year of publication
• Title of article(in single quotation marks)
• Title of periodical (italicised)
• Title of series, if applicable
• Volume or issue number, if applicable
• Page numbers of entire article

• eg’s Hill, S.R. 1999, ‘Working more and enjoying life less’, Journal of Social
Psychology, vol.12, pp.23-28

Pr. Afkinich End of Studies Project: Referencing 7

 Internet sources
• While conventions for online and electronic sources are still developing, it seems
that most universities are now using the term ‘retrieved’ to indicate the date you
gathered the information from this sort of source.

Author known

eg Canavan, P. 2000, Successful Management, http://www.now.management.gofast.NZ

[retrieved 18 January 2004, updated 1 January 2004].

Author is unknown

eg The Price of Freedom, 1999, http://www.timor.people.struggle.com.au [retrieved 4 January

2003, updated 12 December 2002].

Author is unknown but the source organisation is known.

eg Greenpeace, 1999, The Logging Must Stop! http://www.greenpeace.logging.com.au

[retrieved 4 January 2000].

Pr. Afkinich End of Studies Project: Referencing 8

 In-Text referencing
• There are three critical pieces of information
that your reader should be able to find in the text
of your essay/report:

• Whose idea was it?

• What year was it said/written?

• On what page number did you find the

information?

Pr. Afkinich End of Studies Project: Referencing 9

 published printed works
• In-text referencing for published printed works
should always indicate:

• Author’s surname
• Year of publication
• Page number(s)

Pr. Afkinich End of Studies Project: Referencing 10

 published printed works
• Books by a single author
– Use the author’s surname, date and the page (p) or pages (pp) on which you found the
information.
– There are several ways this information can be included, for example:

• Put all the details in brackets, not in your words:

eg The assumption that a child’s personality is largely moulded
by parental nurturing has been challenged (Harris,1998, pp.
1-33).

• Mention the author in your words:

eg Harris (1998, pp.1-33) argued against the assumption that
parents significantly influence the personality development
of their children.

• Mention the author and the date in your words.

eg It was argued by Harris in 1998 (pp.1-33) that parents do not
mould the personality of their children to any significant
extent.

Pr. Afkinich End of Studies Project: Referencing 11

 published printed works
• Books by multiple authors
• The first time you reference this work, list all
the authors.
• Follow the order of their names as shown on
the book’s title page.
• For subsequent references to the same work,
you may use the first author’s name, followed
by ‘et al ‘ (a Latin term meaning ‘and others’).

Pr. Afkinich End of Studies Project: Referencing 12

 Personal Communications
• Where information is obtained by letter, interview, email etc, it is referenced in the
text only (personal communication is not listed in the bibliography).
Examples:
It is claimed that addiction to gambling is on the increase in Australia,
particularly amongst females aged 18-30 years (Barrow, Dr L. Psychologist,
2000, personal communication, 14 January).
or
In a telephone conversation on 3 January 2000, Dr L Barrow, Psychologist,
suggested that …
or
In an email communication on 4 January 2000, Dr L. Barrow, Psychologist,
claimed that…

• Note that the in-text reference information is:

Name
Position, occupation or role
Date

• By including the position, occupation or role of the person with whom you have
had the personal communication, the reader can then judge the degree of
expertise of that person for the particular topic.
Pr. Afkinich End of Studies Project: Referencing 13