Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Short Communication
Authors: ABSTRACT:
Journal of Research in Biology
Shahryar Heidari and There are various factors which effect on spectrum of earthquake such as:
Siyamak Bagheriyan soil type, magnitude of earthquake, distance to earthquake center, type of fault,
duration and damping of earthquake. The research was aimed to investigate the
Institution: effects of soil on the spectrum of earthquake. Therefore, several accelerograms for
Department of Civil
three different locations around the world have been selected from Berkeley
Engineering, Shahryar
University website. Then the selected accelerograms were scaled up with number 1
Branch, Islamic Azad
for scaling the spectrums. The spectrums of accelerograms and the records of
University, Tehran, Iran.
earthquake were drawn by seismosignal software. Finally, the effect of different soil
Corresponding author: were investigated on the spectrum of response earthquake. For increasing the
Shahryar Heidari accuracy of results, similar effective parameter have been selected in choosing of
accelerograms. Results of the research were as follows; the domain of spectrum was
higher due to increasing the hardness of soil in harez um similar design factor in low
periods and the domain of spectrum was higher due to increasing the softness of soil
in higher periods. The diagrams are more gatherer and possess a greater amount in
harder soil and are is more extent and possess a lower amount in the softer soil.
Keywords:
Response spectrum, earthquake, soil type, accelerogram, seismosignal.
Email Id:
Article Citation:
Shahryar Heidari and Siyamak Bagheriyan
Earthquake and impact of soil type on content of the result spectrum
Journal of Research in Ecology (2016) 6(8): 2131-2141
Dates:
Received: 28 Sep 2016 Accepted: 16 Oct 2016 Published: 18 Nov 2016
Web Address:
This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/
http://jresearchbiology.com/ licenses/by/4.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution and
documents/RA0614.pdf reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Figure 5. Spectrum of Moahrez design for deprecia- Figure 6. Normalized response spectrum, damping
tion 5% and ground acceleration 1g/ 5% (Bazyar and Ghanad, 2003)
(Moghadam, 1992)
are as follows Imanpour and Mehobbi, 2008:
MATERIALS AND METHODS 1. Specifications of soil location
Some researchers had evaluated various factors 2. Magnitude of earthquake and ground motion parame-
on the shape of the reflection spectra. Most of the cases ters including acceleration, velocity and displacement
Soil type A
Soil type B
Soil type C
Soil type D
Soil type E
Figure 7. Building reflection coefficient for a variety Figure 8. Building reflection coefficient for a variety
of lands for earthquake with low and moderate risk of lands for earthquake with high and very high risk
[BRC, 2005] [BRC, 2005]
maximum Earth
3. The distance to the epicenter of the earthquake site and dynamic Moghadam (1992). One of these methods
and the type of soil classification in the passage of seis- are using the spectrum seismic reflection in structure
mic waves to site Amiri, 2003. The seismic force can be determined in
4. The characteristics and mechanisms of origin earth quasi-static method by follow simple equation
quakes and duration of ground motion in time of earth- Moghadam (1992):
quake Earthquake Force = Structural weight * Acceleration of
Therefore, a real spectrum includes the above spectrum
factors. There are some methods to calculate the In this way, Structural force can be calculated
resistance of structure against earthquakes. The most by using the spectrum acceleration of the earthquake.
common methods are equivalent static analysis, modal
Soil type A
Soil type D
Soil type B
Soil type E
Soil type C
Soil type A
Soil type B
Soil type C
Soil type D
Soil type E
Soil type is one the most important factors which have a They noted there are several specified areas in triple
significant impact on the amount of spectrum. There are spectrum diagram which the results are presented for El
different methods for soil classification as follows: re- Centro earthquake in Figure 2 (Moghadam, 1992).
gional geological method, speed method, using SPT, 1. Acceleration response is equal to acceleration ground
microtremor method (microtremore) and the shape of in high frequency.
response spectrum method Amiri, 2003. Havzner was 2. Acceleration response is almost constant in range of
the first researcher who presented the design of spec- two to eight Hz.
trum earthquake in the late of 1950’s. The Havzner de- 3. Velocity is almost constant In range of 0.2 to 2 Hz.
signing spectrum for acceleration, velocity and displace- 4. Relocation is almost constant in the range less than
ment are shown in Figure 1. This spectrums are appro- 0.2 Hz.
priate for analysis and designing in field of reactionary, 5. Relocation of structure is equal to relocation of
while more structure are related to inelastic field. The ground in very low frequency.
spectrums are co-ordinated on base of ground accelera- The effect of type ground wasn’t considered in
tion 0.2 g and they should be divided on 0.2g for certain initial spectrum of Newmark and Hall. Other research-
ground acceleration A. In the late 60s, Newmark and ers noted that there were difference between the content
Hall studied the triple spectrum of many accelerogram. of the recorded frequency of accelerograms on bedrock
Soil type A
Soil type D
Soil type B
Soil type E
Soil type C
Figure 12. The spectrum of Kocaeli earthquake (Turkey 1999/08/17)
and recorded frequency on illuviation. The results of The curves of Figure 6 were obtained by the
the research indicated in Figures 3 and 4 (Moghadam, results of seismic designing structures Bazyar and Gha-
1992). The effect of the soften ground type appeared as nad (2003). Regulations of buildings design against
decreasing the amplification factor of acceleration in earthquakes (Iran 2800) presented the spectrum design
high frequencies and also increasing of the factor in low for soil types and intensity of relative risk by using the
frequencies. (Moghadam, 1992) newest results (version 3, 1382) in accordance with
Approximately Type
Description of ingredients
S. No Vs (meters per of land
second)
(A) Igneous rocks (coarse and fine texture), hard and very resistant rocks
More than 750 and metamorphic mass (gneiss-crystalline silicate rocks) conglomerate
1 classes I
More than 750 (B) Hard soils (sand dense, very hard clay) with a thickness of less than 30
m
(A) Loose igneous rocks (eg tuff), sedimentary rocks, foliated metamor-
375≤Vs≤057
2 phic rocks, loose rocks generally caused by weathering (degraded). II
375≤Vs≤057
(B) Hard soils (sand dense, very hard) with a thickness greater than 30 m
(A) Shattered rocks by the weathering.
375≤Vs≤105
3 (B) In soils with medium density, layers of sand and clay with medium III
375≤Vs≤105
bond between don and clay with moderate hardness.
(A) Soft sediments with high humidity due to the high ground water level
4 Less than 175 (B) Any kind of soil profile consisting of at least 6 meters of clay with IV
plasticity index greater than 20 and more than 40 percent moisture.
Soil type A
Soil type B
Soil type C
Soil type D
Soil type E
Figure 13. Recorded accelerograms of Morgan Hill earthquake (Morgan Hill 1984/04/24 21:15)
of each accelerogram has been drawn. All of accelero- Table 4 and Figure 13. Morgan Hill earthquake spec-
grams data are presented for different soils in Table 2 trum is shown in Figure 14.
and Figure 9. Duzce earthquake spectrum is shown in
Figure 10. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The second selected earthquake was Kocaeli Spectrum is a response of a structure with 1
earthquake (1999). The record of this earthquake has degree freedom against different earthquakes. This
been registered on different soils and corresponding means that created acceleration is specified in mass by
spectrum of each accelerogram has been drawn. All of applying recorded acceleration in past different earth-
accelerograms data are presented for different soils in quake to a system by one degree of freedom with differ-
Table 3 and Figure 11. Kocaeli earthquake spectrum is ent natural periods, on depending on soil structure.
shown in Figure 12. Modified cover of the acceleration is drawn in terms of
The third selected earthquake was Morgan Hill natural periods for each type of soil structure. Sys-
earthquake (1984). The record of this earthquake has mosygnal software was used for spectral analysis in this
been registered on different soils and corresponding project. (Seismosoft, 2015). It is a useful application for
spectrum of each accelerogram has been drawn. All of processing the accelerograph data. Several spectrums
accelerograms data are presented for different soils in are drawn as follows; acceleration spectrum, velocity,
Soil type A
Soil type D
Soil type B
Soil type E
Soil type C
Figure 14. The spectrum of Morgan Hill earthquake (Morgan Hill 1984/04/24 21:15)
Table 4. Recorded information of Morgan Hill earthquake (Morgan Hill 1984/04/24 21:15)
S. Site Data Soil
Distance (km) Magnitude Station
No conditions source type
Geomatrix M (6.2) Station: 47379
Closest to fault rupture (16.2) Hypocentral()
1 or CWB Ml (6.2) CDMG Gilroy Array A
Closest to surface projection of rupture ()
(A) Ms (6.1) #1
Geomatrix M (6.2) Station: 57383
Closest to fault rupture (11.8) Hypocentral()
2 or CWB Ml (6.2) CDMG Gilroy Array B
Closest to surface projection of rupture ()
(B) Ms (6.1) #6
Geomatrix M (6.2)
Closest to fault rupture (3.4) Hypocentral() Station: 57191
3 or CWB Ml (6.2) CDMG C
Closest to surface projection of rupture () Halls Valley
(C) Ms (6.1)
Geomatrix M (6.2) Station: 47380
Closest to fault rupture (15.1) Hypocentral()
4 or CWB Ml (6.2) CDMG Gilroy Array D
Closest to surface projection of rupture ()
(D) Ms (6.1) #2
Geomatrix M (6.2) Station: 58375
Closest to fault rupture (54.1) Hypocentral()
5 or CWB Ml (6.2) CDMG APEEL 1 - E
.Closest to surface projection of rupture ()
(E) Ms (6.1) Redwood City
displacement, fourie and other diagrams. harder soil and there is a less possibility of creation
For each earthquake, the soil type impact on plasticity in the soil but it contrary happens in soft soil.
spectrum diagram is indicated by evaluating the results The force of earthquake quickly transfer the soil to plas-
of the analysis on data derived from three mentioned ticity stage and doesn’t transfer the force completely.
earthquakes in the Figures of section five and also As can be seen in graphs; the domain of spectrum
drawing the graphs of spectrum earthquake accelero- was higher due to the increasing hardness of soil in
grams for different soils on a chart (Figure 15). As can low periods and the domain of spectrum was higher
be seen, the domain of spectrum was higher because of due to increasing the softness of soil in higher peri-
increasing the hardness of soil in harez um similar de- ods.
sighn factor in low periods and the domain of spectrum In general, and also in initial periods, the diagram is
was higher due to increasing the softness of soil in high- more gatherer and possess a greater amount in
er periods. And also in initial periods, the diagram is harder soil and the diagram is more extent and pos-
more gatherer and possess a greater amount in harder sess a lower amount in softer soil.
soil and the diagram is more extent and possess a lower
amount in the softer soil. REFERENCES
Imanpour A and Mohebbi S. (2008). The effect of
CONCLUSION different factors on the response land and compare the
It wouldn’t generally be conducted that the results with spectrum design of buildings in seismic
harder soil is better or the softer soil is weaker, but a reflections in Regulations (2800). The 3rd Congress of
balance between soil and structure should be created Civil Engineering, Tabriz, 1 and 2:1386 p.
according to the type of structure and frequency content.
Moghadam H. (1992). Earthquake engineering re-
For example in short structure with softer soil, less force
search center for transportation studies.
is applied to structures during earthquake and in high-
rise structures with harder soil under the foundation, Ghodrati Amiri. (2003). Classification of land stations
less force is applied to the structures. The force of earth- of recording the seismic on the spectrum. 6th Interna-
quake reaches completely from bedder to ground in
Advantages
Easy online submission
Complete Peer review
Affordable Charges
Quick processing
Extensive indexing
You retain your copyright
submit@jresearchbiology.com
www.jresearchbiology.com/Submit.php