Jimmy B. Orajay Jr.

2014-00022-MN-0
BSEE 4-1

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS

Operational Amplifiers - Fundamentally a voltage amplifying device designed to be used with

external feedback components such as resistors and capacitors between its output and input
terminals.

◉ Three terminal device which consists of two high impedance inputs, one called the
Inverting Input, marked with negative sign and the other called the Non-Inverting Input,
marked with a positive sign.
◉ The third terminal represents the operational amplifiers output port which can both sink
and source either voltage or current.
◉ Op-amps are available in IC packages of either single, dual, or quad op-amps within one
single device. The most commonly available and used of all operational amplifiers in
basic electronic kits and projects is the industry standard μA-741.

Ideal Operational Amplifiers

◉ It has an infinite input impedance resulting in “No current flowing into either of its two
inputs”
◉ Zero input offset voltage V1=V2
◉ Zero output impedance

Types of Operational Amplifiers

◉ Inverting ◉ Differential
◉ Non-Inverting ◉ Integrator
◉ Summing ◉ Differentiator
Inverting Operational Amplifiers
◉ As the open loop gain of an op-amp is extremely high we can reduce some of this gain
by connecting a suitable resistor across the output back to inverting input terminal to
reduce and control the overall gain of the amplifier.
◉ Known as “Negative Feedback”
◉ Negative Feedback
- process of feeding back a fraction of the output back to the input, but to make the
feedback negative, we must feed it back to the inverting input terminal using a Feedback
Resistor.
◉ The Closed-Loop Voltage Gain of an inverting Amplifier is given as:

Non Inverting Amplifier

◉ The input voltage is applied directly to the non-inverting input terminal which means that the
output gain is positive in value. The result is that the output signal is in-phase with the input
signal.

◉ Feedback is achieved by applying a small part of the output voltage signal voltage back to the
inverting input via the resistors producing negative feedback.

◉ The closed loop voltage gain of a Non-Inverting Op Amp is given as:

Voltage Follower/Buffer
◉ This configuration has an output that exactly mirrors the input, it looks kind of useless
however this buffer is an extremely useful circuit since it helps solve many impedance issues.

◉ This is used to boost current available from a circuit without increasing the voltage at the
same time.

◉ The closed loop voltage gain of a Voltage Follower/ Buffer is given as:

Vout = Vin