Vienna = Novi Sad - AKADEMSKA KNJIGA in Lhstorical Geography and Cultural Heritage Space, Landscapes and Setilements in Byzantium: Studies in Historical Geography of the Eastern Mediterranean Presented to Johannes KoderXII Viktor Litcuiks ADAMS THE VISUAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEM OF THE EARLY BYZANTINE CASTLES ALONG THE VIA AXIA IN THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA IN THE 6TH CENTURY AD I dedicate these lines to Professor Dr. Johannes Koder, regular member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences in Vienna, with a sense of respect and gratitude regarding the first information in scholarly literature on the issue of the Byzantine optical system for the transmission of alert signals from Cilicia to Constantinople as well as for his magnificent research opus. Professor Johannes Koder addresses the issue of the so- called optical telegraph in the Middle Byzantine period in Asia Minor, used for reporting the attacks by the Arabs on Constantinople in the 7th century AD, stretching at a dis- tance of 670 kilometres from the so-called Cilician Gates, at the Eastern border, to Carigrad (Constantinople)'. With reference to Theophanes, Constantine Porphyrogenitus, Pseudo-Symeon and John Skylitzes, Johannes Koder in- forms us that the first two and the last of the aforemen- tioned nine stations of the optical telegraph, can be reli- ably localised?. By means of exploring the Ancient cities and fortresses of the Republic of Macedonia, I came to the discovery that Konep, Joxaec, Busanmujcru ceem. Yeod y ucmopujexy zeoepagujy ucmounoz Medumepaxa moxom susanmujexe enoxe, Beorpan 2011, 95-97. Konep, Busawmujexu ceem, 95f., fig. 11.238 ‘SPACE, LANDSCAPES AND SETTLEMENTS IN BYZANTIUM it was covered by a network of signals and optical means of reporting in the 6th century AD. So far, I have recorded five signalling lines, though more are assumed to appear in the future. They are as follows (Map XTI-1): 1. The Vardar highway, i.e. the so-called Via Axia, a segment of the Danube—Thessalonica road. 2. A diagonal optical telegraph along Resen—Pelago- nia-Sredno Povardarie (Mid- Vardar region) line. 3. An optical telegraph from Scupi through Murgash, Konjuh, Vidim and Shtalkovica. 4. An optical telegraph: Klepa—Crni Vrv, Kalapetro- vei-Radovish region. 5. An optical telegraph in the valley of the river Tres- ka, connecting Pelagonia— Scupi. The system consisted of two elements: 1. A castle-base, for housing the main contingent of troops, from which smaller units were sent to the higher castle-specula for keeping guard. 2. A dominant watch-tower-specula, from which the signal was sent. ‘The next significant step was the careful analysis and selection of specific communication points at certain dis- tances, wherein a major issue was the visual bridging of the gorges. As commonly known, during the 6th: or early 7th cen- tury AD, the Early Byzantine civilization in the Balkans was being fiercely and constantly attacked by the Avar- Slav invaders. These particular events prompted the Byz- antine emperor Justinian I to establish the Archdiocese of Justiniana Prima, beyond the limits of the Danube, within the province of Dacia Mediterranea’. These attacks were most likely the reason why the emperors formed a cen- 5 Novella XIII (ed. R. Schoell, Corpus Iuris Civilis III. Berlin 1904, 94).VIKTOR LILCHIKJ ADAMS 239 tral optical line for signalling information of the attacks, from the Danube to Thessalonica, which possibly led to the expansion or the establishment of local provincial signal lines to outlying towns. At this point it is still uncertain, whether the central optical telegraph from the Danube to Thessalonica, and probably to Constantinople as well, was initiated by the emperors Anastasius or Justin or more likely by Justin- ian I, whose coins were predominant in the castles-specula and the bases. The signalling castles-specula and the cas- tles bases, which I have identified on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia, indicate that the line of signalling castles generally followed the highway line at the time with minimal deviation. On the Skopje—Veles road I have identified a definite signalling line to the East of the river Vardar. Regardless of the fact that in the geographically turbulent area to the West of the river Vardar three to four routes existed between Skopje and Veles, controlled by many Late Antique castles, two of which (Kale Crni Vrv and Kale, Dobrino) were at least typical Early Byzantine castles-specula, I was not convinced in the existence of a definite visual connection of the two main lines (firstly, Drachevica—Aldinci—Jabolchishte-Banjica and secondly, Taor—Dobrino-Slp—Beleshtevica—Veles). The highway along the Vardar valley started from neighbouring Kosovo through the Skopje basin. This road penetrated through three provinces in the present-day Re- public of Macedonia: Dardania (Skopje region), Macedo- nia Secunda (Sredno Povardarie—Mid-Vardar valley) and Macedonia Prima (Dolno Povardarie—Lower Vardar val- ley). The most significant cities along this highway were Scupi, Stobi and the megalopolis Thessalonica‘. 4 Mikuléié, Ivan, Spdtantike und friihbyzantinische Befestigungen in Nordmakedonien. Stddte — Vici ~ Refugien - Kastelle. Miinchen 2002 (Miinchner Beitrége zur Vor- und Friihgeschichte 54), 33f,, 36; Jiarunk, Buxtop, AnTHuKa nara mpexa, in: Jame Kouo et240 BRACE, LANDACAFIG AND BETTLEMENTS IM BYEANTIC Considering the position of the city af Scupi and the highway which Jad through the Kachanik Canyon from neighbouring Kosovo, it is obvious that the signalling line ran along the river Lepanec. The modest data indicates that tha signal towards Davina Kula, Chucher, was sent from the fortressea in the villages of Ljonishte (Liinnishta) and Gjurgiey Dol (Gjurgjedell). The castla on the rocky bill of Vranjak, Ljen- ishte (elevation 7¢0 m) defended the entrance to the gorge. It was fortified by means of a mortar wall with a wilth of 1.7 m and could easily be observed on the section with a Jength of 60-60 m and a height of 2.5-8 m*. Neverthelaes, it seams that the signal from Davina Eula started from the relatively unknown site of Gradishte Gjurgjev Dol (Gjorgjedel) at an elevation of 837 m, wherefrom it com- munkated with the acropolis Davina Kula (elevation 582 my) af a diatance of 15.65 km®. This ie an indiestinn that it might have been « cactla-base of 4 castle-apecula. I. Davina Kula, Chucher Davina Enla (fig. 32-2) was a complex fortification structure in Lats Antiquity and the Early Bysantine pe- riod. In Early Antiquity it represented a amall guarding castle, while in Late Antiquity, with the congtruction of the acropolis and the lower town with two Early Christian al (eda), Apmannourn mapa Ho Penpilanns Matdonua Tha J. ‘Ceonje 1904, 114f © Tpebymoore, Josan &., Reruoaraxa xumcype — scrponorearpebors: Fonmcmas, Concku Emacgpager: Séepaun LX (1060), 460-061, lhete G52; Berisha, Milot, Archoeoicgieal Guinta of Kesono, Pristina 2018, 86, the nite of Vrazjak, Linzishta village, 5 Tumbynems, Hoare xaucypd, 640, The toponym mat bp found 20 9 topographic map ate soole 1 150,000, sseddon Uroghewar no. 681+ 41, Vojnogecerataki institut, Beograd 1873.VIKTOR LILCHIKJ ADAMS 241 churches, the castle grew into a strategic, roadside Early Byzantine base (figs. XII-3, XII-4)'. It is true that the basic elements — an acropolis with a single-nave Early Christian church and a Northern lower city with an Early Christian single-nave church — indicate that this was a small Early Byzantine town. However, given the rich cultural horizon from the 6th century AD (figs. XII-5, XI-6, XII-7, XII-8) and its strategic location at the exit of the main road at the canyon, I assume that it represented the first signalling point in the Republic of Macedonia, which served both as a castle base and a castle-specula. The optical signal from Davina Kula could be observed from the acropolis of the city of Scupi at a dis- tance of 7.9 km. II. Markovi Kuli, Kisela Voda, Skopje The signals from the fortress of Davina Kula, Chucher, could be observed from the castle-specula / base Markovi Kuli, Kisela Voda (fig. XII-9) at a distance of 14.3 km. Wide, scenic views to the North, East and South open from the acropolis of Markovi Kuli. At a distance of 6.4 km North- West one can see the acropolis of the city of Scupi (eleva- tion 311 m). The fire signals from Markovi Kuli, Vodno in the 6th century AD were seen East of Gradishte, Kon- jarovska Sushica. The fire signals of Markovi Kuli, Vodno were observed at two important points in the South and Southeast in Late Antiquity: from the powerful fortified castle of Isar, village of Ramni Gaber on the North-Western slope of Mount Kit- ka (elevation 580 m) at a distance of 12.7 km and from the 7 Mikuléié, Befestigungen, 153-158; Lilchikj Adams, Viktor, Davina Kula Chucher, Cultural Heritage Protection Office. Skopje 2017 (in print); Lilchikj Adams, Viktor, Poleogenesis of Skopje and the Region of Skopje in Antiquity. Skopje 2017 (in print, in Macedonian).242 SPACE, LANDSCAPES AND SETTLEMENTS IN BYZANTIUM castle-specula Kale, above the village of Crni Vrv, in the South (elevation 1714 m) at a distance of 19.22 km. The first fortification of Markovi Kuli was formed in the early 4th century AD, as confirmed by the semi-circu- lar tower (fig. XII-10) and the discovered coins from this period. Later on, in the 6th century AD, probably under the Byzantine emperor Justinian I, the most important phase of the castle can be identified, when three distinct parts were established: an acropolis with a cistern, the Eastern part of the plateau, i.e. the so-called suburbium, and the Eastern protective wall accompanied by massive trigonal and pentagonal towers symmetrically arranged within the walled enclosures®. Judging by at least 34 de- fence towers and the two large water cisterns, this castle, which was built about 350 m above the plain and the 3 km wide flat corridor along the right bank of the river Vardar, had undoubtedly a military and a strategic role, which was to protect the road corridor towards the castle at Taor and the access to the Taor gorge which led to the main provin- cial Late Antique cities of Stobi (Macedonia Secunda) and Thessalonica (Macedonia Prima). The dominant position of the castle, placed in the centre of the Western part of the Skopje Basin, with a view of Davina Kula and to Grad- ishte, Konjarovska Sushica, undeniably determines the function of the castle in the combined category of a castle base and a castle-specula for signal transmissions. The Right Bank, West of the Vardar At the right riverbank of the river Vardar were re- searched three potential lines of visual signalling in Late Antiquity: 1. Markovi Kuli, Kisela Voda - Kale, Crni Vrv - Mumadzica, Aldinci - peak Lisec (2) — Banjichko Kale, Banjica — Klepa. ® Mikuléié, Befestigungen, 190-195; Lilchikj Adams, Poleogenesis (with the newest plan).VIKTOR LILCHIKJ ADAMS 243 2. Markovi Kuli, Kisela Voda — Isar, Ramni Gaber — Kale, Dobrino (base Gradishte, Dobrino) — Grad- ishte, Rlevci - Klepa, with possible assistance to the castle base Gradishte, Taor. 3. Markovi Kuli, Kisela Voda — Gradishte, Taor — Kale, Dobrino (base Gradishte, Dobrino) — Grad- ishte, Rlevci — Klepa. Unfortunately, these lines have many disadvantages. At the castles of Isar, Ramni Gaber and Gradishte, Rlevci, cultural horizons from the 6th century AD have not been registered yet. The visual communication between the cas- tles has not been confirmed with certainty, either. The second line is too high in the mountainous regions of Karagjica and Goleshnica, whereas there is no castle on the dominant mountain peak Lisec, but only ruins of a temple from the 2nd—4/5th centuries, probably dedicated to Apollo Thunderer. III. Gradiste, Sushica Konjarovska The signals from the fortress Markovi Kuli, Kisela Voda were seen from the castle- specula Gradishte, Su- shica Konjarovska at a distance of 29.5 km. The Early Byz- antine highway ran 2 km to the Southeast of Scupi, across the river Vardar, where, from the right riverbank, it led to a point across the village of Taor (controlling point Mark- ovi Kuli, Kisela Voda). Here, it crossed over the river Var- dar again, from the right to the left bank (controlling point Gradishte, village of Taor)®, and led to Bader (controlling point of the kastron Drma-Smrgjec)"*. At about 500 m to the Southeast of the village of Bader it entered the Bader- Pchinja Gorge (controlling points Kula, Bader, Solishte, ® Mikul&ié, Befestigungen, 187-189. 10 Mikulkié, Befestigungen, 145f.244 SPACE, LANDSCAPES AND SETTLEMENTS IN BYZANTIUM. Letevci, and Markovi kuli, Letevci)"', then it continued to the castle of Kale, Sopot (ad Cephalon)”. Afterwards, upon entering Veleshko Pole across the villages of Otovica and Bashino Selo, it continued along the right bank, leading to Veleshko Kale, Veles, wherefrom it continued towards Stobi along the right bank of the river Vardar. Due to the inability to visually connect the castes along the right bank of the river Vardar with the upper castles in the mountain Karadzica, my focus were the castles to the East of the river Vardar, where I found a remarkably clean visual line from Markovi Kuli, Kisela Voda to the Early Byzantine castle of Gradishte, Sushica Konjarovska. The castle (fig. XII-11) was established on top of a dominant hill within the hilly massif, towards the neigh- bouring village of Vince, 2.7 km to the North-West of the village of Sushica Konjarovska (elevation 707.7 m)"*. The castle had a rectangular fortification frame (120 x 66 m, covering an area of 0.55 ha) with outlines on four corner towers as well as at the Southeast entrance. The movable finds indicate cultural horizons from the 3rd to the 6th century AD. The 6th century AD finds include 16 num- mia coin of the Byzantine emperor Justinian I (527-565), an iron fibula with a curved ending and an iron tip of a three-fletched Avar arrow (fig. XII-12)'*. The castle con- trolled the Ancient road between Skopje and Ovche Pole, along the stream Sushichki Potok, where the present-day local road also runs, from Gorno Konjari, Pchinja through Sushica, towards Preot in Ovche Pole. The fortification at Gradishte, Sushica Konjarovska served both as a castle- specula and a base. 11 Lilchikj Adams, Poleogenesis; Mikuléié, Befestigungen, 171. 12 Mikuléié, Befestigungen, 4351. 19 Mikuléié, Befestigungen, 143 regards it under the neighbouring vil- lage of Vince, no. 14, Vince Gradishte; Lilchikj Adams, Poleogenesis (with the first plan). * Lilchikj Adams, Poleogenesis.VIKTOR LILCHIKJ ADAMS 245 IV. Gorno Gradishte, Krushica (specula) and Dolno Gradishte, Trstenik (base) The signals from Gradishte, Sushica Konjarovska, were seen from the castle- specula Gorno Gradishte, Krushica at a distance of 9.69 km. Another signalling spec- ula was the castle Gorno Gradishte, village of Krushica in the region of Ovche Pole, to the West of Sveti Nikole. In the scholarly literature this castle was misinterpreted as a medieval feudal palace’*. The dominant massif Crn Vrv rises 9.5 km to the North-West of Sveti Nikole, above the medieval Gjurishki Monastery. It has three peaks, from the East to the North-West: Dolno Gradishte, Trstenik (el- evation 861 m), Sredno Gradishte, Trstenik (elevation 861 m) and Gorno Gradishte, Krushica (elevation 846 m). In our field studies of Gorno Gradishte in 2016 we identified a small, but well-established Early Byzantine castle at a dominant elevation of 846 m (fig. XII-13) with an excel- lent view towards the castle of the Gradishte site, Sushica Konjarovska, 9.69 km away to the North-West. A part of a marble slab was discovered (fig. XII-14), possibly belong- ing to a small Early Christian church in the centre of the castle, as well as coins of the emperors Anastasius (figs. XII-15, XH-16) and Justinian I. Surface finds of a specific fortification were not discovered on Sredno Gradishte. We were informed that, when two facilities of the hydro-me- teorological station were established on the plateau a few decades ago, only a few graves were discovered. During our research we documented remains of a defensive drywall, which connected the peaks Sredno Gradishte, Trstenik and Gorno Gradishte, Krushitsa in a length of about 520 m. +8 In the secondary literature it is referred to as Gorno Gradishte, Sopot (Trstenik): Muxysramt, nan, Cpeduosexoaxu epadoeu u mepouru 60 Maxedonuja. Cxonje 1996, 283. However, regarding the cadastral plans and facts, it belongs to the village of Krushica.246 SPACE, LANDSCAPES AND SETTLEMENTS IN BYZANTIUM. The Early Byzantine base was located in Dolno Grad- ishte, Trstenik (fig. XII-17). A strong fortification was es- tablished on this hill, on an area of 325 x 155 m and 2.8 ha’. Judging by the movable surface finds, the fortress ex- isted in Late Antiquity in the period from the 4th to the 6th century AD. V. Klepa, Dvorishte (specula) and Skachinsko Kale, Skachinci (base) The signals from Gorno Gradishte, Krushica were ob- served from the castle-specula Klepa at a distance of 36.8 km. The central castle-specula of Sredno Povardarie was located atop the dominant peak Klepa (elevation 1149 m), wherefrom the cities of Stobi, at a distance of 13.4 km, and Antigonea, at a distance of 24.9 km, were alerted during the 6th century AD. The castle at Klepa had long been researched and pub- lished", However, I discovered the Early Byzantine base in 1996 at the site Skachinsko Kale, Skachinci (fig. XII-18, XII-19), wherefrom the soldiers came, when guarding the peak Klepa. It represented an elongated plateau covering an area of 316 x 85 m, 1.19 km to the West of the peak Klepa. During research of the fortification we discovered an Early Byzantine cultural horizon from the 6th century AD*, With its height of 1149 m above sea level (fig. XII-20) the castle Klepa represents the highest specula of the cen- tral optical telegraph across the Republic of Macedonia, serving as a the central beacon connecting several specu- 16 Mikuléié, Befestigungen, 418f. 17 Mikuléié, Befestigungen, 422f. 18 Skachinci, Skachinsko Kale in: Lilchikj, Viktor, Late Antique Roads and Fortress in the Mid-Vardar Region, I. Region of Veles, Macedo- nian Heritage 7 (Skopje 1998), 41-47; Lilchikj (Adams), Viktor-Ad- jievski, Kosta, Coin Hoard discovered in the Veles District, Macedo- nian Numismatic Journal 3 (Skopje 1989-1999), 73-79.VIKTOR LILCHIKJ ADAMS: 247 lae to the West (Klepa - Kriva Krusha — Treskavec) and the East (Klepa — Kalapetrovei - Radovish region). VI. Markova Kula Koreshnica (specula) and Kula Koreshnica (base) The signals from the castle-specula Klepa were ob- served from the castle-specula Markova Kula, Koreshnica at a distance of 41 km. Markova Kula, Koreshnica (ele- vation 397 m) represented an Early Ancient Macedonian strategic base for a long period of time and continued to act as such in the Early Byzantine period as well as later in the Byzantine period during the 12th and 13th centuries (fig. XIL21)". It represented a rock barrier near Demir Kapija which penetrated the river Vardar a long time ago. On the rocks of both banks of the river were regularly established guarding towers in Antiquity and in the Middle Ages”. The river Chelevechka flows into the river Vardar from the left side, dividing the rocky massif into two parts, the Eastern and Western. On the East side is the fortification Kale Chelevec, while on the West there are aligned three fortifications. The lowest one, Markov Grad, Koreshnica, was established in Early Antiquity and continued to exist during the Middle Ages (fig. XII-22). In the scholarly lit- erature it has been classified as a refugium of the Ancient city of Stenae”". The central fortification Kula, Koreshnica is smaller and has been considered as a castle since the 6th 1 Mikul&ié, Befestigungen, 336; Lilchikj (Adams), Viktor, Three For- tresses of the Macedonian Kings at Demir Kapija, Macedonian Herit- age 33 (2008), 2-26, here 20-25. 2 Mikuléié, Ivan, Die Topographie von Stenae-Prosek-Demir Kapija, Toduuen a6opnux na Dunosogiexu daxyamem ao Cxonje 41/42 (1988/89), 65-88. *! Mikultié, Befestigungen, 335.248 SPACE, LANDSCAPES AND SETTLEMENTS IN BYZANTIUM century AD”. The castle-specula Markova Kula, Koresh- nica, is the highest one. VII. Isar-Zhapkata, Valandovo The signals from the castle-specula Markova Kula, Koreshnica were observed from the castle-specula / base Isar-Zhapkata, Valandovo (elevation 632 m) at a distance of 25.5 km. Remains of the Ancient and Medieval city of Isar / Izvor Sv. Petar (Spring of St. Peter) were encoun- tered on the Northwestern periphery of Valandovo, which indicate either to Idomene or Doberus”. The dominant building Kula established on the rocky ridge, 300 m to the North of the Northern section of the city at Isar, was dated to the 6th century AD by I. Mikulchikj (fig. XII-23)*. Another fortification located on the narrow rocky pla- teau high above Kula was discovered at the peak Isar- Zhapkata in 2012/13. This fortification is a typical Early Byzantine strategic base with an extraordinary view of Markova Kula, Koreshnica. The solid Early Byzantine mortar wall covers an area of 250 x 80 m (1 ha) (figs. XTI- 24, XII-25). Two coins were discovered there: one with a denomination of 10 nummia of Justinian I (Constantino- ple) and one with a denomination of 20 nummia of Justin II of the year 569 (Thessalonica). VIII. Kale Dub Karabali, Bogdanci The signals from the castle-specula / base Isar-Zhap- kata, Valandovo could be seen from the castle-specula / base Kale Dub Karabali, Bogdanci (elevation 682 m) at a distance of 18.8 km (fig. XII-26). 2 Mikuléié, Befestigungen, 335f. 23 Mikuléié, Befestigungen, 449f. * Mikuléi¢, Befestigungen, 450.VIKTOR LILCHIKJ ADAMS: 249 ‘The mountain range Karabali rises in the area between Bogdanci and Dojran Lake on the border with neighbour- ing Greece. In 2015, at the peak itself, we discovered a pre- viously unknown fortification (elevation 682 m). The solid mortar wall covered a surface of 810 x 200 m (4 ha) (figs. XII-27, XII-28). Judging by the bronze coin of Philip I, this dominant plateau was unquestionably first established by the Macedonian kings. In numerous trenches and bunkers from World War I various Late Antique / Early Byzantine building material surfaced as well as parts of laconic-type roof tegulae, whole building blocks and fragments. During our survey we discovered a coin from the 4th-5th century AD and several Early Byzantine coins: a follis, 40 nummia of Anastasius, a coin with a denomination of 16 nummia of Justinian I and others. From Kale Dub Karabali, Bogdanci to Thessalonica remain 61 km air distance. I assume that there were two other signalling points on this distance. The first was prob- ably the castle Palaiokastro / Gynaikokastro in neighbour- ing Greece, 28.4 km to the Southeast of Kale Dub Karabali. The other signalling point was a dominant elevation in the hilly massif above the town of Palaiokastro / Oraiokastro, about 12 km to the Northwest of Thessalonica. Accordingly, the reconstructed Early Byzantine opti- cal telegraph along the Vardar highway included eight castles-speculae. Three of them had special castles bases, whereas five of them were a combination of a specula and a base. The distance from Davina Kula, Chucher to Kale Dub Karabali, Bogdanci is 175.59 km including the follow- ing points and distances: 1. Davina , Chucher 14.3 km — 2. Markovi Kuli, Kisela Voda, Skopje 29.5 km — 3. Gradishte, Sushica Konjarovska 9.69 km — 4. Gorno Gradishte, Krushica (specula) and Dol- no Gradiste, Trstenik (base) 36.8 km — 5. Klepa, Dvorishte (specula) and Skachinsko Kale, Skachinci (base) 41 km — 6. Markova Kula, Koreshnica (specula) and Kale Kore- shnica (base) 25.5 km — 7. Isar-Zhapkata, Valandovo 18.8 km — 8. Kale Dub Karabali, Bogdanci 28.4 km (a total of 175.59 km) — Palaiokastro / Gynaikokastro, Greece 20.6 km ~ Palaiokastro (?) 12 km - ThessalonicaSPACE, LANDSCAPES AND SETTLEMENTS IN BYZANTIUMILLUSTRATIONS 485 XII-2: Davina Kula Chucher XII-3: Davina Kula MapILLUSTRATIONS 487 XII-5: Davina Kula Lead Seal With Box-Monogram XII-6: Davina Kula Lead Seal With Box-Monogram : Davina Kula XII-8: Davina Kula Folis Av Folis RvILLUSTRATIONS 489 XII-10: Markovi Kuli Kisela Voda XII-11: Susica Konjarovska I SUSHICA, “GRADISHTE” MUNICIPALITY OF FETROVEC “se0000 “2618.50 768.500 48850 sea490 SPACE, LANDSCAPES AND SETTLEMENTS IN BYZANTIUM XII-12: Gradiste Susica XII-14: Krushica Gorno Gradiste Konjarovska [*GORNO GRADIS! KRUSHICA ‘XII-13: Krusica aa i rs Plan Vraats g 4ILLUSTRATIONS 491 XII-15: Krusica Folis XII-16: Krusica Folis Anastasius Av Anastasius Rv XII-17: Gradiste Trstenik493 ILLUSTRATIONS coves csreov corer cse'e corns anes , T A ‘ T / “v7A weipan é Suwon wear suet metey coe 9% T oseeoer T coe c00'F r oot % é ‘WIHSVHD JO ALTIVAIOINON TOINTVH | 29VTTIA DINIVEX OVTIIA ALHSTIOAG | “Naa TIn NN ONSAVYD JO ALTTVEDINAN AIHSTHOAG | XII-19: Klepa DvorishteNDSCAPE $ IN BYZANTIUM XII-20: Skacinsko Kale and Klepa XII-21: Markova Kula Koresnica495 ILLUSTRATIONS Z “MARKOVA KULA”, KORESHNICA VILLAGE} CHELEVEC VILLAGE MUNICIPALITY OF DEMIR KAPLIA vy, 1988, 2008, 2016. L 71505 950 XII-22: Markova Kula Koresnica496 SPACE, LANDSCAPES AND SETTLEMENTS IN BYZANTIUM. 7.629 950 18 2510. 2012. o1az1. 2013, 7/880 000 "SISAR ZAPKATA”, VALANDOVO PIRAVA VILLAGE | a. ‘MUNICIPALITY OF VALANDOVO \ & 4578200 4578.250 4578.200 74578390 4578.400 “4.578.150 ‘4578100 § MViktorls Agims | & Igor Shinovskh 7630080 7 630.100 XII-28: Isar ZapkataILLUSTRATIONS 497 XII-24: Isar Zapkata North XII-25: Isar Zapkata North Wall Detail Wall Detail ‘XII-26: Isar Zapkata Valandovo498 SPACE, LANDSCAPES AND SETTLEMENTS IN BYZANTIUM XII-27: Kale Karabali Northern Wall I TTT “KALE KARABALI”, BOGDANCI MUNICIPALITY OF BOGDANCI 4 A qseaam Asa 4562300 “se 1 72108 “Tee 190. so TET Aes fame i Shara ea 7esoas ‘Tewen Team 7e0cw ~~ Pewts 7800100 “5000 ‘XII-28: Kale Karabali