You are on page 1of 14

Elimination of Arbitrary Constants

Properties

The order of differential equation is equal to the number of arbitrary constants in the given relation.
The differential equation is consistent with the relation.

The differential equation is free from arbitrary constants.

Example

Eliminate the arbitrary constants c1 and c2 from the relation y=c1e−3x+c2e2xy=c1e−­3x+c2e2x.

Solution

Hide Click here to show or hide the solution y=c1e−3x+c2e2xy=c1e−­3x+c2e2x → equation (1)
y′=−3c1e−3x+2c2e2xy′­=−3c1e−3x+2c2e2x → equation (2)

y′′=9c1e−3x+4c2e2xy″­=9c1e−3x+4c2e2x → equation (3)

3 × equation (1) + equation (2)

3y+y′=5c2e2x3y+y′=5c­2e2x → equation (4)

3 × equation (2) + equation (3) 3y′+y′′=10c2e2x3y′+y­″=10c2e2x → equation (5)

2 × equation (4) - equation (5) 2(3y+y′)−(3y′+y′′)=0­2(3y+y′)−(3y′+y″)=0


6y+2y′−3y′−y′′=06y+2­y′−3y′−y″=0 6y−y′−y′′=06y−y′−y″=­0 answer

Note: The methods of elimination vary with the way in which the constants enter the given relation.

Problem 01

x3−3x2y=cx3−3x2y=c

Solution 01
Hide Click here to show or hide the solution

x3−3x2y=cx3−3x2y=c

3x2 dx−3(2xy dx+x2 dy)=03x2 dx−3(2xy dx+x2 dy)=0

3x2 dx−6xy dx−3x2 dy=03x2 dx−6xy dx−3x2 dy=0

Divide by 3x

x dx−2y dx−x dy=0x dx−2y dx−x dy=0

(x−2y) dx−x dy=0(x−2y) dx−x dy=0 answer

Problem 02

ysinx−xy2=cysin⁡x−xy­2=c

Solution 02

Hide Click here to show or hide the solution ysinx−xy2=cysin⁡x−xy­2=c

(ycosx dx+sinx dy)−(2xy dy+y2 dx)=0(ycos⁡x dx+sin⁡x dy)−(2xy dy+y2 dx)=0 ycosx dx+sinx dy−2xy
dy−y2 dx=0ycos⁡x dx+sin⁡x dy−2xy dy−y2 dx=0 (ycosx dx−y2 dx)+(sinx dy−2xy dy)=0(ycos⁡x dx−y2
dx)+(sin⁡x dy−2xy dy)=0 y(cosx−y) dx+(sinx−2xy) dy=0y(cos⁡x−y) dx+(sin⁡x−2xy) dy=0 answer

55 minutes ago

Aubrey Tolentino

Problem 03
x2y=1+cxx2y=1+cx

Solution 03

Hide Click here to show or hide the solution

x2y=1+cxx2y=1+cx → equation (1)

x2 dy+2xy dx=c dxx2 dy+2xy dx=c dx

Divide by dx

c=x2 y′+2xyc=x2 y′+2xy

Substitute c to equation (1)

x2y=1+(x2 y′+2xy)xx2y=1+(x2 y′+2xy)x

x2y=1+x3 y′+2x2yx2y=1+x3 y′+2x2y

1+x3 y′+x2y=01+x3 y′+x2y=0

Multiply by dx

dx+x3 dy+x2y dx=0dx+x3 dy+x2y dx=0

(1+x2y) dx+x3 dy=0(1+x2y) dx+x3 dy=0 answer

54 minutes ago

Aubrey Tolentino

Problem 04

cy2=x2+ycy2=x2+y

Problem 04

Hide Click here to show or hide the solution


cy2=x2+ycy2=x2+y → equation (1)

2cy dy=2x dx+dy2cy dy=2x dx+dy

c=2x dx+dy2y dyc=2x dx+dy2y dy

Substitute c to equation (1)

(2x dx+dy2y dy)y2=x2+y(2x dx+dy2y dy)y2=x2+y

(2x dx+dy2 dy)y=x2+y(2x dx+dy2 dy)y=x2+y

(2x dx+dy)y=2(x2+y) dy(2x dx+dy)y=2(x2+y) dy

(2x dx+dy)y=2(x2+y) dy(2x dx+dy)y=2(x2+y) dy

2xy dx+y dy=2x2 dy+2y dy2xy dx+y dy=2x2 dy+2y dy

2xy dx−y dy−2x2 dy=02xy dx−y dy−2x2 dy=0

2xy dx−(y+2x2) dy=02xy dx−(y+2x2) dy=0 answer

Problem 5

Eliminate A and B from

x=Asin(ωt+B)x=Asin⁡(­ωt+B).

ω being a parameter not to be eliminated.

Solution 5

Hide Click here to show or hide the solution

x=Asin(ωt+B)x=Asin⁡(­ωt+B) ← equation (1)

dxdt=ωAcos(ωt+B)dxdt­=ωAcos⁡(ωt+B)

d2xdt2=−ω2Asin(ωt+B)­d2xdt2=−ω2Asin⁡(ωt+B­)

From equation (1), A sin (ωt + glasses emoticon = x

d2xdt2=−ω2xd2xdt2=−ω­2x
d2xdt2+ω2x=0d2xdt2+ω­2x=0 answer

Problem 6

Eliminate the c1 and c2 from

x=c1cosωt+c2sinωtx=c­1cos⁡ωt+c2sin⁡ωt

ω being a parameter not to be eliminated.

Solution 6

Hide Click here to show or hide the solution

x=c1cosωt+c2sinωtx=c­1cos⁡ωt+c2sin⁡ωt ← equation (1)

dxdt=−ωc1sinωt+ωc2co­sωtdxdt=−ωc1sin⁡ωt+ω­c2cos⁡ωt

d2xdt2=−ω2c1cosωt−ω2­c2sinωtd2xdt2=−ω2c1c­os⁡ωt−ω2c2sin⁡ωt

d2xdt2=−ω2(c1cosωt+c­2sinωt)d2xdt2=−ω2(c1­cos⁡ωt+c2sin⁡ωt)

From equation (1), c1 cos ωt + c2 sin ωt = x

d2xdt2=−ω2xd2xdt2=−ω­2x

d2xdt2+ω2x=0d2xdt2+ω­2x=0 answer

Separation of Variables | Equations of Order One

Given the differential equation

M(x,y)dx+N(x,y)dy=0→­M(x,y)dx+N(x,y)dy=0→­ Equation (1)

where MM and NN may be functions of both xx and yy. If the above equation can be transformed
into the form

f(x)dx+f(y)dy=0→f(x)­dx+f(y)dy=0→ Equation (2)

where f(x)f(x) is a function of xx alone and f(y)f(y) is a function of yy alone, equation (1) is called
variables separable.
To find the general solution of equation (1), simply equate the integral of equation (2) to a constant
cc. Thus, the general solution is

∫f(x)dx+∫f(y)dy=c

Problem 01

drdt=−4rtdrdt=−4rt, when t=0t=0, r=ror=ro

Solution 01

Hide Click here to show or hide the solution

drdt=−4rtdrdt=−4rt

drr=−4tdtdrr=−4tdt

∫drr=−4∫tdt∫drr=−4∫t­dt

lnr=−2t2+lncln⁡r=−2t­2+ln⁡c

lnr=lne−2t2+lncln⁡r=-ln⁡e−2t2+ln⁡c

lnr=lnce−2t2ln⁡r=ln⁡­ce−2t2

r=ce−2t2r=ce−2t2

when t=0t=0, r=ror=ro

ro=ce−2(02)ro=ce−2(0­2)

c=roc=ro

then,

r=roe−2t2r=roe−2t2

r=roexp(−2t2)r=roexp­⁡(−2t2) answer

Problem 02 | Separation of Variables

Problem 02
2xyy′=1+y22xyy′=1+y2­, when x=2x=2, y=3y=3.

Solution 2

Hide Click here to show or hide the solution

2xyy′=1+y22xyy′=1+y2

2xydydx=1+y22xydydx=-1+y2

2ydy1+y2=dxx2ydy1+y2-=dxx

∫2ydy1+y2=∫dxx∫2ydy1­+y2=∫dxx

ln(1+y2)=lnx+lncln⁡(-1+y2)=ln⁡x+ln⁡c

ln(1+y2)=lncxln⁡(1+y-2)=ln⁡cx

1+y2=cx1+y2=cx

when x=2x=2, y=3y=3

1+32=2c1+32=2c

c=5c=5

then,

1+y2=5x1+y2=5x

y2=5x−1y2=5x−1

y=5x−1−−−−−√y=5x−1 answer

Problem 03 | Separation of Variables

Problem 03

xyy′=1+y2xyy′=1+y2, when x=2x=2, y=3y=3.

Solution 03
Hide Click here to show or hide the solution

xyy′=1+y2xyy′=1+y2

xydydx=1+y2xydydx=1+-y2

ydy1+y2=dxxydy1+y2=d-xx

12∫2ydy1+y2=∫dxx12∫2­ydy1+y2=∫dxx

12ln(1+y2)=lnx+12lnc-12ln⁡(1+y2)=ln⁡x+12l-n⁡c

ln(1+y2)=2lnx+lncln⁡-(1+y2)=2ln⁡x+ln⁡c

ln(1+y2)=lnx2+lncln⁡-(1+y2)=ln⁡x2+ln⁡c

ln(1+y2)=lncx2ln⁡(1+-y2)=ln⁡cx2

1+y2=cx21+y2=cx2

when x=2x=2, y=3y=3

1+32=c(22)1+32=c(22)

c=104=52c=104=52

then,

1+y2=52x21+y2=52x2

y2=52x2−1y2=52x2−1

y2=5x2−22y2=5x2−22

y=5x2−22−−−−−−−√y=5x­2−22

y=5x2−22⋅ 22−−−−−−−−−­−√y=5x2−22⋅ 22

y=10x2−44−−−−−−−−√y=­10x2−44

y=1210x2−4−−−−−−−√y=­1210x2−4 answer

Problem 04 | Separation of Variables

Problem 04

2ydx=3xdy2ydx=3xdy, when x=2x=2, y=1y=1.


Solution 04

Hide Click here to show or hide the solution

2ydx=3xdy2ydx=3xdy

2ydxxy=3xdyxy2ydxxy=-3xdyxy

2dxx=3dyy2dxx=3dyy

2∫dxx=3∫dyy2∫dxx=3∫d­yy

2lnx=3lny+lnc2ln⁡x=3-ln⁡y+ln⁡c

2lnx−3lny=lnc2ln⁡x−3­ln⁡y=ln⁡c

lnx2−lny3=lncln⁡x2−l­n⁡y3=ln⁡c

lnx2y3=lncln⁡x2y3=ln-⁡c

Therefore,

x2y3=cx2y3=c

when x = 2, y = 1

2213=c2213=c

c=4c=4

Thus,

x2y3=4x2y3=4

y3=x24y3=x24

y=(x2)2−−−−−√3y=(x2)­23

y=(x/2)2/3y=(x/2)2/-3 answer

Homogeneous Functions | Equations of Order One


If the function f(x, y) remains unchanged after replacing x by kx and y by ky, where k is a constant
term, then f(x, y) is called a homogeneous function. A differential equation

Mdx+Ndy=0→Mdx+Ndy=0→­ Equation (1)

is homogeneous in x and y if M and N are homogeneous functions of the same degree in x and y.

To solve for Equation (1) let

y=vxanddy=vdx+xdvy=v-xanddy=vdx+xdv

or

x=vyanddx=vdy+ydvx=v-yanddx=vdy+ydv

The substitution above will lead to variables separable differential equation.

Problem 01 | Equations with Homogeneous Coefficients

Problem 01

3(3x2+y2)dx−2xydy=03­(3x2+y2)dx−2xydy=0

Solution 01

Hide Click here to show or hide the solution

3(3x2+y2)dx−2xydy=03­(3x2+y2)dx−2xydy=0

Let

y=vxy=vx

dy=vdx+xdvdy=vdx+xdv

Substitute,

3(3x2+v2x2)dx−2vx2(v­dx+xdv)=03(3x2+v2x2)­dx−2vx2(vdx+xdv)=0

3(3+v2)x2dx−2vx2(vdx­+xdv)=03(3+v2)x2dx−2­vx2(vdx+xdv)=0
Divide by x2,

3(3+v2)dx−2v(vdx+xdv­)=03(3+v2)dx−2v(vdx+­xdv)=0

9dx+3v2dx−2v2dx−2vxd­v=09dx+3v2dx−2v2dx−2­vxdv=0

9dx+v2dx−2vxdv=09dx+­v2dx−2vxdv=0

(9+v2)dx−2vxdv=0(9+v­2)dx−2vxdv=0

(9+v2)dxx(9+v2)−2vxd­vx(9+v2)=0(9+v2)dxx(­9+v2)−2vxdvx(9+v2)=0

dxx−2vdv9+v2=0dxx−2v­dv9+v2=0

∫dxx−∫2vdv9+v2=0∫dxx­−∫2vdv9+v2=0

lnx−ln(9+v2)=lncln⁡x­−ln⁡(9+v2)=ln⁡c

lnx9+v2=lncln⁡x9+v2=-ln⁡c

x9+v2=cx9+v2=c

x=c(9+v2)x=c(9+v2)

From

y=vxy=vx

v=yxv=yx

Thus,

x=c(9+y2x2)x=c(9+y2x-2)

x=c(9x2+y2x2)x=c(9x2-+y2x2)

x3=c(9x2+y2)x3=c(9x2-+y2) answer

Problem 02 | Equations with Homogeneous Coefficients

Problem 02

(x−2y)dx+(2x+y)dy=0(­x−2y)dx+(2x+y)dy=0
Solution 02

Hide Click here to show or hide the solution

(x−2y)dx+(2x+y)dy=0(­x−2y)dx+(2x+y)dy=0

Let

y=vxy=vx

dy=vdx+xdvdy=vdx+xdv

Substitute,

(x−2vx)dx+(2x+vx)(vd­x+xdv)=0(x−2vx)dx+(2­x+vx)(vdx+xdv)=0

xdx−2vxdx+2vxdx+2x2d­v+v2xdx+vx2dv=0xdx−2­vxdx+2vxdx+2x2dv+v2x­dx+vx2dv=0

xdx+2x2dv+v2xdx+vx2d-v=0xdx+2x2dv+v2xdx+v-x2dv=0

(xdx+v2xdx)+(2x2dv+v-x2dv)=0(xdx+v2xdx)+(-2x2dv+vx2dv)=0

x(1+v2)dx+x2(2+v)dv=-0x(1+v2)dx+x2(2+v)dv-=0

x(1+v2)dxx2(1+v2)+x2-(2+v)dvx2(1+v2)=0x(1-+v2)dxx2(1+v2)+x2(2+-v)dvx2(1+v2)=0

dxx+(2+v)dv1+v2=0dxx-+(2+v)dv1+v2=0

∫dxx+∫(21+v2+v1+v2)d­v=0∫dxx+∫(21+v2+v1+v­2)dv=0

∫dxx+2∫dv1+v2+12∫2vd­v1+v2=0∫dxx+2∫dv1+v2­+12∫2vdv1+v2=0

lnx+2arctanv+12ln(1+-v2)=12cln⁡x+2arctan⁡-v+12ln⁡(1+v2)=12c

2lnx+4arctanv+ln(1+v-2)=c2ln⁡x+4arctan⁡v+-ln⁡(1+v2)=c

lnx2+4arctanv+ln(1+v-2)=cln⁡x2+4arctan⁡v+-ln⁡(1+v2)=c

ln[x2(1+v2)]+4arctan-v=cln⁡[x2(1+v2)]+4ar-ctan⁡v=c

From

y=vxy=vx

v=yxv=yx
ln[x2(1+y2x2)]+4arct-anyx=cln⁡[x2(1+y2x2)-]+4arctan⁡yx=c

ln(x2+y2)+4arctan(y/-x)=cln⁡(x2+y2)+4arcta-n⁡(y/x)=c answer

Problem 03 | Equations with Homogeneous Coefficients

Problem 03

2(2x2+y2)dx−xydy=02(­2x2+y2)dx−xydy=0

Solution 03

Hide Click here to show or hide the solution

2(2x2+y2)dx−xydy=02(­2x2+y2)dx−xydy=0

Let

y=vxy=vx

dy=vdx+xdvdy=vdx+xdv

2(2x2+v2x2)dx−vx2(vd­x+xdv)=02(2x2+v2x2)d­x−vx2(vdx+xdv)=0

4x2dx+2v2x2dx−v2x2dx­−vx3dv=04x2dx+2v2x2d­x−v2x2dx−vx3dv=0

4x2dx+v2x2dx−vx3dv=0­4x2dx+v2x2dx−vx3dv=0

x2(4+v2)dx−vx3dv=0x2­(4+v2)dx−vx3dv=0

x2(4+v2)dxx3(4+v2)−v­x3dvx3(4+v2)=0x2(4+v­2)dxx3(4+v2)−vx3dvx3­(4+v2)=0

dxx−vdv4+v2=0dxx−vdv­4+v2=0

∫dxx−12∫2vdv4+v2=0∫d­xx−12∫2vdv4+v2=0

lnx−12ln(4+v2)=lncln­⁡x−12ln⁡(4+v2)=ln⁡c

2lnx−ln(4+v2)=2lnc2l­n⁡x−ln⁡(4+v2)=2ln⁡c

lnx2−ln(4+v2)=lnc2ln­⁡x2−ln⁡(4+v2)=ln⁡c2

lnx2=lnc2+ln(4+v2)ln-⁡x2=ln⁡c2+ln⁡(4+v2)

lnx2=lnc2(4+v2)ln⁡x2-=ln⁡c2(4+v2)
x2=c2(4+v2)x2=c2(4+v-2)

From

y=vxy=vx

v=yxv=yx

Thus,

x2=c2(4+y2x2)x2=c2(4-+y2x2)

x2=c2(4x2+y2x2)x2=c2-(4x2+y2x2)

x4=c2(4x2+y2)x4=c2(4-x2+y2) answer

You might also like