AD/DA CONVERTER EE301 / UNIT 6/ 1

uunitnit6:
AD/DA
AD/DACONVERTER
CONVERTER
6:

To understand method converting DAC

To understand method converting DAC
and ADC signal.
and ADC signal.

.
.

To describe the methods converting for

To describe the methods converting for
DAC and ADC signal.
DAC and ADC signal.

To the explain application of DAC and ADC

To the explain application of DAC and ADC
converter.
converter.

To construct the circuits to convert DAC

To construct the circuits to convert DAC
and ADC signal.
and ADC signal.

To explain the operation circuits to

To explain the operation circuits to
convert DAC and ADC.
convert DAC and ADC.

To explain the terms use for both

To explain the terms use for both
converter.
converter.

To explain the difference between circuits

To explain the difference between circuits
used in ADC.
used in ADC.
 AD/DA CONVERTER EE301 / UNIT 6/ 2

6.0 AD/DA CONVERTERS

6.1 Understand Converting DAC
Have you been using a variety of analog and digital meters? As a student taking electrical course you
would never use both meters diverse. From your vision of what you can differentiate between the two
types of display. Of course you would say that the screen on a digital meter rather than reading a variety
of your analog meter indication. Other differences between analog and digital signals are analog signals
have more noise. Analog signal is measured at one time required that it is continuous, if it is compared
to the digital signal converted step by step (discrete). Digital signals are also closely related to binary
numbers. You can see examples of both forms of this signal in Figure 6.1.

Digital Signal Analog Signal

Figure 6.1: Comparison of digital and analog signal

In the development of science and technology, all information to be processed must be accurate
and fast. Since all the information around us is continuous, then a circuit that is capable of
converting analog signals to digital needed. Circuit that is capable of converting analog signals to
digital signals is an analog to digital converter (ADC - Analog-to-Digital Converter). Digital to
analog converter (DAC - Digital-to-Analog Converter) was used to convert digital signals to
analog.

Most of the physical variables in the universe are in the form of a signal to an analog signal that
can be measured on a continuous limit for the values of the signal. An example, of this signal is
the temperature, pressure, flow and others. If an analog signal into the input to a digital system or
otherwise, an interface device such as digital analog converter (ADC) and digital to analog
converter is to be used.

Figure 6.2: ADC and DAC are used to interface a computer to the analog world so that computer can
monitor and control a physical variable.
 AD/DA CONVERTER EE301 / UNIT 6/ 3

Figure 6.2 is an example you can see where the analog to digital converter (ADC) and digital to analog
converter (DAC) serves as the interface between the digital and analog systems. The figure also shows
the five elements which are directly involved when the computer used to control a physical variable. The
function of that element is:
a) Transducer
A device that converts one form of energy other energy. Electric transducers convert a physical signal
into an electrical signal. For example, thermistor (temperature electrical (mV)), strain gages (pressure
resistance) and others. Output from the transducer is an analog current or voltage is directly proportional
to the physical variables.
b) ADC (Analog to Digital Converter)
Transducer output signal (analog) is the input for the ADC. ADC convert analog signals into digital
signals. This digital output bits contain the number representing the value of the analog input. Example:
ADC change the value of 800 - 1500 mV from the transducer to the binary value ranging from
010100002 (8010) to 100,101,102 (15,010).
c) Computer
The output signal from ADC is sent to a computer, where it processes the digital input value refers to the
direction of the program are being fulfilled. The program performs the calculation operations or other
operations.

d) DAC (Digital to Analog Converter)

The output signal from a computer connected to the DAC, where the DAC converts this signal is an
analog voltage or current. Example: Computer manufactures digital output signal range from 00000000
to 11111111, where the DAC converts the voltage range of 0 to 10V.

e) Actuator
Analog signal from digital to analog converter (DAC) connected to the device or circuit that acts to
control variable physical. If this variable is water temperature, actuator may consist of a valve (electrical
control) that govern the flow of hot water to the tank based on the analog voltage from digital to analog
converter (DAC). These flow rates proportional to the analog signal, with 0 volts as there is no flow and
10 volts is the maximum flow rate.

Analog to digital converter (ADC) and digital to analog converter (DAC) serves as an interface
(interface) between digital and analog systems. This feature will become increasingly important with a
cheap microcomputer in the field of process control.
 AD/DA CONVERTER EE301 / UNIT 6/ 4

6.1.1 Methods for Converting DAC

Now we will discuss in more detail about the digital to analog converter circuit.DAC function is to
convert a digital input to analogue output, you can see the block diagram of the DAC as shown in Figure
6.3.

DAC Block Diagram

Digital Input Analog Output

A
1s B
2s
C DAC 4-bit V
4s
D
8s

Figure 6.3: Block Diagram for DAC

DAC
A
1s B Resistor Summing
2s C network Amplifier VoutV0ut
4s D
8s

Figure 6.4: Resistor network and Summing Amplifier

a) Resistor networks
Circuit consists of switches and resistors. Binary or digital input is switch labeled with 20, 21 and so on.
Two types of resistor circuit series you'll learn, the first obstacle is a series of binary weights where the
value weighting number obstacle follow binaries. The second obstacle is a series R/2R, where the
resistor that are used are R and 2R our other features.
b) Summing Amplifier
Consists of the amplifier (op-amp) which operates summing amplifier circuit. Produce the number of
weighting for voltage input where the output or analog current that can be measured by the meter.
 AD/DA CONVERTER EE301 / UNIT 6/ 5

6.1.2 Application of D/A Converter

DACs are used whenever the output of a digital circuit must provide an analog voltage or current to
drive an analog device. Some of the most common applications are described in the following
paragraphs.
Control
The digital output from a computer can be converted to an analog control signal to adjust the speed of a
motor or the temperature of a furnace, or to control almost any phvsical variable.
Automatic Testing
Computers can be programmed to generate the analog signals (through a DAC) needed to test analog
circuitry. The test circuit’s analog output response will normally be converted to a digital value by an
ADC and fed into the computer to be stored, displayed, and sometimes analyzed.
Signal Reconstruction
In many applications, an analog signal is digitized; that is, successive points on the signal are converted
to their digital equivalents and stored in memory. This conversion is performed by an analog-to-digital
converter (ADC). A DAC can then be used to convert the stored digitized data back to analog one point
at a time -thereby reconstructing the original signal. This combination of digitizing and reconstructing is
used in digital storage oscilloscopes, audio compact disk systems, and digital audio and video recording.
We will look at this further after we learn about ADCs.
A/D Conversion
Several types of ADCs use DACs as part of their circuitry
Serial DACs
Many of these DAC applications involve a microprocessor. The main problem with using the parallel-
data DACs that have been described thus far is that they occupy so many port bits of the microcomputer.
In cases where speed of data transfer is of little concern, a microprocessor can output the digital value to
a DAC over a serial interface. Serial DACs are now readily available with a built4n serial in/parallel out
shift register. Many of these devices have more than one DAC on the same chip. The digital data, along
with a code that specifies which DAC you want, are sent to the chip, one bit at a time. As each bit is
presented on the DAC input, a pulse is applied to the serial clock input to shift the bit in. After the proper
number of clock pulses, the data value is latched and converted to its analog value.
 AD/DA CONVERTER EE301 / UNIT 6/ 6

6.1.3 Circuits for Digital Analog Converter (DAC)

a. Resistive Divider Circuit

Figure 6.5 : Resistive Divider Circuit

b. R-2R Divider Circuit

Vref

A B
Rf

2R 2R

R
-
+
2R Vout

Figure 6.6 : R-2R Divider Circuit

.
 AD/DA CONVERTER EE301 / UNIT 6/ 7

6.1.4 Operation
a) Resistive Divider Circuit

D C B A

3V
18.7K 37.5K 75K 150K
RF
R4 R3 R2 R1
20K

--
V
VV
Vout
out
++ VOU

Figure 6.7: DAC circuit of resistor 4-bit Binary Weight

The circuit in Figure 6.7 is a digital to analog converter circuit of resistors 4-bit binary weights.
We can calculate the resistor values using the weighting of the binary number.
For example;
Referring to figure 6.7, the most high value resistor (150K = R 1) is a digital input resistor, the
smallest bit (least significant bit), and the values of the other resistor is;

R1 150K
R2 = 1
 1 = 75k, Bit to 21
2 2
R 150K 150K
R 3  21  2   37.5k,  Bit ke 2 2
2 2 4
R 1 150K
R4  3   18.75k  Bit ke 23
2 8
We will now analyze the circuit to get the output, Vout for a number of digital input.
i. Binary Input = 0001.
RF 20K
R1 = 150K, RF = 20K, Multiplier Voltage (AV) =   0.133
R1 150K
Vout = Vref X AV = 3 X 0.133 = 0.4V
ii. Binary Input = 0110
R2 = 75K, R3 = 37.5K, RT = (R2 parallel with R3) = 25K
 AV = 20K/25K = 0.8, Vout = Vref X AV = 3 X 0.8 = 2.4V
 AD/DA CONVERTER EE301 / UNIT 6/ 8

or
1
RIN = 1  1  1  1 dan Vout = Vref RF RIN, Vout
R4 R3 R2 R1
Vout can be found by substituting the resistance values of the total amount of resistance when
a particular binary input.
In summary we can see the resulting output is shown in Table 1.

Table 1
Binary Input
Decimal Vout (V)
No. D C B A

0 0 0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 1 0.4
2 0 0 1 0 0.8
3 0 0 1 1 1.2
4 0 1 0 0 1.6
5 0 1 0 1 2.0
6 0 1 1 0 2.4
7 0 1 1 1 2.8
8 1 0 0 0 3.2
9 1 0 0 1 3.6
10 1 0 1 0 4.0
11 1 0 1 1 4.4
12 1 1 0 0 4.8
13 1 1 0 1 5.2
14 1 1 1 0 5.6
15 1 1 1 1 6.0

b) R-2R Circuit

Vref

A B
Rf

2R 2R

-
R
+
2R
Vout

Figure 6.8: DAC with R/2R 2-bit

This circuit is different from the binary up a resistor DAC circuit (Figure 6.7) because it uses
only two resistor values, R and 2R. For example, if 12-bit DAC with a resistor value MSB
AD/DA CONVERTER EE301 / UNIT 6/ 9

(most significant bit) then it is 1K  resistor will exceed 2M  LSB. With integrated circuit
fabrication technology, it is difficult to produce resistance values range is too large to small
current values, and can set the right ratio in the range of temperatures.
For this reason R/2R DAC circuit is often used for high precision and accuracy.

Firgure 6.8 is an example of a circuit diagram 2-bit DAC circuit R/2R. Now let us analyze the
circuit and get a general equation for the output, Vout.

Switch A is the LSB input switches and switch B is the switch input MSB.

One method of analyzing this circuit is to find a resolution for this circuit. The resolution
[full-scale resolution and you'll learn on the topic specifications DAC] for this circuit is the
Vref / 3 is by setting entry 012 = 110. Full scale output of the circuit is by setting entry will
result in 112 = 310 will result in Vout. So,

Vref
Vout =  3  Vref
3

Then the general expression for the circuit is,

Vref R
Vout = n  Bin  f ,
2 1 R

where n = number of bits and Bin = digital input converted to decimal numbers.

Vref
B
A
B Rf

I1 Rf
A B Rf
I4 I6 IO
2R 2R I2 B I2
2R -
-
2 I3 2R VREFI/4 R
+
-
- VREF/2 (1+2
Vth1
R I(1+2R 2R
2R
+
I5 R R Vth2 -
-
)
2
VOUT

)
I2 VOUT +
2 VOUT R
R Kaedah lain ialah menggunakan 2 Hukum
R
Thevenin. I6 = Vref/4R = -Io
I4 = Vref/2R = 0/2R = 0.
VOUT (01) = Io X Rf = Vref/(4R) x Rf
Adakah anda masih lagi ingat bagaimana
I1 = Vref/2R, I2 = 0/2R = 0.
I5 = Vref/(2 X 2R) = Vref/(4R)
Hukum Thevenin digunakan untuk = (Vref/4)
I3 = I1 + I2 menyelesaikan
= Vref/2R teori litar! Sekarang kita akan
Rth = 2R // 2R = R, Vth2 = Vref/4
cari ungkapan bagi Vout menggunakan kaedah
Rth = 2R //2R = R, Vth1 = Vref/2 Raja Figure 6.9: DAC R-2R 2 Bit with input 01
Hukum Thevenin…… Kita mulakan dengan 2
masukan digital 01dengan merujuk pada rajah
5.7.
AD/DA CONVERTER EE301 / UNIT 6/ 10

Vref R f
a) From figure 6.9 , when input 012 = 110, Vout =
4 R

b) Input 102, circuit is figure 7.0.

Vref R f
From figure 7.0, when input 102 = 210, Vout =
2 R

c) Input 112, circuit is figure 7.1

3Vref R f
From figure 7.1, when input 112 = 310, Vout =
4 R
We can get the general equation for the product as;
V R V R 3Vref R f
V0ut = V00 + V01 + V10 + V11 = 0 + ref f + ref f +
4 R 2 R 4 R
V R
 V0ut = ref f  0  1  2  3
4 R

*In conclusion, from what we have to prove from the above analysis of the
Vref R f
circuit, the output Vout = B in ,, n = number of bits and B in = binary input
2n R
that has been converted to decimal.

A Vref
B Vref
Rf
Rf B
A I I1 Rf
I4B I2 I6 IO
2
2R 2R
2R VREF/2 I(1+2) -
2 I3
0 R +
Vth1 -
R I(1+2)R -
+
I5 R I(1+2)R Vth VOUT
2R I2 + 2R
VOUT
2R 2 VOUT
2
R I6 = Vref/2R = -Io
I1 = Vref/2R= I2 = 0/2R = 0. I4 = Vref/2R.
VOUT (10) = Io X Rf = Vref/(2R) x Rf
I3 = I1 + I2 = Vref/2R = 0 I5 = 0
= (Vref/2)
Rth =2R 2R = R, Vth1 = 0 Rth = R, Vth2 = Vref/2
Figure 7.0: DAC R/2R 2 Bit with input 102
AD/DA CONVERTER EE301 / UNIT 6/ 11

A
Vref
B
Vref Rf
Rf
A I I1 B Rf
2
I4 I7 IO
2R 2R B I2
I 3VREF/4 -
2 3
2R I(1+2) R
Vth1 - +
R I(1+2)R Vref/2
+ - VOUT
2R I2 I5 R I(1+2)R V 2
VOUT th2 +
2 R
VOUT
R 2
I4 = Vref/2R.
R I7 = 3Vref/4R = -Io
I1 = Vref/2R, I2 = 0
I5 = Vref/4R, VOUT (11) = Io X Rf
I3 = I1 + I2 = Vref/2R
I6 = I4 + I5 = 3Vref/4R = 3Vref/(4R) x Rf
Rth = 2R//2R = R,
Rth = 2R//2R = R, = (3Vref/4)
Figure 7.1.: DAC R-2R 2 Bit with input 112
Vth1 = Vref/2 Vth2 = 3Vref/4

Now let's see what the output Vout for the expression R/2R 4-bit DAC as shown in Figure 7.2.

5V

A B C D Rf

2R 2R 2R 2R

-
R R R
+
2R
VOUT

Figure 7.2: DAC R/2R 4-bit

AD/DA CONVERTER EE301 / UNIT 6/ 12

Table 2
Input Output,VOUT
D C B A Vref R f 5 R 5
VOUT= B in = 4 Bin  Bin
n
2 R 2 R 16
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0.3125
0 0 1 0 0.6250
0 0 1 1 0.9375
0 1 0 0 1.2500
0 1 0 1 1.5625
0 1 1 0 1.8750
 AD/DA CONVERTER EE301 / UNIT 6/ 13

0 1 1 1 2.1875
1 0 0 0 2.5000
1 0 0 1 2.8125
1 0 1 0 3.1250
1 0 1 1 3.4375
1 1 0 0 3.75
1 1 0 1 4.0625
1 1 1 0 4.375
1 1 1 1 4.6875

6.1.5 Specification for DAC

Most of the digital to analog converters are available in the form of Integrated circuit (IC). It is
important that you know some features or specifications of the manufacturer to apply on any circuit.
There are five specifications for the DAC, which we discuss.

Counter 4-bit Full Scale:15V

D
C
B VOUT 1V
DAC
A Resolusi
(1 V)
clock 0V
mo
Bin
0000 … 1001 ………..

Figure 7.3: Output wave for DAC 4-Bit

Figure 7.3 shows the DAC receives digital input from mode counter 16. 4-bit DAC has a resolution of 1
V and maximum output voltage or full-scale voltage of 15 V. Now let us examine the specifications for
digital to analog converter.
Resolution
Defined as the smallest change achieved in the analog output as a result of changes in digital input.
Manufacturers often refer to the resolution of the DAC is in the number of bits. For example, 10-bit
DAC has a resolution of 10 bits. 10-bit DAC has a resolution smaller than 8-bit DAC.

Resolution can be expressed in two cases, either the Voltage or Ampere and percent. Resolution in the
voltage or Ampere is also known as the step size. You can see in Figure 7.3 above, the output waveform
versus the digital input is shaped lito a staircase has 15 stairs and 16 step. 15 stairs is known as the
number of steps. So the step size or resolution for digital to analog converter in this figure is 1 V. To your
knowledge is often the resolution is equal to the value of the product when the first digital input of
00012. Percentage Resolution can be expressed as the amount of it is also useful to express it as a
percentage of the full-scale output.

Resolution = Step Size = LSB for input bit

1 stepsize
% Resolution = n
 100 =  100 , where;
2 1 fullscalevoltage

n=number of input bit, (2n – 1) = total step

 AD/DA CONVERTER EE301 / UNIT 6/ 14

Example
Digital to analog converter 10-bit with step size 10 mV. Search for full-scale voltage and the percent
resolution.
Solution
Number of bits = 10
The total step size = 210-1 = 1023 steps
Thus, the full-scale output voltage = 10mV x 1023 = 10.23 V
stepsize 10mV
% Resolution = fullscalevoltage  100 =  100  0.1%
10.23 V
1 1
or % resolution = totalstep  100 =  100  0.1%
1023

6.1.6 Input and Output Waveform

 AD/DA CONVERTER EE301 / UNIT 6/ 15

Figure 7.4 DAC circuit of resistor Divider 4-bit Input and Output

6.1.7 Effect of varying Input and Output Waveform

The effect of varying the input and output waveform for resistive divider and R-2R circuit can referred
to previous sub-topic 6.1.4.

6.2.1 Understand Converting ADC

 AD/DA CONVERTER EE301 / UNIT 6/ 16

Signals in the real world are analog: light, sound, you name it. So, real-world signals must be converted
into digital, using a circuit called ADC (Analog-to-Digital Converter), before they can be manipulated
by digital equipment.When you scan a picture with a scanner what the scanner is doing is an analog-to-
digital conversion: it is taking the analog information provided by the picture (light) and converting into
digital.
When you record your voice or use a VoIP solution on your computer, you are using an analog-to-digital
converter to convert your voice, which is analog, into digital information.Digital information isn’t only
restricted to computers. When you talk on the phone, for example, your voice is converted into digital (at
the central office switch, if you use an analog line, or at you home, if you use a digital line lito ISDN or
DSL), since your voice is analog and the communication between the phone switches is done
digitally.When an audio CD is recorded at a studio, once again analog-to-digital is taking place,
converting sounds into digital numbers that will be stored on the disc.
6.2.1 Methods of Converting ADC
Function of the analog to digital converter is a process of changing the input analog signal to
digital output. Figure 7.8 is a general block diagram of an analog to digital converter. Table 3
shows an example of an analog to digital converter with a 0.2V step size and full-scale voltage of
3V.

We will learn two types of analog to digital converter circuit of Ramp Digital Converter and
Successive Approximation Converter.

MSB
D
Clock
C
Input ADC
0 – 3V B
Voltage LSB
A
Aanalog
Figure 7.5: ADC block diagram

Table 3 : Example ADC with step size 0.2V dan Full Scale Voltage, VFS = 3V
Output Digital Output Digital
Input Analog Input Analog
(Vin) (Vin)
D C B A D C B A
0 0 0 0 0 1.6 1 0 0 0

0.2 0 0 0 1 1.8 1 0 0 1

0.4 0 0 1 0 2.0 1 0 1 0

0.6 0 0 1 1 2.2 1 0 1 1

0.8 0 1 0 0 2.4 1 1 0 0

1.0 0 1 0 1 2.6 1 1 0 1
 AD/DA CONVERTER EE301 / UNIT 6/ 17

1.2 0 1 1 0 2.8 1 1 1 0

1.4 0 1 1 1 3.0 1 1 1 1

6.2.2 Application of A/D Converter

Music recording
ADCs are integral to current music reproduction technology. Since much music production is done on
computers, when an analog recording is used, an ADC is needed to create the PCM data stream that goes
onto a compact disc or digital music file.
The current crop of AD converters utilized in music can sample at rates up to 192 kilohertz. High
bandwidth headroom allows the use of cheaper or faster anti-aliasing filters of less severe filtering
slopes. The proponents of oversampling assert that such shallower anti-aliasing filters produce less
deleterious effects on sound quality, exactly because of their gentler slopes. Others prefer entirely filter
less AD conversion, arguing that aliasing is less detrimental to sound perception than pre-conversion
brick wall filtering. Considerable literature exists on these matters, but commercial considerations often
play a significant role. Most high-profile recording studios record in 24-bit/192-176.4 kHz PCM or in
DSD formats, and then down sample or decimate the signal for Red-Book CD production (44.1 kHz) or
to 48 kHz for commonly used for radio/TV broadcast applications.
Digital Signal Processing
AD converters are used virtually everywhere where an analogue signal has to be processed, stored, or
transported in digital form. Fast video ADCs are used, for example, in TV tuner cards. Slow on-chip 8,
10, 12, or 16 bit ADCs are common in microcontrollers. Very fast ADCs are needed in digital
oscilloscopes, and are crucial for new applications lito software defined radio.

6.2.3 Block Diagram Digital –Ramp A/D Converter

Figure 7.6 shows an example circuit analog to digital converter 4-bit digital ramp. It consists of a voltage
comparator, logic control, 4-bit counter circuits and digital to analog converter (DAC).
 AD/DA CONVERTER EE301 / UNIT 6/ 18

Voltage comparator is used to compare the analog input voltage and output voltage from the DAC.
Control logic circuit used to reset count, when the input is 'START' is given a logic high. Counter circuit
is used to allow the clock to add a step by step until the output DAC (VA ') greater than or equal to the
input analog (VA). This circuit is called a digital ramp ADC because the signal VA is a step-by-step (the
step-by-step), which is lito a ladder.

Q0
Clock = A Q1 Output digital
Q2
CK
START B Q3

Input analog
VA
VA’ + Voltage Comparator
-
VA > VA’ = 1
DAC
VA < VA’ = 0
VOUT
Figure 7.6: 4-Bit Digital Ramp Circuit

6.2.4 Operation of Digital Ramp Circuits

If the VA is positive, the operation of the circuit are as follows 7.4;
I) A positive pulse 'Start' is supplied, a count restored to zero. AND gate output is low, so there is no
receive any triggered counter bell-shaped.
II) When the zero count, VA '= 0, so the comparator output is high voltage. When the pulse returns low
and triggered at the output of the AND gate will be high (because all entries are in a logic high) and
allows the counter count.
III) Output DAC, VA 'increase in the voltage step (step voltage) corresponding to the step size or
resolution.

IV) This process will continue until the VA ' VA. Comparator output will be low, the counter will stop
on the count represented by the VA. The conversion process is complete, the conversion at the output of
the comparator from high to low martod the conversion process is complete (EOC - End Of
Conversion).

Digital Ramp Converter Specification

i. Resolution and accuracy

 AD/DA CONVERTER EE301 / UNIT 6/ 19

Resolution and accuracy of the analog to digital converter is the same as the resolution and accuracy for
the digital to analog converter
.
ii. Conversion time, TC (Conversion Time)
Conversion time is the time taken to convert the analog input digital exit. For the digital ramp
converters, counters count from 0 to VA ' VA. Time to complete the conversion process, depending on
the value of analog input, VA. The greater the value of the VA, then more steps and longer time of
conversion. We will now see the expression for the exchange of digital ramp converter.

Tc(max) = (2n – 1) clock/cycle = Total Step X Tinput

TC (max), max time to convert happed when VA  VFS .

Tc(ave) = TC (max)/ 2  (2n – 1) clock/cycle

Example
Digital ramp ADC has the following values:

Bell-shaped frequency = 1 MHz, the VT (voltage 'threshold sensitivity' = (VA '- VA) = 0.1 mV, filled
with Scale voltage 10-bit DAC = 10.23V. Find the following values;
a) If VA = 3568 V, what is the equivalent output.
b) conversion time.
c) The resolution of the converter in volts and percent.

solution
a) Number of steps = 210-1 = 1023 steps
V 10.23
 size step = resolution = totalstep  1023  10mV
FS

This means VA 'increased by 10 mV / step when we use the count upward.

VA = 3568 V, VT = 0.1mV; The VA "must reach more V or 3.5681 before the comparator output changes
to low.
Then this will result in: -
3.5681
 356.81  357 step  [Remember! These formulas are similar to the DAC output divided by
10mV
the number of steps, before we know the number of steps = full-scale voltage / step size]

When completed the process of conversion, the output of the counter is 35 710 = 01,011,001,012, a
digital output when VA = 3.568V.
 AD/DA CONVERTER EE301 / UNIT 6/ 20

b) From a) above we know that the 357 steps required to get products 01011001012. Then 357 clock
cycles occur at a rate of 1  s. So this will give time for the conversion of 357  s.

1
c) Resolution = DAC step size = 10 mv,% resolution = x 100  0.1%
1023

6.2.5 Block Diagram of Successive Approximation Circuit

Input VA
analog
VA’
+
-
Clock Successive-approximation
DR (Data ready end-of-
register (SAR) conversion)
START MSB LSB
Q7
Cp Digital
Q6 Output

Vref = 10V Q5
Output register
8-Bit D/A Converter (DAC)
Vout
Q4
Figure 7.7 : Example Block Diagram 8-Bit Successive Approximation
Circuit Q3

Q2
6.2.6 Operation of Successive Approximation Circuit
Q1
a) One method of addressing the digital ramp ADC's shortcomings is the so-called successive-
approximation ADC. The only change in this design is a very special counter circuit known as a
Q0
successive-approximation register.
b) Instead of counting up in binary sequence, this register counts by trying all values of bits starting
with the most-significant bit and finishing at the least-significant bit.
c) Throughout the count process, the register monitors the comparator's output to see if the binary
count is less than or greater than the analog signal input, adjusting the bit values accordingly.
d) The way the register counts is identical to the "trial-and-fit" method of decimal-to-binary
conversion, whereby different values of bits are tried from MSB to LSB to get a binary number that
equals the original decimal number.
e) It should be noted that the SAR is generally capable of outputting the binary number in serial
(one bit at a time) format, thus eliminating the need for a shift register.

f) The advantage to this counting strategy is much faster results: the DAC output converges on the
analog signal input in much larger steps than with the 0-to-full count sequence of a regular counter.
 AD/DA CONVERTER EE301 / UNIT 6/ 21

6.2.7 Difference Between Digital Ramp and Successive Approximation Circuit

A/D Converter Options
While all analog-to-digital converters are classified by their resolution or number of bits, how the A/D
circuitry achieves this resolution varies from device to device. There are four primary types of A/D
converters used for industrial and laboratory applications-successive approximation, flash/parallel,
integrating, and ramp/counting. Some are optimized for speed, others for economy, and others for a
compromise among competing priorities (Figure 7.8).

Figure 7.8 : Alternative A/D Converters Design

ADC of this type are widely used compared to the digital ramp converter. Among the differences
between successive approximation converter and the digital ramp;
1. SAC has a shorter conversion time and fixed (not dependent on the analog input value).

2. SAC circuit using the register circuit to provide input to the DAC block where logic controllers
("control logic") to change the contents of the register-to-bit bit up in the registry data with an analog
input, VA (within the resolution of the converter).

Time conversion for Analog to Digital Converter

To make the conversion, an n-bit SAC requires n cycles of bell-shaped, without determined by the VA.
This is because the circuit will try every bit of control.
Now let us compare the maximum conversion time Tc (max) for the DRC and the SAC 10-bit, given the
 AD/DA CONVERTER EE301 / UNIT 6/ 22

clock frequency is 500 kHz.

1 1 1
fin   Tin    2s
Tin fin 500k

For DRC, Tc (max) = (2n - 1) X (1 clock cycle) = 1023 X 2  s = 2046 s.

For SAC, Tc (mak) = n X (1 clock cycle) = 10 X 2  s = 20  s.
From the comparison above we have found that SAC is 100 times faster than the DRC.

6.2.8 Construct the circuits for A/D Converter

Figure 7.9: Simple Analog to Digital Converter

AD/DA CONVERTER EE301 / UNIT 6/ 23

Exercise DAC

1. Define the analog signals and digital signals.

2. Define the transducer.

3. Beside transducer that used as a temperature control system what other sensor can be used.

4. Functions of the analog to digital converter to change the signal to the signal __________
___________________.

5. Draw a block diagram of general digital to analog converter.

6. Draw a digital to analog converter circuit up a 5-bit binary with the highest value of the resistor is
50k  and RF = 1k .

7. Referring to the circuit question 5.6 above, given Vref = 5V, Find: -
a. Vout when the input is 00001.
b .Vout when the input is 11101.
c .Vout max.

8. Figure A is a digital to analog converter circuit resistors up a 3-bit binary.

a .If given R1 = 100 K , and Rf =, what values of resistors R2 and R3.
b .If the input is 101 and 110, find the values of the output.
c. A digital to analog converter that can be overcome on the exchange is _____. Draw the circuit
and explain ONE benefits.

C B A

Rf
Vin = 3V R3 R2 R1
+10V
100k
-
+ VOUT
Figure A -10V
9. A voltmeter connected to the output, Vout, as shown in Figure A. Calculate;
a. value in the volt meter resolution.
b .The full scale output.
c .Percentage of the resolution.
AD/DA CONVERTER EE301 / UNIT 6/ 24

10. Referring to the circuit question 5.8 c, if given the Vref = 5 V, and Rf = R. Into account: -
a. number of steps c. Size measures
b. Vout, if the input is 100 d. full-scale voltage.
Answer DAC

1. Analog signal is a continuous signal with time. Digital signal is a signal that changes step by step
(discrete).
2. The transducer is a device that converts one form of energy into other forms of energy.

3. Thermistor, thermocouple and others.

4. Digital, analog
5. Refer (figure 6.3).
6. As below figure.

Vref 6.25k 12.5k 25K RF = 1k

50K
3.125k
Vout
--
+ Vout
+
7. a. 0.1 V b. 2.9 V c. 3.1 V V
VO
8. a. R2 = 50 k, R3 = 25 k b. 0.15 V, 0.16 V
UT
c. R/2R, higher accuracy

9. a. 0.375V b. 7 c. 2.625V d. 14.29%

10. a. 7 b. 2.5V c. 0.625V d. 5V

AD/DA CONVERTER EE301 / UNIT 6/ 25

Exercise ADC

1. Analogue to digital converter function is to convert the signal to the signal ___________
______________.

2. Draw a block diagram of an analog to digital converter.

3. Draw the circuit analog to digital converter 6-bit digital ramp.

a. Briefly describe the operation of a circuit.
b. If the converter has a step size of 0.4 V and the input clock frequency is 1MHz. Search: -
i) Issue, if the input voltage is 1.1V.
ii) the conversion time needed to change 1.1V
iii) The maximum conversion.

4. A converter 5-bit digital ramp has a full-scale 3.1 V. What;

a. voltage value equivalent to digits Va. 10000.
b. % Resolution
c. Frequency bell-shaped if the maximum conversion time is 32  s.

5. Explain the difference between successive approximation converter and digital converter ramps.

6. Draw exchanger circuit 6-bit successive approximation.

a. Explain the operation of a circuit.
b. If the converter has a step size 0.1V and 1MHz input frequency. Search: -
i) Issue, if the input voltage is 3.1V.
ii) The conversion to 3.1V input voltage.
iii) The maximum conversion.

7. What is the conversion of 15-bit ADC clock as the frequency is 2.4 MHz: -
a. successive approximation converter.
b. converter digital ramp.
AD/DA CONVERTER EE301 / UNIT 6/ 26

Answer ADC

1. Analog, digital

2 . Figure 7.5

3. Figure 7.6 except the count 6-bit or 64 mode and 6-bit DAC.
a. Refer to pages 16 (ADC-Operation of Digital Ramp)
b. I. 0000112 ii. 3 s iii. 63 s

4. a. 1.6V b. 3.22% c. 9.7 MHz

5.

SAC DRC
a) The fixed conversion Time conversion follow Va
b) Tcmak = n bit X 1 cycle, Tcmak = total step X 1 cycle
the faster clock, more high Va value, the
longer conversion
c) circuit using the registry using the counter circuit
6.

a. Refer page 19 – 20 for SAC operation.

b. i Bout = 011111 ii 6 s iii 6s

7. a. 6.25 s b. 13.65 ms