1.

Explain the need for a transport system in multi-cellular organisms when compare to
unicellular organisms. (3 marks)

2. Identify FOUR useful and FOUR harmful substances which need to be transported in
animals. Also make reference to where they are transported from and where they are
transported to. (4 marks)

3. The human blood consists of FOUR main components. Relate the structure of these
components to their functions. (8 marks)

4. The blood is composed of a cell that is able to defend the body against pathogens.
Discuss, using TWO ways, how theses blood cells are able defend the body against
diseases. (4 marks)

5. Draw a diagram of the red and white blood cells. (2 marks)

6. Describe how a blood clot forms and how the clot protects the body against blood loss. (4
marks)

7. Distinguish between natural immunity and artificial immunity with the use of examples.
(2 marks)

8. Explain how the principles of immunisation are used in the control of communicable
diseases. (3 marks)

9. Describe how oxygen is transport from the site where it is picked up to a named body
cell. (5 marks)

10. Using a table, discuss the differences among arteries, capillaries and veins by comparing
their structures to the functions they carry out in humans. (6 marks)

11. What are FOUR factors that affect blood pressure? (2 marks)

12. Distinguish between the following: (8 marks)

i. Diastole and systole
ii. Atrium and ventricle
iii. Tricuspid and bicuspid
iv. Semi-lunar valves and atrioventricular valves

13. Explain how the heart beats, with reference to the three phases of a heartbeat. (3 marks)

14. Explain precisely how the blood transports oxygen and carbon dioxide. (4 marks)

15. What are pathogens? (2 marks)

16. Explain, using three examples, how the opening in our skin aids in expelling dust that
contains pathogens. (6 marks)

17. Differentiate between the first and second line of defense against pathogens. (3 marks)

18. Distinguish between antigen and antibodies. (2 marks)

19. Explain the immune response. (3 marks)

20. Discuss the TWO types of natural immunity and the TWO types of artificial immunity.
(8 marks)
21. What are the four blood groups? Based on the blood groups listed, state the
corresponding antigen present on the surface of the red blood cells and antibody present
in the blood plasma for each group. (4 marks)

22. Explain how the structure of xylem vessels is suited for their function. (Hollow tubes-
non-living with lignified walls; no end walls- allow for a continuous flow of water)

23. Discuss the role of the process of transpiration in plants. (Transpiration stream from roots
to leaves to be included.)

24. Describe the effect of external factors on transpiration. (Light intensity, temperature,
humidity, and air movements should be included.)

25. Discuss adaption in plants to conserve water. (Simple treatment of root length, cuticle
thickness, water storage.) (xerophytes, mesophytes, hydrophytes, and halophytes)

26. Explain the following:

i. Evaporation
ii. Transpiration
iii. Movement of water up the xylem
iv. Movement of water across the root cortex
v. Absorption of water by the root hair cells

27. Explain how the structure of the phloem is suited to its function. (Source-Sink)

28. Discuss two ways to prove phloem transloates organic food.

29. Identify the products stored in plants and animals and the sites of storage. (Roots, stems,
leaves, fruits, seeds in plants; the liver, fat deposits in animals to be included.)

30. Discuss the importance of food storage in living organisms.( Storage as a means of
overcoming the need for continuous food intake or manufacture, providing for periods of
scarcity, providing for special functions, such as, production of sexual or vegetative
reproductive structures, development of embryos.)
31. Draw and annotate stages in germinating seeds.

32. Draw buds from plant storage organs (stems and tubers).

33. Draw and label the longitudinal section of a xylem and phloem.

34. Label the following diagram by writing the corresponding letter to its respected
structures.