HV Seminar - HVSA Theory & Application

Surge Arrester Theory & Applications
Jorge Luiz De Franco

REP – Lima – November 18th – 20th, 2013
November 15, 2013

High Voltage Technical Seminar
Surge Arrester Theory & Applications
• Purpose of Surge Arresters in Electrical Systems
• Overvoltage Conditions – Short Review
• Interaction of Surge Arresters with the Systems
• Insulation Coordination using Deterministic Method - Short Review
• Proper selection of Surge Arresters for protection of the Electrical
System
– Selection of Surge Arrester by it’s Electrical Characteristics
– Selection and Evaluation of Insulation Withstand Levels for proper
Equipment Protection
– Evaluation of the Insulation Coordination
page 2 / November 15, 2013

Purpose of Surge Arresters in Electrical Systems
• Arresters are used to protect electrical

equipment and power systems against
transient overvoltages (lightning and
switching) by reducing their electrical
Voltage with SA
stress to values lower than the withstand
voltage of the equipment / power Full Wave
Withstand Voltage
systems.
• This protects the equipment / power
system from damage and / or failures in
the insulation of the equipment / power
Voltage on the Insulation
systems after the overvoltage condition’s without SA – Flashover
occurrence. Occurrence
Overvoltage Conditions – Short Review
• Definition – IEC 60.071-1 – Edition 8.0 / 2006:

– Any voltage between one phase conductor and earth or across a
longitudinal insulation having a peak value exceeding the peak of
the highest voltage of the system divided by 3 or between phase
conductors having a peak value exceeding the peak of the highest
voltage of the system.
• Classification: According to their shape and duration, voltage and

overvoltages are divided in the following classes:
– Continuous
– Temporary Overvoltage
– Transient Overvoltage

• Temporary Overvoltage:
– An oscillatory phase-to-ground or
phase-to-phase overvoltage of
relatively long duration. May be
undamped or weakly damped and
in some cases its frequency may
be several times smaller or higher
than power frequency.
– Temporary overvoltages usually
originate from Switching
Operations, Faults (Short Circuit),
Load Rejection, Ferroresonance
Effects or Ferranti Effect.
• Transient Overvoltages:
– Short Duration Overvoltage of few milliseconds or less, oscillatory or
non-oscillatory, usually highly damped.
• Slow-Front Overvoltage (usually associated with switching)
• Fast-Front Overvoltage (usually associated with lightning)
• Very Fast-Front Overvoltage (GIS and very fast events)
• Combined Overvoltage

Continuous (Power Frequency) Temporary Transient (Slow, Fast and Very Fast Fronts)
Combined

Interaction of Surge Arresters with the Systems
U0 Expected overvoltage (kV)

Z0 Surge impedance (Ω)
UPR Residual voltage of the surge arrester (kV)
ZC Charge impedance (Ω)
Applying Thevenin´s Theorem:
ZC Z0  ZC
UTH  2 U0  ZTH 
Z0  ZC Z0  ZC
UTH  ZTH  I d  U PR  f  I d   0
UTH  ZTH  I d  U PR  f  I d   0
Z0  ZC
 I d  U PR  f  I d   0
ZC
2 U0  
Z 0  ZC Z 0  ZC
Considering the arrester installed at the end of the line:

ZC → ∞ (open circuit)
UTH  2 U 0 ZTH  Z 0
2 U 0  Z0  I d  U PR  f  I d   0
2 U 0  Z0  I d  U PR  f  I d 
Interaction of Surge Arresters with the Systems:
Protection with Silicon Carbide Arresters
Overvoltage Characteristic:
U0 (kV) 10 245 500 715 800 695 620 555 442
T (µs) 0,10 0,16 0,30 0,60 1,00 3,00 6,00 10,00 30,00
Surge Impedance of the System: 450 Ω

Voltage versus time Sparkover Voltage:
Udisr 1400 1200 1080 1030 960 940 940 960 980 1000
(kV)
Tdisr 0,16 0,30 0,60 1,00 3,00 6,00 10,00 30,00 100 1000
(µs)
Residual Voltage versus Discharge Current Characteristic:
UPR (kV) 320 650 900 1000 1080 1110 1140 1150
Id (kA) 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6

Z0 . Id + UPR 2U0
UPR (Id) Z0 . Id Sparkover Voltage

Z0 . Id + UPR 2U0
UPR (Id) Z0 . Id Sparkover Voltage

2000
1800
1600
Overvoltage
1400
without SA
1200
1000
Overvoltage
800
with SA
600
400
200
0
0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00
Protection with Zinc Oxide Arresters
Overvoltage Characteristic:
U0 (kV) 10 245 500 715 800 695 620 555 442
T (µs) 0,10 0,16 0,30 0,60 1,00 3,00 6,00 10,00 30,00
Surge Impedance of the System: 450 Ω
Residual Voltage versus Discharge Current Characteristic:
UPR (kV) 320 650 900 1000 1080 1110 1140 1150
Id (kA) 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6

Z0 . Id + UPR 2U0
UPR (Id) Z0 . Id
2000
1800
1600
Overvoltage
1400
without SA
1200
1000
Overvoltage
800
with SA
600
400
200
0
0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00
• Arresters are used to protect equipment and power systems against

transient overvoltages (lightning and switching) by reducing their
magnitudes to established values lower than the withstand voltages of
the equipment / power systems protected in way to avoid damages and
failures in the insulation of the equipment / power systems after the
overvoltage’s occurrence.
• Maximum magnitudes of the transient overvoltages on the terminals of

the equipment protected are calculated taking into account the Surge
Arrester’s protective levels and the distance effect (electrical distance)
among the arrester and the protected equipment.

Function of Surge Arresters in Electrical Systems:
Arrester Protective Level

Function of Surge Arresters in Electrical Systems:
Effect of Electrical Distance
Distance → VT
800
Lightning overvoltage (kVcr)

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Distance (m)
LIWV Lightning Overvoltage LIWV / 1.2

Insulation Coordination using Deterministic Method
- Short Review
• Insulation Coordination:
– As per IEC 60.071-1 / 2006 insulation coordination consists in the
selection of insulation strength consistent with expected overvoltages to
obtain an acceptable risk of failure.
- Short Review
• Protective Margin:
CWV LIWV SIWV

PM 1  PM 2  PM 3 
FWPL  V1 LIPL  V2 SIPL
CWV Chopped Wave Voltage of the equipment

FWPL Front of Wave Protective Level of the arresters
LIWV Lightning Impulse Withstand Voltage of the equipment
LIPL Lightning Impulse Protective Level of the arrester
SWIV Switching Impulse Withstand Voltage of the equipment
SIPL Switching Impulse Protective Level of the arrester
V Additional voltage due to the electrical distance between the

arrester and the protected equipment

- Short Review
LIWV - BIL
PM ≥ 1,20
VMAX
LIPL SA
SIWV - BSL
PM ≥ 1,15
VMAX
SIPL SA
VMAX t   VRES t   V t 
- Short Review
• To reduce the electrical distance among surge arresters and the
protected equipment in special power transformers, place the surge
arresters as closer as possible to the protected equipment
– Possibility of increasing the Protective Margin (MP)
– Possibility of reducing the Insulation Withstand Voltage
• Arrester as an integral part of the Protected Equipment

Arrester as an integral part of the Protected
Equipment – Power Transformers
CHESF – Brazil 230 kV System

Cazaquistan 220kV System

Surge Arrester Applications
Substations Distribution Networks Transmission Lines

Proper Selection of Surge Arresters for the
Protection of Electrical Systems
• Selection of the Arrester’s Characteristics
– Steady State Condition – MCOV and Rated Voltage
– Protective Characteristics – Residual Voltage Levels
– Energy Requirements
– Environmental Conditions
– Short-circuit requirements
– Mechanical requirements
• Selection and Evaluation of the Insulation Withstand Levels for proper

• Evaluation of the Insulation Coordination

Selection of Surge Arrester Characteristics
Lightning and switching

overvoltages
Contamination and
environmental condition
Voltage
U rw
Temporary
overvoltages
Up
Continuous operating
voltage
Uc
t1
Time
Selection of Surge Arrester Characteristics

Selection of Surge Arrester Characteristics -
Arrester Rated Voltage
• Condition 1 - Selection of Ur based on the Maximum Continuous
Operating Voltage (MCOV)
– Highest System Voltage
U max
Ur1  K 
3
U rated
K
MCOV

• Condition 2 - Selection of Ur based the Amplitudes of the Temporary
Overvoltages (TOV) and their Duration
– Temporary Overvoltage versus Time Capability for Surge Arrester
1.30
Prior Energy 600C - 4,50 kJ/kV
1.25 No prior Energy - 60C
TOV
Ur2 
Prior Energy 60C - 2,25 kJ/kV
1.20
1.15
K2
U/Ur
1.10
1.05
1.00 TOV
0.95 K2 
0.90 U rated
0.10 1.00 10.00 100.00 1000.00
Time (s)

• For same arrester design, it is
possible to reduce the surge
arrester’s protective levels by
reducing the arrester’s rated
voltage.
URATED
TOV SA TOV 2
TOV 1
MCOV
VMAX
Arrester Rated Voltage – Example
• System Voltage (Phase-to-Phase)
– Rated Voltage: 220 kV
– Highest Voltage of the System: 245 kV
– Case 1 - Grounded System: TOV = 198 kV (1.4 pu) at 1 s
– Case 2 - High Impedance System: TOV = 219 kV (1.55 pu) at 1 s
– Case 3 - Ungrounded System: TOV = 245 kV (1.73 pu) at 1 s
– Case 4 - General Case: TOV = 184 kV (1.3 pu) at 10 s
• For a first evaluation:
U rated
K  1.25
MCOV

Um
Ur1  K1  MCOVmin  1,25 
3
245
Ur1  1,25   176,8kV
3

– Case 1 - Grounded System: TOV = 198 kV (1.4 pu) at 1 s
TOV
Ur2 
K2
198
Ur2   172,2kV
1.15

– Case 2 - High Impedance System: TOV = 219 kV (1.55 pu) at 1 s
TOV
Ur2 
K2
219
Ur2   190.4kV
1.15

– Case 3 - Ungrounded System: TOV = 245 kV (1.73 pu) at 1 s
TOV
Ur2 
K2
245
Ur2   213.0kV
1.15

– Case 4 - General Case: TOV = 184 kV (1.3 pu) at 10 s
TOV
Ur2 
K2
184
Ur2   170.4kV
1.08

• Summary of the Results:

– Case 1 - Ur1 = 176.8 kV / Ur2 = 172.2 kV ▬ Ur ≥ 177 kV

Arrester Classification
• ANSI IEEE Std. 62.11
– Intermediate Class Arrester: 5 kA
– Station Class Arrester: 10 kA / 15 kA / 20 kA
• IEC 60.099-4
– Transmission Line Discharge Class: 1 - 5
• Nominal Discharge Current 10 kA: Class 1, 2 & 3
• Nominal Discharge Current 20 kA: Class 4 & 5

Energy Requirements
• To define Surge Arrester Energy Capability

– ANSI IEEE Std. C62.11: Station or Intermediate Class
– IEC 60.099-4: Transmission Line Discharge Class
• Lightning Requirements
• Switching Requirements
– Closing and Re-closing of Long Lines
– Switching of Capacitor Banks and Cables
– Switching of reactors

Energy Requirements
• Two aspects to be considered:
– The mechanical integrity of the ZnO disks
• Intrinsic energy absorption capability

Energy Requirements
• Two aspects to be considered:
– Thermal stability for the complete arrester
• Thermal energy absorption capability

Energy Requirements

Energy Requirements
• Reevaluate the real conditions for the surge arresters regarding the
energy requirements during the occurrence of transient overvoltages.
• Detailed studies have shown that in some cases is possible to reduce

the energy absorption capability required for the surge arresters,
reducing costs and optinmizing the cost – benefit relationship.
• Surge arresters must be defined based on the energy absorption

capability required instead of the transmission line discharge class.

Energy Requirements

Protective Levels / Residual Voltages
• To obtain the Surge Arrester Protective Levels
– ANSI IEEE Std. C62.11
• Normalized lightning impulse discharge voltage
• Normalized switching impulse discharge voltage
• Normalized front-of-wave discharge voltage
– IEC 60.099-4
• Steep Current Residual Voltage: 1 µs / Nominal Discharge Current - In
• Lightning Impulse Residual Voltage: 8/20 µs / 0.5.In, In, and 2.In
• Switching Impulse Residual Voltage: 30/60 µs / Discharge Current
based on TLD Class and Nominal Discharge Current

– IEC 60.099-4
• Steep current residual voltage: 1 µs / Nominal discharge current

– IEC 60.099-4
• Lightning impulse residual voltage: 8/20 µs / 0.5.In, In e 2.In

– IEC 60.099-4
• Lightning impulse residual voltage: 8/20 µs / 0.5.In, In e 2.In

– IEC 60.099-4
• Switching impulse residual voltage: 30/60 µs / dicharges currents
values based on the TLD & nominal discharge current of the arrester


Other Parameters to be Selected
• Environmental Conditions (Especially for Polymeric Arresters)
• Contamination Issues
• Short-Circuit Capability
– At Low Current
– At High Current
• Mechanical considerations



Selection and Evaluation of the Insulation Withstand
Levels for proper Equipment Protection
IEC 60071-1 / 2006

Selection and Evaluation of the Insulation Withstand
Levels for proper Equipment Protection
ANSI IEEE Std. 1313.1 / 1996



Evaluation of the Insulation Coordination

• Methods for evaluating the Distance Effect

– Simplified Method
– IEC Method: IEC 60.099-5
– ANSI IEEE Std. Method: ANSI C62.22
– Computational Simulation Method: Usually more realistic, but the
final results depend strongly on the models and the parameters
used.

Distance effect - Computational simulation method
• The following models shall be considered:
– Incoming surge entrances in the substation
– Transmission line model (last towers)
– Bus bar model (representation of bus bar and connections)
– Models for the equipments of the substation

• Models for the equipments of the substation:

• Surge Arrester models
– Frequency dependence behavior shall be considered – IEEE model

• Example: Arrester before the equipment to be protected


600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0,01 0,1 1 10 100


• Example: Arrester after the equipment to be protected



• Example: Arrester position regarding to the equipment to be protected

• Example: Effect of the Arresters in the entrance of the substation

• Example: Effect of the Arresters in the entrance of the substation

VMAX t   VRES t   V t 
LIWV - BIL
MP ≥ 1,20
VMAX
LIPL SA
SIWL - BSL
MP ≥ 1,15
VMAX
SIPL SA
TOV capability
TOV SA
TOV system
1.3 – 2.0 pu
MCOV MCOV SA
1.0 pu VMAX
Thank You For Your Attention!
November 15, 2013

HV Seminar - HVSA Theory & Application

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Surge Arrester Theory & Applications

Jorge Luiz De Franco

November 15, 2013

page 2 / November 15, 2013

• Arresters are used to protect electrical

• Definition – IEC 60.071-1 – Edition 8.0 / 2006:

• Classification: According to their shape and duration, voltage and

page 4 / November 15, 2013

page 6 / November 15, 2013

page 8 / November 15, 2013

U0 Expected overvoltage (kV)

Applying Thevenin´s Theorem:

Considering the arrester installed at the end of the line:

U0 (kV) 10 245 500 715 800 695 620 555 442

Surge Impedance of the System: 450 Ω

Voltage versus time Sparkover Voltage:

Residual Voltage versus Discharge Current Characteristic:

Id (kA) 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6

UPR (Id) Z0 . Id Sparkover Voltage

UPR (Id) Z0 . Id Sparkover Voltage

U0 (kV) 10 245 500 715 800 695 620 555 442

Surge Impedance of the System: 450 Ω

Residual Voltage versus Discharge Current Characteristic:

Id (kA) 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6

• Arresters are used to protect equipment and power systems against

• Maximum magnitudes of the transient overvoltages on the terminals of

page 21 / November 15, 2013

page 22 / November 15, 2013

Lightning overvoltage (kVcr)

page 23 / November 15, 2013

CWV LIWV SIWV

CWV Chopped Wave Voltage of the equipment

V Additional voltage due to the electrical distance between the

page 25 / November 15, 2013

• Arrester as an integral part of the Protected Equipment

CHESF – Brazil 230 kV System

Cazaquistan 220kV System

Substations Distribution Networks Transmission Lines

• Selection and Evaluation of the Insulation Withstand Levels for proper

• Evaluation of the Insulation Coordination

page 32 / November 15, 2013

Lightning and switching

page 34 / November 15, 2013

page 35 / November 15, 2013

page 36 / November 15, 2013

• For a first evaluation:

page 38 / November 15, 2013

page 39 / November 15, 2013

page 40 / November 15, 2013

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page 42 / November 15, 2013

page 43 / November 15, 2013

• System Voltage (Phase-to-Phase)

page 44 / November 15, 2013

page 45 / November 15, 2013

• To define Surge Arrester Energy Capability

page 46 / November 15, 2013

page 47 / November 15, 2013

page 48 / November 15, 2013

page 49 / November 15, 2013

• Detailed studies have shown that in some cases is possible to reduce

• Surge arresters must be defined based on the energy absorption

page 50 / November 15, 2013