Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Subject:
Design Of Machine Elements
By
AAFTAB A.Z. MUQADAM
Mob.9619468502
1) Tensile stress: When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite axial pull P then the stress
induced at any section of the body is known as tensile stress.
2) Compressive stress: When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite axial push forces then
the stress induced at any section of the body is known as compressive stress.
3) Shear stress or Transverse shear stress: When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite
forces acting tangentially across the resisting section, as a result of which the body tends to shear
off the section, then the stress induced is called shear stress.
4) Crushing stress: A localized compressive stress at the surface of contact between two members
of a machine part, that are relatively at rest is known as crushing stress. e.g stress in riveted joints,
cotter joints, knuckle joints, etc.
σcr = P / A
5) Bearing stress/ Bearing Pressure: A localized compressive stress at the surface of contact
between two members of a machine part that are relatively in motion is known as bearing stress or
bearing pressure.
Pb = P / A
6) Bending stress: When a beam is subjected to bending moment (M), the stress induced is called
as bending stress.
𝑀 𝛔𝐛 𝐸
= =
𝐼 𝑌 𝑅
σb = M / Z
Where
σb = Bending stress
M= Bending moment
Z= Section Modulus
7) Torsional Shear stress: When a machine member is subjected to the action of two equal and
opposite couples acting in parallel planes (or torque or twisting moment), then the machine
member is said to be subjected to torsion. The stress set up by torsion is known as torsional shear
stress.
𝑻 𝑪
= =
𝑰 𝑳 𝑹
Where,
T= Twisting Moment,
I = IP = Polar M.I
C = G = Modulus of rigidity
= Angle of twist.
L= Length of shaft.
8) Thermal stress:
1. Whenever there is some increase or decrease in the temperature of a body, it causes the body to
expand or contract.
2.If the deformation of the body is prevented, some stresses are induced in the body. Such stresses
are known as thermal stresses.
The material used for the Knuckle joint may be steel or wrought iron.
1. It holds collar
and
2) It ensures tightness of the joint in operation & prevents loosening of the parts.
1. A cotter is a flat wedge shaped piece of rectangular cross-section and its width is tapered (either
on one side or both sides) from one end to another for an easy adjustment.
3. The locking device may be a taper pin or a set screw used on the lower end of the cotter.
5. A cotter joint is a temporary fastening and is used to connect rigidly two co-axial rods or bars
which are subjected to axial tensile or compressive forces.
2. In order to prevent this, gibs as shown in (b) and(c), are used which hold together the ends of
the strap.
3. Moreover, gibs provide a larger bearing surface for the cotter to slide on, due to the increased
holding power. Thus, the tendency of cotter to slacken back owing to friction is considerably
decreased. The gib also enables parallel holes to be used.
1. The maximum bending moment occurs at the center of the cotter and is given by,
Q.1 Explain the purpose of turn buckle/ Write applications of turn buckle.
A turn buckle is Adjustable Screwed Joint for Round Rods which is used to connect two tension
members, which requires slight adjustment of lengths under loaded conditions. Some of its
applications are as follows:
Questions on Levers:
Hand/Foot Lever & Bell Crank Lever
Lever:
A lever is a rigid rod or bar capable of turning about a fixed point called fulcrum. It is used as a
machine to lift a load by the application of a small effort.
Leverage:
It is the ratio of length of effort arm to the length of load arm.
𝒍𝟏
Leverage =
𝒍𝟐
Q.2 Classify the levers used in machines and mechanism and state examples of each type.
Classification:
1. The thickness of the lever is kept uniform throughout, but width of lever is tapered from boss to
handle, because the arm is subjected to varying bending moment which is maximum near the boss
and minimum to the end,