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What is the momentum of a 23 Kg cannon shell going 530 m/s?

23 * 530 = 12190 kgm/s....p = mV

What speed must a 5 Kg object go to have 24 Kgm/s of momentum?


24 = 5 * V....p = mV

V = 24/5 or 4.8 m/s

A bullet going 640 m/s has 42 Kgm/s of momentum. What is its mass?
42 = 640 * m....p = mV

m = 42/640 or .066 kg

What is the impulse imparted by a rocket that exerts 4.8 N for 1.63 seconds?
4.8 * 1.63 = 7.824 or 7.8 Ns..../\p = Ft

For what time must you exert a force of 45 N to get an impulse of 16 Ns?
16 = 45 * t..../\p = Ft

t = 16/45 or .36 s

What force exerted over 6 seconds gives you an impulse of 64 Ns?


64 = 6 * N..../\p = Ft

N = 64/6 or 10.7 N

What is the change in velocity of a .35 Kg air track cart if you exert a force of 1.2 N on it for 3 seconds?
.35 * /\V = 1.2 * 3....F = m(/\V/t)

/\V = 3.6/.35 or 10.3 m/s

A rocket engine exerts a force of 500 N on a space probe (in outer space!) for 5 seconds.

The probe speeds up from rest to a speed of 21 m/s. What is its mass?
21 * m = 500 * 5....F = m(/\V/t)

m = 2500/21 or 119 kg

What force exerted for .12 seconds will make a .54 Kg baseball change its velocity 80 m/s.
N * .12 = .54 * 80....F = m(/\V/t)

N = 43.2/.12 or 360 N

How long must the space probe in question 8 fire its engine to change its velocity by 3 m/s?
500 * t = 119 * 3....F = m(/\V/t)

t = 357/500 or .71 s

A rocket engine burns 5 Kg of fuel per second. The exhaust gas velocity is 608 m/s. What is

the thrust of the engine? What time must it burn to impart an impulse of 12,000 Ns? How much

fuel will it burn to do this?


a. 5 * 608 = 3040 N....F = m(/\V/t)

b. 12000 = 3040 * t..../\p = Ft


t = 12000/3040 or 3.95 s

c. 3.95 * 5 = 19.7 s....fuel burned per second multiplied by the number of seconds it is

burning
An 11 Ns rocket engine has 12.5 g of fuel. What is the exhaust velocity?
11 = .0125 * V....F = m(/\V/t)

V = 11/.0125 or 880 m/s

A rocket generates 25 N of thrust, and the exhaust gas velocity is 1250 m/s. At what rate

does it consume fuel in Kg/s? How much fuel has it burned in 5 minutes?
a. 25 = 1250 * V....F = m(/\V/t)

kg/s = 25/1250 or .02 Kg/s

b. .02 * 5 min * 60 sec/min = 6 kg....fuel burned per second multiplied by the number of

seconds it is burning

A small rocket probe in deep space has a mass of 68.5 Kg, 45.2 Kg of which is fuel. Its engine

consumes .250 Kg of fuel per second, and it has an exhaust velocity of 720 m/s. For how much

time will the engine burn? What is the initial acceleration of the rocket engine? What is the

acceleration just before it runs out of fuel?


a. 45.2/.25 = t....Amount of fuel divided by the burn rate

b. F = (720 * .25) = 180....F = m(/\V/t)

180 = 68.5 * a....F = ma

a = 180/68.5

c. F = (720 * .25) = 180....F = m(/\V/t)

180 = (68.5 - 45.2) * a....F = ma

a = 180/23.3

A rocket takes off from the surface of the Earth straight up. The total mass of the rocket

is 5000 Kg, 3500 Kg of which is fuel. The exhaust gas velocity is 3000 m/s , and the rocket

consumes 25 Kg of fuel per second. For how long do the engines burn? What is the thrust of the

engine? What is the initial and final accelerations of the rocket? (don't forget gravity)

a. 3500/25 = t....Amount of fuel divided by the burn rate

b. F = (25 * 3000)....F = m(/\V/t)

c1. 75000(from b) - (9.8 * 5000)(gravity) = 5000 * a....F = ma

26000/5000 = a

c2. 75000(from b) - (9.8 * (5000 - 3500))(gravity) = (5000 - 3500) * a....F = ma

60300/1500 = a
REMEMBER: A weight is a special case of force.

example 1: what is the mass of a 200. kg object? 200. kg

example 2: what is the weight of a 200. kg object?

weight = mass x gravity 200. kg x 9.8 m/s2 = 1960 kg m/s2 =


1960 newtons

example 3: what is the mass of a 200. newton object?

mass = weight / gravity 200. kg m /s2 / 9.8 m/s2 = 20.4 kg

Problems:.

1. What force is required to accelerate an object having a mass of 3 kg at 5 m/s2?

2. What is the mass of an object which is accelerated at 10. m/s2 due to a force of 75 newtons?

3. What would be the acceleration of an object with a mass of 20.0 kg when hit with a force of
100. N?
4. What force is required to give a projectile weighing 500. newtons an acceleration of 3.00E+3 m/s2?
5. What would be the acceleration of an object with a mass of 100 kg hit with a force of 0 newtons?
6. What would be the mass of an object if it is accelerated at 1.95E-3 m/s2 due to a force of
7.83 E 3 N?
7. Find the final velocity of an object, initially at rest, that falls freely for 3.00 seconds.
8. Find the height of a tower if an object dropped from the top reaches the ground in 10.0 seconds.
9. 169 newtons are applied to an object with a rest weight of 1.30 E 3 N. What is the resultant
acceleration?
10. A car, starting from rest, accelerates at 8 miles per hour per second, giving it what
velocity at the end of 4 seconds?
*11. A toy airplane that is flying at 7 m/s speeds up to 18 m/s in 4.5 seconds due to a force of
1.76E-3 N. Using this information what is the mass of the toy?
*12. If a 12 pound ball is dropped and attains a velocity of 8.8 ft/s in 3.0 seconds on the planet
Oogabooga (with a gravity different from Earth's of course) what is the mass of the ball?
*13. If a ball is dropped and attains a velocity of 29.31 m/s in just 3.00 seconds, what
is the acceleration of gravity?

1. A type of elevator called a cage is used to raise and lower miners in a mine shaft. Suppose the cage carries a
group of miners down the shaft. If the unbalanced force on the cage is 60.0 N, and the mass of the loaded cage is
150 Kg, what is the acceleration of the cage?

2. The whale shark is the largest of all fish and can have the mass of three adult elephants. Suppose that a crane is
lifting a whale shark into a tank for delivery to an aquarium. The crane must exert an unbalanced force of 25,000 N
to lift the shark from rest. If the shark’s acceleration equals 1.25 m/s2, what is the shark’s mass?

3. In drag racing, acceleration is more important than speed, and therefore drag racers are designed to provide high
accelerations. Suppose a drag racer has a mass of 1250 Kg and accelerates at a rate of 16.5 m/s2 . How large is the
unbalanced force acting on the racer?

4. Assume that a catcher in a professional baseball game exerts a force of -65.0 N to stop the ball. If the baseball
has a mass of 0.145 Kg, what is its acceleration as it is being caught?

5. The Petronas Twin Towers in Malaysia is 452 meters tall. Suppose a tourist tosses an apple off of the very top of
one of the buildings and it falls with a force of 3.6 N, and its acceleration is 9.8 m/s2, what is the apple’s mass?

6. If a 52,200,000 Kg luxury cruise ship is accelerating at a rate of -0.357 m/s2 as it comes into port. How large is
the unbalanced force acting on the ship to make it stop in the proper location?
A 10 kg box is attached to a 7 kg box which rests on a 30 o incline. The coefficient of kinetic friction between each

box and the surface is = .1 . Find a) the rate of acceleration of the system and b) the tension in the rope.

Solution:

Figure 4.5: Problem 4.5

We apply the 2nd law separately to each box.


For the 10 kg box:
y direction:

N2 - m2g =
N2 = m2g,
x direction:

T - fk 2 = m2a
= m2a
T- N2
= m2a. (13)

T- m2g
For the 7 kg box:
y direction:

N1 = m1gcos ,
x direction:

m1gsin - T - f k 1 = m 1a
= m 1a
m1gsin -T- N1
= m1a. (14)

m1gsin -T- m1gcos

We have a system of two equations and two unknowns: a and T . We can solve as follows.

a)

From equation (4.1), T = m2a + m2g . Substituting into equation (4.2) gives,

m1a =
m1gsin - m1gcos - m 2a - m2g
= (15)
m1gsin - m2g - m1gcos
m1a + m2a
=
[m1gsin - m2g - m1gcos ]g ]
a
= (16)
2
[7(9.8)sin 30 - (0.1)(10)(9.8) - (0.1)(7)(9.8)cos 30)] = 1.1 m/s
b)
Then substituting into the first equation gives,

T =
m2(a + g )
= 10(9.8(.1) + 1.1) = 20.8 N.
1. A 3.5 kg. mass is travelling at a constant velocity of 25 m/s. What force is required to slow it to a stop in 5
seconds?
answer: 17.5N

Explanation: First, derive the acceleration by using the equation vf=vi + a*t

Using the derived value, multiply the acceleration by the mass of the object (F=m*a)

The Result is the answer.

2. A 42 kg. mass is resting on the Earth's surface. What force does it exert on the Earth?
The answer is 412 N

All objects accelerate downwards, towards the Earth, due to gravity.

The rate of this acceleration is -9.81 meter per second per second.

Thus, using Newtons Second Law, F=m*a,

Multiply the mass of the object by the rate of acceleration

3. A man wants to lift a crate full of pineapples. The crate weighs 230 kg. What force is required to lift it (at a
constant velocity) straight up?
The answer is 2300 N

The force required to lift the box must exceed the force exerted by gravity.

Simply find the force of gravity (using F=m*a, where a = 9.81 m/s/s)

Any number larger than 2300N will work.

4. You are trying to move a piano. The coefficient of static friction between the carpet and the piano is 0.63. The
piano weighs 405 kg. How much force is required to accelerate the piano?

The answer is 2500N

This one is a tough one

First, calculate the force of friction by multiplying the force normal by the coeff. of static friction

The force normal is the force exerted by gravity

Since you want to move the piano, you must overcome friction, so a force larger than 2500N is necessary

A force of 30000 N j is exerted for 4.00 s, on a 95,000 kg mass.


(a) What is the impulse of the force for this 4.00 s?
(b) What is the mass's change in momentum from this impulse?
(c) What is the mass's change in velocity from this impulse?
(d) Why can't we find the resulting change in kinetic energy of the mass?

a. Impulse = Ft = 30000(4) = 120000 N-s

b. change in momentum = impulse = 120000 N-s

c. j = m∆v

120000 = (95000)∆v

∆v = 1.26 m/s

d. We do not know the initial velocity.

1. A particle with momentum mv1 experiences a force which leaves it with momentum mv2.
Draw an arrow to represent the impulse the particle experienced.

2. A 1000 kg car accidentally drops from a crane and crashes at 30 m/s to the ground below and
comes to an abrupt halt. What impulse acts on the car when it crashes?

3. If a force of 300N is exerted upon a 60 kg mass for 4 seconds, how much impulse does the
mass experience?

4. Two goblins with identical mass are traveling on a frictionless surface at right angles to each
other with velocities v1 and v2 respectively (v1 = 2v2). The goblins collide and stick together.

a. Draw momentum vectors for both goblins before the collision.


b. Draw the momentum vector for the combined body immediately after the collision.
c. What is the impulse of the system?

5. A billiard ball approaches a cushioned edge of a billiard table with momentum, p. After the
collision with the cushion, it bounces straight back with the same amount of momentum in the
opposite direction. What is the impulse on the ball?

6. A trajectile, of mass 20 g, traveling at 350 m/s, strikes a steel plate at an angle of 30-degrees
with a plane of the plate. It ricochets off at the same angle, at a speed of 320 m/s. What is the
magnitude of the impulse that the steel plate gives to the trajectile?

7. A daredevil (m = 77.00 kg) tied to a 32.00 m bungee cord, leaps off a 62.00 m tall platform.
He falls to 9.00 m above the ground before the bungee cord pulls him back up. What size
impulse is exerted on the daredevil while the cord stretches.

8. An 80-kg man and his car are suddenly accelerated from rest to a speed of 5 m/s as a result of
a rear-end collision. Assuming the time taken to be 0.3s, find the
a) impulse on the man and

b) the average force exerted on him by the back seat of his car

9. The momentum of a 30.0-g sparrow with a speed of 12 m/s is 0.36 kg*m/s. What will be its
momentum 12s later if a constant .02 N force due to air resistance acts on it?

10. Two rickshaws, one twice the mass of the other, experience the same force for the same time.
What is their difference in momentum? What is their difference in kinetic energy?

11. A racket exerted an average force of 152.0 N on a ball initially at rest. If the ball has a mass
of 0.070 kg and was in contact with the racket for 0.030 s, what was the kinetic energy of the ball
as it left the racket?

12. A 0.15-kg rubber ball's velocity just before impact with a floor is 6.5 m/s down, and just after
is 3.5 m/s straight up. If the ball is in contact with the floor for 0.025 s, what is the magnitude of
the average force applied by the floor on the ball?

According to Newton's first law...

An object at rest will remain at rest unless acted


on by an unbalanced force. An object in motion
continues in motion with the same speed and in
the same direction unless acted upon by an
unbalanced force.
This law is often called
"the law of inertia".

What does this mean?

This means that there is a natural


tendency of objects to keep on
doing what they're doing. All
objects resist changes in their state of motion. In
the absence of an unbalanced force, an object in
motion will maintain this state of motion.

Let's study the "skater" to understand this a little better.

What is the motion in this picture?

What is the unbalanced force in this picture?

What happened to the skater in this picture?

This law is the same reason why you should always wear your seatbelt.
Now that you understand
Newton's First Law of Motion,
let's go on to his Second Law of Motion.

According to Newton's second law...

Acceleration is produced when a force acts on a


mass. The greater the mass (of the object being
accelerated) the greater the amount of force
needed (to accelerate the object).

What does this mean?

Everyone unconsiously knows the


Second Law. Everyone knows that
heavier objects require more force
to move the same distance as lighter objects.
However, the Second Law gives us an exact
relationship between force, mass, and acceleration.
It can be expressed as a mathematical equation:

or
FORCE = MASS times ACCELERATION

This is an example of how Newton's Second Law


works:
Mike's car, which weighs 1,000 kg, is out of gas.
Mike is trying to push the car to a gas station, and
he makes the car go 0.05 m/s/s. Using Newton's
Second Law, you can compute how much force Mike
is applying to the car.

Answer = 50 newtons

This is easy, let's go on to


Newton's Third Law of Motion

According to Newton's third law...

For every action there is an equal and opposite


re-action.
What does this mean?

This means that for every


force there is a reaction force
that is equal in size, but
opposite in direction. That is to say that
whenever an object pushes another object it gets
pushed back in the opposite direction equally
hard.

Let's study how a rocket works to understand


Newton's Third Law.

The rocket's action is to push down on the ground


with the force of its powerful engines, and the
reaction is that the ground pushes the rocket
upwards with an equal force.
UP,
UP,
and
AW
AY!

You have just learned about


Newton's Three Laws of Motion.

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