Chapter1 Part1

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻴﺮﻣﻮك‬
‫ﻗﺴﻢ اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎء‬
PHYS. 281A
Geometric Optics
‫ﻧﻀﺎل اﻟﺮﺷﻴﺪات‬.‫د‬ ©
Syllabus

• Text Book
Physics for Scientists and Engineers
Authors: Raymond A. Serway and John W.
Jewett 6th Edition
Publisher: Saunders College Publishing
© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 281A: Geometric Optics Chapter 1: Nature of Light - Laws of Geometric Optics
1
3
Useful references
All references of the text book
In particular
• Mathematical Methods in the Physical
Sciences, M.L. Boas
+
• Mathematical Methods for Physicists,
George B. Arfken and Hans J. Weber, 4th
edition Academic Press, 1995.
Web Sites
• Lecturer’s email
enidal@yu.edu.jo , nershaidat@yahoo.com
• Phys. 281A’s Offical Website

http://ctaps.yu.edu.jo/physics/phys281
Yarmouk’s Portal
• Phys. 281A’s Lecturer’s notes & Supplemental Material
http://faculty.yu.edu.jo/nershaidat/Material%20.
asp?CourseID=42
2
Phys. 281A Geometric Optics
ouk University
Physics Department Yarm
21163 Irbid Jordan
Chapter 1: Nature of Light and Laws

of Geometric Optics
© Dr. Nidal Ershaidat
http://ctaps.yu.edu.jo/physics/Courses/Phys281/Lec1
Lecture 1
Chapter 1 : Nature of Light
3
7
This Chapter
1. Light historical models
2. Measuring the speed of light.
3. Huygens’ Principle.
4. Fundamental phenomena of geometric
optics—reflection and refraction
5. Dispersion of light
6. Total internal reflection, optical fibers
7. Fermat’s Principle.
Different Approaches
Different Theories
4
‫‪9‬‬
‫‪Light‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺬ اﻷزل واﻹﻧﺴﺎن ﻳﺒﺤﺚ ﻓﻲ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ اﻟﻀﻮء‪ .‬ﻣﻢ ﻳﺘﻜﻮن‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ‪ ،‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﺮاه‬
‫وﻛﻴﻒ ﻧﺮى اﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﺣﻮﻟﻨﺎ؟‬
‫ﻋﺮف اﺑﻦ اﻟﻬﻴﺜﻢ أﻧﻨﺎ ﻧُﺒﺼﺮ اﻷﺷﻴﺎء ﺑﻔﻀﻞ اﺳﺘﻘﺒﺎل اﻟﻌﻴﻦ ﻟﻠﻀﻮء اﻟﻤﻨﻌﻜﺲ ﻋﻦ‬
‫اﻷﺟﺴﺎم وﻟﻴﺲ ﻷن اﻷﺟﺴﺎم ﺗُﺸﻊ ﺿﻮءﴽ ﻛﻤﺎ ﻛﺎن ﻳﻈﻦ اﻟﻴﻮﻧﺎﻧﻴﻮن‪.‬‬
‫ﻣﻨﺬ اﻟﻘﺮن اﻟﺴﺎﺑﻊ ﻋﺸﺮ وآراء اﻟﻔﻴﺰﻳﺎﺋﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﺘﺄرﺟﺢ ﺑﻴﻦَ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻀﻮء‪ ،‬أي‬
‫أﻧﻪ ﻣﻜﻮن ﻣﻦ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎت وﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﻣﻮﺟﻴﺔ أي أﻧﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﺎت ﻛﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﺘﻲ‬
‫ﻳُﺤﺪﺛﻬﺎ ﺣﺠﺮٌ ﻳُﺮﻣﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺎء‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﻌﻠﻢ اﻵن أن اﻟﻀﻮء ﻳﻤﺘﻠﻚ اﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﺘﻴْﻦ ﻓﺘﺎرة ﻳﺘﺼﺮف اﻟﻀﻮء وﻛﺄﻧﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرة‬
‫ﻋﻦ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎت‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ اﻟﺤﺎل ﻓﻲ اﺷﻌﺎع اﻟﺠﺴﻢ اﻷﺳﻮد واﻷﺛﺮ اﻟﻜﻬﺮوﺿﻮﺋﻲ‬
‫وأﺛﺮ ﻛﻮﻣﺒﺘﻮن‪ ،‬وﺗﺎرة ﻳﺘﺼﺮف وﻛﺄﻧﻪ ﻋﺒﺎرة ﻋﻦ ﻣﻮﺟﺎت ﻛﻬﺮُﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ‬
‫اﻟﺤﺎل ﻋﻨﺪ دراﺳﺔ ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ اﻟﻀﻮء وﺣﻴﻮده‪.‬‬
‫‪© Dr. N. Ershaidat Phys. 281A: Geometric Optics Chapter 1: Nature of Light - Laws of Geometric Optics‬‬
‫أ ه
‬
‫‪Huygens’ Principle‬‬
‫‪5‬‬
11
Huygens’ principle
Newton proposed a corpuscular nature of the light.
In 1678, The Dutch physicist Christian Huygens
showed that reflection and refraction of light could
be explained using the wave theory nature of light.
And since then, physicists used one of these two

behaviors in order to explain many phenomena
involving light.
In 1802, Young, in a famous experiment called the
Young’s Double Slit Experiment showed that
interference of light can be explained using the
wave theory of light!
2: Huygens’ Principle ‫ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻫﺎﻳﻐﻨﺰ‬

12
Huygens’ proposed a geometrical approach

which allows to construct the wave front of
a propagating wave based on the initial
shape of the wave. The so-called Huygens’
Principle
The basic idea is the following:
“Any point on a wave front of light may be
regarded as the source of secondary waves
and the surface that is tangent to the
secondary waves can be used to determine
the future position of the wave front”.
6
Construction of the
wave front using
Huygens’ Principle
14
Wavelets
Points A and B are sources of secondary wavelets.
Propagation direction
Fig.
Fig. 1: Propagation
wave wave Present

“crests” “troughs” Wave front
7
‫‪Propagation of Waves‬‬
‫ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻫﺎﻳﻐﻨﺰ – اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻣﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﻀﻮء‬

‫‪16‬‬
‫اﻋﺘﺒﺮ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬

‫‪ .v‬ﺣﺴﺐ ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻫﻴﻐﻨﺰ ﻓﺈن اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ A‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺸﺎر‬ ‫اﺗﺠﺎه‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﺼﺪر ﻟﻤﻮﻳﺠﺎت ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻲ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺤﺰر ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪارﻫﺎ ‪ t‬ﻓﻴﻠﺰم أنْ ﻧﺮﺳﻢ ﻗﻮﺳﴼ ﻣﺮﻛﺰه اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬
‫وﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮه ﻳُﺴﺎوي اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪vt‬‬
‫ﺛﻢ ﻧﺮﺳﻢ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ‪ B‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻗﻮﺳﴼ ﻣﺮﻛﺰه ‪ B‬وﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮه ﻳُﺴﺎوي‬
‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ‪.vt‬‬
‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :2‬ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻫﻴﻐﻨﺰ‬

‫‪8‬‬
17
Light Wave Propagation

Consider a beam of plane waves propagating in the
x+ direction with velocity v. According to Huygens’s
principle A which belongs to the wave front at t = 0
is a source of secondary wavelets.
In order to “guess’ the position of the wave front
after a time interval t, we simply draw an arc of a
circle of center (A) and whose radius is (the
distance) vt
Fig.
Fig. 2: Huygens’
18
Light Wave Propagation

Consider a second point B at the wave front at t = 0.
we draw another arc of a circle of center (B) and
whose radius is (the distance) vt
Propagation direction
Fig.
Fig. 3: Constructing wave fronts
Then the tangent surface to the two arcs forms the
wave front at instant t.
Note that the resultant surface is plane!
9
19
The Wave Envelop

The tangent surface forms at instant t an envelop
around the wavelets emitted by the sources which
belong to the wave front at some instant t’ < t
Wave front at t
Wave front at t’
Fig.4: Construction of the wave front at

instant t according to Huygens
10
21
Further Reading
For more details see:
http://ctaps.yu.edu.jo/physics/Courses/Phys151
http://ctaps.yu.edu.jo/physics/Light
Lecture 2
tics
Phys. 281A Geometric Op rsity
ouk Unive
21163 Irbid Jordan
The Ray Approximation
11
23
Rays
In geometric optics the study of all phenomena
regarding light, i.e. its propagation, reflection,
refraction, etc … is based on the assumption that
light travels in a fixed direction in a straight line.
This approximation called the ray approximation is
applied:
when light propagates through a uniform
medium,
or when it passes and changes its direction when
it meets the surface of a different medium,
or if the optical properties of the medium are
nonuniform in either space or time.
24
Definition
Rays of a given
wave are straight
lines perpendicular
to the wave fronts.
Fig. 5 Shows the rays for a plane wave

propagating to the right. The arrows point in the
propagation direction.
12
25
Direction of Propagation
Equivalently we assume that a wave moving
through a medium travels in a straight line
in the direction of its rays.
26
Limitations to the Ray Approximation
The ray approximation has certain limitations
when light encounters an “obstacle”. In Fig. 6
The obstacle is a circular opening whose
diameter is much larger than the wavelength,.
The emerging wave continues

to move in a straight line
(apart from some small edge
effects); hence, the ray
approximation is valid.
Fig. 6
13
27
Diffraction
Now, if the diameter of the opening is of the
order of magnitude of the wavelength, as in
Figure 7, the waves spread out from the
opening in all directions.
The emerging wave moves

no more in a straight line
but the ray approximation
far from the obstacle can
still be used.
This effect is called

diffraction.
Fig. 7
28
The case λ << d

Finally, if the opening is much smaller than the
wavelength, i.e. λ << d, the opening can be
approximated as a point source of waves. (Fig.
8)
Similar effects are seen

when waves encounter an
opaque object of dimension
d. In this case, when, the
object casts a sharp shadow.
Fig. 8
14
29
Validity of the Approximation

In this chapter and the next one we shall
consider the ray approximation together
with the condition λ << d and we shall see
that this approximation is good for the
study of mirrors, lenses, prisms, and
associated optical instruments, such as
telescopes, cameras, and eyeglasses.
Studying light as waves forms what we

usually call “Physical Optics”
Lecture 3
tics
ouk Unive
21163 Irbid Jordan
Reflection and Refraction
15
‫اس وار‬
‫ اح ا‬
Reflection and Refraction
on Plane Surfaces
32
Reflection
When a light ray traveling in one medium
encounters a boundary with another medium,
part of the incident light is reflected.
Fig. 9-a shows several rays of a beam of light
incident on a smooth, mirror-like, reflecting
surface. The rays are reflected.
Fig. 9-b shows the reflection in the case of a
beam of light incident on a rough surface.
Fig. 9-a Fig. 9-b
16
33
Specular and Diffuse Reflection

Reflection of light from a smooth surface is
called specular reflection.
reflection
The reflected rays are parallel to each other.
The rough surface in Fig. 9-b reflects the
rays not as a parallel set but in various
directions. Reflection from any rough
surface is known as diffuse reflection.
Smooth Surfaces
A surface behaves as a smooth surface as
long as the surface variations are much
smaller than the wavelength of the incident
light.
34
Importance of Reflection
“Without light, there would be no sight."
The Line of Sight
Everything that can be seen is seen only when light from
that object travels to our eyes. Whether it be a luminous
object (which generates light of its own) or an illuminated
object (which reflects the light which is incident upon it),
In the process of viewing an object, you are directing your
sight along a line in the direction of that object. If you wish
to view the top of the object, then you direct your sight
along a line towards the top of that object. If you wish to
view the object’s bottom, then you direct your sight along a
line towards the bottom. And if you wish to view the image
of the object in a mirror,
mirror then you must direct your sight
along a line towards the location of the object's image. This
directing of our sight in a specific direction is sometimes
referred to as the line of sight.
17

Laws of Reflection
36
Analyzing Reflection
Fig. 10 shows the specular reflection of a ray
The angle θ1 which the incident ray makes with
the normal to the reflecting surface is called
the incident angle.
The angle θ1’ which the
reflected ray makes with
the normal to the reflecting
surface is called the
reflection angle.
Fig. 10
18
37
Law of Reflection
Experiments and theory show that θ1 = θ'1
This is what we call the (first) law of reflection
A 2nd “law” of reflection appears also from
experiment, see fig. 11. It states that:
the incident ray , the reflected ray and the normal
to the reflecting surface are in the same plane
Fig. 11
Reflection and
19
39
1st and 2nd Laws of Reflection

In figure 12. The line AB represents a wave front
of the incident light just as ray 1 strikes the
surface. At this instant, the wave at A sends out a
Huygens wavelet (the circular arc centered on A)
toward D. At the same time, the wave at B emits a
Huygens wavelet (the circular arc centered on B)
toward C. Figure 12 shows these wavelets after a
time interval ∆t,
∆ after which ray 2 strikes the
surface.
Fig. 12
40
1st and 2nd Laws of Reflection

Because both rays 1 and 2 move with the same
speed, we must have AD = BC = c ∆t.
Note that the triangles ABC and ADC are congruent
because they have the same hypotenuse AC and
because AD = BC.
γ′
γ
Fig. 13
20
41
(1st) Law of Reflection

AD = BC = c ∆t.
γ = 90° − θ1 & γ ′ = 90° − θ′1

BC AD
cos γ = & cos γ ′ =
AC AC
γ = γ ′ ⇒ θ1 = θ′1
Fig. 14
Lecture 4
tics
ouk Unive
21163 Irbid Jordan
Refraction
21

!"
Refraction on Plane
Surfaces

Laws of Refraction
44
Refraction
When a ray of light traveling through a
transparent medium encounters a boundary
leading into another transparent medium, as
shown in Figure 15, part of the energy is
reflected and the other part enters the second
medium.
Fig. 15
22
45
Law(s) of Refraction
The ray that enters the second medium is bent
at the boundary and is said to be refracted.
The incident ray, the reflected ray, and the
refracted ray all lie in the same plane.
plane
The angle of refraction, θ2 in Figure 13,
depends on the properties of the two media
and on the angle of incidence through the
relationship:
sin θ 2 v 2
= = constant
sin θ1 v1
where v1 and v2 are respectively the speed of
light in medium 1 and medium 2
46
Index of Refraction
The speed of light depends on the medium. It
is given by the relation:
c
v=
n
where n ( ≥ 1) is a constant, characteristic of
the medium and called the index of refraction
of the considered medium.
Light travels at its maximum speed in vacuum.

(n = 1)
23
‫‪47‬‬
‫‪Index of Refraction‬‬
‫ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺮاغ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ c‬وﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻫﺬه اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ إذا ﻣﺮ اﻟﻀﻮء‬
‫ﻓﻲ وﺳﻂ ﻣﺎدي وﺗﻜﻮن أﻗﻞ ﻣﻦ ‪ ،c‬ﻷن ‪ c‬ﻛﻤﺎ رأﻳﻨﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ أﻛﺒﺮ‬
‫ﺳﺮﻋﺔ ﻳُﻤﻜﻦ اﻟﺤﺼﻮل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ أن أﻣﻮاج اﻟﻀﻮء أﻳﴼ ﻛﺎن ﻃﻮل ﻣﻮﺟﺘﻬﺎ ﺗﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ c‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺮاغ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻷﻣﻮاج ﻓﻲ اﻷوﺳﺎط اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺎﺧﺘﻼف ﻃﻮل‬
‫)‪.(v = f( λ‬‬
‫اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ‪ .‬أي أن اﻟﺴﺮﻋﺔ ‪ v‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪λ ) λ‬‬
‫ﺗُﺴﻤﻰ اﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺳﺮﻋﺔ اﻟﻀﻮء ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺮاغ وﺳﺮﻋﺘﻪ ﻓﻲ وﺳﻂ ﻣﺎدي ‪v‬‬
‫”ﻣُﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﻧﻜﺴﺎر“ ﻟﻬﺬا اﻟﻮﺳﻂ وﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﻋﺘﻤﺎد ‪ v‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ λ‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻗﻠﻨﺎ ﻓﺈن‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﻧﻜﺴﺎر ﻳﻌﺘﻤﺪ أﻳﻀﴼ ﻋﻠﻰ ‪.λ‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫= ) ‪n(λ‬‬ ‫‪>1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫) ‪v (λ‬‬
‫‪48‬‬
‫ُ
ا
ر اء‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﻧﻜﺴﺎر ﻟﻠﻬﻮاء ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﺒﻨﻔﺴﺠﻲ )‪ (λ = 4360 Å‬ﻳُﺴﺎوي‬
‫‪ 1.0002957‬وﻳُﺴﺎوي ‪ 1.0002914‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻀﻮء اﻷﺣﻤﺮ‬
‫)‪ ، (λ = 6560 Å‬وﻟﺬا ﻳُﻤﻜﻦ اﻋﺘﺒﺎر ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻧﻜﺴﺎر اﻟﻬﻮاء ﻣُﺴﺎوﻳﴼ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻞ‬
‫اﻧﻜﺴﺎر اﻟﻔﺮاغ أي اﻟﻘﻴﻤﺔ ‪ 1‬ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺒﻂ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﻧﻜﺴﺎر ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬

‫)اﻟﺰﺟﺎج ﺑﺸﻜﻞ أﺳﺎﺳﻲ( ﺑﻴﻦَ ‪ 1.46‬و ‪1.96‬‬
‫‪24‬‬
49
‫ُ
ا
ر ااد‬
‫ف ﻋﺎدةً ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﻧﻜﺴﺎر ﻟﻸوﺳﺎط اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ ﺑﺄﺧﺬ اﻟﺨﻂ اﻟﻄﻴﻔﻲ اﻷﺻﻔﺮ‬T‫ﻧُﻌﺮ‬
‫ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻷوﺳﺎط‬n ‫ اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻗﻴﻢ‬1 ‫ وﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﺪول‬،(λ = 5890 Å) ‫ﻟﻠﺼﻮدﻳﻮم‬
.‫اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ‬
n ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﻧﻜﺴﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺎدة‬
1.000 293 ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬
1.309 (H2O) ‫اﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪ‬
1.544 (NaCl) ‫اﻟﻤﻠﺢ اﻟﺼﺨﺮي‬
2.417 ‫اﻟﻤﺎس‬
1.330 (20 0C) ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬
‫ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻷوﺳﺎط اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ ﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم اﻷﺻﻔﺮ‬n ‫ ﻗﻴﻢ‬:1 ‫اﻟﺠﺪول‬

50
‫ُ
ا
ر ااد‬
Cubic zirconia 2.20 Benzene 1.501
Diamond (C) 2.419 Carbon disulfide 1.628
Fluorite (CaF2) 1.434 Carbon tetrachloride 1.461
Fused quartz (SiO2) 1.458 Ethyl alcohol 1.361
Gallium phosphide 3.50 Glycerin 1.473
Glass, crown 1.52 Water 1.333
Glass, flint 1.66
Ice (H2O) 1.309
Polystyrene 1.49
Sodium chloride (NaCl) 1.544
25
51
Law of Refraction
We have seen that:
sin θ 2 v 2 sin θ2 n
= ⇒ = 1
sin θ1 v1 sin θ1 n2
The law of refraction, which we also call Snell’s

Law, states that:
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ 2
Where n1 and n2 are respectively the index of
refraction of medium 1 and that of medium 2.
52
Wavelength and Frequency

As light travels from one medium to another,
its frequency does not change but its
wavelength does. Why?
Waves pass an observer at

point A in medium 1 with a
certain frequency and are
incident on the boundary
between medium 1 and
medium 2.
Fig. 16
26
53
Refraction
The frequency with which the waves pass an
observer at point B in medium 2 must equal
the frequency at which they pass point A. If
this were not the case, then this would mean
that energy is piling up at the boundary.
Because there is no mechanism
for this to occur, the frequency
must be a constant as a light
ray passes from one medium
into another.
54
λ1 # λ2
Therefore, because the relationship between
the frequency ν and the wavelength λ, i.e.
v=fλ
Since f1 = f2 and v1 = λ1 f1 and v2 = λ2 f2 and v1 # v2
then:
λ1 # λ2
27
55
Refraction and Huygens’ principle
Fig. 17
56
Refraction and Huygens’ Principle

We proceed in a similar way as we did in the
section “reflection”
At some instant (t=0) ray 1 strikes the surface.

After a time interval ∆t ray 2 strikes the
surface.
During this time interval, the wave at A sends
out a Huygens wavelet (the arc centered on A)
toward D.
In the same time interval, the wave at B sends
out a Huygens wavelet (the arc centered on B)
toward C.
28
57
Huygens’ Wavelets
Because these two wavelets travel through
different media, the radii of the wavelets are
different.
The radius of the wavelet from A is
AD = v2 ∆t
The radius of the wavelet from B is
BC = v1 ∆t
58
Huygens’ and Snell’s Law

From triangles ABC and ADC, we find that
BC v1 ∆t AD v 2 ∆t
sin θ1 = = & sin θ 2 = =
AC AC AC AC
sin θ 2 v
⇒ = 2
sin θ1 v1
We retrieve Snell’s Law, i.e.
n1 sin θ1 = n2 sin θ2
29

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‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻴﺮﻣﻮك‬

Publisher: Saunders College Publishing

• Phys. 281A’s Offical Website

Chapter 1: Nature of Light and Laws

© Dr. Nidal Ershaidat

Chapter 1 : Nature of Light

And since then, physicists used one of these two

2: Huygens’ Principle ‫ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻫﺎﻳﻐﻨﺰ‬

Huygens’ proposed a geometrical approach

wave wave Present

‫ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻫﺎﻳﻐﻨﺰ – اﻧﺘﺸﺎر ﻣﻮﺟﺔ اﻟﻀﻮء‬

‫اﻋﺘﺒﺮ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺎت اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺴﻴﺮ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﻣﺼﺪر ﻟﻤﻮﻳﺠﺎت ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻲ‬

‫ﻧﺤﺰر ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺟﺔ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻓﺘﺮة زﻣﻨﻴﺔ‬

‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ ‪ :2‬ﻣﺒﺪأ ﻫﻴﻐﻨﺰ‬

Light Wave Propagation

Light Wave Propagation

The Wave Envelop

Fig.4: Construction of the wave front at

For more details see:

The Ray Approximation

© Dr. Nidal Ershaidat

Fig. 5 Shows the rays for a plane wave

The emerging wave continues

The emerging wave moves

This effect is called

The case λ << d

Similar effects are seen

Validity of the Approximation

Studying light as waves forms what we

Reflection and Refraction

© Dr. Nidal Ershaidat

Fig. 9-a Fig. 9-b

Specular and Diffuse Reflection

1st and 2nd Laws of Reflection

1st and 2nd Laws of Reflection

(1st) Law of Reflection

γ = 90° − θ1 & γ ′ = 90° − θ′1

© Dr. Nidal Ershaidat

Light travels at its maximum speed in vacuum.

‫ﺗﺘﺮاوح ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﻧﻜﺴﺎر ﻟﻠﻤﻮاد اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺟﻬﺰة اﻟﻀﻮﺋﻴﺔ‬

1.309 (H2O) ‫اﻟﺠﻠﻴﺪ‬

1.544 (NaCl) ‫اﻟﻤﻠﺢ اﻟﺼﺨﺮي‬

1.330 (20 0C) ‫اﻟﻤﺎء‬

‫ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ اﻷوﺳﺎط اﻟﻤﺎدﻳﺔ ﻟﻀﻮء اﻟﺼﻮدﻳﻮم اﻷﺻﻔﺮ‬n ‫ ﻗﻴﻢ‬:1 ‫اﻟﺠﺪول‬

The law of refraction, which we also call Snell’s

Wavelength and Frequency

Waves pass an observer at

Refraction and Huygens’ principle

Refraction and Huygens’ Principle

At some instant (t=0) ray 1 strikes the surface.

Huygens’ and Snell’s Law

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