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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this Project Report
At the outset, we would like to take this opportunity to express our gratitude and
thanks to various people for their help during the period we were preparing the
project.
We deeply express our heartful thanks to Miss Neha Shabbir, Project guide and
Lecturer of Electronics and Communication Engineering, for his valuable technical
suggestions, much needed guidance and constant encouragement, without which
this project would not have come into existence.
We would also like to thank our friends for their help in obtaining the documents
related to the project.
We also acknowledge our respected Director for providing technical journals and
reference materials in the library, which helped to make our project work accurate.
1. Chapter 1
a. Overview
2. Chapter 2
a. Introduction
b. Block Diagram
c. Circuit diagram
3. Chapter3
Program used in Project
4. Chapter4
a) Component Description
b) Scope
c) Use of Project
d) Limitation
5. Chapter5
a. Conclusion
b. Bibliography
MOTIVATION AND PROPOSAL:
controls so we didn't have to get out of the chair to change the channel.
Some people now own complex media systems that require the owner to
Press one button on a remote control and have it dim the lights,
set the volume level, and start playing a movie and music which you
desire. Not have the sprinklers turn on if it just rained. Get emails sent to
is tripped while out of the house. Get emails sent to you with the caller
turn the lights on in the house when the garage door goes up and it's
after sundown. Automatically turn the front porch lights on 1/2 hour
OVERVIEW
CHAPTER – 2
INTRODUCTION -
This article will help you get started, and provide the basic
information you'll need to establish an effective RF communications
network using the BASIC Stamp with the TWS/RWS RF modules.
Figure 2: BS1-IC & TWS-434 Connections.
Connect Pin# 7 (P0) of the BS1-IC to the data-input pin of the TWS-
434 RF transmitter module. Pin# 4 of the TWS-434 is the antenna
connection, and requires only a 13-inch piece of insulated hobby
wire for an effective antenna. For maximum range, use an antenna
that matches the frequency of the transmitter, and provides a 50-
ohm load for the transmitter output. This provides maximum RF
energy transfer, and will let you reach the maximum operating
distance. Under favorable conditions -- the TWS-434 will work up to
400'.
symbol dat = b2
symbol synch = b3
symbol junk = b4
synch = "A"
junk = 126
start:
pause 1000
for dat = 1 to 255
serout 0,N2400,(junk,synch,dat)
pause 50
next
serout 0,N2400,(junk,synch,0)
goto start
What's What:
The code has been kept very simple to help you understand a few
details of making an effective wireless link. Three variables are
initially setup to hold data to be transferred to the receiver.
dat holds the data we want the receiver to decode, and act on.
Now -- here's how it works. The junk byte is only for sending a data
stream to the receiver as a warm-up byte. This starts up the receiver
oscillator, and helps ensure the receivers oscillator circuit is ready for
the next byte. This is kind of a crude way of doing this, but it's
effective enough to help avoid missing data that follows the junk
byte.
The synch (synchronization byte), lets us use the ability of the BS2
SERIN command with the WAIT modifier, and helps to synchronize
the transmitter/receiver.
Without using the WAIT modifier in the serial input routine, it's likely
that we'll simply receive garbage characters on occasion, or possibly
with every transmission. Here's why....!
Suppose the data you expect to see is the number 15. The number
15 will look like this when it arrives: 00001111.
Now suppose we miss the first few bits of data, and the incoming
number looks like this 00000111. This can definitely cause
problems. Using the BS2 SERIN command with the WAIT modifier
lets us make sure we first receive the synchronization byte before we
accept further incoming serial data. This is very useful, and helps to
avoid receiving garbage characters.
START:
SERIN 0,BAUD,[WAIT(SYNCH),DAT]
OUTH = dat
GOTO START
The receiver code simply waits for the synch byte "A" to arrive before
accepting the remaining data. Once the synch byte is received, the
data we are looking for will be placed on the Stamp port pins P8 -
P15 using the command OUTH = dat.
Program flow then returns to the serial input routine to wait for the
next incoming serial data-stream.
The serial data stream flows from the digital output of the RWS-434
receiver module into the BASIC Stamp II I/O-pin P0.
The LED's:
Figure 4: Connecting LED's To The Stamp
Features
Encoder
24 PIN DIP
Operating Voltage : 2.4V ~ 12V
Low Power and High Noice Immunity CMOS
Technology
Low Standby Current and Minimum
Transmission Word
Built-in Oscillator needs only 5% Resistor
Easy Interface with and RF or an Infrared
transmission medium
Miniml External Comonents
Decoder
24 PIN DIP, Operating Voltage : 2.4V ~ 12.0V
Low Power and High Noice Immunity, CMOS
Technology
Low Stand by Current, Trinary address setting
Capable of Decoding 18 bits of Information
8 ~ 12 Address Pins and 0 ~ 4 Data Pins
Received Data are checked 2 times, Built in
Oscillator needs only 5% resistor
VT goes high during a valid transmission
Easy Interface with an RF of IR transmission
medium
Minimal External Components
L293).
2. DOUT: The DOUT pin is the ‘Digital Output’ pin. This pin
3. is the pin from which the encoder outputs it’s encrypted
4. signal. It should be connected to the DIN/Data-In pin of
your TX module.
5. TE: The TE pin is the ‘Transmission Enable’ pin. when
you have loaded all the data on your data pins and set
the addresses on the address pins, you pull TE high to
start the transmission. It can be either clock controlled or
button controlled depending on your needs. 0.5s-1s
seems to be enough of a pulse with for successful
transmission.
6. OSC2-OSC1: These two pins are the internal oscillator
pins. You need to connect a resistor between the two
pins. The value of the Resistor HAS TO BE SAME FOR
ALL RECEIVERS OF THE TRANSMITTER, otherwise
information will become out of sync.
7. Vss: Self-explanatory.
8. Pins A0-A9: The ‘A’ Pins are called the Address pins.
Imagine you are running multiple receiving devices on
the HT648L Decoder IC. But the Remote control
transmitter is only one HT640 Encoder IC. How do we
make sure that we get only one receiver to respond and
not all the receivers listening to the command. For that
we have something called Addresses for each receiver.
The concept is quite simple. The Binary 10-bit
combination has to be same on both the transmitter
and receiver for the data to be successfully transmitted. If
not, then the receiver will receive the transmissions but
because the addresses don’t match it will ignore the
signal. so now if my receiver has the 10bit(A0-A9)
address of say ’0001110001010′, then for my transmitter
to transmit data to that receiver my transmitter must also
have the adderss ’0001110001010′. This is awesome
considering that I can control 2 10=1024, 1024 different
receivers from just one transmitter and ON THE SAME
FREQUENCY BAND(433MHz in my case).
9. Vdd: +ve 5V supply.
Now lets see the HT648L Decoder IC.
RESISTORS
These do exactly what they say. They resist the flow of
electrons. These are necessary for several reasons:
- they can control how much current goes down each
wire
- they can control power usage
- they can control voltages (since current, resistance,
and voltage are interrelated)
18. The last point is important as it is the basis of Ohm's
law, V=IR. Voltage = Current x Resistance. For
example, suppose you take a resistor and connect the
two ends of a battery with it. You know that your
battery is 9V (or whatever) and you know the resistor is
3Kohm (determined by the color stripes on the resistor),
so 9V divided by 3Kohm is .003amps (3 milliamps). So
why is this information useful? Well now that you
know the current, you can determine other useful things
such as power. P=IV. You will notice that if you
increase resistance, you decrease current. If you
decrease current, you decrease power use. Put a 1ohm
resistor between the battery and it will get so hot it
could burn because of the power use. Use a 100Kohm
resistor and almost no power at all will be used.
19. So about determining the value of a resistor, all
resistors have the value labled on them. You will notice
colored stripes on the resistor. Each stripe means a
certain number. This has been explained a billion times
online already so I won't, just google search 'resistor
color tutorial.'
Click for a quick resistor color code reference chart.
20.
CAPACITORS
Now suppose you want to control how the current in
your circuit changes (or not changes) over time. Now
why would you? Well radio signals require very fast
current changes. Robot motors cause current
fluctuations in your circuit which you need to control.
What do you do when batteries cannot supply current as
fast as you circuit drains them? How do you prevent
sudden current spikes that could fry your robot
circuitry? The solution to this is capacitors.
Capacitors are somewhat complex in theory, but most
people can get by on the basics which I will explain
here. Capacitors are like electron storage banks. If your
circuit is running low, it will deliver electrons to your
circuit. If your circuit is in excess (such as when your
robot motors are turned off), it will store electrons. In
our water analogy, think of this as a water tank with
water always flowing in, but with drainage valves
opening and closing. Since capacitors take time to
charge, and time to discharge, they can also be used for
timing circuits. Timing circuits can be used to generate
signals such as PWM or be used to turn on/off motors
in solar powered BEAM robots.
21. Quick note, some capacitors are polarized, meaning
current can only flow one direction through them. If a
capacitor has a lead that is longer than the other,
assume the longer lead must always connect to
positive.
22. How do capicitors charge over time? This Capacitor
Charge Curve Chart should help. The discharge rate
would be the direct inverse. Theoretically (as made
obvious by the graph) a capacitor can never be fully
charged or discharged, but in reality this is never the
case.
DIODES
Diodes are what you would use to ensure current flows
in only a single direction. A great water analogy to a
diode is a dam. Water never flows up a damn. But the
analogy goes even further. With diodes, there is always
a voltage across it (typically .7V forward voltage).
Meaning if you have a diode come after a 7.2V battery,
the voltage would then be 6.5V. This is just like a dam
in that the water level will always drop. Doesnt current
already always flow in only a single direction? No. RC
circuits, or circuits involving AC power, or circuits that
are noisy (such as with motors), involve currents that
changes directions. So why would you only want
current to flow in a single direction? Many many
reasons. But for a beginner, you need to protect your
circuitry from noise. A microcontroller would fry if
current went the wrong way. Motor drivers and
MOSFETs would too. Diodes are also useful for
dropping high voltages to a lower more usable voltage.
31. This below chart represents the current vs voltage
curve typical of diodes. As you can see, the current
passing through a diode changes non-linearly as voltage
changes linearly.
32.
33. There is another special diode called a zener diode.
With the water analogy, a zener diode is like a dam, but
with a pump at the bottom pumping water back to the
top. Zener diodes allow current to flow in reverse as
well as forward. The forward voltage is still around
.7V, but there is a different reverse voltage of around
negative ~2.3V. You will probably never need to use a
zener diode.
34.
POWER SUPPLY
Definition:
Principle:
Transformer works on the principle of mutual
induction. A transformer consists of laminated magnetic
core forming the magnetic frame. Primary and secondary
coils are wound upon the two cores of the magnetic
frame, linked by the common magnetic flux. When an
alternating voltage is applied across the primary coil, a
current flows in the primary coil producing magnetic flux
in the transformer core. This flux induces voltage in
secondary coil.
LM7805C:
A variable regulated power supply, also called a
variable bench power supply, is one where you can
continuously adjust the output voltage to your
requirements. Varying the output of the power supply is
the recommended way to test a project after having
double checked parts placement against circuit drawings
and the parts placement guide.
CIRCUIT FEATURES
Brief description of operation: Gives out well
regulated +5V output, output current capability of
100 mA
Cordless telephone
Compatibility
Compatible with RF Modules 433 MHz.
Fan
Light
Digital thermostat
STK300 STK300
port B, bit 0 port B bit 1
Control
relay
Manual/Remote
select
Light Switch
Power from
120VAC
outlet
IMPACT ON HOME APPLIENCE&INDUSTRY:
This project will have a huge impact on academics and industry. With the help of
this project we have tried to depict the modern & global application of cell phone.
Mobile phone for home automation control can overcome these limitations and
provides the advantage of home applience control, working range as large as the
This project is very useful on the home usage of cell phone or DTMF controlled
home applience .The home applience are controlled by the cell phone .
The industry can find major application of this project in developing mobile
ADVANTAGES:
minimum.