Subject: PE-309 Muhammad Fawwad Obaida Roll No: PE-14041

Question-1
Name and describe three types of seismic waves described in this chapter.

Solution

Seismic waves are the waves of energy caused by the sudden breaking of rock within the earth or an
explosion. They are the energy that travels through the earth and is recorded on seismographs.

Types of Seismic Waves

There are several different kinds of seismic waves, and they all move in different ways. The two main
types of waves are body waves and surface waves. Body waves can travel through the earth's inner
layers, but surface waves can only move along the surface of the planet like ripples on water. Earthquakes
radiate seismic energy as both body and surface waves.

BODY WAVES
Traveling through the interior of the earth, body waves arrive before the surface waves emitted by an
earthquake. These waves are of a higher frequency than surface waves.

P-WAVES
The first kind of body wave is the p-wave or primary wave. This is the fastest kind of seismic wave, and,
consequently, the first to 'arrive' at a seismic station. The p-wave can move through solid rock and fluids,
like water or the liquid layers of the earth. It pushes and pulls the rock it moves through just like sound
waves push and pull the air.

P-waves are also known as compressional waves, because of the pushing and pulling they do. Subjected
to a p-wave, particles move in the same direction that the wave is moving in, which is the direction that
the energy is traveling in , and is sometimes called the 'direction of wave propagation'.

S-WAVES
Subject: PE-309 Muhammad Fawwad Obaida Roll No: PE-14041

The second type of body wave is the S-wave or secondary wave, which is the second wave you feel in an
earthquake. An S-wave is slower than a P-wave and can only move through solid rock, not through any
liquid medium. It is this property of S-waves that led seismologists to conclude that the Earth's outer core
is a liquid. S-waves move rock particles up and down, or side-to-side—perpendicular to the direction that
the wave is traveling in (the direction of wave propagation).

SURFACE WAVES
Travelling only through the crust, surface waves are of a lower frequency than body waves, and are easily
distinguished on a Seismogram as a result. Though they arrive after body waves, it is surface waves that
are almost entirely responsible for the damage and destruction associated with earthquakes. This damage
and the strength of the surface waves are reduced in deeper earthquakes.

LOVE-WAVES
The first kind of surface wave is called a Love wave, named after A.E.H.Love, a British mathematician who
worked out the mathematical model for this kind of wave in 1911. It's the fastest surface wave and moves
the ground from side-to-side. Confined to the surface of the crust, Love waves produce entirely horizontal
motion.
Subject: PE-309 Muhammad Fawwad Obaida Roll No: PE-14041

RAYLEIGH WAVE
The other kind of surface wave is the Rayleigh wave, named for John William Strutt, Lord Rayleigh, who
mathematically predicted the existence of this kind of wave in 1885 .A Rayleigh wave rolls along the
ground just like a wave rolls across a lake or an ocean. Because it rolls, it moves the ground up and down,
and side-to-side in the same direction that the wave is moving. Most of the shaking felt from an
earthquake is due to the Rayleigh wave, which can be much larger than the other waves.

Question-2
Define the following terms:
1.Acoustic Impedance
2.Snell’s Law of refraction
3.Critical angle

Solution

Acoustic Impedance
Acoustic Impedance is the measure of the opposition that a system presents to the acoustic flow
resulting of an acoustic pressure applied to the system. It is represented by “Z “ and its SI unit Pa.s/m2.

Snell’s Law of refraction

Snell's law states that the ratio of the sines of the angles of incidence and refraction is equivalent to the
ratio of phase velocities in the two media, or equivalent to the reciprocal of the ratio of the indices of
refraction:

Critical Angle
Critical Angle is the angle of incidence that provides an angle of refraction of 90 degrees.
Subject: PE-309 Muhammad Fawwad Obaida Roll No: PE-14041

Question-3
Table 3.3 lists densities and velocities of three layers. What can you infer about the magnitudes and
polarities of reflection coefficient 1 (for the interface between layers1 and 2) and reflection coefficient 2
(for the interface between layers 2 and 3)?

Solution
We know that,

Acoustic Impedance=Z=ρv
Hence,
Z1=2.2*1000*15000
=3300000Pa.s/m3

Z2=2.9*1000*3000
=8700000Pa.s/m3

Z3=2.6*1000*2500
=6500000Pa.s/m3 For interface between layer 1 and 2

R1=(Z2-Z1)/(Z2+Z1)
=(8700000-330000)/(8700000+3300000)
=0.45
Comment,
Since Z2>Z1, so the reflection coefficient is positive and it is not reversed For interface between layer 2 and 3

R2=(Z3-Z2)/(Z3+Z2)
=(6500000-8700000)/(6500000+8700000)
=-0.1447
Comment,
Since Z2>Z3, so the reflection coefficient is negative and the polarity is reversed.

Question-4
Consider two reflectors, or interfaces between two layers. In the first case, the velocity of the upper
layer is 2.5km/s and the velocity of the lower layer is 5.0km/s. In the second case, the velocity of the
upper layer is 3.25km/s and the velocity of the lower layer is 4.75km/s if a ray travels downward
Subject: PE-309 Muhammad Fawwad Obaida Roll No: PE-14041

through the top layer at an angle of incidence of 20 in each case, which will result in a larger angle of
refraction.

Solution

For case-1
Using Snell’s law,
(sinΦ/sinθ)=(Vl/Vu) sinΦ=(5/2.5)*sin(20)
sinΦ=0.68404
Φ=sin^-1(0.68404)
Φ=43.16degress

For case-2
Using Snell’s law,
(sinΦ/sinθ)=(Vl/Vu) sinΦ=(4.75/3.25)*sin(20)
sinΦ=0.5 Φ=sin^-1(0.5)
Φ=30 degrees

Comment,
Hence case-1 results in larger angle of refraction.

Question-5

Below a flat, horizontal surface is a layer of 1500m thickness that has a constant velocity of 2500m/s. Twelve
detectors are placed at 100m intervals from the source. Table 3.4 lists total path length to each detector. Determine
T0 and NMO( T) for traces corresponding to each detector. List answers in ms. (1ms=1000s.)

Solution

Detector Offset Reflection Path length Tj ΔTj ΔT

(m) (m) (sec) (sec) (msec)
Subject: PE-309 Muhammad Fawwad Obaida Roll No: PE-14041

1.2006 0.0006
1 100 3001.7 8 8 0.68
1.2026 0.0026
2 200 3006.7 8 8 2.68
3 300 3015 1.206 0.006 6
4 400 3026.5 1.2106 0.0106 10.6
1.2165 0.0165
5 500 3041.4 6 6 16.56
1.2237 0.0237
6 600 3059.4 6 6 23.76
1.2322 0.0322
7 700 3080.6 4 4 32.24
1.2419 0.0419
8 800 3104.8 2 2 41.92
1.2528 0.0528
9 900 3132.1 4 4 52.84
1.2649 0.0649
10 1000 3162.3 2 2 64.92
1.2781 0.0781
11 1100 3195.3 2 2 78.12
1.2944 0.0944
12 1200 3236.1 4 4 94.44

We know that,
To=2Z/V
Where ‘z’ is the thickness of the layer and ‘V’ is the velocity
Hence,
To=2(1500)/2500
=1.2sec
Also,
ΔTj =To+ΔTj j=1,2,3,4,……. ΔTj=Tj-ΔTo