Balbiran, Janel C. ASSIGNMENT NO.

BSHRM 1A ENG 002

Figures of Speech
A figure of speech is a word or phrase
that has a meaning something different
than its literal meaning. It can be a
metaphor or simile that is designed to
further explain a concept. Or, it can be
a different way of pronouncing a word or
phrase such as with alliteration to give
further meaning or a different sound.
1. Alliteration
The repetition of an initial consonant
sound.
Example: Sally sells seashells.
2. Allusion
The act of alluding is to make indirect
reference. It is a literary device, a
figure of speech that quickly stimulates
different ideas and associations using
only a couple of words.
Example: David was being such a
scrooge!. (Scrooge" is the allusion, and
it refers to Charles Dicken's novel, A
Christmas Carol. Scrooge was very greedy
and unkind, which David was being
compared to.)
4. Antaclasis
It is a rhetorical device in which a word
is repeated and whose meaning changes in
the second instance. Antanaclasis is a
common type of pun.
Example:
Your argument is sound, nothing but
sound. – Benjamin Franklin.
The word sound in the first instance
means solid or reasonable. The second
instance of sound means empty.
5. Anticlimax
Refers to a figure of speech in which
statements gradually descend in order of
importance.
Example:
She is a great writer, a mother and a
good humorist.
6. Antiphrasis
A figure of speech in which a word or
phrase is used to mean the opposite of
its normal meaning to create ironic
humorous effect. From the Greek : anti
"opposite" and phrasis, "diction".

3. Anaphora Example:
She's so beautiful. She has an
The repetition of the same word or phrase attractive long nose.
at the beginning of successive clauses
or verses. (Contrast with epiphora and
epistrophe.)

Example: I came, I saw, I conquered –

Julius Caesar

7. Antithesis

The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas in balanced phrases.

Example:
Many are called, but few are chosen.

8. Apostrophe

Breaking off discourse to address some absent person or thing, some abstract quality,
an inanimate object, or a nonexistent character.

Example:
"O, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth,
That I am meek and gentle with these butchers!
Thou art the ruins of the noblest man
Balbiran, Janel C. ASSIGNMENT NO.
BSHRM 1A ENG 002
That ever lived in the tide of times." 12. Climax
Shakespeare, Julius Caesar, Act 3,
Scene 1 Refers to a figure of speech in which
words, phrases, or clauses are arranged
9. Assonance in order of increasing importance.

Identity or similarity in sound between Example:

internal vowels in neighboring words. "There are three things that will
endure: faith, hope, and love. But the
Example: greatest of these is love."
"The crumbling thunder of seas" – Robert 1 Corinthians 13:13
Louis Stevenson

10. Cataphora

Refers to a figure of speech where an

earlier expression refers to or 13. Dysphemism
describes a forward expression.
Cataphora is the opposite of anaphora, a Refers to the use of a harsh, more
reference forward as opposed to backward offensive word instead of one considered
in the discourse. less harsh. Dysphemism is often
contrasted with euphemism. Dysphemisms
Example: are generally used to shock or offend.
After he had received his orders, the
soldier left the barracks. (he is also a Example:
cataphoric reference to the soldier Snail mail for postal mail.
which is mentioned later in the
14. Ellipsis
discourse.
Refers to the omission of a word or
11. Chiasmus words. It refers to constructions in
which words are left out of a sentence
A verbal pattern in which the second half but the sentence can still be
of an expression is balanced against the understood.
first but with the parts reversed. Example:

Example:
He knowingly led and we followed blindly

15. Euphemism

The substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit.

Example:
Going to the other side for death
Passed away for die

16. Hyperbole

An extravagant statement; the use of exaggerated terms for the purpose of emphasis or
heightened effect.

Example:
The bag weighed a ton.

17. Irony
The use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning. A statement or
situation where the meaning is contradicted by the appearance or presentation of the
idea.
Balbiran, Janel C. ASSIGNMENT NO.
BSHRM 1A ENG 002
Example:
His argument was as clear as mud.

18. Litotes Example:

A figure of speech consisting of an
understatement in which an affirmative
is expressed by negating its opposite.
Example:
19. Merism
It is a figure of speech by which
something is referred to by a
conventional phrase that enumerates
several of its constituents or traits.
Example:
Flesh and bone. (Referring to the
body).
20. Metaphor
An implied comparison between two
unlike things that actually have
something important in common.
Example:
All the world's a stage,
And all the men and women merely
players;
They have their exits and their
entrances;
(William Shakespeare, As You Like It,
2/7)
21. Metaplesis
It is a figure of speech in which
reference is made to something by means
of another thing that is remotely
related to it, either through a causal
relationship, or through another figure
of speech.
A lead foot is driving behind me. (This
refers to someone who drives fast. This
metalepsis is achieved only through a
cause and effect relationship. Lead is
heavy and a heavy foot would press the
accelerator, and this would cause the
car to speed.)
22. Metonymy
A figure of speech in which one word or
phrase is substituted for another with
which it's closely associated; also,
the rhetorical strategy of describing
something indirectly by referring to
things around it.
Example:
Crown. (For the power of a king.)
The White House. (Referring to the
American administration.)
23. Onomatopoeia
The use of words that imitate the
sounds associated with the objects or
actions they refer to.
Example:
clap
murmur
24. Oxymoron
A figure of speech in which incongruous
or contradictory terms appear side by
side.

Example:
Dark light
Living dead

25. Paradox

A statement that appears to contradict itself.

Example:
Drowning in the fountain of eternal life
Deep down, you're really shallow.

26. Personification

A figure of speech in which an inanimate object or abstraction is endowed with human

qualities or abilities.
Balbiran, Janel C. ASSIGNMENT NO.
BSHRM 1A ENG 002
Example:
"Ah, William, we're weary of weather,"

said the sunflowers, shining with dew. Example:

"Our traveling habits have tired us. Forward planning
Can you give us a room with a view?" It's a free gift.
They arranged themselves at the window
and counted the steps of the sun, 31. Understatement
and they both took root in the carpet
A figure of speech in which a writer or
where the topaz tortoises run.
speaker deliberately makes a situation
William Blake
seem less important or serious than it
(1757-1827)
is.

Example:
27. Pun "The grave's a fine and private place,
But none, I think, do there embrace."
A play on words, sometimes on different (Andrew Marvell, "To His Coy Mistress")
senses of the same word and sometimes
on the similar sense or sound of
different words.

Example:
"Atheism is a non-prophet institution."
(The word "prophet" is put in place of
its homophone "profit", altering the
common phrase "non-profit institution")

28. Simile

A stated comparison (usually formed

with "like" or "as") between two
fundamentally dissimilar things that
have certain qualities in common.

Example:
He fights like a lion.

29. Synecdoche

A figure of speech in which a part is

used to represent the whole (for
example, ABCs for alphabet) or the
whole for a part ("England won the
World Cup in 1966″).

Example:
A hundred head of cattle (using the
part head to refer to the whole animal)

30. Tautology

A statement that says the same thing

twice in different ways, or a statement
that is unconditionally true by the way
it is phrased.