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CHAPTER NO.

DESIGN OF JOINTS , LEVERS AND


OFFSET LINKS.

Subject:
Design Of Machine Elements

DME -17610 (G-Scheme)

By
AAFTAB A.Z. MUQADAM

Mechanical Engineering Department

Mob.9619468502

Email Id: aaftab.mukadam21@gmail.com

Notes By: AAFTAB A. Z. M SUB: DME


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Q. Explain types of induced stress.

1) Tensile stress: When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite axial pull P then the stress
induced at any section of the body is known as tensile stress.

P = Axial tensile force acting on the body,

A = Cross-sectional area of the body.

2) Compressive stress: When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite axial push forces then
the stress induced at any section of the body is known as compressive stress.

3) Shear stress or Transverse shear stress: When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite
forces acting tangentially across the resisting section, as a result of which the body tends to shear
off the section, then the stress induced is called shear stress.

Notes By: AAFTAB A.Z.M SUB: DME


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4) Crushing stress: A localized compressive stress at the surface of contact between two members
of a machine part, that are relatively at rest is known as crushing stress. e.g stress in riveted joints,
cotter joints, knuckle joints, etc.

σcr = P / A

5) Bearing stress/ Bearing Pressure: A localized compressive stress at the surface of contact
between two members of a machine part that are relatively in motion is known as bearing stress or
bearing pressure.

Pb = P / A

6) Bending stress: When a beam is subjected to bending moment (M), the stress induced is called
as bending stress.
𝑀 𝛔𝐛 𝐸
= =
𝐼 𝑌 𝑅

σb = M / Z
Where
σb = Bending stress
M= Bending moment
Z= Section Modulus

Notes By: AAFTAB A.Z.M SUB: DME


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7) Torsional Shear stress: When a machine member is subjected to the action of two equal and
opposite couples acting in parallel planes (or torque or twisting moment), then the machine
member is said to be subjected to torsion. The stress set up by torsion is known as torsional shear
stress.

𝑻 𝑪 
= =
𝑰 𝑳 𝑹

Where,

T= Twisting Moment,

I = IP = Polar M.I

C = G = Modulus of rigidity

 = Angle of twist.

L= Length of shaft.

 = Torsional shear stress

R= Radius of the shaft

8) Thermal stress:

1. Whenever there is some increase or decrease in the temperature of a body, it causes the body to
expand or contract.

2.If the deformation of the body is prevented, some stresses are induced in the body. Such stresses
are known as thermal stresses.

Notes By: AAFTAB A.Z.M SUB: DME


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Questions on Knuckle Joint :


Q.1 Write any two applications of Knuckle Joint.

Applications of knuckle joint:


1) To connect tractor and trolley,
2) Tie rod joint of roof truss.
3) Link of a cycle chain and 4) pump rod joint.

Q.2 Write any two Materials for Knuckle Joint.

The material used for the Knuckle joint may be steel or wrought iron.

Q.3 State function of split pin in knuckle joint.

1. It holds collar

and

2. Prevent lifting or ejecting the knuckle pin from the joint.

Q.4 Explain failure of Knuckle pin in bending.

Failure of knuckle pin in bending:


When stress in knuckle pin due to bending is taken into account, it is assumed that the load on the
pin is uniformly distributed along the middle portion (i.e. the eye end) and varies uniformly over
the forks as shown in Fig.
1. The value of maximum bending moment is given by,

Notes By: AAFTAB A.Z.M SUB: DME


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Q.5 Difference between Knuckle joint and Cotter joint.

Sr. Knuckle Joint Cotter Joint


No.
1. Can take only tensile load. Can take tensile and compressive loads.

2. Permits angular movement. Cannot permit angular movements.


3. It can subject to bearing pressure. It cannot be subjected to bearing
pressure.
4. No any taper required. Taper is provided on slot.
5. Used in roof truss, links of bicycle Used in foundation bolts, big end of
chain. connecting rod.

Questions on Cotter Joint:

Q.1 Write any two applications of Cotter Joint.


Applications of Cotter joint:
1) Connecting a piston rod to the crosshead of a reciprocating steam engine,
2) a piston rod and its extension as a tail or pump rod,
3) Strap end of connecting rod.
4) Foundation bolts.

Q.2 Write any two Materials for Cotter Joint.

The cotter is usually made of mild steel or wrought iron.

Q.3 Why taper is provided to cotter?

1) It is easy to remove the cotter & dismantle the joint.

2) It ensures tightness of the joint in operation & prevents loosening of the parts.

Q.4 Write two application of each of following:


1) Socket and spigot
2) Turn Buckle

Applications of Socket & Spigot type joint:

i. Valve rod and its stem


ii. Connecting a piston rod to cross head of steam engine
iii. Joining a tail rod with piston rod of an air pump
Notes By: AAFTAB A.Z.M SUB: DME
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Applications of Turn Buckle type joint:


i. Aero planes
ii. Tie bar of jib crane
iii. To connect compartments of locomotives
iv. To tie string of electric poles.

Q.5 What is a cotter?

1. A cotter is a flat wedge shaped piece of rectangular cross-section and its width is tapered (either
on one side or both sides) from one end to another for an easy adjustment.

2. The taper varies from 1 in 48 to 1 in 24 and it may be increased up to 1 in 8, if a locking device


is provided.

3. The locking device may be a taper pin or a set screw used on the lower end of the cotter.

4. The cotter is usually made of mild steel or wrought iron.

5. A cotter joint is a temporary fastening and is used to connect rigidly two co-axial rods or bars
which are subjected to axial tensile or compressive forces.

Q.6 What are different types of cotter joint?


Types of cotter joint:
1) Socket and spigot cotter joint.
2) Sleeve and cotter joint.
3) Gib and cotter joint.

Q. 7 Why gib is provided in cotter joint?


1. A gib and cotter joint is usually used in strap end (or big end) of a connecting rod.In such cases,
when the cotter alone (i.e. without gib) is driven, the friction between its ends and the inside of the
slots in the strap tends to cause the sides of the strap to spring open (or spread) outwards as shown
dotted in Fig.(a).

2. In order to prevent this, gibs as shown in (b) and(c), are used which hold together the ends of
the strap.

3. Moreover, gibs provide a larger bearing surface for the cotter to slide on, due to the increased
holding power. Thus, the tendency of cotter to slacken back owing to friction is considerably
decreased. The gib also enables parallel holes to be used.

Notes By: AAFTAB A.Z.M SUB: DME


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Q.8 Explain failure of cotter in bending.


Failure of cotter in bending:
In all failures of cotter joint
it is assumed that the load on the cotter in the rod end is uniformly distributed (u.d.l) while in the
socket end (u.v.l uniformly varying load) it varies from zero at the outer diameter (d4) and
maximum at the inner diameter (d2), as shown in Fig.

1. The maximum bending moment occurs at the center of the cotter and is given by,

2. Section modulus of the cotter,

Notes By: AAFTAB A.Z.M SUB: DME


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3. Bending stress induced in the cotter,

Q.9 Why taper is provided on cotter? S-13

1. It helps in easy removal.


2. It provide maximum frictional grip area.
3. To achieve self locked joint.
4. To ensure transmission of tensile load.

Questions on Turn Buckle:

Q.1 Explain the purpose of turn buckle/ Write applications of turn buckle.

A turn buckle is Adjustable Screwed Joint for Round Rods which is used to connect two tension
members, which requires slight adjustment of lengths under loaded conditions. Some of its
applications are as follows:

1) To tighten the members of roof truss,


2) To tighten the cables, or stay ropes of electric distribution poles.
3) To connect tie rods to jib in case of jib cranes.
4) Used between two railway wagon or boogies.

Q.2 Write any two Materials for turn buckle.


Turnbuckle materials:
1) Steels
2) Aluminum alloys
3) Copper-base alloys Al bronze Si bronze

Notes By: AAFTAB A.Z.M SUB: DME


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Questions on Levers:
Hand/Foot Lever & Bell Crank Lever

Q.1 Define lever and leverage.

Lever:
A lever is a rigid rod or bar capable of turning about a fixed point called fulcrum. It is used as a
machine to lift a load by the application of a small effort.
Leverage:
It is the ratio of length of effort arm to the length of load arm.
𝒍𝟏
Leverage =
𝒍𝟐

Q.2 Classify the levers used in machines and mechanism and state examples of each type.
Classification:

1.First Type Lever:


(i)Here fulcrum is in between load and effort.
(ii)Effort arm is greater than load arm.
(iii)Mechanical advantage is greater than one.
(iv) Examples: Bell crank lever, Rocker arm, handle of hand pump, Punching ptress, Foot lever
etc.

2.Second Type Lever:


(i) Here load is in between fulcrum and effort.
(ii) Effort arm is greater than load arm.
(iii)Mechanical advantage is greater than one.
(iv) Examples: Lever loaded safety valve.

2.Third Type Lever:


(i) Here effort is in between fulcrum and load.
(ii) Effort arm is lesser than load arm.
(iii)Mechanical advantage is lesser than one.
(iv) Examples: Pair of tongues, sewing machine.

Notes By: AAFTAB A.Z.M SUB: DME


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Q.3 Why Levers are tapered at the ends?

1. The thickness of the lever is kept uniform throughout, but width of lever is tapered from boss to
handle, because the arm is subjected to varying bending moment which is maximum near the boss
and minimum to the end,

2. Also tapered portion ensures easy gripping of hand on lever.

Notes By: AAFTAB A.Z.M SUB: DME


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