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Al--Balqa Applied University
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Department
1 of alfaoury
Dr.Audih Electrical Energy Dr.Audih alfaoury
1/22
22//2017
The per-unit system expressed the voltages, currents,
powers, impedances, and other electrical quantities basis
by the equation:
Actual value
Quantity per unit (pu) =
Base value of quantity
4.For apparatus of the same general type the p.u. and volt
drops or losses are in the same order, regardless of size.
Z actual
Z p .u . Z % Z p.u . 100 % (Percent of base Z)
Z base
Z 0.60o p.u.
VS 0.5450 p.u.
If the voltage applied across the lamp is increased twice the rated value,
compute the current that flows through the lamp. Use the per-unit method.
S o lu tio n :
240 2402
V p .u . 1 . 1 0 p .u . a n d Z a c tu a l 115 0o
220 500
115 0o
Z pu 2 .3 6 0 o
4 8 .8
6 Dr.Audih alfaoury 1/22
22//2017
VS 1.10 p.u. o Z 2.360o p.u.
Vbase ( LV ) VL , LV Vbase ( HV ) VL , HV
S b a se S b a se
I b a se ( L V ) I b a se ( H V )
3V b a se ( L V ) 3V b a se ( H V )
8 Dr.Audih alfaoury 1/22
22//2017
Per-unit System for 3- Circuits
2
V1 ( LV ) V3base( LV ) 3V3base( LV ) (Vbase( LV ) )
Zbase1 ( LV ) .
I1 ( LV ) 3 Sbase Sbase
(Vbase ( HV ) ) 2
Z base ( HV )
Sbase
S3 3VL I L*
S pu V pu I *pu
Sbase 3Vbase I baase
Solution
2
Vbase ,old Sbase ,new
X " pu , new X pu ,old
V S
base , new base ,old
2
18 100
0.25 0.0405 pu
20 500
kV 2 V 21000
kVA VA
( kV )2 V 2
base
MVA VA
X
V 2
base
1 3 2 174
lin e ( b a s e )
S base 100
X a c tu a t j1 0 0
X lin e ( p u ) j 0 .5 7 5 p u
X base 174
18 Dr.Audih alfaoury 1/22
22//2017
At the sending end transformer the pu reactance is
(j0.1) this is based on 50MVA and 132kV,to find new
X on based of 100MVA and 132kV ,thus:
2
V base ,old S base , new
Z pu , new Z pu ,old
V base ,new S base ,old
2
132 100
X pu ( new ) j 0.1 j 0.2 pu
13 2 50
Same at the receiving end transformer the pu
reactance is : 100
X pu ( new ) j 0.12 j 0.24 p .u .
50
19 Dr.Audih alfaoury 1/22
22//2017
T he equiv alent reactance diagram circuit is
50 10 6
The actuale load current I load 3
1203 A
3 30 10 0.8
we select the base of 33kV ,100 MVA , the current with new
base is :
20 Dr.Audih alfaoury 1/22
22//2017
S 100 10 6
I base 3
1750 A
3V 3 33 10
1203 36.86o
I 0.687 36.86 pu
pu 1750
*( note that the current laggin with 0.8 that means 36.86o )
V 30
V actual 0.91 pu
pu ( at load bus ) V 33
base
o
Vs VR jXI 0.910
0.687 36.86 ( j 0.2 j 0.575 j 0.24)
21 Dr.Audih alfaoury 1/22
22//2017
1.328 j 0.558 1.44 22.79o pu
Home work
Select 20kVbase in generator circuit and Sbase=100MVA,
compute p.u. equivalent circuit.
j100
G
b ase ( k V A ) 1
B ase curren t ( A ) 1
b ase ( k V ) 1
base ( k V ) 1 base ( k V ) 12 1 0 00
B ase im p ed an ce ( ) 1
b ase cu rren t ( A ) b ase ( k V A ) 1
b ase ( M V A r )
1
B ase ( k W ) b as e ( k V A ) b ase ( k V A r )
1 1 1 1000
B ase ( k V A ) 3 b ase ( k V A ) , b ase ( k V ) 3 3 b ase ( k V ) 1
3 1 LL LN
base ( k V L L / 3 ) 2 1 0 0 0
B ase im p ed an ce f o r 3 sy stem ( )
b ase ( k V A 3 / 3)
b ase ( k V L L ) 2 1 00 0 base ( k V L L ) 2
b ase ( k V A 3 ) base ( M V A 3 )
2
V b ase ,o ld S b as e , n ew
Z p u , n ew Z p u ,o ld
V base , n ew S b ase ,o ld
23 Dr.Audih alfaoury 1/22
22//2017
Per Unit Conversion Procedure of single phase