QUESTION 1

Explain clearly, four main of HECRAS in Hydraulic Engineering.

1. One-dimensional steady flow, one and two unsteady flow in hydraulics.
 This component of the modelling system is intended for calculating water surface
profiles for steady gradually varied flow. The system can handle a single river
reach, a dendritic system or a full network of channels.
 This component of HEC-RAS modelling system is capable of simulating one
dimensional unsteady flow; two dimensional flow unsteady flow; or combined
1D and 2D unsteady flow modelling through a full network of open channels.
2. Sediment transport/mobile bed computations.
 The sediment transport potential is computed by grain size fraction, thereby
allowing the simulation of hydraulic sorting and armoring. Major features include
the ability to model a full network of streams, channel dredging, various levee
and encroachment alternatives, and the use of several different equations for the
computation of sediment transport.
3. Water temperature modeling
4. Generalized water quality modeling.
 This component of the modelling system is intended to allow the user to perform
riverine water quality analyses.
QUESTION 2
SOLUTION
q = 7.75 m3 /s/m and, y1 =0.50m
V1 = 7.75/0.50 = 15.50

F1 = 15.50 / √9.81 × 0.50 = 7.0

15.50
𝑓1 = √9.81×0.50 = 7.0
y2 1
= (−1 + √(1 + 8) × (7)2 ) = 9.41
y1 2

Y2 = 4.71m
a) F1 = 7.0 , so steady jump will be formed.
b) Since F1 > 5.0 , so Lf =6.1
Lf = length of the jump = 6.1 × 4.71 = 28.7m.
(y2−y1)3
c) El = head loss = = (4.71 – 0.50 )3 / (4×0.50×4.71) = 7.92 m.
4y1y2
V1 (15.50)(15.50)
d) 𝐸1 = Y1 + 2g , 𝐸1 = 0.50 + = 12.75m
2×9.81
QUESTION 3
An engineer is to analyze flow in an open channel in which the channel is designed to be
constricted by placing bridge embankment at both sides of the channel. Explain the
consequences due to the constriction.
In a stream channel with supercritical flow conditions a constriction such as a bridge may not
affect the upstream flow conditions. However, if the constriction is severe enough, it could cause
a change in flow regime such that a backwater occurs upstream of the bridge and a hydraulic
jump occurs near the bridge. As the flow becomes constricted as it moves toward the bridge
opening, the velocity increases, which can result in scour along the embankment and through the
bridge. At the bridge headers, intersecting velocity vectors can cause severe turbulence and
eddies. Piers in the waterway create additional local turbulence and vortices. Turbulence,
eddying, and vortices often result in scour.