You are on page 1of 419

101|

E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c lo2l

CIVILIZATII
Lrsrs sm,nnon
Vo[L,MuL I VolTIr{UL III 66 INDIA - MotiuMEi,'TELE!G La
HAMft
6? INDI^ - Mo$]U|'{EITILEDI L^
EURoPA ASL,4 hL{.H,{-B,1uPr-rRAM
I SuEDi^ - IJqqz|irl lN rtarai ffi Jl TLTctA NE ELT|D,AG! a _,.
r.t T^Nr,rM 3l TL,FctA Hutqrrf,us- pN, JKLIrr t1-hltlcA
I lar"{No - Mo.\uMEI{rEr..E 33 StFrA AIf,F 68 LrErA- Sa!,E-ATHA
MEGArrrrcEDE EEv IrA slurul 34 $rruA- PATHTEA 69 LrErA- ltl"fts M^,tNa
noYNE Ji SrRrA
- Ba$R{ 70 LtErA- Ta!* RTAtcrxus
] Rrc TuL Ur.llT At MAII| EBITA.TYII J6 LJhaN- BAALDTX ?l LrBtr- C|RE!!
- ?EU'Ltut HADRT,TN J? tueaN- nR
4 RagATuL UNIT ItI lr|,tBII B8IT6.4II J8ISRAEL MA5AEA Vo Jrtur- Yl
- Sro.i*uu.lor p Avraury J9 loB!,uJl{ QtrsAYR'A[qu
5 GEf,t.ANra- MoNarMElrIEE 40 IoBDANI,\- hrflA ?2Erru'r- ME\.rr,Hrs
$l I r'sNE(Rorous.
f,r)rft$\E DEL TBE*. 4l h"rfi - HATM Ft[\t{tDEE D{ L4 Ctz^ F,{Ni La
6 hAI.TA OEDTELE PtcfATEDE{ 4? IB,$ _ PEBsEruls D^HsuuR
V^lrJE DEL.r V6zhE 4l AFcri{NrsrAN - MD.r,4xtrrulN6LA 13 EctFI - TEBAANnci sl
? Ftr.A}.TA- TEATBT,If,${T,\ +I IAM NECRORII-AS/(
Arf,ll, E Tarulq De tA # SRILdNK{ GrATa{ $,+,'TA ?4 E6lI'r - MoitLrMFNr ENrlBtE}tE
DE
ORd{ca ANUR{H rtrM t-A ,4 1 Su.iiEt FA ,i LA PtxLAE
t Fn,1!.IA- Por,"rDu Ga[! 45 SruL$tKr - Srcts]]A ?5M^Roc- VoruE|Irs
9 FE,1Nr - Mol'n.rf,lxirlg"E 8oM^rrE {6 Sru L$rKi - PoLoNN.LBtrsA ?6 ArcEtu^ - TD!o^D
DE I,,^ A.TIJS 7? TLNtst^ - C-aRTAott{a
lO Sp NrA - hsTDf,.{ DELA VtJtL!ruL lV 78 TUMSIA- DI]JCGA
furu{xli 79 TuNrsra- AMFrrEATrurDELr EL
I I 5'p NrA - AFEUcTUL D! LA 4? CHrNA pEs-rElrrtrD€L"{MoaAo DEx
SE€OT'TA {E L}]NA MONHAbTILrut|I]'Uj 80 ETIOF11- AX$Llr,{
l! Sp Nta MontDixl\Tflx ll,tlAff,iT DINDINA5TAeIN gl ?|MpAEwE MaREAZMB,{Rq,E
-
Ro}|tuE DEl* MnEa 49 Ct tl^ _ MLFdTEIIMEI st .
1] lT.uA = vru.i ADftt ${A croANrt:r-rt-BuDDADElA AMERICILE
1{ lrarh - Rs{a arsnc,l LrsHAx
15 ITAUA - Po!,fDr, ltnBcr,r#sui{ 50 Crrft,rA- C*o.rELED€LALoNGMFN 6Z ARGENIINA CLTEVA DEL45
fl OFrcrrrrt 51 CHftiA - Cft:nr!_EE€LA yr,HonNo M,{xcc D{NvAr-xA Rlo HNT|EAS
5l CoRIETDr SLD CRoTA gJ CHlt} _pAlcLI l,raTk)\arR{pJt
VoLUMLL lI bEC(CLT^M5l TIM[tl]- NUI
BULcUKSA g4 Bf,Alttlt _SFxala C"lqv,r!]{
16 ITALLA OTE}{IO 5I VAIO DI 5] I^.POj'.!A- MON.'}E\|ITLT D[ L{
Di{}IO CU $ITUffIIX DE L{ NAX,T Voir-rDfUL VIt
PAl-flr-xr5rVEU\ 5.{ ]A}ohrA^I,TICA
- Voh--J|,c]rrt! Euoo sft
17 ITALTA
- Vr!-LdDEt"{ C/sAr-r $u REc.lbiEAHt$rj.J t -85 EcLMA - ftMtBur, Ftlrtnc $l
- VAL&A'm&ft.rrofl DEL{
I8 ITALTA 55 PAx]sr,\x M.ANA5TjR!A zuDt{sl"A sHRl,tlJALaL ct 11r flt TN!,ANr_ttl
ACIJCENTO EELT TAXHTI-BAHI $ RU{NEIX 86 PIRU - crIA\6I EGFTUiNTAI
19CRoATTACtwrRln I oftrcD€LA cET,inrS^]Il'-r-8^IlroL 8? PERU - etAf{ Olrrl
SPI|TS FAL{TII LUID,ir:rETlAN 56Nrp^L- I!M8|NL rOCf,rL D€ gg pERu M{CHUplroju
2SEuLcAf,L\- McR},t{NTlrLTlLA,:{c NAErrruier LritBcrooA g9 pERu-_ Cuzc.r}
DEt-\ KAz{l\aA( 57 TA|L4N0A- AruTrtl,{tA qCPERU UNltrEStcao{tuErr N
-
2l CRE(IA- YrRsP'rA 58 CFl'i6oDct{ - A}lclioR Nr?c{ sr FAMFASUTtiN }UMANA
]] CRf,c1A _ DILFHI 59 vtt-I\^u - SAI'rC'TLAR-LDDi My 9 | HL,i:|]tr[-o5 - SfiJL [r.ay, Dr L,l
2J CRtrciA AmoRlLxrE D{ LA SoN CoPl
.ATF;A 60 INmi,tEStA- CoMFtg\uLo{ TrutLE 9l GuaTEr.tiLA- TtE4r
2,l CRECIA OLIMTIA DEL{ PRAHB,{NAN 9J Gu^aE rrl-4 - P^RcLiL
25 CRxcIA _ MI,:TNE 61 INrxNEsrA - TEMFLUTDELt .i-RllI{rctjlc Ef,L{ o_rutrir,{
26 CRECIA- EPTDAIR BxoiuuiR 94 MErraj- Tt{]nHUAcT.N
17CBxcrA
- Drrcs q5 ME{lt] Monfr€ ALBAr
-
lB CRf,c|A- 5Aso6 volt }{w v q6 MEI(r) PAr-Elr{LE
-
?9 MALTA TeMFiILE MarAlrflcE ErN 9? MEr|ts - UXMAL
MAI-TA 6? INDI^- KH^jufi-{Ho 98 ME\roo - CErcH6'rITIA
30 CIFB.U FAP}ic6 63 INDta- Mo*ur,4ENrErE
EUETTSTE 99 Sr^rErE UNrrE- MEs^VER!!€
. . . DLL{sA"cllt
64 INDrA - PL,IIER|LEDr L{ AtAblIA
A usrt tte
d5INDIA PE$rEturE
ff iA EtroE { 100 P,{s,crtuenoNer K,+r,+ou

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
t*t
fb

<
a*

P
c
+ I

f)

11,
l04l

Afnca

c e e n &I o,ntQ
ind ian ,,*'

" Ausna \

F
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l05l

Un s+erb etd!1'd! & rii[.ari|dre lr,|riu, ftM &n VJh ltrsar€ld dh Pd+i ikatroryi tsbdrei ri s luiulrr dfi {datsldiah &[na ?pofti& Clart a aflani4tii

Tsrn Coxctm cunc TEHN0nEDACToR


MARco CATTANE0 PATnizlA
BALoccoLovrsrrrr M*nrl Cuccru
JASMINATRIFoNI

EDrialr rrsir rfir*I{I


Tlnot|cEtrEl
Crd lftHlrTr i.,t-] 1). ChBffiVtrar tr,t?-641
ts{llorroiclrllr coxrrrNrrq H$l
4u{oruRr,{! OcrrflrH ftfi*
^Lt+PrnFrC,rffRra Mafr|ErH^rlro
R$,i{toe: lsrElrP^JlrELr
Colectie
apHrute
cu sprilinut:

RoMTELEcoM
t l(fi lvttit4ur Bi!.
lIE (llddo S.!Fi, flJl4

{N
I I IOOl4r.dll, ft:ih

T{*cdftltullE |!*mtE MdElEt Ir.t tltrl{Esirurflr.


rLr4ndur, d*tl hF{n ddBn & w Fot{L ru iEsslll
flb ode lmr eL.lrohlFl.Inloof&r& hiEllrnu h ffrc.E.dr,
ttrd pdtiillE uEitrl r rkbrMfti &qdnd &..pFight
Tm dElddL sDI.r ffihriL ih tffi |mhI
dt6dtr Unl6 Mlkhl4 t&$e.Ir.
mN97t I ii{}rtT lot I
ftddl id od|n h {jra! e

Ebu
s s I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l06l

Cotec!ii le CotidianuI CIVILIZATII

YOL. I EUROPA,SUEDIA.IIALIA
YIOL.H EUROPA:ITAIIA - CII'RU
YIOL. NI ASIA: TURCIA- SRIL,+NKA
v10L w ASIA: CHINA. INDONEUJA
YIOL Y ASIA: INI]IA
AFRICA:UtsIA
VOL VI AFRICA:EGIPT'ZIMBAEWE
AMERICILE:AIIGENTINA . tsR4zillA
lrOL.VI| AMERICILE:tsoLIVIA- sU,{
AUSTRAIIA

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l07l

Bavld|qEn &: d'rE tlurblt r{F nmrdrlr ird{DFulrril'r an Otrrt hpnnu cttrr'dbrl

TrJffr C-oncrrrcn*nc IEHI.IONEUICTON


MARcoCArrAMo PernrzreBALocco MARIACuccHl
J-lsurn.lTRrFoNr Lovrsrrrr

Eflrn fi rr|o{ roMl:lt


T*rEreEa G|d!f trrJt
T orEucl{{: Eol.srrrflx N
Amnarr Axr coPnrl: OdiiN CmE
co|lrrr: HmrtsrIHIi|l
AlrJlu]1'Rrl,lrEAfl'| t J!E$ CoieEtl€
ap5rutEcu sprijinut:

FoMTELEcoM
C mol Wtlr. Sls Sr,L,
l:|rCc&Sqoe lI/14

TEfu|nltffire
i r.prdu!{L nd#
Fb *|c+ h.da.Ltud,
I lt(x|$${eft [ql'
*R*hitdel

{rdoFr. ! Hr4L DoblkidL nuroor4


eh{l! *i{6! flr fi{riFuHr $u f.arEl{
haocod||t, hfttAliilt s dhE rltr-
{N
Er4 tsrnlgtj@ slldiosd s dstdto.ulEl @rhrl d! oqtrknl.
?o.t r|tlo)rlh mFr qCql b irEb€ mdnr
r!.IftrEdjetilrDi6lrdnnjr$lldk, lr*
tsllN9?8.Ia+l5t-10s8
$q.:!r rE c.hD b cr!+. l:?

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l08l

Colectiite Cotidianul.ClVlLIZATII
- - -- - i

ltrDL I EUROPA SUEDI4.ITALIA


lroL lt EUROPA;ITAUA-CIPfiU
vtoL ru A,SlArTURCL4
- SRIt ANKA
,ytol",ty ASIA: CHINA- rNDOI{EzlA
vot, v ASIA: INDIA
AFRICA: UBIA
YOL. YI AFRICA; EGIPT,ZIMtsABWE
AMERICILE: AftGENTINA- BRAEILIA
Ylttl., vlt AMERICILE:BOLIVIA . SUA
AUSTRALIA

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t ar es . c o . c c l0sl

8dlr',relrltdrn
lerJ{tsljrhIdt4ftd fl4n{i at tr} nallftEd lf'lttul
'fgciri

TETTE Cor,rctfr cnArrc TEHNonEDAcToB.


MARco CATTANEo PATRTZTA
BALocco MnrurCuccur
JASMINATRrFoNr Lovtsurrt

nnrr ir r Hil Ensisl


Th{DtrMr: Grd,ilBArrI
TsRsId]cfd:Cnnrhrrr* lll
Anr(.rrrrr Orrrv|r* Cr'fli
Ao{FTnir
troPBD lliRtr5MAn35
R!q{Lft n: M|sTELT P,{Nor1l C6lectleap6r'Jticu sprijinut:

lS RoMTELEcoM
i ,l1r{ 4hilf st{r.q it
t'ir |:lDdtdD Snlsi i.lrl4
I l lln ltrNUL tlrlh

fiErf drE${un . ffi:rtc Xkt o Frr! | EN., p{t&Ett nu FEl.


r' EF$iu{!, rBrlr ! r|r.tri *rcm.! sw FdHI sr t Dsrier
drbftjd ldmt.ktMirt totdurlttlinEsdEt8 strdt m ild [trr.
firl !.friduEH atrtrnftd r &tintrdruluj dftrtultri iL..ornFr
TM dr.grdl. Mg.r E iu I b bB& lftint
qs4l r l; nctr I LrhFi PottirtLrhg t liM. trr

tsEti 9?$.l-6l,t57l07-5

fiF&lr h C.l ah C6F C

fl,lrrs I v u 'tttt.h al,ilair:r i:rl ,c


trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 10101

ColectiileCotidianuI CIVILIZATI
I

mL. I EUROPA:SUEDIA.ITALIA
vol.. II EUROPA:ITl4IlA-CJPRU
vol.. IIr AS[A: TURL-IA. SRIIANKA
T|)L. IV ASIA: CFIINA. INDONEZIA
YloL. v ASIA: NDIA
AFRICA; LIBIA
vol..'tgl AFRICA: EGIPT'ZIMBABIIE
AMERICII-E:AliCEf'rrlNA- BRAZIUA
vt|I., lylr AMERICILE; BOIJVIA' suA
AUSTR.AIIA

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
0111

-:iP

;:

Ir

Eii
.tiI
'I

i;L r:q! !nr, rr.l,l.:" r li: , , 1 , . .t r,",,.,, i"",,,,, ir' ',p ,r. IJ i r.i r i l . q , i i J l , l , l i , ri

Trxrr f EHN()RED-,r(-T()R
l\{ARc.(]CATTANF(} ludtrrA( ua-clll
I'nrrour
J,rsMrNn

..r ;,;i r i ;,. !,t,sl f I


'
' 1 1 :r\,,H .:,n -,:r
.1 rr,i i r ! i D rrrrr\tdrrr
' ,rf.,
L .:1 r. r: M rtr L r H rrr:
1 1 r:1 . )F : t{ B * .1 l 1raH rr{ L(l-::i'.'r:' rF i' JtA : - :Fr j..Lri;

RoMTELEc*M
l n l 1 1 r: l 4 \,1.
i .ir d ,i, r illr i ll ll

. , , ' r ' i " :r' rtrr' { ....,i ,{ ,+ i n ,n i ra!-i i nn,,- f,,.


SN
!., : iiIi{ ," !r ":!,.' :,,L !!' i,,.!.{ i,,.,' !, rti !!' !!,r'L rl
:.,,, 'n!
:.. : {t r .,!! ,i :,,1i :1 .r, i :i :,i
'. fi I iir !,:h r .iii ::r.rk
,[:n r r ir r i]i

i i tr:tr' ri i ..1 t r.:tr' i l


o12l

I
ColectiileCotidianul CIVILIZATI

t
I
*l r+ {l
]1. J
j-
T
|

v{tl.. I
vol.. tr
vol-. ltt
vol." tv
vol.. v

vol., Yl

vOL. vll Alr.lEl{lLllt-E:


lJ(li.i\ I.1- \i . \
ALI$l'l{Al-lA
tr D SU S I WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 10131

Cfiatfiftd{r dr o @rfbm,eqr d#idllb's & d lefltudfurlte4D1! rldldh deFedLr&

THffx Concpr cn*nrc TEHN0trEDAcrox.


M,rncoCnrr.+Nrr: PATI]ZIA BALocco Iu,{RrACuccHr
JAsMTNATnrronr Lo!'rsETTr

ldJh iH uMu rollr,l


TianLHrlrr G.fl ifiFtu
Ibl{r3l}mr: Cmr iE Lnt
nHfi ! /tEr drrffI: ocrs|rfl co{ra
c.FFs rrn! uribi
Rffir dalr fardirt cotectieapErutEcu sprlllnut:
orf,.LrJi ErrnreL,{l:DrrH^ Cr!Frn|.Hl

Dot dEtsuuErffit
olff).lwhftsEg.rL
Y! 0snitC,:$r$o}'4, :l!}|
1!lmlkdlLx:n.
sl*rl rdu,h
, t d or{tcrGLiEH|jdl'IuF{d!
lS RoMTELEcoM
EF!.rdd tuj Ltu udturu ErEpr,!! n hdil
F h elrr ltr* ele.dribi tqElbd hntktucw FlEr r
'|lt p.oild{dd E *u1{6 { d+t!rfi,rd,l]!r daFtrbl & dd$iebl
lrxk d.ioq@ E]i|,n! i}lrdi{ (tllAri
'trl &Uuill unrB tut'L'fihr ti * lE,
c$etu
FEnl 9?tt 4{r!t7. t{Jg.9
]Uftt h [httr. h CrrF) tZ

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 1 0 1|4

Colectiile Cotidianul.ClVlLIZATII

rFalkh dp ,$a{r,rlB rtfa\ln'd ds!,jd' lr @rrEx @!r.Eai hr-!i alci da fluflat

VIDL I EUROPA,SUEDLA
- IIAII,4
voL u EUROPA:
I]HLIA-CIPRU
vitlL llt ASIA: TUITL'IA
- SRIL4NK4
vGL. w ASIA: CHllvA.tNRfNfZlA
vtoL.v ASIA: INDI,A
AFRICA: UBIA
vo|..vr AFRICA: ECfPT- ZIMBA.BWE
AMERICILE:ARGENTINA ' ERAZIIJA
vto|.. vII AMERICILE:BoLI\"lA.Sll.4
AUSTRALIA

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t ar es , c o . c c 1 0 1|5

E
IL ll =[t=-:
+*tl!teE=lJ_r, lurr ;* ltrf- t)l- il
T t
f

F:I
€-'
3' @
I

1!
I
-<1r-1
;

TiIt
'llr

;l{nkturFltrtd nrmrnule rin l,rha fiegr'Lrilulticdir td8lmlt rdldruF & I'id ti q hld dr! EBtFtsiirti

TExIE CONCFPTGRAFtc Tnanorrn+cror


MARco CATTANEo Parnrzr,tBALocco MARH CurcHl
JASNflNATHFONT LovlsETTl

liFrr.r Ir rLIHl ff\r,$\


TEI r!:r GrEi MHlrrI
l+\.ir,liTir Co{rrrrrr{ Nrrrl
,1}r rBf fti r 'rlrr r',Ntrri O.r$rrNtnr
Lrn!ri-{ -tl,r*rLr fttrrrli
R !r1rr t|rH{rr r r'f,Nrrr: CoLectieapErutdcu sprijinul:
LrrrtrFF r{ rturL: DrlNr CnrPr\(nl

HoMTELEcoM
L:ltru lllru Srrrirl
\riarrdJrlf,!tur. ll,ll
r !rr t.frlli,lrrt6

r { F .!trts l ri t4 i ra .rr* . 1 .,,F r.


hRpFttrn nq(+h i lrucsr LFr:u ifFerrlfra
| rt?{ Li F,bh' { l i i ruFE F
Innuiri
{S
ruh,a c itrmi rkn rn .t liirf, !p .ll lnft?llnl,l ur ornaE .th.
liri IrtJnrl!!rk Mft [siu rLDiror!]!:drq-rulddedutor
'fimrril'qrr !L ni'Dr rq iiu rili limhcnrnlnl
t'pnnn tiliilriit ni*ts tuhlillLinr ' lld*,lrr,

I irnr t i r lth:i l! {;Erls L1l

h i fjrili
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 1 0 1|6

CotectiileCotidianul"ClVlLIZATII

=I
I =!/l:Hr=|fi+'iYE.# !#+:til-if=fffi
tll
,,lll n
.lIL
i'l r rl

I
I
t
EL

;l
I*I
lrp
\I

j+\

vroL- I EUROPA:sUEIllA- ITAUA


vttlL, EUROPA:ITAUA.CIPRU
YioL. tlt ASIA: TLRL.IA - SRILAN.KA
t10L. IV ASIA: (]HIIT,'A,
INDONEZIA
vtol.. II ASIA: INI}IA
AFRIC,A:LIBIA
vol,. vr - ZIh{BAB\{'E
AFRICA: EGIPT
- BRAIILIA
AMERICILE;AR(iENTil\rd

'ITIDI.,.VII AMERICILE:BoLl\{A - sLrA


AUSTRALIA

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 10171

fittiaridr.dleld
fu"' 'l€ dnd'tlFlo'',cr,4.ed{adh.d silll deh C4la lflm/trrnJ.

Tr:rrt Coxcrsrcmrrc TEm{onEDAcron


MARco CATTANEo PATRrzrA
Bnrocco M,rrunCuccnt
J,rsurnaTRrFoNr LOVISETTI

EErilNr'B idtNl
ftmm8: crd HrHlrrl
Tt,|llnRnscm: Cwsmi Nrtt
rsPntE lursriarr .TFElrI: ofr vun cnfrr
Cmml: ilr.rB rfrld
f,lMcrtn: iltnrar Pt|trE'
Drrurln rDlmE|nL Dur*r CuJrrE flr
ColectieaFerutE
cu sp iinul:

Hor,rrELEcoM
6 t0cl l!trie t@ s,rt
11!&nnddsM !!/!|

rb.t.&4rlut|. ME
EBull4lidltt
I I l0Olrsd[, tirUr
lrw.efildah
iqd 6 talrn d.G*i Fr!|n dl luExL
tr!.{bGbmddrc
sur'nLr 8ft rel4tnhli!
DrIL s tu
n!r!!+dr hEgkrds.drr}t qfi .
{N
H FaElnffi MFidd 6 d.!n!4.xhi drteFr0lqi d+rutE
Tdr rftpdrJ. $UI.r Hsur !} &riJ* metur
dFett Edm,l Unnffi Pdb&ftnr* rllrE, I!c,
EA 97r!t*eI57-111.!
fE&h h t]c[h h cF!{o (E

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 1 0 1|8

ColectiileCotidianul.Clvl LIZATII

VOL I EUROPA:SUEDLA-
ITALIA
VOL TT EUROPA:ITALIA.CII)RIJ
YOt- ttl ASIA: TURCIA- SRILANKA
voLw ASIA: CHIl"iA. INI)ONEZIA
VIOL Y ASIA: INDIA
AFRICA: ilBTA
YloL vl AFRICA, 6CIPT- UIME'{tsl{€
AMERICILE:ARGENTINA . BRAZIIJA
vo|.. vtr AMERICILE:BOLT\,,]A.
SUA
AUSTRALIA

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l 01el

llrr rrtrr,'ir'i
rt'rrtnllrlril ri: rltJrtJJtlltiurJrilt,tlfit{t.
SlonrJIr'xq.'sItj{il ri jrfli ,rpntrnriri{lfilisfr{tji pril'irid
rllirlin{{l,\lltSi 5{ol-titil}Utlt't{ar f rt lii\-l I rr l.
ilil(lt0 ri(,torllc{t,ilt,1rl'1,rsdle hinrdrr !r sir'tlrolrtlfttt ii
lrriir. i rfl1 fllf_&#,ridstti;i t ilariJtett f i;ilft torj.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
tr D SU S I WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 10201

Ffsd( i**Ed'rrilnln

tro:+. EEqicllarn RsflJ

Introducere
rI
ln datrdell n'riembne intereslrheolcBrcs f{*t ma;{.1'.6ci.l
de VII rRfieun exemplurrmrrcabil
l9ll la Psris,Omfffinp Ctneralr stabilit.Uu crireriuplr remporalrrrli drrar umanatradifionaltr
sandr
'le
UNES(IJ a elshrratcflrleryill d+ dus,probabil, la o inrerprerere
isroricl utili,rste* m::liului reprezentatiu
iflstiture a Ust€i Patrirnoniului FeSirI [-]eareea,.r-a considemt pentrr.r
o culnrrd{saurrrlruri),i,r
Unirelsal,ca'rer intrurin \'lgd6]t la oport{nsr re inaludllln ,casrr specialin car+lin caresc€Bsm culturd
1 decemhrir l9?5.S<aflul ambq** volumrRlqlerilurile+aracterEa(e de a de*tut !uLnrrahilisaueeaflesub
al UNESCO(fteanizatiaNatiunilor o de?'xtltartculturaldsemnifici4iri- efectulrrff i rrarufonndriireversihile;
Unite pentruEducafie,SriinF ii dcii (Dnditia |.Lneiregiuni ft*uitt lbrr Vlll) salie asocrst dift+ seu
Cultural a fosridtnrrdc*rer,srudicrea sr inrreruFereFafite nu esteinjeFlinittr, lntr-unmcdsvidcnt.u .renimentr
prrrteiarea nonummteh4a complexalDr fie rirn cauradeclinuluiciviliratiil+r sffuo$dltli lncd vii, cu idei iau
9ia sirunlor-fie naturale, fiecoffruire cercl€,ru consrruir, fu dilr ptricina crcdinleod cu olere arris(ice
deo cgresuo.,remsrcalrll vaftx.re FtsnllondriilFr - Fre{'um{i locunlein siu literare.u o remarcahiiA
universale' din punctdr vtll€e lsronr. clE s-outErit mdrt{rii ce coDtribuiela scfilrifkaFEuniYe$alt
at stic lflintifi(, natural,rrheologi{ infeleg$€.rrvolutieisp€.ieitrmne- AVAn{IEcesr€ crireir dr(.FrFunct
sausntropalogi{, Prntru Eseiustidcalftcrjeren de pamire,vesti€iileFstrimonl(rlui
Ti€ir€{i de sni ltl{i tdrriu, Lisra pe ListaFrtrinoniului Unrversalca uni.ren,rlcatakrgate rJeLII,IESCO
PrlrimoniuluiUniveGsls devenitun o n||tft[l1it{rulturale,monuraentul, n*mlrl ]88 de situn rle rnteres
iN'€ntEttxtrarlrdinar al Iocurilorli cornplexulori sirulrreluie st .rrhr.ltEic, din 66 de flri O surll Llinfta
oFerelorcaretEloberzil isr{rda itrdeplineasclcel pufin uuul nEcstea ru iixt *electronate F*ntr[ 3
ln8emtnate a omululii rrPlmenrului, dintre !mitoarele criteriir [i preremartin cch qtrptemlrrmeale
oftrihd un instrumentpeatru l| ri reprerimeo capxrJoperl colft fiei GriLiiantrlCIVILIZATII,
inFrleeeree nsrurii clrlturiiii, mii a geniuluicreatorlnr-an; inrr.$ inclrclu+ de a oferl ,r imagine
Frelus de rosre, a leEdrririipro{undc l[) si d€monltr.le un importa[t cft lnri uftFltta tnlFihila vechilor
cnc [c uneFte.Fe scur(,li+fae9t( un schimbde um;rne,intr-o civili?atiildrumrrrre emhe, filrd
';alori
sumarel dE1]lufiei ktl,ri.e a planetei. pc.ioadHde timp sRufn crdrlrl unei n neElijainfl icele []{ufi {Are
ScoFulacesteicd(i estcdt r prcrcnta, arii culruralt Lrnirersak, impli.[ lru prereflHtiT!1FlrtFnF din p(nct
'iari:
suhegidaUNE$(I-I. o sectirne owolutrc a rrhitecturii s:rua de vedtrcal evoludti,nci pc
tlerlsvelsa[,e 5ca$tel motteniri tehnologiei,a lrr.ek* monrmmrlle aceleain c*re s-audcv+ltrt
neprelui(e r?u in plan rdranisricori peisqisrici pimle sFmnede arfe ligu rativA
F".tru a putearbordao at6t de Ill) sii rrrnsmirl o nm$aenire lmict N.laiffehuiEtotuti prt.i:.t rE o
vllsltr colc{d+ da iitun, narerialul a ftrst saudel putirl txctFti]fld[5 piund evaluarecbiectiuaa rno$Ecnirii l:lsate
tnpflltit ftr Taprevolumr, dErlicri€ o tradiiir cultureh saud civilirsfic pesterecolede c*tre anumitecukuri
dnorilor carc ni s-aupf,Err de la csreerrc incii Rclivfi+t'i Rdij druti a! o itrflur'nti delsbiti a dur in mod
civtJizafih :rnticc Da.A difeftnla lV) sl fic un enmFlu remarcabil inevitabilla accenrr.:l puspe urmele
dinne moprenirilecl[urale g cele de tip dt cledires.Lrde rn*lrrblu ciuili?rtti EgiFt(rh'ii rric, a imperiilm
natural€ q ft'sl expliclt drfiniie lfl arhir+crurslsn$rehnologic.ori de Setsaj; RnftI[i FiOrecieianriceti - de ,:ealalt5
cadrulornvengiei, iinn de demar.atie V) sE ustreEo el3ptrsnurtape partea Arlar:ricului- a lumii marilor
diDrresirurdrarhrrecturbte ti 5irurilede seo)nilicf,tive din isrdriau.iranirS+iii culnrriFrecolunrbiene-

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
021
022
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c

t'

I1 .t

Eunopr.- Lista siturilor


I SES|^ - lFf,zn|,Ibj ptAtr,lcr L{ TaNLa{ 6 sFAl$a-Pxflii DEri fuTrxtE{ ld Grr$ - VEr(o'!{
'J. tu-,']{I}{- l4}{lr€iarEr-El{Ic,lJ-rEEpf FE 6 S.pal$ AIE{.cIIL D{tAS'I4q'r $ GIE(I^- Ix|.nil
vaur r.lutu Erf,$r!
6; S{aldr - MdNLTH[rfll|-ERoHTNE[r, LA t0 Cfigi - rA$f,rft{Hr s tA ATE}r,l
Sr,i TuLUitn-*r llAftl Bnfi,${l- Zlriir an l,ltrnlB{
l0 &tc{4 - &${rF
li{D /rN
? i'ATd. VELAADE.IIA
t0 Gatea - MfirrE
RErruL UMr rI. M,aI{ Blr N[-
? I?iltA - R0it ,1lirr"tr
STi]}TEHE$r
$tAvEUrY l0 Cr}iJA - EFEUe
? trru - FoIlrE,t|IrflL$flM S OrfoNrs t0 Osc{a - D6re6
CEI|ANI'{- LroHl,trAllgr x!{r NE
0€ra T4tu I ITrIjA - Q.$,To { vAlur fi &]{m cu
l0 Grrqa - $Al€€
ffueu tr tl LrE$TU$Va$
FET}iI4 6ll}nTE HC"ATE
DNVAu.l! I1Mair - TEIqtlE uEotlrne on MALtr
D€L{Vtstru lT4r - VnI{ DELr.Ss,1Lr
1l Clag - PA.nrc6
ft-il{Tr - TEA'Inu,
R]M N$tABr,:ltr [T,t{,$- vrffa rTuB,El4s
D€r-r i{Rlaqrro
!t TEat€ !E rA Ot.tN€c ctdaftr - {}N"t!|lfr,Fl1*a Dt ra SfiJr
hrtt[r - Pofi txr O^i! $ r rAT([ un nocrEfl.fx
5 l!lr{T+- Mor"aqErnurrcM4NE Bur4diu - MonffttEn"a
r/{rr
ta LAAxrEs onL{ KfiHNL{|(

tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC


trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc lo24l

Europa

ecb ar { ll tt.stm llffitc inrulelelnedit€rErtur€,Melt{ $i Cipru,


ricideFertegtaniteleg{,ocr8fre{le $i suucrrdih d€ aptrideumcecunBs4ute
contincntului,srncmrstatect Europa dreptnra,rlghi,co'lut ite de g4oarrlc
sdnpostefte 56dintrecrle ISBdesituri din Sardinia,chiat din +,rca Bronrulur.
arfteolofic. din LiEaahrrimooiului FtuAndrtfiva Fd+ilnap{ritn ifurlp,
Unrversel,aproapeo neis* din totdul remarElmct inuSinelim€+renirii
scrrtor5.Difi mrrtivede aonsmventtr arheologiceeuropenedevin. mult mai
istoricfl,multecertr€ din lone verhtl decit ne,Bmti puturettepH.
medirer|neeane - dinMsrocpantrtr Ficlurile pe phre de li TenulDdin
TuniJtaFtdrn Orienul Mtjlociu SnA ln Sddir fl de ta Alta din NrY,.'eeis
Turcia- ar t.+ui inclu$q,liind, in ter ,runcI o luminl ckrl Esupra
nlsirnareFsrte,leruhslulexF€n8i$nii poposrelorrandinave din eFa{r
Im+eriului Romanctrtre.sud +iert. Bronzuhd,in vremecegietreJe
Arla v€chiLr Crdci Finrnfin <l rd{)p€rirtcu ilrrripfii ninicd dr l*
dfiflinn F€ceaeutofe€nl calnrtcg,prin Jelling,din DsneErsrca.usrreErd
pmzurlaunor m,nrunrente rcmarcahile obicriurile culturilor plgine nordice.
fi l{r[ vfrr6tll,curfi suntAcraPoleleln Minrle dela Spienner, din Belgra,
At€nr FictnEul ishric al Rdneii ahe r€plEzindprifi ele exrraqiicuno$cutr
exenrpleinclud Delphr"OllmpragrDeltx, de mmerdr drn Feriosdeneoltica, ur
furigento p Fornpei,Segovia,Merida, Bolne Valley+iStonehenge maEcheard
Arles,Orangr,Sptit,undeDirhtrian tdumful er€i construcJiilnrmegaliticr.
fi-q coD5qruit FslstulimFenel,Fle{umsi Gftad.$l nsr tiuh ftl timp,l+
ffifir,relr foftdicrFi p€crre k-a ridicar origln e pdmordialcalcomului,
HrdriEnl!'I,AngliB,p€nllu e +dre oh€rlcm cI, ltEt d€p€atunalEuroFei
lom€niide tsft€ri. C{ b,rE*fh nu-i lipeeap minunirde.SIFa$rilede
de':,rraliumlor, rrdpark coloane, la At:$f,rca auscq6h ivednrld';jiTe
seUlpruri5i barodiefuri 9i nunrer@sd€ dmsnccuo irchtna d€ut miliocrde sni,
temFle,vile sinhpruoasa li rn',rEakuri ($e, d€sittftnt Fi.auFierdurridul de+ea
raffnBte,ffrtafilticf, Breco-r,r,'nana a mai ve+heaFecare urnarA& Ie ctxrtinenL
influentatvechiulconthent msi mult r*riane unadultrepiegehrh teqeth
derdroric$c alti civili#pe, rlonroindu'i dr F Lisu Ps$irfltniuluiUnivnt€I, lh
*rmia nmpde cd pu{n un mile$iq *tAt pf vints nconFntuinistffhi migrslifl
{nf,Lnte, c6t +rltt tuDpulereicrestire. uman€.Mainult, lngilia petrogli+lor
Toru+i,dacl arunctmo p,rivire din attaeuropeEnt cEJ€d.$riu viaF
I!F!& pes!€hEtAsiturilff FrotEjare Flmului Fl&nosrfirru mxfum nu Ere
de LNESCO,conststdmcl ptcrlntd egalFeP#mAntAc€ftesimlid pletele
fi locuriconEtruiiedEloposr€csre citdie de la \Atc.emmi.a,dir lalia, qi
auindrtrlnit 5d{ongeslehe€E|nodq, din rehs C6q,din Rrrugals, dar,ftt
fiar lntAie Ateru\ rereFd r Roinei: prtilll d+ tmr€, (af(xldpfi.le plctu.ii
necroFrhledeci':t dc le Kersnlak prebtoric din pegerlledr la Altemira,
ffiSvcshrari,fonEfilele dEcicedin din sF€nia,FiLas:aux,dln lranla,,xre
Rominia,civiliratiile anticecarer-au cficureasdimpieundFeffru ftlul
dezvaltatlntr-+ iz+lareaFr@petoml5pe SLtrinIe prei6roriei""
'CaFel,

E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10251

inpiatra
Inciziile delaTanum
SUEDI A
BirHUv,lv
ArLl i\rEcr!-',r{nn:
199{
CxrrrEnr c l! [u] (r,l

contFf, irr in(i-iile tu (Ft iltoi


ll r^$L'
de loc!irorl.m+jr{ira{r.1 !mF!rlle cu Funrfat r(4u,
l<'cuindio micl rareie Fc:c;ri irilarr frinrrc ccl' nrii iftFrrrirdre
.lq-ahngul rarsrelL.rtrlirii \frdult'i, conlFogr[ilJr ]a'linunl lurlt un plug
j+ Taflufi rrrc c,iitflui nlarL'c(rmunitar,r tra:iJe + F€rech€de b+i .onduii
din provincia&-hustr;n,din sudul dt o liiluri aDir Fonxlrf:rfl figurtl
Fuediei Esteaierite inr!'un Felral urllafitrcirrr *'iut:ti (u un tdrFr,
n.rrurrlnealrer , imhdl'titde n do||: frqunirirnite Frrr$l iArr.{r
ntdiu nl|lrirl ell:eFti{)ndlJr' {i:rflI" hrFri;i o luoEe clr no|rllFerlone]e
careoi:rtr un mrjlocile trisrdrtE ltili:iitc (re Frr !i gestrcl*e
FenrnrnFronFetDfi cc$iroriironei, f) !dnct fttrrrrgi altrr*coFrlita!.d
$rAncinetede,!rFil rni Jeichlie E*re diferiTeInn(irr,r$e1lr',{r'i iali fc
coh0arnplhE 5prcnraredrminn n!?rer! lE arat,ale(Bride urmedc
Ilfmul. Zlrndec,:nrr"dltsunt rr*itrni ni;Ei ii |iguri.ntn{.rm..rF O rlr.
Flriiole hrr$tire,hrirdarede r'l$eri+ stirrrllilF+rrti i uginik ,ril:utede
Je rni in'jrusreAmlo rn,Jese rne;c apr{,lftl it Jori lunrri crLLp.ut.lt
sL€5te rlli lru hrnrf piflmiLr LrF, figurrumafieJri[i:ate.in {imp re
B{(t| + 000 Jc ani, au fosrprintrL' in tuhbl s€desf;iiorri n i(rna
i rlnraliillrcuitt Jc oilm,rni rsric(,li AcL.\tE:r rndacA (} s)crer.rrc
in rcerrt:t ronit s-i r tr.lritLelfu n aollrpllxl cirac{ |1rin5!n tu1tl
350de gruprrride prcrurLn:urale:are LlesnrlL{eridirir al re|Icrtlrtirii
Frr''rinrA p$r{ I 50Cdr::uhicctr. figur^tile. In grnerel.im€gntle
Dirriurlntrc 180tJ:i 5C0i.Hr, rrierrro lele rle virtE din egrca
aaesten trLntres}rinditeDed rrre ile Err:n:uluiJin rt ulEunpri.
BFr{)ximntiv ;0 de killmelri Firrilti Frirr,lFtarAra +Frospcdr tfflfl,
ln T.:rtumin m.,l dcrxelnr,arhmtogri ltAnciledr li Tinlm seallfrftsrtrri
,ruglsir o ustl coittlie dc arfcl Jc ta *r*r t5-lrr Jr mrri drrsupra
FicrunFreiir(rric{,c*r€ F(rrtierll'rrr' nivclutuirriii. (i':,i*cii l.rcr r.r
in tl .ntugeriide morrle carehrlud mirltn i1r!il!i L,i:BrrlxrorBici[o(il,l
l-+u.iio(rntrrdt,iiguri rnrnrgrron€, ritrl L|arnir de Rnr,si repre:inre
ropafl, firtn|lJr olaini$i ift Firi0rrc unul lintrc *le rn;rim;rj Frri.-otr
luntri Jtrive(hi $ (hiiir lfiragrDi[r firr (nr{ nnNrinli 3rtadrn rFlca
5 reprr:dnft rinii Torr+ aLrf,r:t pictate BrDn:ql(LiApir !.1tnlil,.$nc!dr.1
urili:ed c+rsi rehnicl: ri'aufokxit Idnllitiilur rli1niri{{' aiFrr' Lr aL'!h$irinrp,.LYL$arile
uneheitsc{FielxntT i lcnj{h un ii, mnrFr€rLrr {le rnrla, qn:elor irrh+ologrce Jrr! lont contin l.
r1tcsuFmtntrlt autotehicrltlor, Rerear,marmrrlt..:chipq r{eerheolrei
rL DI t rc t rrril t rrc , lc lrd n ir)J c t r scanLlinavi rr Jrroperit s.rFiD!regi
rrFiditilte, F(LIrir\ Ferr{(\lfi{(urii{ la tsohrrsliirr cu rctrc li r'm pa'i.tt,
rme r5i-ft 5i LL:ta.l cL)nll'lft iDrr{} Fr{crrrtri rlrilr'l( r nrrrc*saii
!curti prd.udl Jr timf. -lps.ixliitii iragrnerreceramlcelreftrN.r furilitjt
rLriLlLi si n+Fcsfuni nfl t{*rt irrtciLs{!r,riitoriri li:r!rlrri,in 1998.la
diserserehnrci.irrcrrcini{ if iruF*-;r Vitltckc, : .: dcrtlrrsun nru:tu ti'arrc
(jefeflorarea [lrlrtifluA a inLi:rill]r :r. Dr'ldern,irl r[i ri sirlrh|1]rrrifioniulur
in h)$l di|srhit, sl r,rr\.in: efe*rti: t-lniverril l,NI-sCO, acftr.mFlicar
drprmtfi[r,r Jr ,uti 1i alr pL:ilrr ir itrr,lii J. {urlrrnre desii,irrar€
iLjde, Lrr* drlDh:1iele oEriif+ih irr crJrrl :ituril,r unJt a txr
"i
minerale.frrcum ii sl irnFHdi.e re(onsultil sir Jln r'Pdra
lirrmrrra rlEelor.mu.i.hjl$r BrilrJului. l.entrui ilLlri nlrihir\c
ii liLhdiL'r rirte Je ticcan :i r rrnmrli[]r ooitr!

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10261

:7,:'.r:

1
l

*f-

EbsLrs lv'rllv,habitares
,c0,cc
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc lo27l

Monumentele
megalitice
din
Boyne
Valley
I RLAN DA
DrtRrcrr,l MFr.Trl
AI\a1iuE6BTxir[: 1993
Cxm:x!r;
C{rJlurj{r')
t6
iturt 1,1iilft r:(imntiv in 1ii99,in rimpceseconsrruia
50de kdometri1r:norJde LluLlur, un drum, s-e ,lesctlx'rLto misterirrirt
verdedin Newqrange
dcairLl - airvitstt, L{ ,cea lretrit, dt t.rrr1a
in rradricerelit€rdli ftruil'- dt a nu anagefuriaunorfforoase
"{Erma
hr rlatorcur{nun:clcactual{*ptulur r-a prEferat
?eitfttitsntice, sdnfl !e
l:I.ln 1141,, dr,"enirrl panr difl Jnri .crreteP originertxvitAlii.
FroFrierillileaff ic{rleale milnjl$!irii ,l) Fl aaeaA, aaunntre r r!tui
din Melli{tnt. Cu t,rateecester, ruprfitilii, s.fi intrat scoLidoar ionrrc
Lrcul,care .r irst irlenrilicatca rer,ptna in 196?,cind un grrrFrle
ntotrn$ntLrlregil)t lcgcrrJari arhcol{ig1s-a hc}tAritsil o exlmin€ze
din TRra i*r inaintc dr R!{n,cH ln mrxl conrpun:nror.Ccta ce au
Tuad'adc Dorur'rn,selaslrlftintelox gilsitarR{n filoft*lnr cu ps$rj,csre
srrpranatruale ct:ndusrCe:rip datr aproxrnativdin aLllLlJ10t1i.Hr,
LJtnu a f.'rr rubi+cruluflnr F)'."crriri AirrEi, Nelr.gran$e estecel mei
tahulorrstJin rremuri dr dernulr lnFoittrnt ni (+l mdi hine .(lh5crvar
sit din c.ed tt la galicl sr nunrrlrs
Bru fld Eninnir,o ron$ de Il kilonrtri
lFtrirtiaflRtd!-ErAulBolne, sitecfrre
rontinr l0 rJ+strurnrri nrrgilliti+e
nl{mLinrr'nrrrL'Jirl Fi:lio*danr+liricr
Aceirst$repr,=intHceamni nlirr
.drcentralie de cr!ostruIfiipreiJtoric{
din ElrroF.r.,Sin)ilurca minm€ ii
Epxrilir moDurE(nrirlor mf,Ealuire
din Knowrhsi f)ou {L.elelalttLloul
comple:terrheologicedin regiLrnra
aflarr suhpnnecliatli,{EsCol,
NcrgranN( tstc o mot:h Jc apnrape
8S dc fi.tri di{rnLrrucarearup':t{
aeureFamorturrl cruciforme.S€
aiungcla ra pintnrr corr'lorlung de
l0 rle nrttri, sustinut,le Zl ilr sttlpi pe
pererele
lLeh apurti delt Jr srilpi
Ft perctele
dela rtls{ritCoridorLLl
n
hrst cunstruirpentrur prr itr Je
un lenomcnr*ioftimi. ciudatFnn
mf,ri rn !a, lorm8 si psnrEpc
careo desc e, Dr [a 19 pAnA]q
!.J dscemhrie,timp de l? minute,
ptimrlt ru-'r ale sr.anhriIn rErlfl! re
$trtcosrl rapi.lFrir parilul lrr8ust,
ptnlr|1a lumlnacamer&,
P€d{raf*rt Ferimetrulmol iler -
.rtnstrorjtn
Jin plmiirt, E;t rr put.5 fr

E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
c0 10281

ric{rptriti LL iarbi erte marcrr r.iriratcJc J00000 .lc rurilti in


ilt 9? dc tfurnd. {Lrnr ii,xltc lierarean.'litnp rlc cinci :ilt'ill
']
ftFfrlcti, numite\fu rrhedlnqi,,pierrr perunrlcsolrtitiLrlui. cxird $ c,xtdllde
.lt [r'rr.1rrri".ljnrlc dintn acrxcir, rstrltrre cre re iLrtLnile pr rn;tifiIuh
{uDI fsLr f.f, de lr rn[Iirre.5lrtlf Lrnlilutlttru prntru a intr;r in
'.lc
,.hcoratecr frur ru;r in{i:ii riFrrrlrre, rrDrni|lt I ScFgr.rrrlrlii I rtlmirn
hl.qr( Filtrirre, iiEri\gr|n ir{c lri rurcle rar. ltwilearA FLrtrel+Jir:
r,rrtentrite- Grrt e rrn{'i Fr(,irfi ,lr tirlr..irl. Dir rrc$ rnoti\.,Llinirnlrl
I(colNruljtic rarc a ntili:nr nr.rreriilf .1000eusrL,:ri srtului ru (rr$nniiirturl
giirite l [aH lj.'ulur. perrreJr.lursprc fel de l(terr, tritt(Lihtf,(JutLL {ri
flr(i-!,estal nrryilei strAlurrik Lhr{}.itii Frire l0 000 de nl\!'iri ri
-Fedli
l c s F i i krr !l h t d Errn rti i . SoarelL i" sunrrlesi 5C.A(+itia alrlf
D,.:$1 slpiitunl{ Jin rcn+arl itlrFilrt{i ln crncrB.(Fcde .iite
ril nerci rrklrtirdrei{r !a Ncryrrdofir ar Inl ijr|lp FerrftuL[ir.;rrr rlilxft.rl{-'jce.
Jrr,i la Jtrcoptrirta r .{r'ril $r.flDirrr. crn{i litu Tr)dc+i {a(r falricipi s+
rHf{ (rtrlrinrnu rirnri:FleleE +el t'utin nriEi i:lnu lir . JimLlcall irnrorfltl l?

t r L i : i r h e [c!+, i q r te f]l i ci .l t mrrr r ut' r , riL.l(Deni prci|ntl Icfurirrr,:tl,rrc lu


f r l r * ir.+,nrnrgelfJ{ oj $i {, rniiit rcr iirnrchri. irr lir ]r'rnlul $ir ir
J i r n r ;J!i r r srl ':t,a rh crL r*i i !rn t Je a( ( ltJ l:fltr Lrlrcli L{rn.\i,lerrI n ti cLl fl3i
tii ,l(a!tn q r.ef tllr ti(rtuftlrnt. ll'Llri {r'a5 !.1flr dir [unh:.Ace{iell
mct$liri.e L{inllnr nir lnrrilltr trlr iL L{'riir). Llcjrsr'nr.fen,firrt Jcrnrrrr
hl!t {hur Llt !];rtuFi iirncrnre,*i, dc lu mjrtrri{},a{ jft:i:ir (:irr(frL'trhl ;rr,ui!r
n:atnkn< ! a rf(rrn trr;rl n i i sr.i i lr'i,:1trr.il
Lt| \'+chLnrLr[hrrifrrnlnni{e.
Mr'r:[rlt contirrinJ nl'r:rrLrtr cu l-i)cuti ct' n.rn'icfir rniArllirtich,
t'ltrrjc rlL h Knoprh $i I)D$'th.J( rnanunu:nreJcLljn &r1nr Vrllty sur

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l 02el

ZidulluiHadrian
REGATULUNIT AL MARII BRITANII
ll {frxt-r'ELr
{.|\rHrrr. N! rrir1r1\rB[i{, [:n_E5 Wr4E
A\L-Lrr-EEGri xr{rHil98l
f8 r [ExiC t l( u r i\l
l

u iru,luph Jt L:tulrt- TraiLrn,


irr I I7 Lll-lr, rn imtns rap rchinrbric intirmnlri Jc lr
"
,rri r;t { cilF-\1,'tl.rillirerariler Ccvirri ter;t{ri!r canru funHnii ii ituNrtr cu rn trnrrh rhul. lllrtrior Fentnra
t.\ ii hcrbclLrr;an trrn!rarertcn nsx*-ir nrirrdrie .lun:c.rr:rrrl'.cuti!".Hillrirn, rsrilurrridI ur o fr|r !ral+ !r$re,].tie,
intimplar (L Il.rrr,riilr JrriH,rrlrrrur $r'i i{ro!rb,r( Jc ilrrJ.c.r rii illr r-ir rnlat rrni;aotrr ,r *-tnne in V
J{ IfurBucrlr{ l'|lIF|an$r,Arrn]ilrcJ 5 J v{dir n nu li r$ inFtftnir ldilrL df trui n.tri ii lrg dt 10 nrtn
hnrrcrrA,r, rxFrrttr inJrJttlrtiri Jc l1l.!(friritrrr.Chiar,iitt* nr*i si s-arL
ftr1icor)siruitl6 torRrrirarr
FtrirlaJaLlirsrrl. n r$rr c;rnt,r,r*h li.r:n,r imFlftanE lucrnrcm utlri .1in- u((lr! incartrrril0 000tt soldali
umi h'ngisL6r'n n tnFnrrrtukenrmn. ri.hrl Fc cnrcl.s crrn r ir la limirr Jnjrrru]acastor furhtn,ilinnr anre
allrt p p+lul Jr nrrrtc rJrt llrrc ,lt nlrd e irnperiulur- e,ite reln:ai hineconsenatcsr{Che,ir.er,
ArrL'lir. irl ri...,{str.iji pr}r'rFreilcvialrr, l|n inr)nrment b|.LiirJij .ft ol.arrrll urnrcala ur|eiftnplrrrifltr'
inlrid nc Frn imt,rrf+frer Jr r- \eNi +ric{ f mnr6clttie di+rrniLri. ite;i1ri r. Lirrr'rt$!i ilrrensi
'ri!'i
li{rii piinr nr !limrrl rnnn.nt li il HiJrun rr.]Dtci]ptrrraeasrt actiritatecornerL:ial:t de o partcI
;rlrrtt{:rrn F( iUirl Aurclil| tu\LLprir fnrl,lfi fiie in l13 d.Hr_.i:r rlnrprrJ .le ,rlrn.r rir[.rlui.Rerent,slpntunle
rr inrrLrrtril,in:prrirLl:'ctr aflir
Lirprului cdhruriei-r".rk in Brirrnnia Inttntn u str* [a rv*Ll multc rfiitrtt Jr
irr rlcchLrjvlarn:Lrltdtcit (lriirrr ilLl sirr.r cr riilut \r {Faft liri. rrrrxhil rnrnrrirLrurldr f tuv([icntJ Jiii.i.J,
Fbgr:rfir;in rrtrr rrtE:: ;r h:i HaJri.rn, Jr Lr:rhrti,s[ ofcrr un punctLlt Frecu[rfi AFroEi$flriu 4t)0de rilhlile
rrrrr$nN'l,rrELLrrrlci )irLrfli:.nurx rcrDn ol.!'rrrRlirti sl fiL-iol,:ts|l!e nr ir Llu hnm pe caresunt getate
lil r|llnlnr A Jritfl:dr sFirir c(rn$ds uric{ s{hflnbcflnerci:![{i] J{srri.ri dctrlir|t{ tiiliE,l viarj Jc ri
'orF1cra
n itI!l.lr.rtuhr' ir ril-i rril1ri r fil,,3,rfLir rr':ir li1fi!)trerrlc JoLrdlilrli,{ li1st rr ii rrs+l.futilor,
Aaertca
re!r€r-i!r(i
l,r nsr'{)jeJ€ ia*- ni F*ntru., l:(n}tr i cclr nur vrc lrL.locunelLtescnse
"I'rcifisr:i - [)LiF;ice & nrrqtrn:t.le
tt'losrlu ir:rtift.rtic .{r la un linr Jeqo|rrirc i'1 Ll areaBitanie
lir Rkul.Mfrrnaril6 lrltrri inihilne, Ann litter,rm.:iJul a {rxr un
I melri tiiinld ir sr intlrrJ{ Fe L' txp:nrncnr tnLrtrieuhur*lPenrrL.r-l
trrqrme ,Je{10.h mtt rom.tnr i:orurrri, HaJria| .r riErjs rrci legruni
ll l5 Lilondril, ,lt h kr.rLirrrtt'rr c.rrt de :r:klarrLln tL:tinrrrirrl, cr: rc.rpul
i{st.i1|t+ n[ m$(e fr.]r,;n{is, Je lir dr..n-sidnc rumcnii ocuFntirr
MttrcoJrli:nJci,ri linir L guritcr;ulLLi ntrltilrli .trixr irl rrcrrc ilc Frl.r.
Tynr, in rpr,rfitrllc \rihllstnJ"le A in.!rejrr Librlteitareligioi$,J
\'larra Norhlui, Lr fircr*r uralbit)e a iruir!t, {Lrr{cces,xeqlamentLd
dc un kil+nntnr rr i la citE o FiartlL rotLiatLlarric a ii nroran,,in crtLla
,.11'rrcceft ir1rrd,deas pm cirei sc oncrr+r Jifttnlt rJt nlgiinrt[it*c
!rr;c u mil:inirturi c|rrcFutt.luli (f iitionallril({in srnsulmnJdrnal
iiloutc Fcntn' r Fsr"i:{',r I Jr l: iLr rrrnrtnLrlLi). Irunir su4iierteci, Lle
s,'lJap-Lr o Jrsr;rnt*de 500Je metri irulat re iruF.c.iuldrmar x incrput
de lic!:irfepoirflllsc afla{riicui nr rLLri lli sr .lL:inrrHrt:d, rillul :t prirEil {r cu
de {rFreLefhrreFnlrled+ (l BrrJrIio roruIaltl rclrnLlicetie
clx$rsrrscl:r,
rhrmLrn, ionnutr ,J patrr rrnrincl':. trnil hrita rrcr .nfsiJ.rA c{msrr,rcfr.
R,,lLt hr trr lfi trirr.iFil. r] rrN:. n rntr{:I {i !r;rniti irrrL .tri irl|li
tr{{il Liemerirgerl {ire ri1Fcrnrill un xtl) Li ALrBlinlr,!(jot!a.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 10301

E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 10311

qiAvebury
Stonehen,qe
REGATULUNIT AL MARII BRITANII
\!.["rtHtBr.,
Di$Tsrr;r,r. \{ FtiEr,Arc rr
Af,r:rt\lFcrir$ Fnr1986
Crn rr L lri {rrilrnl

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 10321

Crn. '.un**n n (-(narnucfje cirflrlaradin lim&Et. carr rnetdrnai,Jeperte de ac++c+re sc a{e


"
Stcnchrngrl Llc'a lungul:r'coleLor mbslrar.lapr+ximsw lr0 dc r:t.tn ln un sh r-rtl, dc,Lrtaxt:lru t+nrrntJir
ru intllrir ?c.i d( lcBcnJ{'si a 6rsr &$me(nr: arl] lrl{firiurErl dr un $a1rg 60 dr-prer:t slb+sm (muhedinrre ele
xv[rsate !i rm fime Jr ifJo! t nrai lfi |r rni'rAdis(alttrde adesta, de un inr] au c;l:utii s-ar.rslrLrti,.ttoilrillir$e
rr:Hltrru n:ai Fufin sdri(lerr.SI fr fi)r! cu 56 r1eorificii in c nreer,ruinrral;rf Je apn:xim,nivrlimtm. in cenarl
LelFr,s$x{rflri.l(rtriitoriiE$Ftutui hrr rdti !E\n du lunrr Giiieiilc $u!rr Lclor LLrudLryr]rri sc*ll1 o 9nu{rurE
antic,r'rrdnii rau adirdtiil tL dc dltl currrrs':uIeJrtpr Ortficiih AutteX dulri fidsiv: dc funtradrri [rJrrrdve
pnrrell$are exrmrere+rflil Sau- dup.1 nurrek Fe':srranei cnael€.adercrir {asii:iirlconrFleriil ce{unrti din
cum semri su$ne F:etreleiru fort F€ntruFnmoJlrrl in 16C6.intr-o I {incilnhflxn,d rtrc L.rn:!+tmhrirrlllt
Flistfu ,,5tr!lc4ir*dr dtrc urr grupJt .1or.r,:taprr. ln pruLanuluili5Ll l.Hi. orr Flpft mi:fi, f{riur |rilitrltl
frnrtiri h [eDiciln cllu[eft de noi l|| rpta.rtFriDrrrkpiefte.Denuniite liind ft$rnatJur doux prcuedirFuse 11
form+de,Jpirrrualirirre,
Frln1968,
in "FjetreleRllastre',a(esteirullr
({1e rlEmcul cir+Jtrrittn+ r lrci+]rintril
momenrulrh virf alBcrtlmaniril mlti niLi ptutn $ tlln aici, in crLnla rc 5e+hjih; tuhnrtrrl f{rtr tlc. In
':rn
R*Fumul.st. llu. {-ld iutin F}antru f:+ruluicl lierrrn$ndirSre.inri rrxrr. eftryir,d t\]rtrd{,i rrii ftkle srt de piene
rrltr|llfllariaNii Pnmarefrrirrtf,:cristrlr Au furt trrnsF,.r!tate - rnri itrtAi, albistrcirc,rnjrrari er+-nunita Piitri
Sronehence dxrEerr dio lllS inaq pnrhahil,pe nurc, rgn h.nrs, pe r;ul LleAltrr in cenm. rhsinu {r un !i\tm
lrttnA .r r+[:r lnrtlr'tr;-itirr:ffitr dr Afl|n, irr, in iiD.}l,pt Ftrrniflr- L, ,lL ,IF*nrrr, ti$ir Lrkrrt[rt r{1tt+ruit'l
Mor! ourhsusdflr,:jlFrH(+ xu iorr Jisrantitdt J80 dt Lilornerrip:tnf,i| lll i1h.'!dqi, furac(eNi rrcrion,l}
udusedhr Aliica in lrhn4eJe un trih ,.]r c6mpiaSalirhuryde la cnnerele,.lin
giganli,inr irFri Bulost Jicutr sli ?lftirE Pemhrcke. din sud.vrstLl-rrii C,'lilo!
rlt rbtn Mcrlin rnagicianul,Jt acolq ln timFulLrlci ft ,t uai$(urpc,c?r'-
lles[r tnare,FdDtrh lacul undequ fort ,r tnceputln luruLs$ulLrrJICCi l-lr,
ridicateiLrcintpb Sali5hun.a uLr Str'nreheuger prinrit tbrmr pr care
om4iruudrll Rcg(luiArtur.Cr rrnn r) vrrlemnsrlri,E{lmFusldin rntBrlili
ic('stl'$,druiri. pre{)FL|:lF,iu luslr rt {ir'(rrc rfu!$riftLl 4.rffirmlirn J0 LlL.
intiltdeatna {J sfttrrrd+1i L}l sr.r
nr tti tdft. Au fds!aJd+ide F€ dralurilr
cnn ru ridi!:nr|:Dnsrrufiir.PiiD;lirl Nlarlluough.Llcla l0 lle l(ilometi
l9li5, qechnrlr:nln al ,lruaLln,$i;nuir Jirurngr:.AcestehLuuriJ,n ts,ca
rl lini ln Fkfinrj h dt{)gt ih(raufi1trtt, sJtcrll s{:nurnr( rlrrslrr,urr(ur.lnt
imlf,tcsti in runicielheFiin srlDete de cu inlelest|lrl{: in vechee
"sGrin'.
h,r{tl ii tinlpcte, penF(te 'i1rf6t(rn linrhddir $errrr
ritlrrileL{rirriri!]tc.r[tni$rtiuhi dr !.rh. Ccl t rpErtAr{'lc!ftnt dl
'nri
Niil chiii c{rlru[irxrca irrtlfnilJr sk lur Sronehenge c..reo ?oni de
de rtiir{f, nu FoRfeda llsFunruri RproxinrRtn 600 de erri luttgrLne
clrre rr pnviru b cel mai I:rimrxsit rvin.l rite un pnt de li€c.re prrtei
nrcgahdcdirr lurft'. ln ctt nr.rir*rnt .ilntrLri[ unry ltr parrH ld L' disiautd
r(ldiLr pLrbliciLt in l0CJ de rfrtFe de pese 10 Llenretriunul laqf,,.{e
doctorulqin{a,.iogAnrhonyPerk!,in celiLirlt.C?lcirdf iuc€sdrrcr la lhtra
J,ixnmjit iit Inr(I Srrlrryry'Mtlrinr, tl,tlciiiului un alt *ntr can, in
.rt ri*gcr"-rr:t
r* rnch:ltirnn.rlJe s-:rrrr.rrh roLrqiului rlt v.rtl lii
blo(urilede piirri r+preiintilo$nflu! Ffoiette ltr mhraexactifi {entr l
reru.rl teminhrprin careMr:nr rt$'l i. tu{li depalr€.c;rh.rJE .lc.cs
Pllnfnr FnnLrf"rllrdi\,jnnrre ,l rc ln clrnsrruclrl{lrcu]rril dc
LlilreFocal'rcoliric.l a dal lrrsrctr Fifirfrn|.Lr it|rffi sr ill* PrdrrrJe
Flalrt,.lor animalelor. Cu loate Sacriiich, al c:rei nurnevine de la
ffcrren, 'ntiNt inrirnrFrnlrr cu l|Ir cot u'meler,)rlidcFeFirtrE,dc h firn
Jr pn:tt'stt qi a lirsr.oLrhltur in scns trrrt .a liut topt* dc pLri,pcsrc
Je c;(ie Dn'id Mile!, ilrheoLogulcrre ilenii. Dr eici.seFf,tr \rdee larGr
r [Br, nrl Rni dirc{!{]ruJsitutui. {(:nF. ft n JinrhrfLrm$iild+r(nrc$rri
ttrninc ar li corlrruit Strnehcngt Lrq.rLtrc crmentrcr. {irrrl extrmr
(orrftl. fn]!irr din$arl1vrrhi Nrr..'rr+rui din l0 JL pirrl'iafie din
cultnr nHLF$xon EuintrlesuLde rarE Ii selllaiaflf,iiriil li] lrxul rrruinalr
,pietn sr;pndate'). nnnunurnLl a aL o irlltirm Jt 4 mni i qnr legate
[$r citrLstruitin trridd]-*, irtru ]100 qi lnrt r'Ltpnrt+ unr .lc rrhittrtt dratr
ttrJciHr hur"uprirnlrtrFil,r- riJic r !i$ finbirfiricl (r'p ti rftlri(lrril. Iid

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 10331

11

Fairna+i n{tura dlaflatici a sitului l'].:aqunde rull, eai$tlrrtttrmlrtt€


Stonehenge al ftcut mai pulin sfr€culaliicareau ap5rurtn iceistl
(una6c!r fRFrulc5V{lhhEs r+laudE pflr'fiF, de cxcrrrplu.datorita
.r multe srturi lieoljtia{ , cum $t}t mnarcabilclorcoincidenteastrfl omi(E
deetrrtSitbury(ceameimarr movilt ale acestorcofisrauclii.Nu Ecflie
morrurrldin EuroFa), \{€crKenner dscagirula Futur fi, dn'E[rrt?dr.,q
Lix4 Earrow(celmairnarefnortnlnt un obsew+nrpenrrusrudierta
cu incipere dtt Aqglix) $i A{ebu4a ldnomffralorrfiefli, duF] cumse
AceEtukitn sir est* cel tnri ilare c*fl: $ spn+de c[rre mulfl $ici d+ci e.a,
de piarrr d:n lume,acopcrindo purqi dmplu,un calmdarpentru
supmbl* de apoximativ I I hectare, a m"rc{ e!€nimenteIeEatfd{
Glatl, eraformatdintr-o conitrrqie inorimpuri cum 3untftmllnatu.l+i
dc pnmlni cu diarnetrulexactde o mrh culesulgrlnelo'r.Un:i mtrg rnaideFrte,
( I ,6 Lllometn),carelnchller un crrc susfin*fidc[ a iioetuti]ilst pcnhrra
fofter din 98 de pietE (dinrrecarr prn'rsti eclipsele,de4ieste{oartepu$o
?? sr mf,i ellg inc[ h loculongrnEl). probehlca locuitorirde la Surnehen€e
l-a fel ca pietrelede mandimenriuni si fi avft cunfttints aratde rvoluate.
de h S{onehtnge,F a(p$teaptoeindtn D'a[ n cumvE- $i si.li spareo
MrrlbomsghDoBrB.Aveburtate$Ei slrf, teorh - SroDehenEs nu a fost
rnulii mrgElti de dinensiuniurir+e, concepuldecinerRdintf-ocuhur[
inclu+ivPutra Swindoncarccinterc+(e mai svantatacal€ r sdsitpt timpia
66 dr toned ScaunulDavolului, Sall$burypehtru a-i lnr?dlaps locr.lnici
denumirece pro'rincdints'o cridintn cumsE diceme€ElltiiMRimuh,
pa€uial{ c+resPtlnecEe$r{po$ibils[ gcenstA s'fi fi lntorF,?D
'per{osnA'
iEci$l aparf,diaurlul 6colodara alc,-gi modregutat,tnn-o pcrioadS de I 50$dr
ln jurulei dc 100deoqiin ren$1ift'erE aniftimFln car€s'a construitacE$
al a,rellrdc €ealomh. m{rni}me . ltr modc{rr esteo lcorie
De+ioameniir& F6ind $untde hufi ddarpenrrucd carecred
acdtdcI Stonehang€ $i Avc.buryeu fest ln exFtere+nisi lerfuriizhurlBl.rc, Fr.e*1"1" qF"
'+-la**

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10341

ti

E ! : : t r s I u u r v r ' , r , h a b itaie$
co cL
10351

Monumentele
romane
dinTrier
GERMANI A
Rf!!i!t"tr.tr llF.{tI
,+xit I'$f riL.r FlFrr lgfiir
C r a ' !:{ :iiir r ir li l

T]
F
LIJrJ.r il:!iLrriR' rr. H:r,n ,1. lbririr) !tr rrd.t,n rirt in rcs-il$tii
Jrn uir:lul rt X\'ll,lc.r,itin fiirtirLlirr tur tRr r ut( i !r , .r i r r r tr n l fr l ..r - \r
TrLti prrLrr;i rrscripnr,.,1rr,: /trnunr |l,t{ t.' 1 r i r i i i , []r 'nl r .ntl r Lr
L.l! ( l nr Ii
r
,+ lfr'!trir !ifri[ rnrrri!rfrlforr.,rnrrLr
-]'orrrr (:.!rri rnlirr Tit if n ,r r trm.. Tf+!+ri{
rr r! rrnrlrlrrri: Gu.rttrr:tunor' {Trrcr r iJupir ruu st nur:ta rtr6ril , .L,r.,n,t
ri i !1Lr tcr 0 nr ir r .r i \ulr l. r ni
in:rirrrL'irR,rlrrcr- Fi. !x ti.ijrrrrir\Li !
sii ,i( hrri!.t' dr !i,j'j r{injrl
Lhn Frrtirl . ..:riirr_l.
iitrurt.
in'.ri rx ( nrl ne
L'1rcr rfl il crL'lrll1i,,trL
Lrrlrirri l\ ilLr q
Lrir rc iEin
ipirlir :: ri h :tiL: lLr
r r inr ul !dfLr 'd.,l Li F ILr r t,r r ,r .l L| 'iLl r
n.H,El r l r irii r i ,i i hr i t4 ,:r t:uc r r
Ii
roruii Lir sirrrhrrr iLc :rJctirr,J,r':rrli Jr r r r lit r Lnr $r l ,i i {,r ti * h r .r .l J . AIF L
llrnl ii 'tul ii r-:iL Eiirir utn\t' iLL'n nr nic' i r tJ n'.r iLt.!i r ) r!'r r l l r r l i r !r
inr l..r tr nt J i r r r f,r r n,:nr ni Itr r r ti a]
inar r F n:r r l i tr i r .i r i n ui i r i .l i 1 ( l nl i nj i r i
iiir :iii, r r r r . ;!l * tr r r i ,k 8r r ,:r i r .Sf \l aL:
.Lr tht r ,'i | ;r Lr J r r r l ri i . tc r r r r .,r t tr ,.r
rrutrLrtsirurrLl\llSLtl ;rlr prirrrrrr:ulLLi
r:nivrr*: . (i'J m.ri inry,rrniir',rnri, rfn"nf
r+nLrrnL.ltr'FL,.rrt:rSLHr:r,r!Lr* { rn:n
iit lrr slir:LiLt cthrLlt-ri Jo tr tr'c,'[
i\ iiiji.,i nr r nr i r .r r r r r ,i ( i l i J i n i r tr ul
i:r'!r1riiTrut rri:i. l:.rr,..t.nrrnrrrLr'x:r:r :;lil
un .i,tl JL"tt)$. !-n ndrnt Fr :trI 11.
:r11:lr:rrr br:rlr!lt i,I{r rnrti. L.rL r'rtri
nu nLri $iirtrl. Irl rrU,lr!irfr Lu.n r ii'!l
Lr nr lr r ut!:r J r r j l {'i r J Ltr i r Ls h i tr l .r r c
l1lir r f:ii [r r :] ,l r n r r l t nr nr i l ]rr r i l l f
F' r r ! dn r tunl | .i r ., l noi l i r r J r i i ,r r n:i
runrrlc p rrirr,.iftrtlLi..t L.riL [run r.rrr
3' L:r rr rr ,) r . '.u r r opr s r Lti " r !'[L.tj l r r
Llr f irtr;l prin:r ru sr, +rl'+rh lrr :tn.
r .lniliitr r r J L ]f LL nur i . r : qr ,,r i n.:
Jc JJ rr+rri.nt frt r .rti LrLrilqirlr
'ic
r lr l6,l r r r r r i .:r ,I!r i r r :r nr iJ f r i r F r r
uLt.i ir F hi i r L. \L* i !i l r t{i L n.r r r r r r i i{.r r :
ir tL,r r t l i J ( l - +1J r i r ni Lr ,j r l |
'r i ,r i l .
, r ., *.J ,,q hr l h LL:L:r l Lr r Jr i r r l c r l r
r+Lr::iriirr ,rtd;li!l inn:i.Jrr dJtrrJil Jln 1r ,r tii.( l .ttu!;r utr i r i r n Si nr t.r r tLr r r Li t l : { n : : . , . . r . i . . , ' . t . , ,
;L ltr ..r L,rr r :Lir r r uri.Hr l.!r r Tr icr +.i' tiLrrh iLi rirn,pr.Ll'rriiit itLrrr',Lrr,:rihri. irr i r !,1 1 !;.; ,r i d t i i i d r i

i e l mii r t' r hi,,r ir r Jid ( i.r l!t!oi:r . li4l, r - r oi Er r i i ;1. r l i r fr i i l ti r


':r r r tr ui r
tr !iixr r iilL,i i{ liui ( llf:xr iIf r ' r sit I ft,lt Ll{.xpr irn1Pt.l rlifru.:r L:!
i x r nr i i,r ,' r ul 5l:.J Ir "i jn ld i.ltl:. i l l r i \.4- r ,It+:r .
- ' lJ.r Li i
ti n r t:r lLttr nr ii hil) ttr tir n :\r ;r r :r . Ji l) i r r l r +i l r r :1!i l r ri ( r ttl i ti ,, r i ul
.l rtr tir r r r Lrit r n.ir ri,r r lLr r i.r
r r r r n.r r f Ii,r r clr tr tt tr :r r s i 'r t J c r n pJ r oar .r n
''\r+n*tr -r-r.,rrrr, r 1.,'r-L'lir ti rL .,tur,.rfr .4 t,' .t .r r uLr Lr iitr r '11i 11r .,i n r i nr fLl
"n:
l .t' ir .lr tr tr t\1r r .nf., tr nn:rl,i.r ihinr l .ltr nr .rcl:Lr rt- l hLr - tr:.L:r r 'nl r r., :Ll s L:l r:., .
i +l r t ,lr .i t' r ' il".rir .,' t. ,:;nJ !lr t"\r r nilLr :r ltr Lr .ti r r r;i{i r L,ur r l \r r tr :. i r i r ;r J ,r r r :
i t,' r .,,.l r lu 1.:' .. In, cr iL1r iL .1pL:. r u nr iri ur :r . J r .i i r Li 'Ll r v r ,turi .l ',c r r r i tc
i r rrcnr cc l)nrl'rirrr gnron r p.r' .r'J Jr : r r l r ,r r .::r r l r t\,r i r i r : l .\ J r '
'i o
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10361

F1){.r'a crlnrtnrrt un nmrrtcarru J.Hr.l ii kile imn-ri,rlc.tutin mai nlicj lu litiile $nei hllilic cle'idne ale .itfti
Jsr nsrtrris* ,nuividc ircrr luin Jirl Jccir hlilc rlnr R{srrr,lru ft:stintcpute suF:rhc nrrnc ru f.sr sqrusela luminl
:!r'ud(Ilrroriqin;It, Jellilrecenreferislf
la in seLjrrlrelI]i-Lrr ii reftriDe[ein iit 5lF:lturj rtcrrltc. liri r trul istdric
l|u tilsrfi,L)rircin E\,ulMcr{nrtenrnl iirnFuldornnierhri (i)nstantin ili|'ITrierrrtr r{rult.rulEcnirrntiilor
rrltl' rr)rrllru. h i. (:r l{1irtc.r.Lstttr. lnc,i L'ttl cc o'IarEu *rst gigrntrcrArla ,jL{erittJr rtilLui nrhrrertrurlc, carc
sernai fiacrevedrerlipsarffc ft]lruri liladru - c:rftcr:rrftlnuluiJftr prlltul IErrcrr JiD rnti{hitrtc }i.rDiinuii
it,1e metn pe !r) ,le m+trL.carer jniF{ri+I,((firitrrlt6 in Jll de {i1 e
!in.i in eFEi bArl}|Jil,trefAnd Frin ccr
nrlrcat Ldrrd in turu[ .irrid putcnu ittr (lonstrntin ' r fort rrnlir+tica un goticS.lfuciirclxr rtil. $Fiind l:rvil
!! {ll0 ,lc rpt'ttrtrxi. LtL.' iLDL
il iflrriri ..tirirr.irr$" Furttu,tr{urnitr lluitLr. ,-1rlr ctlc anttrrrrre. hl:d mult, artste
m,rn $cnl:rh t{l{ nmtitiitrlLluiernt{ #riri. hisarki nBrrrf,rentl,$i rla*r un nrutlr lilri rLrit FtL'hLirrtir*$rnrL'
in{onjumtc de b.hi l;'lnrrx decrrre. rif din con,rtrrlia rrrsrnnlia rnar ile deiultilni cortinut a araiLrhri,
Alrt rtor*rrrrntc nnrrrrr ,iirr Tact sunt supr.!itlu;t. Crmslruitia {xtrrltuldi r .utuL(trr J. .semen.x, pfln faFrul r.
firnLlaliikhrtil,r St,BLuba*hrcr'lul I irl Xl-ler.pesrr'
inctpur?nscc+hrl rstr r.'r.rsul
nual ul [LiHarlllrrr-r,

t;

4id q

E
A!

habi ta r e s , c o , c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 10371

Picturile din
rupestre
delaVdzdre
Vallde
F RAN T A
Ae\rt [arNE,DorD]cEE
ANUri}]rEG!$TBiFrr:19?9
CRLTTFx.
C {r)lrnl

l6 rcl:+ulFe dc;llultlc
pc cnrf &: vedt sdtulMlntknac, Fe
melulsaeng el rEuluiVdsere,
er li
prrtut6 doardecit o simplerrrnie
penrruJacques Mrnal, Grorges{gnel
piSimonC+enc*s. in schimb,
r.a
dovelrta li unadintrecelemci
faiinm!. desr.,Feriri odl€.iogke
din secolulal XX-lea.
Erain 12*tptembne 1940,
iar
cei tntru bieti, lfl:rdntli numti cr ()
lrnierhi $hbt ii curajullor nstura,au
hodr&t5gcoboare intr-+gI{ope{ilcuti
dr |ln qoFar smuls diE i.iilftini Jo
fununi ln mijlxul pddurii.Al$neceull
Fno panrl de pietrecarea{r$eri9e
innaaeaInei ElettEi, s-aujlisit lr$.
intr, un rran: spadu ,1*chis, cunoscut
asrlri dreF M*rea Sah ? Tftu lor
Picturilerr.rpe'itre
din Jt{areaSali a
Tauriltr sunt,pn$abil, ce[crnai
rcmarcabileexemplede artA paleotfic3
din lume,Acertra acoprri aproxinrativ
l9 nErri Firntli, pe rmbii prftli carcrr

cqrbeaz,{+rmlnd o h+ledinrrar re\, rE p*rccut mai muh dc ut slertdc secol carlsecinta,,CapelaSirtint a fmktoris*
apEJlrFe circulrrn,SiconstAt|dill r.ei mpiind cu rBerirul'J?itllre rLrate inciaijle. france:i, Lr,lreapta, st alli Trecete.r
gfrpr.|'iJe enimale;cai taurili cerbi. I": hrat etlt de muk rimpdeoarece LtterrlE" urmarl ,le C.alerraFnncLpal.i.
Urmifidein+rrdrlrrlele ir+rirr dearti perteradin L+scaux maiE1]bo*rA o sut{ iar ;rFoide Canrra Frlinelor care
pe ciltr h-ur descopcrit, l*lir:1ii i lrr drj merrisubnnrDre+i includeincf inFtr esrr .er mai,]|auffi dintn ?r1lr€l€
Fd!'es paofesorlllui loi icr vesrea ?onec Ficlrri rmFrrt3nre. PeEtinEE, rmF(dohte (u Ficftrrl O tre{ere
deicorteririillii n rJ n! in publicitE gaLTinpi.tat5t\te trnrindres nttursll laterall duce la CameraC,rarurilol iar
,rcolii.Ifin acrlmrmnt, a*ludr4ni .ru a Mlrji S[li a T*urilff, cu reF]errn(lri anti le PunrlMnnului,crre, pc lengb
ftrepLr sils{6ea$afr
itr Lascsux.P$mula l+]{norfr {are acopete+ hunii pufte drn Fcrun rupL.strccofltine foatte multe
fort abatekArrdreCl.ry. cerea perti {i din hdlta Jlesttrii, nl|lnitl. ln olnectr confecdonatemanual,Acestea

E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 10381

inchd JI dr lrunr'.rr
lLrcrate
din al pict!ril(rr rteitrc dln prleolitrc,larg de c rhrn, r-iruohrertatFimclc
'-r1..riqe
piatri dorF.l+ vini'ri de l.nceJin or, o rdlpi'ndite ;n rug;trnra Llr'Jr*h€ in srmn{'Jc darliarrrr , piaturildi ier
,p,rLtt:i"dc drrrx,.Lurxiltrtitrtiri d losr pcri{}aJd
cukuriintsgll$lt:nLcrrc,
acun ln arir L:airu unniL BHir$epu( st
F$sihl!i1!r s Ji,in piB'rrerrtii ulrhind t8 0C0-lI s$6dc ani NtLnrrifir Vallfe aFdrRprinreleIltle verri iDgrijorato+re,
de nrti+(ii(iin Fnleoliti(,Frffrm +ioFt de h V6:ire *rr tla.rtoperit14I dc prrdust .h aN4tqi muqchi.in
congt:merrren:inerirle din c,rres"au ti lj Jr pc+rLn,
situri Frcl!!1rricr.j (onscLinti,ArrJr{ MilrBur, fiinisrrul
r:ttrIr{Figh$rfii. care*u fAcutlx)eibil.l
rcconstituirea liancc; al c:.rlturiitr anlrlci,a hotilit
i1rrtrral,ru lostrrrtalogtrte apnnpe (aftrcteir!icilor dE viall ale lrri Hrma inchiiereag*:tei Lr J0 rprilie I963,
1 500 de incirii p€ pereliiii bolrt rdF?n!, in timFuletirFri imcdi.rt Dc indid tr s.irurlfiiilrr.u tlIrurclt
gnxer,careaLL forr pntntr in urm{ (u prrmrrgrirosr+ infi$lucerii $pJrculurii rr}trrsnliDilnimellarrli picht{ledin
iFnlxlmati! l? 000 Jr ini, dupl unri Llu r*rte acestea,
minuniledin Lascartxarrrelrnit Ia strrer krr onginal5,
sFrcialiitisnu It CC€dr ani.fJoni!it Lalceux,ru devenitinacccsibile tntupiaurdm.rslnchisr m.rrr!uipublit
altorn.Oric re rlr ii.hrr {xuctli, puhlitulu Jc ucum40 d+ ufll irra i.li pr'ntlu irtdciuiri. in 1980,fir|torir{lrle
arar:srrdrcFrtiniil IrLncruIrdlnrfianr 1955,dirr pricinaexcesrluide broxid au hottrrit strcrer:e fl rt]tlj(i exact5r

r?

grtrfri,;e enreru realiar-ocu more


rltunt{+e Io[Eirdl ftet.d*ll' .rt
Fcirr'iraatrrcFrrrducarelFcrfflrrf r
culorilor, Incriiilor FicLliara !.nn!{aFei
pietrcirrigmale.LrscauxII +a rltschis
Fthrru Fubliclfl 1981,
Lr 1001,a fort i'lentrllcrt6+ norll
ameninlert1* aLlrcsir picmriftrrdin
gtr:t.rgrigin.rh,v.ru Jcsr+p+rrti+lonii
de bact$ii lifunel Ft uneletlintre
pjerre5i pe p:.rleruapeqTerii, [icarnd
\ neceriirr un tnrr:rmrftt(11lungiLidt
{ $ afttibi,Iicr. frobk u s.a relolv*t,
t dar rdmgnrg(iis F.ivihdF{gllitirfei
:neJhrhrihir:logicaJacrsrci
{xtrL|l)rdinrrtnr,Jtcui din

-*'*--.f- rdrirLrv irrtiei.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 1039

Teatrul
roman$iarcul
de triumf
dinOranse IJ

F RANT A
Vrua.rrsF, PRo\INr:E
,L\LL ixr .rsr*,lxn|lgEI
C{LrEHr C (r[ll l

l:9

I
4
t

-**-;r--l
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc 10401

Sn*,p-r",r,,r rdLdrrsfui|iri1,rhnpde mlrki nnl


Saurr.Euttrrpr', apnupt dc r.lul AiF e! sF$tarolek alrftljt de natur*Fr)firlarl]
Fidon*Di[d lasrecirnpie ce s€inlinde Fnrtnirnrl fn {'idrlJIl€ dlfllftre,
pin:i la F.hone.ceeace r?i * numr$r rcflrbrru,miflf $i c(nnedaide Flrur.
orlsul Orrruc a {rr* fondrrt tl,: o In *rL:lul al l\Lle,r dl Ir, h
FDpulatie d{ oriqirrcc€ltict. Fiind.se!3r inceputuldeclinuluilmp':riulurRuman
in iniqlirintloitoilrei p(rsflci! romrne. ii { dttrrD raq!8r ittl crrjitinrsrftlui,
CallurNorhrpnrn.a fostdcruurir interesul1!rcuirorilor FenourFEctacole
Ar,r|Ei+duFl o disinlra(einJiEcne E$l?1r[. hr Jgl. {Fis.oFr:tdr Amusio
fi apei.OatoritdFrntreiprotetnte,e a drnunlat turruL ra fiinJ d iDlpitrarr
dernit un purct stfttcgir, ir utestrol p*gArrsli e ordorlilrlnchid,:rcelui.
n dclink nri uqr]rrsN ln Elrtll36i.Hr. La sosireabarbrriloqrearrulr dr"ierit
cind r'e(eran[celerde-aLi r legrrni un Jepo;rtdc atmc,i.n Jt-r Inngul
galirr, rondrsl dr {ktaviln. l.r LUtt.iI sraair'kr,locuiftreLlalemn eu inceFlt t9
,-fulrrlEl$rriieEliii rruli'rddr (,,obrkr strirlarfi sFrLiirrite
Je faradrnrrfiri.
lti*r Filr:a 5e';-*ndrnvmm Araurir,in Teatru[Jistm a rupr.rric+u;r rj{]hrirlui
tate trmrenulFro inserrrukrrrifi.xti.. Jiflrt riuFrL' lrLiLrrdovi.al XIV-le.r{i
Dupd ct ll dljlflrit itl|pf,r t $i .! Wilhehnal lllles de N"sriu t\Ttlhelm
preluarnlrmelede ALrtr!+t,Octavirn de Qmniei, irr Lictrxirtul tu'gt Soarc,
s.i intorsin provinciein mtrinrrrlte ci* ordrr.'it$cc! fi'rrul prirrtdluireb€[
ilrduri $i d inrurujarcon !o{tiil( si lie rffsde pt Fimirlt, i l1ottrelsI
ln sc(riler{ion[ it rnul ]0 Ll Hr \+lvc?+'{eea ce . {nsiJcrtl a {i
a firdonal. nelruqii in Amusi0 .,tcl mai {runr"; iiJ Jin tegaf,
a unui arc de rrium{cart rn tckbn* In 1860.a inceputrertalraten
krnilsre!noir cl:r)[ r{mirneJr terfrului la indenuul striit.rulu;
imFtLnerer ]an riTr!?ru.J}]n)il]jlt in PR|lprrh{rrihrde,p{:rrturlcidire('torirl
anul?7 J.Hr, monumcntullt alir MorurnmrsHirrmr4rerio FrailFAstili,
hr c$pln nLrft:li{ iLl(rrat||l r Are un
planrectangula($leurlrl la de metri
l nginieti 25 d€ metn llriure, c un
orc hr{ in reuttu $ ritc !nu[ mti tlic
de ticcererJarir.Celedflul htrdc run!
de{1l!are .u serric{rk:Inecu crFlcl!ri
ftrinticr, sratui.ii panduriscutFtatr,
cu scerlrrerestreli nririne InEriFdile
celchrAndulFe imF r!! lTtbl:nu
au nNt !JduEtitc Erdi tilrilu.
in rrc{ea{iF,rridndx.!i F€ntru
locuinln1I
a tuiirrlFinane',.eile
Ftori ciri (1n.ta nui mrrc pl1frce1[d.r
$i ft'niliilc llr4 c.re re Fllr\qeauJr
Iit r+ distrfl{gil+r i$diratul ir,.xJonat
corutrr ira mai muLtor ttatr ir
Antigolrr, Apu Julie,Avtno, ForLrnr teetrul dn1$!",in8peFresFsliut unri
Julii, :i c':l mar maiertuLxin dr:arqr. 5[rt]Etoi csriLtrtr.irt Fc {rjna sE rcil
Ultim r tiEt .(nrllrDit nu Dlntli ear{|frde rflr!fie iruemalioni , ca in
pr'truurpcctacok, il ti Fentr$+,.:oFuri vrtL$lrrileJ€ nur Ble R(lnr€iuurre.
politice,ftintl destrrJ
de iDdiipnfttrtlcntnl N!mai o 5inguri Llrrti:,ffl fte. FtrrdidJ
x tim aduDiri ch.toult ii.0 !!€ Jc abenJun,cr a dLrrat| 000 rle ani,
rdninirtrdtiv +!u Ik)ccaclil +rrrc, ti-fl mai fi{!i it4rifiF iici un .,acrt)r"
ftr RcenperilrRiJtr.
Fnrti',itflisfrLuil irngrrtant intro +'rrrit,l,1 tinrl'rt
prpulaqie. Imp ohit cu srrui, tretrol ctl5tufti la I'iris, dupl ce a .veLlatdin
F.,rrcr Ftu|l I O]0 ,rF{rriroti t{ rrei er il\' ld+ Fe in$ {l a El h . N ntfl l e,'nL- !
'r
nirrle Avei o ic.ni inchisnin rpstc .rrut !;it;ului 5d DprtaRn in OrdnFi:.
printr.unrit inrlt dt lli Jr urrtri ;i A irtrnr irt tetu( sirlJxt +i.Fe tcena
lultq.lLJj d( m{.lri,carcfirrm gi aidrl ii(een tnftFrrillcEFi cu !fi +cr famomtic,
e:(reriorDc(rirerepuhikul din Drorincii s'a burunt dr gustul a trer .r Dritlr rJ
nu are:racelaiinivelintelsctu.rlcir tic ukhn*liAr rri|Lmfefemer.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 10411

Pont
duGard
FRANTA
Pftov[',:cE
lNRrGL5rErErr
Af,r,_L 1985
CrnExn:C h)(trrl(l

TI
In 195S,
rnundarirle Agrippa,ginerelehri Augrrstr+.
extrem de reului Caldonau piuy{.'cat CunoscutFrntru ing€ni{Eitntca sa
pagu[eenomreili ronaorEului Nlnres ingincrea$cb, & ppaE vilitfft Gfllialr
din Provence.lulcdemulgtd de cale anul 19 I.Hr.,qi,lir *urt timp dup+
f€rati caretraYrrcarA!- ling; ac*a, a inceputlucnrl ta cr:Lr+lul
Remoulitrs a fosrpracdcfidtufit, dBr pmierr lridraulic.
Fontdu Gard,trufin mai surin aq,rl, Probabilterminat in tinrprrtdomaiei
care,rre:irtat 2 0tl0de rni, !inE, Ftulr lui Truian{98-tl? tHtl, rpeduclul
lpelor turbulente,impas rl. ll€ tnditr ere fornu unui ,J-J"lung de 50 de
ce star€sde rgentAs-aincheiat, toqtd kilometri, din care JJ de kilomeni
lumeas-abwrrratde condiiinhrmi in sub plirnint, cu o tlifrrend mt.rli rle
cnrt seutlaEr:lul conrtruitde roflrr i inrlpme de l? nrerri. Cceact esre
lacerrst[corixtrr,tclielr|('numentilE ccl mai [ifiritor nu esIelun8ihea
primegtemai mrrhde dor:l mili<nne aFedLrctllui, ci extraonlinara ra
dc vr.atut$.rFcEn tr cstc,Frnuu precEierd{ lE Evor pSnEla ,mensul
FrEnla,a douaara mai rmFntEntA barin d€ {olectare(denumircsllrJl|lm
de ceFeronrrnil ritr]atin <eeaft a
fostatuncipcn{r"nuapcrdniNlmes,
ap€coboarAconstantFe o FantActl o
cederede doar5; de.entimetd h
I ,6 Lilomr.rn-l-)r [r {dselltm prmcru
rtrt crnrle crre ductauapala btri,
clidiri publice ti gorF(rdt.iile a
almrximativ50 llJ0 de hrurrorl
Asrfel, fir,:[tuia I ft rktca L]Froximativ
40Cde litride EFIFe ri. o cenlitlte
cons'demrn s! Ecrent5rhur duFS
strnrlarde modune, L)e asrmenea,s,a
c{lcr.rhr{.itspednc rl a costat}0 de
mJrranede erttrli, echivalmtulsoldti
a 5C0d': dftefl dirr l+iunik rcnnrne
Fe o pErirsdi de cincicecide ani. lln canel care trarlslrorE aFa,
atraclie turistici ;lin lirolincie dtrpt Simholulntucqieiintegl insumcarl ]5 de arudt. Rr<iula ftrst
Mont-Saint-MichclJ, d.$i ittginffii corsttrrc;iiesrr lonr drLGerd. cLmstruIdin piatrl cornpaarA {[r
secolului nl XX-le$ nu Futeau de{ir Msiestuos.rotr.rg€legantsi aFr,l€pe ,:oncreriuDi f{r$iledin +ariereledin
:ji.se5imfa,umilti' rjecohgiilx Jeticat,esteprgin nui lungde lCS de zona.birnnqatr Jt salhen-dcsch;
marii $i s{ riilice 1, l+5 de herri pdn sc porli!,eFreF*rfccIcu peisrjul
Documrnreisroriceirtribuir trei *rcadesupmpuse, l+ ha:f are in++njurfttorde deal*ri verli.
pmiectrrlfrerrrruPontCuGard Fae arcrde a cinir lifime {adazt de Fiecarrhlrc c*nt5rc1tt6d tont,
precurn+i pentrulntregulaneduct, Lr tl la tl de mttn.yisusdne un Jrum ia( rr$$[$l{rerrde L}srr${in:f,m,are
careaducrapdrle la irvorul Lrcetra carea fostldrgitFntru vrhic+lepela precilier-r f5cutfSranrortar.
(ariUres)ping ls Nemausus (Nirnes). mijloculsrcohtrrial XIXlee.AI dcilea LrtriEe c.ntinui ti deurltaEa
nu maipufn decit lui Maaus niv+larc tl arcadr,irrrultintulrAnd, (onsrantils scesrui
coltdin Plovence

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
o42l
tr D SU S I WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 10431

romane
Monumentele
dinArles
F RANT A
PRo\TN,:r
BatrcHr.!-pr,:"RHON[,
,{rar hllItrsTE,dFrx l98l
CturEflLrC (rr)lrvl

l1 S***^*-*r* d.Hr, irrco furml rliFrice (ct| L'{a


I ngdde 118d. metri+i 107metriaxa dhF.dirnihi r ddl
A'les de \fioce.t Grgh *rilr,la
'a"
Mr:euI Ermiteidin SanktFerersburg l{rrri)i esreformardifl d$u5r.indun
- e$teo picturEnagnifrcI.Cutoole rle 60 dearcaJr1i poareprini 14CCO
caldeti tu+eleimpetuoutdsuo de spectaaori. AEna lnitii este
s{tlr;rdede e$repce n+dllilltoare seprrar6de car+oprintr.un ;11inalt
$ de psiiunecoplesitnere, Frelea+i [are a J(Et Eu$truit prntt! a prdteta
emofii,dr fapr,simtitedt sFecrrtoril sFecrerorii Je animalele*iltancr
de la ,:onirh, ln 1888,c4nda fosr folositepen[Tudiverirtment.AEeartl
piclatapgDrir, amliteaFul
din superb;lcostruatir nu estt siruura
Arles+hhfupsetestrumtdevreo .are r upraviepit din p€rioadr
ciicisFrerccc $ri. DuF{secolede ronl,me a or? ului Coleni?lt da e\t4n${rcll fl+fl4p4
furturr, a fostttansformatirltr-un fort, r-e[emniiL€giunii{ s'lea d }ui lulius
iar apoi ifl ?ihal ile lffuit JtefltE Clsesir,Arles - srru,mai degrahl, lulrrr
s5raci,inainrc dc a Ii readusla vc+atia Ardr{s Sex|an,]rrJm - a f(r€tun orlrel
iniriah.un cadrupenmr*pectacole in anul4q i Hf,, citurt pt nrtluLslAng
*ude. C+natnritlntre adiiS0ii lm rl Rhanultri. loc t de Fopuhtii de
or(9rx celto-ligurrc{ li greaci- Mult
mai aproapede man atuncidetlt
esft acum,lntr-o petioadEsaurri de
timp oratul Rdervoltit o econoFie
lnfloritl}arc fi a adaptat un rftrbilidd
plan de d*xrlt*te urbrnf- Aioserind
,10de hect*re,eralnconiurslds !n zd
de apararc.Srcliuneade dnirn terc
ducra la Marsillir cra urililstit dreFt al IVJea,sind a fmt als inrpnmt
ddftrruni. tn rimp ce ffidfir ii alte iirnstrhdn a hot5rdr sH$ altIc airii
strAritrasauo grila.Cmstrurfii unui fi r arDftLqtorr$ului apelenvul G,rJ[rla
reatru penrru t0 COf,de $pectatod Rarrla.Un rnonumentallmrcram de
{ssr62iresrErst si reodli:at)5i a unui constmtii ti dtrvoltrre :r ftxt pu+
foruII1datearadin 40'15 tHL, din h aplicilre pefltru { $EnsJormqArle+
timpul rlomniei1uiOcravianAugr.rsrus, lnrr.un orirFdemndr o Fziden+5
ftrurnul se*fla fn iurul sanctrranrlni imperiilli din ccce a!: r mni a:tnAs
GeniusAu€ruti,carerra incaniui.r! din pal*lul mF+risl ast&i esl{ Fr$ibil
dElxnnr:$cE se sFrijiftr Ft ake s{ rtdem tri i p {ale pTtnr mai jrr
ffilst pofir,Lio. Jt sanr.tulnrl rugustrrrr,Resrarrarcle
Imcpind cu.stcrrlulal Il.le,rpirntr O)nsrrntin. fBbelef$|{i.+ cofftau
la mijl:cul setoluluial lll'lu d.Hr. din do+i galetiide rrceJehngi d.
urmAnd o Fffioadd de st{qnare g0 rfunetr;. in utrr rlinnc acesrea,
economictr, Arler a {un$ncut ld bH:arrdoui coloane,Je gmnit,i-a
€xFerienFunei renEFtcd dstontA ggsit. in$ariNie.aft men+idntaii
d.ir'ohtrrr indusrriei{txtile ii a monllmentelcc(Erstruitr de cSue
FriceFeriieioDlira{ilorlii in piarra, irflpllar penttu ]* lnfir|m seta
care{rlu Frimc$lrr lor impenulpetrlru ora;ulFinunrelecelorcrre ru
pnr,lucpal x de sarmfagc. ln secoJuJ Eulr veghe{tlucttuile.

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 10441

trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc
0451

fl

*'-l iii
t-

r-t!\
Ebsusl w ww 10461

1 r t,ur r ir r null r tur Jir ir


ir iurt sii pn\ uril i1t(i1lii*r t rl lr1.
irlt..]rr\ lulLrrr r(tr'lrrqr h +irrilr I
<ro t:rh i ,r lXI\- l*r . Lr r ilr r r tnt,
cLi Lrrt .uLL:t.r$(riilr(,riir fl ( Lulir'r)irtil
rJ('trr!.rr F' r r F thur srr ir i Jr r n
*i.iiirr ll.lnrHr irriqiiri ur Iuir.rr r;',.ii
irlclril'Lt,: ri ,,LuuLprrisrrrri(- [L (r'(
i l ,'.n ri .l {r Jr J( ,.,rci' F!,Iir 1.,r r +nl.r lr r l
rnirinnrtri .rf ii rr,ut rl jrflrr L.:irctii
*rL rL h i .rr,r pntuJini
r chr :i,:c.
.{:ir tlr hr l.ltr'. rilnil tLrr.+lioo
S'rn:r J.rSrrLtr,'lr. rurp'rl+.'urrr'nrt,':r Attrl|]in r'nrtir)Lr, rEricJc ir|'ilt'rii !i
rnr;rrrr FrtLc,u li;t.r irlrr t* :r,hrc Jt g,r[.'nic.rrcrc i rrLnJ,l'.'.irlLrtrgul
i'
'r
a ir*r,,r,,llrr\s !r'tirsrrrrr:"J;ilr l9i ft nrerrr ir [.rrui! J+,.$" ]'e 1i
J. S,nt nr,lrr c,'LtLrni*rr."
try',rrrr,r,r t;rvnrrrlr! ILrrtii,:Lri ul.rifi).rri
irjirtilrLil 1il'nsj,i+nrr cir iLrrnrtil rnrrL. l c;llcri, crFCfl;s, rn1 ll riL:ft fr jir.
tra c rrlLnr.'rrrrL'orl. SruLru'L iir f i I r ,5ihl' J r hgur i:,r i r nl l 'r []
l\tr[ fir irnfr ]nr 11' ;lr irr ](,rf|rtl Ltr .r cr fr i' ,r 1 ( : L r nr :r l , Lr nl r r ; nr i i r r c q,
i r .\ttrrn r ir ,r;,:r , unr ,r c r lir li,,.li!r Jr r r r ic or $ fl:utlcdiur ,,,r k *r i l j I'i :J r i
':r i r :j .
u tIrrl c Jrr pur r r i9rpr tlur ilt r ult- .r :t I' tr t,lt ir r tr t i r r l Lr i l i r 'i tr r tr J .t::
;r ,r,r,.rl+ ur: c.rrnt,'. lrl,ri ,rl,.r l
'1,'rlnJ
n,L,rntr,1,.lr:;rlhen.nr rr,, ri
! runh r r rtnrrii ur{liE-nrren ir c:HIl r'+irrri: JLn n:ur.r.rl Jr ficr, r'.uJ Jc :nrL
l! lur!{ir, iiil cdrjiJitut( rrtir j rltur'll, I rnr(rrrr ,iin lrcrr,l;trJir
liutr](,rrt l:a $;inl T'ie11i$. fukuri. nr,r|ilnld),rrr;i.!Lrf xiff l.l,urrrbr:'rn'l.rr
nc ilF( nlrtnri cnr ir'.i inL,jtr'ur ir J{ E.ll{ { u \1 ,'i m 'r l t c l i :i r . Li " t!ur rI
.(ri (rn 'i l L. Sntr r r r ,hr i:ilr ' c f Lr t.tilc un,rt ['ii,rli rr! i',st JrrL'rrrtr .trirl irriir:
Jt ti rrr.r,r r fir l ,I,r hr d\' e lxELr r r i]{,rciF |ltl,t rrLi rhrr tl,r i'r rrirrri.
p i L :rri i r Jr pc tr r r n, JiD r r r nr nt r e crc;inJ rn ritec trnhnrcrrsrtrl LrtuitL'r
tr;Li DU-!i rjrl;LL!. Iriritur. l\1,rrir.iiira L1c*rrru ilrrrlr' rr:.ri$ rt ir Fftr rilr JL
rr Jr Jl i q ' r r lttt.r oi..r t;,.t r lir txll l^- "i,,|IJr r ul l\ l r ]!nn U tl J r .t\ l ,i | ,!i i
r-ni rr!! xt( ntiirB\ r [r .r ft,. l) r ' r rir .r r t r :L,ni5LJr r r n m r ]l , nui .r pr rtl :Lr
U n u & ]l .r r ,xm sii fr ci\n]r i.i Lir . cr Er htr itrr r i51.i i F !r i .{r t&'tl r nr ,fti l r
i i r l .rfrrj !.rir qir r t.tu' r r lr ( l( JLr r ,r i.. $ ir nl!.r r nlrJf t1i ,l !r l {.
, h n rn . ar ir r r ..inr ' .ir . Ftr r fxr c.n ttiL r u r r :i.r r r r ni ir l t ni nr
trrrn u l . Sr utu,' lLr - r n:!il Jr \lul le ir nr n.r ir , fi.tu.i l r - .ur r tr \tr or J r
l l tL rt i l trl l r .1*httnJ r r tr tnir tl{ tL' .r Jr li( r r h. P:ir r li r * r fi r +tr i 1:: r r nni :,,f
f( !,rl l {' r r cr ir :rtr Lntr !rInttr iliir ;r ;ir r r : r Lrl,q lr :\tti r nr j r r i r l ( r pi r .l i n:r
\l .rr h ir r r l r r tr tr ttolalLi r l \\' tr .r , J'ur trtrrilxtf .L!rL.L ri lrrirt !-.r
i { f{ r iR ir ltnrgr ' r ( r I t"r r ur i
ti L rfiJr!i J,,rrJirir li J;lt|l,tro.rrr
F !rrtrrrrtrL'r.
r rttrrr(. i r r iL.r nr r u in Fr nnr ir . jr itl nrL:rir.
nr 1.rr.:1r1,
,l', rr 'fL.i*lirii
n u rf i hi { lir f iiio r r ilr l - { r r r ,tr l .r tr.r r r r i ir 1S.+l r nuur i i r l fr {ul
'i
rL rLr'., l tl flLr lLi $: liLur r il( Jr ln ,r Lnr :ltr flr r r ilNl J l r ;r \ : r [) r 'i r r .
A l rr rrr,: .li:rr r ,J n t,ir l*,r lr r icL I sLltr nr r r !;rl:rtirtr'Jtr,r Ftt r lrrfrr( r nNt
{iltrrr,:r .rrr,rh:irLrJ t'l:lnrcntii nrir) t.JtL dr.LhiJ;i r) i)rrLr.rFL.ricri i irt:r{r!.'irr,
L L i a ,trt'i,1. L.r r l.,,r r .14 ..- r rr ir r nrlr r lr I i iu[rr',]i{ L iLrrrfur,rtirirr:r Lr
($ L ri l rr:!l.j
fr 1! r r r r h iu loir r cr l*i:r e i' r L,rrnu:.'r'tul+rr.rnrrotr.l,,ti. ir rr':.r
rrrn r,rrr' :it iftr Fir r J Lr lC t.xt\.lc .r ni. lr'c s-;rurcprr rr pirrLrnL,rrisiurlr,
LLLrL;rLrarut tiguri .irn1'trJrLr,tr:.1 J r li'1,'rirrJu-:LLr'hr:iriri piurrLL'rri
.\L r!rq fi r r { lrii.lr
n r \,,Lr r r car rr r r : r +lq: ,fi,'ihrfl(i', irrrtrr'InrrL ! ih.i i.itu
tr tr,rfl r,rinr r r ,'r :r r r r l *lir rpcr i,:.L,i.r r ||r fr .r r n,r nr ;rl r i nr ,'r uhr .i
i r u r '\l Li
nr.r$ rltru.ur.t.trr L,'rJirr.rrrrl t;rIcnt - (u nrnrjil ,1. (r(r.fi1 (rlinr,rLi ;r furi
',
irr( l1nntl'irl i\ (i{\ui iltini( Jr{'t\ f!Ir r Jr l Un r r l l hl L( fl ri:\L+!f F r n( f
, trl ' ,:r ,- ir r !.r ,lir r .r r icr r ftflr h:,r nrir ur hir ir}lr * 'l l .i r l i .i n:i l :+,r nL.
firrr rilr :r iri(Lrrr:r Nlrcr,i rn Fflr!.:::r(n Li*cr r nr 5.r r 1.1r c rr L,:i L:ir ,l nr 'r i i rLt (
'u l ri rrrl rr r r ll( ;f ,.[ iFln 5r \r I ir lif ir Jr tnncL ! I .r Lr r r i r r i Ll ii s ,r u
tft.l r|'rn i i'J $ Sfi||r L:rS.r ,.' r : l:' !,r r hlc t\r :lr cr i r ) u.drn D n r r r r \'t1L:i r .r r r
Ifirrrctr r I i{'i{r,'r. l,i riIn,:innnril l iil r r uh' :rJr r .r nr,::rIrL:i r r r :i rJ r i r
Jt u rrtri ;*tt r tntiulr r Lini.ln,LaJr r t r tl' r r r lr r .ril1iiiLi r r f .r1.

EbsLrs habitares,co,cc
047|
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10481

Apeductul I
1' rr
ffmSeq0vla rJ

SPA NI A
Llir l r ,!- l ,r {'!
A:r :\irni \;r i x r : l g$;
afr r ff[; ::C i r l l !]r ll r r l

!r.rrrr, aJrr+,{irrr}rroFitrr,Jin SirrLr


dc {;u:rJ:rrrrm.r .4rco lungirtt.l:
l7 l: 1 " : n c r r r : J: L t e ir l; r . lu rRr , ,lr r,,.
p,'nrndJirrrr-unk,cnrrm:tL:r
Adl.rJ', piLninr illirnn(,nrlutlli,
tr{!::ird f.rurtr.Lrr(ria Ja r+rrrnrirrL
Srct rlnf.rirlltnrJ nft;1,! Jc ni{iri
tuLrgunt:, ,trLrrr' l JL:
-urc lrLrriurrr
ll$ nrct|rc llrrrluor('rrritlil,,,tirind
d rtJtrr c;trrcP!a:;ril,: A:,'gLr*j.r.
n l\,r'rt trft:rltlu;i*srii J'i .tr(, ii
n,tLrrrJ+, ir:rLlrc
dt l9 Llenrrui ri
susltmrtr Jt l15 J* Lrrc l.r
'r;illi,
r:Lrr,{,l l,rr.runt mLrp+rrtr Jc Lr:rpr,{
frin $( rrcl {,{dr ttcL( ,lr tti1. nl r tr l ui .r i t i t r .'| t'.j l { r .r nr fl i
Nt r - r i,r r tir
i i nLrful Jt JE! r ltr r ir l r e inrrr l99l rr !996.
'rpcJucnrlL:rr
slf it n:iir ' n,nr ,rlr f llnr r r r Lir jn i+nrL,hLlrrtlul,rr rc ir1 | rtiFrr !hEri
apLlr r tr r lr ,, inr n pir h;tLi r u r r r r .i r , .tr r r l * i ,4'tr i r i nfl l r r .r ti
"
.1.!( rf r t ilu r r it{ ir ' cn) ,itr :lr
I r tiLsM r J . r t;i r nr r nnr r r ur r ,r Lr l l nt'i l i tnr Ltl
,{' teh ri{* ':rr ALJr {.r:ir!lkr. rrr'ri pLl i r ,;tr i l ,r I'rr .ntr L i Lr \ r ti ri r 1[,c l | ]r L.l
Jur tn ap"' ,lur tthr nr t r f.r r iir r nr x t,tntr r l r ti rl i r fr r r r i lr r I'l i ) r!r i tl e
Rrnr tu rpi. Atftl .rr putlr rtatrrlr f, .ilii1,i rtu ,ri 1i i:lrrLrin .rIeLluirLrl
it Jtr ,lir il|r l Jin Sr [,n ir rJ r i,r ,' ::]J i n i i - s j fi r r r 'l ;li r r r | r i r unr L;.Lr Il .r fr l ]c c l | 1,
r nii 1S- 5fJ.Hr , ' r r Jc Lr n,' ,r r ir rl rfrri.tIi:rii ru Jcr!s sil i rln!:uirjiil
ic{ L!l L i l, Jlr tir r lfuIJ,nr 1ni|ilui J i ,r r F :LffL'.r J i r D r c n,\:r i t;l l l 1r l i ,r ,
n m r r n i , :!n tr I h 'rr (I':ri ri l Jr l'rii Lr.[]i'rll liinJ Jnnfn;!' 1cr pr n r hr i i tLr i r * nr c l r ul ur .
r i : i r L l l rJi i rl ,r,h . trtxL L 'ii n i i rl r rrrrrtrnttiti si rrttit.rtcr .lt a1:i llc li',.-i .t||lJln:r. [ \LS{:(l r
! r ! ' l + r i E rra Jl | trrnsFiirtilir. t.l $ltrtl*r Ll r }l r r r r al{l 1 [i Ll nLrrll'l Lr r rl r l l 'r r r r
" h i u ri i I,,,l i r ir {
ri rurnrrr..rtL JiurrL lu'1i::LLrrrl.li 5EI,!tri!fi rLnn it'rir :r!('r r' tr'l1rl:frr J tn - i tl ,,' r r r i i r r ,r l '.Ltr r r .r r nr hr L
{r.rsLrr :L I'. .tlir Jr (lil*(ilir Jr. rpori,nrtir i0 .\|f Jr .r,rrtrri \tr r ni i r : l 'r d,, ,qh i :::,rr ,,n.r 'r i r l +
I)i'rinlr.l,. r,i:hr1Ji*ri ,lL rLhiml'ltrr.r t,rlrtc,r onrlLIrr,'.tr:l n rnn. {i .L I'Frl'ir{rkrdr iil !,,rrr,i Jlr
L L n r l ui :i i tr'i l L ,rE l i 'r;rrrr - JL Lpr i I n . r t , , l, l: r l lX - 1 . r , , ,p r n J r ntt ,.r ,,tnt \\'l .l .r '\.r 't ,:r ' r nl ,l r
'r l
L . u I r4 l tL J{!rrru j r i !f{JL [{u l i f rrL : . lr r l, F r rlNr: t f u rir n u L ri ,1r .,{r r l r LLti r .l .t!.ir : r ' ,, l r l l l r ( r l
r i l r r r l ,r!:rh u L : r i \,Iri |]Url Ji ilrr. j J J t ! ' rit i c rirt rrL Ui L ! t lLl: t rJiir(rr1i i,rfl! r.ttrL':Irii tulL'
':lF
rLInirN Sf.+\ r.rri ril ifiJLdinc.l$ii. itr rrr:,'lL
i,'rrrrrucri*i. l rt \\'l-L r ni! rfrtnfiirnr L:ifrh,l. Jrr r\lt!.i.r

fi : lx \lirrt1rri srLi"lulrri.rl XII l+i, fr n!.r hii.inr li,ii r L r LL:Lr r r r ti.lr t ,tr.1!rLiui.
llr 1r:\t.r\FIi lcri.rIri
rf r r rrrrrrrdlirrrIdr l'rutiu rirrE rtrt|i:irrril'i, irlLLu.!ilfrir ir L\uirLil trle,
'ur.rriitr1r,rr rr:trr.irL:
lltrt!f .'rr):trtli,,lftclurrLl. Itir tLr r l,rr (r nir r r f,ir nr fl:t.:r nnr r tntr nl i l r k :r .r .l r i r r N tr r r i . J r fi n,
t i r r r r r . rrrt',.1 1.,rL
l +r,[,r \' ( Tiux i r r !r r hlcr fr lt iir ,tr r .{,r ur r r Lttr r nr r r r r l ur tl t.l i ,Lti .r
. { i r rrr;l ,r:rn ..l L rttri.It i rrr r nerr ifit:l!inilr :ririiti fiLr,irr, (u ,' (jli{H \:r r i c :r n,r l Lr
.r ri :r i lr l t fr r n.l r r r i L'
h d r l r r lr'ri . .L .ln ) u h i n c c n !L nnin r ltcn,+t*r ' ,Lr 5.,r !.t' r !( i:if l) ,' .'rnr,r'\' f f .,r.f r nrlr rr'rr.frurl
L L I l , rl i l l l f(i , rtr ri i ).1.r
. h )rr r r r lrr ii. - ctr ur ilnl nr r r ir - rir! r ' t:ir t.r t r r ,,tr ul .\l i i .- Lr r,r l l t r r i L:r J Ir J i F
r n n r t f lr!rrJrn i l +ff J,| h [rL !i .tr ' in n' ir .L,j!LFLLiiiir r L.j11rLi( i qr l .r r s i :r r t.'Ir i r l :L[i ]!ti r r
' r r ( \i

E bsus I w w w ,habi t a r e s , c o , c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l 04sl

Monumentele
romane
dinMdrida
SPANI A
PRollxcJ,l S,t!dro/-
RF6!rj{'IAf 5Tlfr.i4]r(iar
ANIL tlnIGErxtrnr lqll3
Clrrxn:C { )hYl

.tl PJutt.u,irnni*
* to, expansnrniiImpenului tu:mrn prinil
inauguratin hli'rirla,ln lf9l. Atss^i 1dcrtftmitdtea aFurr:sntra hrfrtii
aEnd Frl p4b ii trl]lru
rtrtrcr|]rl s lrll, aSe rA Fdstef3rl auno$[te Fe atunci.
Gunliirna,errr rrta motirul de ruinllrie Noua cotmic Fta anrtruit un
al lecuitr t(trii trtrdoarp{ntru ce a rprlutt pcnru a lduct lF[ drrla hcul
i'iE$xi $ r\dE i LHr !'r
f+Jtprllircrar;tde Srntiigo Calarravr, ProserFifia,sllnrfn rrJld l cereqii.
Atc+ +
unul dintrecei nraiIaimuriarhirecri lu'r*inreJe Bl0 qlemet'i, o inalnnreJe li
nn.emFlrrni. Este dolr rca m3i rc.rntt Jt intrn{ n'rvtrsrrlulAlhrntlp*. L}tqi
nrllnifrrsrarc
a rcla ri !T('(Lr[ciliffrc pen ta prercnrmrriblnede jumer{t(
MErida g pLxlurilesrle.Jeglnrrh lormrti rlintre anadele saleau first JLstruse,
o dati.u .Fzarer primeipietrude pod. gr:rn*rrna structurii e la fcl dt er.irltnt:t
crtn'unratn it frrttLlanrorr.$ului, +r $iel.SaNAculoril0rbt(Eurilor
ti
ln anul15I llr, Publius
Carirn,:, acil mi?ilorde Branit .u .ar. a first
un trirnis .Iimpirdhrl Octavian, rrEstruit. Rxlul Fi!*te(lujrdi$Lir
a l;$( ridicarfur.;L{c{a+i
p$rioirdtrca ti
apeducn'lA.e o an 'e.grrrrde?9?<le
meni srsgLnut{ile &l dr aruadetu o
irl.iltirn+m.dh ,]t Il Erftn $st€ nirellLj
rauluiPeli(el iipful cAer+Frin itila
caledeacces in M{riJ.rrom.rnlt,rlin
nt'olulalXVI.ba,pcr{ula Lrnitmalunlr
rtulti prsreVia,.leLePlata,drumulpe
caresp:rnir:lii tran:grn:ruargintula,lus
din,:olLlniiL 1orJin Lurn,''aNouilpi!n[
hrristierra de la Mallrid
Orarula inflaritrerde iar in anul
t5 i.Hr, :d,rrc ! A€iriFp:r(grncrchL i
Octrqanuri;rsosirla hlSrrdapeourr
r cnnriuce fe*ivitrdh crre mrrcau
inrsn['icr$ provi ciel ror$iDl]
Lrrsitanra" a ctrrei.aFitalneraMdrrda.
ir ejunsFe m.llulrilllui Cuadiana. G: acelprilej,Agrippaa inaugunrr
inprqunmile erru $diiolrrr,,le!lunl. re|ltrul{:an:Fureagtrdui 61100J(
ilin rFhrFict fiinJ prr\[ trc cu $pectarod $i careavenDcd{rcr.r
nnnrel()Jse i?!.orrede Rpddulc€.inr icorespondentul trihunclrrrJe a:il
gr,rmtre.r,1inbelsrg.Acestererunr im!trrlitn in rn:i tiruri Llclruri, pcnrru
ilh r .ir.lkiJ lll.t*
rrrrurirll'*rrtr tufiaiefttrFemrnr hrrrrld rlifttireletlasr u:iale Anrfirtarrul.
forldirci atrrlrji C.l!rn!r AugHlo in (are inclFelu I + L10o de rFecriron
Eftritui, c* nlea 5E-iii+rdlitucE pl r! rarc fus.sc tcmi!ut cu .i{iva ani
lcrridrii ,lift lcF'1uniId \rr, Al*uJar, hribrL',r fDsrlillorirpenrrulupr.L':
$i a X-s, CerninE.Aceitia se intorseseri dintre Eftrdiflt{}n,isr tnntEll(elr€
rictorurir Llin confruntitrile cu edificiaau mrr.it inL.Futul unci srhi
prrpu[tgiih Jirr itgnrnilr Clrlrrrhlia 5i dc constlr|.lii lr|onLnlttrrlc L"{rd
Astu a,carEreDre-,enrau
ttldrnele auEau
ra ftca din [{iddr d+fllum
barrtercrJererisrenF in trlta rI pnrpusne' krE In{rr.s Rrtrtrdtt'.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
10501
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 10511

4U

Dffrorid rntercsuluiilr,lrdr*tr.lorditl
dinastiaclaudianr,tn sccolulI ilir.
*:ra.pula ajuru si a,Ifuo:teascdo
garniroanBdr 90 000 de !,rldriri ti
a participat la deflFltarea rapidt a
ercmdmieidin KrarEStanr.aroftin!.
fururnula fmr pavarcudalerle
marmurl+iaufoetcmlltruiteTemFlul
Ilianel d o uri4r! al1enl eliFtiEi, in care
puttauhulpc,a30 000dr qecraron.
-Iimplut eraprincrgalutedificiureligi'rc
al urhei5i eraamplasatla intenecaia
pnnE]palelol .rla. cani,* p dnr.trnon*in
cisda mrlui sft1,eradodtcatcultxhli
irnperiul,crrrclu.zieb cares,aaiun;
dupf desrEperirsruneistaElir zcir{Fl
GeniusALrgrrstri 5ra ului gnrpsculptural
cu Eree,Anchrseii Ascaniui.
M[nda 1r-aaturreglgeulprurpefltEtn
ln secolulal ll'lead.Hr,cAndRDma
eracocrlurade Traun +ide Hadrien,
$nbii otLBrnrridrn gpsniE.ln aceant
pedo$d,lltu fir6taonstruitesi de{arere
cu maEaicu,'i numercererdle ale
pamcxniltn multe mlsre fiind
pls(rarerrJl5rihl muleul de arhtologie-,
iar +hdidle exi+lenrenu f,i$tmrnle. f)e
dsmenea,Fopulrtiaolatulai a spnnt,
datorit[ sosiriid. trlrlr din lrovihciile
.!in nodul AJricii.AceFnsoldRfiau
dJus du ei d nlJsn religir le8atn de
cuhullui Mirllre.Astfrl,lmeplnddin
anul155d.Hr.,M€ddaa devenitunul
dintrecentele mithreismului, dupr
cum o deflonsEealf,nendmllrstele
haloreiiefirriSsite ftr ora.t,carei,
hfltigeazape *u luptindu-st cu un
rrur. L)e hp!, FAJiuneaspanft)llor
petfrrr coride a aperut nrai dr:iu,
tm ld M6rid:r.

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
052|

ii
il

-{
F

T
{
i
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 10531

VillaAdriana
I T AL I A
\./r*t
TrvoLrPF(}fFitr R{)!i}.RrGlLiirLrzrr!
A!r lrt[cfirRi r 1999
Cn:rrnir:f lLllul {rrrl

fr

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 10541

uphce s-a iT$talatp{ orga||frr el becherelelh iimFul verii. {J


rr(mulimperialin I I? d.Hr.,Fladrian - R de altl pa*e, Srw R'ikile - poftrcul
nnscutln SpEnirsr +i predecesorul ssu, cu pictld - era o copia identicfl e
Traian a a5teptat un aninaintesI orignaluluidin Arena,ded clFrinder
inrrein R{)ma.,Aflrrocrrlii fl:)manifl 9i{r glddinl Fio pisc;rtlin cntru, pt
Fnvesuc1'Ilretncrederesi n'au tnvAlat undeobignurastrseplimbelmplrutLiL
nicidla[trsel aprcciele, ta rindul sdu, Vrstitulul princip+l al re${dinlei a fil+l
Hadriann,a iubir nicicdatbL-aPuc numit TerasaGmpe, dupdliim:asa
MrrvJr,prefertnrl sruncr cdnd dqroria rale din Tlsalia.Defi nu i,au reelhrt
1l rechemela Romadin cilebriile iale sdpdrunsfreflarr.cc, se F€re{6 ln
prin roate .olfunle imen$]lui rmpenu - galerirlesubter+nea {oatconalrujtA
!t E+retragSls Tivoli, lntr, o splendrda o miTriaturt a larAmului lxi Hed*s.
rilh pe cate o FroiectasE€l ln6uii. Cltdireac{l md hinr cons€rvatE din
$Fe aleslocul cu mrre gnln. incg rdh *te Teaao Marinimo lTeatrul
,Jinsr.o.lEl I t Hr crisBie o lilh L1I Maritim) ' o.onstFr+i€ t rtunddcu un
*c€ai6nf dorninstt de p:dud de Fini porricionic f, inlfuntru.cu un cansl
medirerEne€ni. PEmanturile sde erau
d€limtirte de d{)ull rnun .are st l'Arsrtu,
pDtinnrai iftDlo, tr Anielle, cere F€
srrfici ela navigabilFeni !4 Tthu iff
de acolo la Roma firtue, riJ,Lrrrra u*or
a.cesihihIlt us.{r" Frin lia -Iiburtinr.
C.Llnstruitf,in douEerape,lnlrE I l8 {i
tr14dHr, \illa Adnata eld a$eidtll!t
rn term dc rproepelJO de hectarc.in
?ilElenr€Jtn, ftFrelinH $n ex,;epli(m
(]}mpfldiu Je itrhitectEi, sutptuFl $i
moaicui ilet.relr Feriuniilmplrrrtuhri
pentru cirili;apile greaci Fi egiptenn[+
enturiasmuluishufafd de art5, iFtonc$i
{lo;ofu, Subihh{dul a{rsrsr$rere{e,
Hadriqn 6 rcFrodo$,ftl minraRrri,
monumentedin imperiu,
prirlcipalele
rnmr a crta ,,un orr+ idc*I" dorrral r{[r.
L)r {apr,rcesteanu erru doa. crre dt crol unei rntuleaftifi.i*k. Aici
simplec+pii, c?ci Hadrien l€-a ddrit HsJria||e {dicar. micJt la undearea
r€conEtruireintr. o hrimi ,,concepusld . ohiceiulsi selenafE $i sAlucrele.
Calc'pol"de pllde.seanrane cu $n canlil Fiaua JOto (Piatdd'r Aurl
.+nsn il de egiFtenipentr a ftcr reprdind n chul compleruluj,ii c
leseturaintre AlexandEiaii urJsul Jelinuratdprintr-unqn Je cleJindr
Canopdrn deltaNilului Versrunea hi primire si pdntr-ud *u[ll|th br]'in. Ptt
lladnan avea119metri lungimEii era sns*rnbl,+ \l1l* Adri*naseremar{e Frin
traverrataile o colmadl cart re fudrllrnefele r+le inova{ir arhittctunle
tefmins in Srrffpellm, ulr ediffciu ri prin nrterminabJeltsut.r$iuni{lt linii
mspiratde Templul lui SeraFiEunde iri Jn:pt+ii de curl* concaleii c+nvere

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
055
.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t ar es , c o . c c 10561

rlrr e1('er !5 lie FrelLrileirl ir ite{ft'ra nrinrrt care.r drflr*rl,rt r.iJl4Jr


t."rrt';n.Le lil Jc:uryrio:i1tirr. srnr ri .rnrltilc rnlc,ilrtr o r!Fr!tjurrrLrf(
F rL L cl c [Jcr inu]tc ns r - r u I' a"tr at irr(ir silr.urrrrnfttliinl ilr rdanlul
iirrtr aiii. f|::E[Birte
frin rl.hnrci nufiiri trlXIX-Fr.{:r irrmr$rimi'ril{!r. {cl
ljrtarsrctifi: Lart rrnrtr in rLrnhinrtn Jc lutin 500Jnrtc sraturlcJrn rtr rnU
IrirnFhiuri, Fitrrtc ri fu rt\ i l.i.utL' [r!iHidriin ft ailt r(!nr in mlr:ceLlr
Jirr$:rrnflril.nriclitc,:rlnrir.{
;i frlJ$ dr ,naRx rniElD\rrrdLI irr r' ,r,rncle s,rl.
rrttlcrrtficiLlitartrr rrcrneiLrnrlrlt ru {ir ,Iuscni nnp,'Jotrur ;rlarclc
+-imctri.r- Mrr .iista iri m.Jxirri 1rrp.r[.- \iille AJti,rnr :r f'|ir (.r$]drrntlt
al+|lrr llril! rJrrs{'irnri!'hr!fli, illrrr {irr,j LLn..,ihicctrJrmr:nLrr:r'
'lurnrrrl+aurr
mnL narul \loric ru Rrruml'rt, atlat Jc.,lt.r p{6.rnt. ih'str( mulrt Jurrt
rrrm in lr4urcdt (irlitrJiru Jn Rortrr. rtcitu .l(rr!nJrt !r.rhrgl cu .ih.,r
Lr rirL'.rteiluiH.tdriRn,
|Ilidir f'u{Itail. Alt'i \-rri nrirsjuir.\n-irtrlar
ilettntt JorniciliuI r.rccertrLrfuisiu. rmFtnta *uF-m ruinrhrt n$Lllrttci.
..\rtirrnrus Piur .rr. r {,r!t arnti! ile Uirri'st rLitl tr rtrlllrt ntr r':r fteLe
t{hi i,ory;r4i rrini ILiDi{clcliiur. 'Iixusr, crr vedcreann irutLrsr ris* Jc +
(incrrnrin a nrlinlrlrt o hrrrrr prne cthhot:ltt rar r inJrlgit 1l N ihi:ltittl
Ji rl H i trni, F{ .xft tr - r Jusnr nr ur r r vi1[riLr hrr:iri[t rrlt: firnhle grlror
r 4'irah,GrrrrranrLlu!.c1.
Jr'roLnJ Cirlrlrlni llattirta liruesi

,') h i fjrili i t 0 i' i.'


Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10571

Roma
anticfl
I T AL I A
P!t1,r \LtrI Lr n
A\tl tn;cl{rnir l: L9l I+tU
{ r r i.r lllt I { xjn!.l i ti :

P**.,._.*,',,*.
.ir.": n.l':ir'{?rr rflrrit (lfiicli J$FrLr
Ilr in L r nur r . nr t < r r ir iilc l t,c
surfritt-:rrrtr.r imfinrtil inc+rlil! sil
(r rftealin;i nri.li iffL' ij irrcx rlr {F.e
F( +]tcirt,ri
c.ltt;r rcrisJtrED.rlh lr sr -\iru,rit Jllr.rrrut LlrrlrrgiiirTLnriilr+tulrr+iLiJc [r rt,n'c:i]c llr|tll]ri.rtil ir iil i.Hi in rEir
lll riciLrr: Ic-u Frmis c,n ucannrll)r cr r ti' ljtr t Ft vr encirr ir r JJutc n.r l ti L l l i nr ei Pnl ,r l i nci i r 1Lr tr l j ufut:l c.lif tr '1i
RrnDeisn-iifltri! B4nrligirr c,:nrnrl.11' tLtiit Inirirnth c.Dshcr, r'xnlni t!'scscril !rr'r Fini In Jfiirrit\rlreanluluii'l
"rLh
Jt o prrtt, JistnhLlra Je rn-incrn >i hnilc Dr rl!riifi.r (L'h rLiri iiiinrt,i$,i VIll L.!ri.Hr, Rrnm r1r\fnirt uniLJrun
prrl.Lcr fLrrcrLr'rurlt,iar p., ccahltt - mrnuntntts r.rnnnr drJltjltr i(rlUrjlor. {eii nrni inr$rrrrlrr ii$$iri Cin :,r1ii
!rtdlant i. rormi:L.I r]r+rirrr,ri,nuenfiiLr C,urrr t tr tscrrr lui \'i"\fasiin ii d;1r naJiterntrNnnil. I r rirrp|J lui Irrquinius
lltrtrtivr:ii rpel:rrr:olel,:dr trdrr!: r*rrn in ti' nlfnlr c J( lir *t, in nu[l l +, FrrscusSi.rl lLri.+njus TrrlliLs rL
er+uitN*unrmrrlc fol,rsirr'(L inrf iirati t]'l.x*urmLl Ga+ \nru*nrul Fh'rL,rnl fui f l c r l l r r tt F l i ntl r l ur i r i F r thl i ( +,
Fntflr plelr' riilrlrLdrmrseftrr. rt.t irtrrltLh 4li Jr rnerrr i:',,ea rr ir{brrtrrnLlu-!€5tri?i. Firic. ri3rLI]rL
R{1har tr).irFflDrdDlirRTnlJ nJ$nrfin Jidnetru J( liJr-JL nriri. iinLi nllc r dt rfro\i]idorrc rLri i l1r
':.t[tli:rrr si
Jirr lurrrc Cu rn :nilirrnJe [LrLrrLrri, p. n.rnr fNelLti I' pL(irn{lg.l^{Lrrprinri chHr fl Flirxll rrri'lii pnr $;i {i,15 i,llr-l
f.ate .hFt un fiIll(rfl ti luntiilnt{. c! LLit R.'\'rJes4ttitrxi La corrstrucgia .dm mdr J'.t h lrlrLttei|]Lil !r rlr:ri:rt.r
runplan r:rhanistc tolrpl,:r 5i tu on sa ar fLrrritrloriri li0i0C,le nnri FurLnruril,rrtmntrirle. irr+p.'rrrilJrr
JcLor flirurrl rirrr .r imFt$ terrrialri rrli LtutrsL,rtitr r ]lll J+ rdnc Jc trcr ii10 i HL, t{tftlei rl Ji'!t Londurl J. n
{'rn,iric lioificirri rlrrr(,nale.rLrf*ir x lltirrrul nivct .rlc;rrr irrlltutf Je ]C rrrrn rjnrrnnrt rLFulrli.intr ti. i ra, Fr.rirr.rl.I
err:rhuLrr we drjir cu pl{-Lr.rrrtlr rrurt ricrir intF,.ful..rL cu clli:rrnc.tur:ct- ft'l dt tircra srcolt, r Jrverrt dxt.rrilljr
J r' rr,'frru ,.r*rp r'u g l o n:a!l;!ri,r
i r ilniir $- J Joii+ar r e,r ll nr r r n r i r r * r u.F w r !nFrri L i. ui{ftrri(Err,iirr r;1:h,.ii!.1{
irr rutrorrl'l+ i:n ;iur Jc rirn:i. tusi Ir dc LL)[, ]rt irnicr, in! c(itrlr rl tn'ilcr prnire,lu secolcleal Ill-lca sr rrl
n{tnrt;t rin'al e tt ilil:rugrru.I. Ntun.i 1!{x I I rt'.tri ti lrnromrrrrr illlrr:rnc l l .l Li i H i , tuna1a de!i nLti $Lr * l u
il fl scu.i[ iHiLn{.ji nec']reiF!ndto$ir. c',dntL(r- Nlvclul r!prril)r I i'!r l;11{r in(r ttJr bill !t nHiunii mcdirer;rrrerru'.
Frricnhil nrnt:tfrr:rnt rl iihl.f irii Jirl eirirni:i ri Ernltrer.i:u. iir rr1 T or r tr ,nr r n{r r nr l ) r eluer l unr r ,r r r .r r r
uLrrr inicr\'lii ii liFra orLlidiiFuhti{c. rr:tem Jr sdlFr r:irreliruu r'qlrrrurrrql in rilele ro$rrc nu lulr
'if,inuit t,arnn

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
10581

rlr

$ldrift i*b.$J r ftir nE


s{sr Lxn rflE hk4r ilFl

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 1059

cdostditE pmttu a tnfrumu*ta REflra RomeidrnreF{blicntu imperiu. celdalt seafletemplullui VenusGm-"n*


ln timpul cpociiiftp.flalc. Forumurile Cllcindpeormehlui luliusCaerar, (Mama\Enua), corutruitdeC,aesar ta
elau inima Romeiimperialc. ceaftri mareprrte r lmpllragilot i[.ii comemorelE vicrffia din bftIlia de
Cotuftuite ftenku a celebia ln,refis imporranti{$ dorit s[.si lsre Fropria la Phffrsslu$fudicatpentn Eds mgi
ors$ului$i urilir'te F*nttu fun.tiuni amprenti, relultatul fiirld un $it multtrimFortEnFFaflmlrlui tanplul
admini$tritire, ace,stea nu fostridrcarc mlccav carea dtvsnrr uni dimre reprczcntaruruldintreceh mailiapanre
iniFd id1[ care fitFlsa folofj t{ Ferrtlu ron.le arhcologice.elemai bo8ate$i lrio$trc da sutoEcl$turft politicE,
luptel+fttre gladiatrxi.in nxel, exisrau mai {as.inantedin lorne. Ca $ facl hc genaupropriul
cinci forurnrm:Forumullui Csesa., Cu o +upraiagdr 16Ode meui pe Forurn,amplexatpuginmri le norrC,
Forumullui Ocuvian,ForurnulP*cii. 78,Forumullui Crrf,ser €rso pial{ {Jctevi6na fteh{il sEaumFareun numAr
Forumullui Nemati Forumullui dreptunghiulere,Fa,!'e$at:de un trrrti( marede castFeticularedin crrtieml
Trai,rn,Construirralor marcaevalutia cLr&:ll r6n&:ri decaloane.in caperul EpnFiEr,SarturrrliEug'tr+!h laul I i.flr.,

trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc
10601

thied & ftdtL+ ie!iiia

49is ll$diru ld ft[rJdlr


[d li&er nrloB tu Mm
.AdEidnBnq{ @{EElr
n'Ibr idftFni h&ntu

B!J|1l!1LFriLflit d F4[Ei

Irlll1r'rrl,r drltrr ndhla1tlr

rlQulforum er{ irn[r *trSit .u ltatui


gigEnrirr,lffrf csri una a lffptrat$lui.
csre fflea l? metri inehine ti caTeera
a+eratlEnEi un r.idconsrruit p€ntru a
pr(,rEl {rronlul de incendii in spatele
Fleleis€sfla un rempluuriai dedicatlui
M,rrsUlor {Marte Rezhunatffuli, r'jul
rilbaiului ftali:ar ror dupEms}lul din
Forumullui Caesa! $iruE de coloane
mari{i EtriatE$retineauun t}mF,firlh
ornghutar ornat pe lrturl cu ri:Feirntln
sle lui Mr,'te, \truq Enea+i Rornulus.
Fnrumullui \4sparian - sau
ForumulPbEn- cet $i Rrrurnul lui
Narva el€u rtlAiprrlin sFectFcrosre
Primulrra o Fiell monumental5 care
seinvecrnacu Tem$hmhrlr (Timplul
Pad1l,clddrrllhne ?l $i ?5 d.Hr-ptntnr
rrsllrhdtoripacerd€ dupl Fa.:hoeiele
Civlle. fnrurnr-:l1uiNewa - (u1..r6tul
srsufrmmcle de Tmlsiarriur4 din
monrentce3r tlle ln sFaliulinEUFi
dinFE forumurile lui CJctrvirn,Caesaq
\.Qspriznf Fnunrulfupublrtan
frrs€se lnceputde DomiFan,dar a fon
inft+guratde Fbiain +nul 98 d.Hr,
de cftre Ntnq udrf,trYul ftnpsJrrt,
aerei.e lidet numeles{u-
Cel mai maiestuosforun a foct
.onstrui dif Tiairn ptftfli e celebu
viaroria Rmreitlrpoin$e Da,riei,in FEul
105d.Hr. Ca :E-l ridice, impdntul n-a
€itat *1 o
'rlimim lorrirxrr,lid Quidnql,
undefuseserH (.onrrr[l(ePielel+hi
Traian,de-. lrrngulprntei ahruprea
.olinri {irlurnnt 1uiTrrien, a{t rrrl ln
inrenotul foiunului { li]st irEfEware pe
18rnaiI I ]. E rcali+tt ,Iin hlmun mire
dt marmrtl *otitr ptnttu , fec. lo{
m{'nn5t}Iul$i trnpf,rd($lui,
Lirba:L ii
pentnro sla|{ in sprFihtare ducePin-i
in vi'f Frir.'lunESri sFireldddc Fe
(rrri{x c gsvars cu I5m dc ffgurican
ikNtr€a!{ celeJoui campfroiidaci.e

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 10611

Pt tot cuprin:ulRrmei anticeau kxr Feni h rtetuie,Printrealtemonumente


ndicltc cdumfie penLrua sLbllqri s{rresubeEdaUNESCO,
PanrheonHl
vic.orii milirarE.In 1?6,MarcArtliu a esteurul dintre crl€ maimaiestuoEs€ ii
ir,c€putcfiuEuctia unui ft}n|'|Inent mai bine c,xl-r€n'f,re.
Bidker de Meflr.rs
menitsl comemoftIevictorulesahln \frF5d.riurfuriFp4 ln Zl l.HE,ri
razboaiele cu BermanliSrnrctuaE s fixt teconstruitdeHe&isn,lnEe I l8 t1l?5
termineEn'rl92 s evero hlltrne de I00 iHr, acet eliffciu e renrlretulsnhinAni
dr Frio€r. mman€(aprorrmarrv ?9 de arhitectonke dinte o cEdire circolarl,
rmnrrl, ajung*ndle 41 de metri dEc[s6 o cuFoll €mi#trit.E $i un pronsG
FqeseaflaFide s{RlFiaSlenruluihliel rectangularc$ colasne.Un Felete
pe tffe PapaSintusal V-ledd pul 15fie treular da pe$e J0 de neEi Fu$tinr
Et'atfi ln vfufulmnstrucfiei.Coluffne t:lrfrfu, irr A! r€nuul d(rmuluis aIlS un
I'ii MarcAureliue compuse din 18de oflll+r ce m{so€rl 9 rneni ln dr.ErneBu li
hu.4r (rLtu|ficede mnrmurtraS€rdte un+ pnncareluminapatrude in emplu-in
Festeeltr +ic ,rmsdicrrun bfforeli# tn enul@, F+paBcnifaciur atrlv-lta a
epiniAcarefacede ll rleori inslxriurul transfoEmstclddha lntr-ohiserkEunde
toluno.e; ir'l".n"l extudo rc allaaruainrormintele
Iui Rafael,
"nw$rii
scergh sFirell,cu l0l trcptc,c6reuicll Vittirtio EnranuL alll-l+a, Umte.t" I
nl MercnrrtcideSarcrs"Nici
monuolentele funeraen-artretr,:iuifate,
M*$rrlal lui ftt{virn €it cu ade,/:,rrt
tInprffr'manLIncEputtr ftr anul28tlh,
dupdl,rfidngere+ lui Ant riu{ia
ClEdFaEeicu un dlanrttrude cca.87 dr
metri1i cu o trd$rnr dr 44 da rneni
structuraale rmcoElrcilinidliqcdpRrtit
bk)tl.liidetrarErtinh centrulcerdrd
tll!$, an Fntrl sprt carecnrrluccite.ra
treFe. FortsluleEtetuadrst d€ doun
o$cliscnricEt6bli+ede brtxraFecarE
e grer,etaRerO*tl1e,ruu:[*:gda
lrnperan:luiDia dwnosdde ]s inEsre
sr ajunsa ln dord c$ridmrcrotunde,
crre ftceaulnEonjllfll (amefict6mecre.
In centrulaaafiera sarflt un nucleu
cilindrh frrcadrat cu bhcurtdetrevertix\
derenmJardelccnp'ulhrr.eg cerngu.Si.
Rttlrg :EhLl r*te$iMonnirrtrl lui tl*lnurr.
a cllRliconstRrclie elnceputh l2l d.Hr.
fi (are a de1.enilintre rlmp,C-qElel
Sahr'Aned.r,sitdatfureprdpicrra
Vancanului.Inif iel, mnumentul (onsre
in+r-atesdp5mttr pe erre Fcineta
cdrFul cilinddc el $thctutii tuihih ln
Fft€ent. Acert cilindd sre o ftrdfime dc
I I de mem d un dhmetnr de 64 de nretri.
50r$F.io-tl Un al doileedlindrrr,mri ftic, sr ridice Ji dm.F.ia flal,|mJdr
drn cenrru,undefirseredepuslcenu+s w6EeJ.@ illituv
lui Ha,Jrian.
Mai sus,acoloundes€allE ddtrnJintrdtu.r4ilriddritr
ln prelrit llrg€rul cu $Fdda,Exi6tr lfi rqd{ EcanflAhrlrlslsIt c
Afihlirale ulr {ar alllrGl fl E€fll crridr .d-lf,dr{ @rdhffi&

t'ronr ce ducrau eligia lmptratului cdtre


catun. Ate,lte a fDsrdo'l o expuneie
oEb{,! *fttuE& dre
sumarHa monumentelorfuftgistrEte
Dl rt +aft, i* dldinJ r:.
pennua indregtngi
deUNESCO 'nd}

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10621

r"n#

E ! : : t r s I u u r v r ' , r , h a b itaie$
co cL
bi ta r e s . c o . c c 10631

,nsur,!: lil.nr rrM

n{,ir Oa{.!r.,tuirBl(

rrrcLLrJsr:rar u,l+ t'+ f.\:onr(rr.nr*i !i


ce lifi$lr i .1iJl.'1rt
'u.+L
Jrn l.rrr::r,rnirrl
\L,:r.ir,rt irrrpr'-lLrlal
ll-lrarl.lL:Nr trch:ie
-Erturr.mcr,.:Jhrl,rnr::'r*tu,: tre{utr ,:u l edlr{..r niLi !rtLrrdr iLrrtic(
Ja (fr,Lr inrt\.i.dir h) i-)r+'u Lrrrn ;Lr r+tcr Jt:c,r[Yrir+, frrcum f]oFur
rtr.'rirrr :nLrlrnur mL:hepa;r-iniPnrrrrl! r\irrn (mn:Tlilirnriidin :r t'r' Nl:l(,l
iliidirit* clrrenr*rrriir:l fie f$Ienitc fi mr,nninl{lc,t( I,c \i" AFFir h$l
!r rumilri Ii nrlr hri (:arirr{lla r' L'rlrri lL n iitl ]n':rlrr: Rrnns
!ill]rr Lrl (jirrrrs I'lnxinrrN.ir] anre ' :nLr inr d
r i ilenlllr jr tr |r ) :| nr
l r i hE
ir(jiFrrr i5l t1|I1Jc rFrrtntLrr[ Jt|Fi r nlnNnrr l. m [r cFci!itr ir nt i c r .

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
10641

-1
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10651

Pompei,
Herculanum
+iOplontis I T AL I A
llno\Inclr Nrpor, llEcrL\r,\C,j.$cn..r
r,1
A\r L i\RLrirlrFitr::l99i
Cln Ec:C( r r + 1 r r ) i\!
IT
tl
1 1\-,t n n rrrLr gr Lr r tr ;r n1' lr illl;rrlj(ilr nren re ii! le durtr hunllrLtinrir
rili,rJ $r Jarl in LinJ in jtturiJt r.trlui li,ruhi .xrr \il.slrix ilr
li+rbiutiri si4..uhiic,r$ra l.{r$
L\L\rfi .r(tincurilcFir[rt,riu]ui
Ll+r;lfuo tlir6rr lur:giii rl!rt$ire, LLllt r-:1ri tloGlr;rt r:t Fillilttirr(rt
i.l nrt scminrr tr lulrrtrelc.nrL:iDE'lt nrri or. l iDr?im.IrritrtEx l{lPulrti.i a t,st
rnir i- , linr'Jii{ dup.t.{+'j+ nnrul.,, trltt prrn ruFF r,lcit .ft lrunitl]irr.'!
e ireF$ { iff :r r_{glr?repe pimiint i i?j Lrllrilede Fiirrii lulcRnici tilNti JLlr
roptrt nrrna. .'' .fur* rrurt hrgnrent m uDt+ .Ir . ih Jiftin€r tir:ilEidE :i
Jinrr-un.r
Jirrrrr;crisori[rrfurioc.{r: '.urg!Lst,ciinJ ,fldl:.rnul.r.r:\'n fi i'r
ce l'Ii rl r l rri]}cir r Ll*q-er
PL n i rrs je [rnrrs]si ie
rirJnh un rl.r lierh:nte
crupti'r r:.rlrstr,rfal;ta \t:r:riL:Lri l;r F.irtrireh,iri il virr:A (ld rFroilneIlCde
!r.{u.i:rrc,r .r.(Jnii erd:iLii, p. 14 uug.ur liilom$ri FC!)rr. nu n)nicx$t.l ni(i o
iQrlllr Pllrnrs+rr i:u:tLn F:LeIrnJnr i]-il|lru Cck i|luiri')riLtccun:Tirr('s('ril
iisrlre,rl u ch lllrr Flinirrcri minlrir crrn,rnilor din nnti.hitrrrd.
Ilinin, nr lilhr Jin gL:ttirl Jin Mi*num. [:curiJt nl,rx;rn'liJc Jlstrr(tiLFjnku
F* trlrm*rileC;:nrfrnieLiuci dc la fifiuliile dr pir$ici(ni ail ]r\r ingrL'pnrc
;nnrrlrre.r,rLrri'rle,! n:inetii. hururtLrl suht|n sftirrdr ftl1 sl Je 6 rnetfl.
ilrtr{n rckrr nr:rirfi1fl!i rirlrrtruLr Ir:tixnLintJr rnnurtrin !{iotul
n:r.n:+sul[Lrnte I ru ,[,rennurar Fr' .rlV)-Lcrrl.Hr pr' r:rrrdt uncra1r::iln
l'iim(r!l niriirrilirt inainr:lrri iirirll si Jlltrrfoait mirte. rt nriqili grer€.jti,
ie in'lr'iFt{ .iifir ff;rr.r. in incErcrLrd,r {tr etrui{e ir )nJiflln.. Fi)ml:erul r in,:iFut
ir.rJurrqeLr llorrrpti rr la Htrruhn*rrr. pc n;uule rumanilor nr unul.t0l.Hr,
le rnLle ;|I fi tunrt $ obirrre ii 11 ciod genrru[r'llul'lius Corne]ir$ SLrllii
Llmrenlne:eJc nl.li inJ*rtnrrFt frrn,t,u;rrrrl,' firftnr:rr (i.,rftIrl !in,r r
,,in!Frllirrlultlrartr Brr;irir". PoaLPuunonon. Urhca srtrat; pc o
Enrpla ,rLrkanuhti l,a uci! p+ Pliniu$ clmFie e iri fr lir ul n:lrii, h Hxr"
L'.1B n r i n , i l rF rq u rl nL Ur r ii ,r r tur ni, FgLrlLrr S.rrnus, rr ilrqon]rrnr,J{ t:}irnfuri
' le
in\;r ntFrrttrl rilu r-a trrn5tris rLrJrrmn r {irrt irr rurnnJlmp.rhtrtir
iD,i*rrrllfl lt, cnrr rrFre:irlrl i!rl:i L:ril c! Lhdiri fulii.'r ti Filrrii:ul.rrc.lrll
nlri inrcnsnrrllrr!rc:r h€{nr+rrbei rerc cnr++ rnrFrr$ntl nF+rten JrrcatemFlrl
h Ji,Lru ctlt nr,ri{alrricctttrsr Jr: L'.- nrihrrathi Vcrnrrirr rrnpulJarlniihr
r)rrn!L (lr nlrniri. \'ei(!iLrl in.+Lar' IttoXrrt(illrrLbl:lrirlr{s li? i.Hr. -
s n e n rf;l (u ri rttr n :L l si lnini+ , i+ r ll rl.llr.Jr Tih+nrr"il{-li J.l L.} +
l0r!jt.ii Llin ll,mlei r ljriihis.'rr1
5r1 t re . ! t |I in t F o e it rt i d e . ro ni t n r i r e
c*l$rele llL:irtrlu - ritLrrluriledt itrrdirr" AF\d,ilr a'l J.Hr. urrcurr,:nrut
riohrr a:qldl'ir inrr#gr r,rn{J n ltrrrl
Ve:uvirrhi- Drrastrrl a liNr rtif.lE nrare!
produjl
in{et ls rrurltii r ulcluHrlui,
Ii an rnlr riniu funuci,Hrrculintrm
pi r.illelenLJirat,lr-rJ lungultrrmului
+!.' ,rl .n, r r.LllJ.L
rc *Ji;ruin{* tu ia:r JL rrcrJflst r.tir,
hr rinrpLLl rrtrpiinirrirriurina{hi(e de
Rru|\]n, a in(efut i$deNrlererstmtuhri
*t{s iL ctnutit" d(:rih fid r:dcl riraslt'
cr;rc|;riilcu irricrucletr.{rul l9 Lj-Hrlr
rienr.l lLrtrrr:q1emer rn'Eire ir{nrinti
a ri.til Jin ,ry.'r.rr,rrn:rnli.TllmpJchtrnn lt,
cillelc.ro lrlnielaJe luLuint* urlliLt]e
ii rrrale.rearrele. srr;ure.:pe.hrteJe.

EbsLrs v'/\.vw,h
abitare$,co,cc
0661
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 1067

t
ix

mafa:ineledr rDrs{}iul$lchirr cufltlr Fritultrin, seinhnJe Feo


hrrdr ll|fileslr r eclm vieibil€ln r!).{e suFrefirEdc I oCCdt rnctri Fhh-Jfi.
splcnd.neatrr La Herculanum, oralvl C,nFtrvitl d ptrcuBelnurlJin6lJHr
cd mri rrFrdFi .lc !u[t r.l-ruldlrdt pe urrtrrh trrei clddirinnrerimre.nceatra
Fir,i {i eltreDtele {i nlobilienrlik icmn. e $redid|li! td* in+r6iorrhte ca5e
'nui
Lurinlc rb cravm rie la Rrmpei din furrpei Ditritelcsal.'lncitt'r:n
s-*u irritu pe +.!u{'rr[q.l r]e 44 Jn ceh imprjohtecu lie:cesunrdiqusritr
64 de he{tRrei{l{ {ertrlii!i au !4o+la iut l * do{[ i{rr$rdi.E ti n J( r jjr,iilini
lumLni!u reriede cliJin dc mare cl| LmFrrir(il Superhclr drorqiuni
!alLrdrritDri.i si ertilti{ll.Frintrr {![Frr. e lii din marnic,intrecan
F{esrea s+nrm*rf, r{fi$L*le({el mai rcmrtr.tLiLagxl'a Jc nn*ric cr:
inrportantfiinrlGrnplullrri lsir, inftrtileirHr(crlf,hirillil:iJurrrL'L)rri$,
codrruit dr fupiJi6 AmIirtN, un ftgEleFrFil'r( triAlexnndnrcelllilrE
rcl+\',iil}erar aarei der\'nk cel nlri ftn ti rl:utt rrcumin Mu:Ruld€
h4at om dio orat),furumul,trrmeleoi ArheLrtrrgie Jm N.rpr:k.Un clrrncnr
,1udrrriEt rdE Fdrri.ulare. c.5a 9ecific pentruca^rele nobill+r e fnprul
tauDLrlui.
numirdesrtil.lupilscanrcra dc cf, picturilcmur,rlerunr rerlirareirr srjhl
hn,nr+f1atin mijl,:culmrJ{r,r,iurnrJti "rlLraci r ',orkr Jesprtprtun
realidlpr",
(F*in dc cole*.gea apriJr phniel ,iin ce reFreinri clEdiriii,rnreffi.per$]nale

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
10681
0691

tt
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 10701

mitoL'gicemenitestrdeaimFnsiarS
incltr€rile €iau mai EF4i$dc. t9
in grld:nrb carelx de acet tip se
eHs€sc ad€eea iaftAni somFtuoas€,
liecvent ornate {u lculpturi.
Acertc hnrtrturl jt tee6$el.$ tr ville.
tl€ mei iinprtsidnendl din Pompeierte
Villa MrEterelor,q retedinla liJxoiFi
ta.e era krtdJalA si o rri,lhr |ad
dedicrnl FEduqiei eEri.ole.

t
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t ar es , c o . c c 1 0 7|1
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l o72l

O*+b&#iA'€L{'r'li ir'

6l

It,lt ahxprte, suprtr Yrlh fenrl{ Jrsnft}rtl pflxluceraide bllnuli


hFrusurilorFrateli ultrtl la Herculane" agricole 5i devin. [n rnomentu] erupiiei
undEmai €lrbEl Fi o hffilici, un cofnFtex Verul.iului, 14 de carn€nii-au ad{x)!nt
de *rme cu o Falestrtr
s un rsltru cu o Lrrrnagaerh fermer,iar arheologiiau
uFacitarcde J C00d€speflatDri. p||tt|t creamulaje,turn5ndipror lichid
Gr,ltnntfi Fr o s€riede taplrecEaoh()arl in Eolurilelll! e d€ truFunle|or
kn c5ue ftff+, \llla PbFirusurilorse dcanrcgclrr irr ceirulapre$ilicsrr.
mdnd€fl cu un hElin de ihor de 66 dr pm€edeuh aares.a ncurs liffvent
r,reErlunsime,cu un tEnsnl de I I de in ccrulmultorvictjmece p-aupierdur
Ereurin lungimr ri J? in Inpnre.cu 50 vrap la Rnrpcr 9i Hertulare. fuedu+i
"la
de staiui de bronr Fi l0 dr marmurs. vir4l" Frln thnicile Frc€ntului,cffr le,au
Atnh{itt lui AFpiusClaudiusRrlcrus, redatpinE.li exFr€5iile Je pe chipuri
am Je culturap pmrun Je-uilui Ctcerlr, Fipliutrlehdrntlc4accthdreprenint5,
s{re*stlvilli F-i Frimlr num€h lfi trflne Frobrrbil,cclc ftei ilfi'rrsrorft $i mri
$nei rmFrEtantedescoFenri:Efuirea,ln faseinanre renHiiledin a{ea:i ffiddlce.
biblnrtra s: a unui numir de I 758 de
Frpitusuri, !:Llfllinllrd r€rft rk lilddo{ului
eFicureanPh{Heft}s din Cndal+
Ahe do*i rEedinteertraordinare
sdgls.sc la ()pldnri*,lEo distxnl[ de
aproepe5 kilomeni de Pompei.intFu$
loc undes+aflb i. p.erentom[ul Tarre
ArduszieLt. Fdm! ftpt iintb un
exemplu perfrctdr lrlh dr otirm
(tihnaii i-a fo+tatriiruitlPoppeei
Sabiha,c.a dc-r dou:r!d+ica hFbrulului
)'Jtro Enormdpirplendidd.cuo portiune
{o€rteeleSanta dedicati tenneir?ceasra
rtwrlinE a [.xt crmstruitbin s€colulI
d Hc, fiiAde:(tinsaturrimpuluirmuirii lur
ClaudiuC*ade-adouanlla.ctlnnlctrtA
subnumehrlr Llcius {lnssius,erdun
complexrcrldmtial csrecuprinde$t1o

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
10731

nl ti.lr* Tdr* tra&,rlni &


lfidr|lntumd@!.,i

Hauutdtj r in e!fu

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
lo74

r1i
:
tr D SU S I WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 10751

Cilento
$iVallodiDiano
cusiturile
delaPaestum$iVelia
I TALIA
PnovNcr,{
SALEN(}, CMlfN'a{
A rILD$xclrrRiFx: 1998
ftnErE C {"'l lrvl

SnraiideVugiliu5i
de .lF p{:€ii romani, traodadrti de la
Paesrutr, mukf rftrne, eq [(rt mar
{aimosi drcflt templclc ce rrflI r ci.
in deeenele potff
lui Piraneci,
admiratilururianfi Fiil.l pline floale
pa urr lrrndrrld€ tuin€, iar Cmthc ii
de€criein csrteaBECdllilrie sr lnlia.
i" l80L cdlltorul JohannG'rttftied
Seum.d{ff e Fomir Feiqddin
todeFJratul L4iF g inspirsr
de dodnfade a le mirosi
pafiErul lmbbtbtor.
C$rnpia{citill unde n dfli
PaestumestemdrBinirA, lntr.o pErre,
de apacsldds Mdrii Tueniene,isr,
pedealta,dedcalurileveni din
Cilenm tr sebucud de q climai!
o llore de un farmecdcocebrt.

lncd din ,lTemunlhd@rtste al Vll-lca lHt, o FopulaFedtnTer.lia culoercrqre, careausupravielurr pdnd


p:i:ajul, agadin abundengrfl c Mat RxeidoniE. Offi{d r fost esttuifnn-o condi+ieexcepFonali.
sFopiereg d€ mere su Ecut cq redenumir Paerrum ftranul23?tFtrr.ce Rinor prjme.lecorBtrucfild.{aa#iite
legiunea Cilento Fi lB 8 {ie campiE, utmarea rxup[rii saledecttre romani- a fixt d bddli:a,un nunmcarei.s fixt
numdt Vsllo di Diano, rI joece un nt Lrgsr dr nrirudlcrff. povt6t€sr aEitxrit'ulsec{'lulal XVIII-ha de cAhe
fundamenr+lin desvolraresciviliratiei dcspreOdiseuEisirensleseJe,lrsnn si erl*olqgii {arc lucraup€nrrudinasria
msdit.rBn€€fte. Lrxuitl tndl d(|r ar:pruufii li l*pra drntresemueul de Burhxr, lrr timpulgirnelor suplruri,
perioedefleoliticll, rcgiuncr fu.ri. deie Heracle p centaui, orasul F.reidfria de+r,defaFt,era un remplulrrchinat
coloniffitd de populafii ansfoliene +i EdevenithrcErsi impftslrnrnt, dupdl zeigeiFtera.Consntitt in rtil doricpc
ce€.m itr norDantul'n care,ln secoiul ctrmstestr temphledin rslcsr de la ml loculs+colului al Vl-leai.Hr.,

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10761

ld flrlll'ir,l dnj
'da

;i

ba-rilicalrrc cotoanccarr sr in8ustLdlt


sprc!Ar[ pline pe mreriorti ale cilror
capiteluril:nt decoratecrrcornane
dc frunrt; <tta ce estemir*ukx este
condtls ex(elenr[ furcrr( !e Btrsi]sl
incl. Aliniat cu balili{a, rcmplullui
'\"r'- l
NeFtun sauRrnirftini!|r€stecel mei
frae ii t+l mi brne con*h-at Jintrc
edificiiledin Paestum.
C.nrsrdr lnftc
r.Hr.it srildori{,nrirerisFi
46C-450

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
l o77
|

il
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10781

!tilul s5! *infit.st de rdfiplul lui Zeus u$ mdsiv lid ile tpSrdr rll uir in tiu'la sch:mb5ninume!ui, multrr
Llir!OhmFie. ld pErrerr fndcplrlrr[ s parultter cu cdhuri rdturrlits. vieim, drriul ]t |lm$,Itr $en]5,
r$iDeloramiit+atrul!iii a +ledirilor Etruscti
airconsrutmomrin(+
in attonom.Ia lbl ra oraiuldin apropiere,
crvilere afli thcnarfl. {templultrri necrr{Frli l'art6 5ituit{ in alam EleasauVeliaSrplturilede la \tlia
(]crcr],.rredrtcr din 510t.Hi $i lirnitcbr r'ri+ului, carc :r fd6t sunt incf, in Jcsfliurare, rlar o mare
hi datorea?d propoItiilsmai $ubrllr descoperit ln 196S.Dnrre acrsrca, psrredin orat a fosrdisrrusllr !1mFul
ii mai rlegantedeceralecelorlalalte cel m*i interemntrstehlornrintul Evulurlr'lcLliu,c6ndnormanriiau
dou: ttmple amrstecoluidrstiluri S.!{unJ.t.n'lui, ff asdelduFl folositFietele templelors:le pentru
'nir
doric ii ionic faimoaslpicruri de pc lcqrcdeac::re a cr:nsrruiun carte[,Cu roare:]ce!r*3,
ln secolulel IVlta I Hc, grecil scoperEm$rnre|rrul, r$ un duilr Vrhs plsra{s!Eamintrreracelor
din Poleidor$aau.v'enitselocuiascl serindde pe o plaiformS. {remuri glorioaft{And a fost locul
alrturi rJelucunieni1i etrusci, Cuntacteler:raruluicu turmadin de naitereal tilnoJilor Parmeniit* 1i
rftulrrtul liind, rlupaun rimp, 1?l i.Hr ru .lus h construclrg Zrn+n, in timpul atelerpcrnradclnticc
un amestecal |.tnorculturi diledte. Templuluiltalic, care;r fosrtnchinat candcukurddin MrrgnaGrcria erfi
Lucanieniisunt cei careau constnlit riadei Jupiter,Iunona Miner,a- (uhurd uniueBa[E a l!ledireranei.
?:

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c l 07sl

VilladelaCasale
I T AL I A
Prrtlr R\LtxrrtFlllri rll1 E!!,.\ 5:t Llr
ArrL iNFtnhFlr![ l!9?
r.rJ
fnrrr-nn: lIl lrD)

ifi

Cei m.,ta,mnlhikr,'i
dln rtnlrie sun! cci Fur-ratide re{e fere
c'iac,fl'ipEslroffr in privints proprici
ntlditlli, aleargl,ft j,]acI cu mhrEea
inrncAdircul De faFrnu sunrchiar
hikinl, cl jdrlft Feda.dli$Firtrbkdrrr
caretlau lolosirearuncic5ndrineJ,:le
fcte t+manefE{eaugitrnsst{E.Crl
toirteacrstea,moraiculdin uni! Jintre
incslnrile de la eillade h Crsalecare
a imortalirstEcesrrfcte ttrbuir si
ff avut o valoirrerroticf, in(I-o epoc{
in careFqrtretelent,J erau in
exclurivirate,re.rervattJivinirdgil(ir.
Aceasttrsccntr[eDbi$nurtilrste Irrm$i
unuldintreelemenlele careau ficrrt
acealtxluxoirstr,illdun exernFlu
n'murcabilu1mudulurdc r'rut5li al
schinrhutilorcultLrrale careffau tipice
FentrrrimprriuI romanln monrennrl
Je virf puteni rale pi la incepurul
de.linLlul stru.
Vilh rle le Cemlr a fosrr,rnsftrritl
in l+c+lulal lll-lea rau al lVlea ri lL
{o pernlaJi mar.dtade hptele pentru
pur{:rc)tn Si.iliq proviit.ieiDrrsnil
cllreiEh'srini€oi-a mfrijr,lELr*rri tirlul
Ressdrrn5j+anr j,cest Fivilegiu arat?i
cr lnsulecr:rdiftct deFrndenrbdr
RrlmE$i,l|l cEnscrintd,lnsemnBcH
proprietNtile mari ktrfurt{s,Fe care
urmasasebarrre ec0nomiain$ftlei dr intemneriip;nA in anul lSSl ar li flxt MaximiancunarcutJrept
rinrpde multr scc'.:lc- lu fost mordat,: cAftl au lnc,rpurFrimrk rlF5turi. Hrrculiur unuldinrr rerrgrhii
cu gerrerolitare, trJh s fagtconstrurt[ N$ secur:oa+re profrietar!llilhi careau cilrmut inrpedulhtre
langi Pia:?aArmerina.in centrrrlunei Mir'mea sa 4 100 metd pdtrati- anir186-]0id.Hr
':l€
asemenr.rlatrrfundum- A $uFrrivieluit hogifia de(oredunilorsugerea:Ici {lricinear fi J0Et,
edi6.iulcrreun
ftrtt'd tlrrncncr srarcbufl, pllrl ar fi apurlinu r unur rlemnl* rlin unsrrrnblu mriestuoscu aprorpc50dt
tn pree€rrdatorir{ aitrruhi dl r fusr abra senaroriallsEu,pr)fite.areun(j locsFerirorulruireF€ rerarela diferite
ecofentAJe o elunecerede Fernenrin membrr.r RlfamilleiimF€riRle. CeRmei v€le.tr)uFlces€intri F€poerte
perirnda nomand6, tare r Fr.t.jat-o credfirln itrlera est€.d proprrerarul printipah, se mre printro rrrte

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
0801

fii
tii

t **i-.,,,-1,
- .:.' i-r;_"-_ffi-ii-
i--"y' -
;ll - '-:' +o" - il't'*+ ---:,re{'-'-]
+j..'" ' -*:..---
''i ,, ;1|-*. ' , ,;'l*
l'ti ,.,uff..,ffrpT
:iffi",-+ff;
.ii.
:9 --d
Br-+ .jffiljffi:
,_ -\--.4, i;_.-
r4J rsffir r :::=;_-:
.. I i : -.!E!*@r'1' :."r:r*-__:. ;
'

' :.t' . r,
/i/'-F-.
1 0 8|1

f{.tijjnnala.itn rm lrrn\hlun in jrnl ecrrterrot rem*rcrhile pcnrnr exp€ditii de rin.t.ar. ,h an nele mrrr
LIiflrr.rrr.ru :rrnflj|lrrnF:rrl.,mErrrrlr rcalism'llli det,rliihce sr flhscryIirl p.rntctc, hi .rntili:pt, srruli n r(ijri si
pr+pricrlffrloirh osJl(lilEr !r nrirri (oflrpnlil i shr} Je replaierrlarra hipopl]tatrri,acerleffsunt airpturrrr 5i
hiuili..I in rire !e ti[r;rrr rer'cftiilr flrnrnstel{n,(ele nrniremnr(nhiLr i.clLrcr(e pe o corirbleie le vi ducr:
of$i Lc.in sren5 inrrrfli.sr;ih o inrxEinr nt cra Jirr r.lmcni{ir(ulnrr l.r Rnm*, undt vr:r ii Jtstinlrrr rrencr
lrrnl rc:rr! rn b.lnl:hcrrl,r,trtrun p.rllelr,r ..JLn
complcrulhrilor) ru Ci.- ului. .{!tE:i rtcrtc lnimuL'.
!+nrF^ruos cofirfler Ja hii Jc irfl3ir: ltnttFdtne.ttLnej c iJa l+ tlre t!) ,lesrtnatemlcrlu[ i s,,]nrcl'le carr
psrreaJrerFr:. Circrrs
l'larimurie l;rRon:a.o altr. i ' l as c i r ei :1i i i n s c er etrr ni i ur l i L
\trr mult dcrrit :rnpre.rum,rntclc :rmr:nciltnh:rHcrcule silrl.rrtl i{!nirefirlr.:I Fe vi:ir$r]rir rrller.
rliJrn irr rnrt.rnrraicurih.. flrp.rn \nritmr Jtrr dn'buL!tutr!. |tlJrnu! irtrrtru piutrtruI ntJmr. lctele
ptrJc.ruaJau urriciiarr;lctrreirillrr ettrrui ,:rrri.l.'rlunl dt Fesrt6Cde in tiljni a! r$ irnpa.t .dDira'
Ftlr!r+ r{!:;rlr i{i ,fr inni Frii.etlliii, nlerr :rrn:intn I r|imiroererq+niI uner darorrin l;rn {i ij lirml|i ii l0r
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10821

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 10831

Valea
templelor
dinAgrigento
I TALIA
A6,t|GENm,StctLta
AN1IlN[rcr5TqiBl:
1997
(!){D]{DJ(N}
CRt]EFrrrC

$l
T'r
u
I :r ar e L[scru Acrrgtrrt: in hhr$liadr la Himera{480.419 LHn)
rircpr . cel nrarftumosor,r$r:l muntonlor". ti rcFrrzrntlrel mailine mnndnr
undelocuit(hi.JrahudeFarc,rrmau F,1 oraS$luiAgn8ento, chir:rdrrcA ari rsrr
mourtra dnur ri ii rtr mnrtnritcrscde doEro ruiM eplenLiidA- Aura imensr
pErcl ar ti ndmunh]I1. Pnund ruinele +etni-cololuLeFrerilr*te au slaluiinalle
mrg'nifue, Crryde Maupi$santscria: de parixmrrri,nuftitr fthnti, tsre
,,niimFresie ct te aflih Iataintregului dlder! inrplesia c[ sus[ineau tnrreage
Olunp... cu lei la fel de fasrinanqi,de Ereulrrer cltr,riri{,lir
felcumArlirs
mEreriEli$i d€ plim d. palluni .[ $i ndr a fqxt <rndamnatde Zers snsusFnb
lurnceFrnru cc i-r ,julst pe tiBni.
Phrformaten$lului m*$offf, I lJ metri
lungimew 56 de metn ladme (in
esenla,dLiui pAtFdte Elitulate! fi pute?
primi 41 0+0Jr L\rmrni.lntr-sdc,rEr,
ln timFul asrdiuluicarfigrnerilordin
406 i.lli, i reaBrpopulaliea oraFului
r.r baricadatin interiorultemplului
$aptr ren4:iedurrcc*: nflr ln prul
sarlcruarul!i.toarerrofisrfldre difi
ruf vulcaniccu nuanfeaurii.inifinl
lmpr:dr:hn*cu stuc:nunvtu,:ol+r.rtc.
Eruuorirrriaterimr r:srhstfeltft+t
intmrea $ rflgiile reilor din talc lor sfrhe
ilumrngtede laerEhrsre llFErei ca un
rarr lntrr[hipau seffimenreleniff rr sr rh)l rl vtuEi.Crl rturihnr.rlrlrervBr
noestre,l*el€ mirr[ii ftda$tre. rlinrrt divenelerenpleestr ternplul
irohnctclesimlunlrr noastre". G*cotrliei. A to* c,,tnrtnritin sec,.rlul
lsroriE+!ne cb Aei€ellnr tr li Dr al VJeai.Hr ri nu a evntparrede sorda
fonilatdreptAkr46s toranul581i.Hr aule.idl dr' .{'klah. rdifi.ii religirrr$r
de .rtre Lruhoni din Rodorri Creta Cu dm aces(lit - caie fiu fost didfirts(r,
hretratelter, nu lst€ .hi*r xdcvirntaa in serohrlal lVira d Hr de clrre
+ratul a for t t{xrstruit dc gru:ci,AEL'Icoh cngini, inrlcplinindcLlictulirnpnraului
multicoior !i parir nr"rral Srciliri, scfrldar nrnmnTeodosius - $ r fcattn uformar
de sEr€ +iminEiial deo hrj?shlead,, intr-o halilicAinchinirrlSlintilor Petru
Febuicsdli F5rutun pamJu,iar aceqtia g P*vel,Mult mai tirriu, pe la miilocul
s-aucljmFrtar h conla'riBttr, lhllr|uscfii8 sc.colului al XVIll.lta a irrr rutaurat
kl<Ul i i-a iacuFsA{onstruias{lrEmpha le f(rnneleealecl$ne. fulo$nele c!
cdmrmiretie D re si Fruvr:a.e:eii ii a c;rnelurisuntinaltedt pptc metri
c5-r$raf(iitanEpritrirr d{ fl|! lumrn si rli(lr inclinate,:it.einr€riornraf€l
oamelrilnobi$r rti. lncit" Jc In Jrrttnt5,chJircanu FrR
Temph:tinchinarlui Zeus distorsio{Llrtrdirl cEd:r FrrsFr'ctf'ei
Olimpiunulu fr:rt construi!FentruiI De asemenea, splenJide*te remplul
comemoJrr ettr')rir:riftpotrivrtt; itBrnci Hem Lacrnn in rare se garlte o strtuie

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 10841

a reilei[acaresr rugautiner€lemircse in periqrerdr


cre5tintpini in recolul
|i sltiils iar€lareTimplulseallapr el XVI 'lm, \hlcr Templelerx fost
(tlriul un||ideslcu vedi:rusFreArra8as. cinnscure
dreFtCariero
deFftrrItr
a
de pe lrturile
iar cele5asec':rloarre SrCflnFl(rPietrelede iici sHfllst
rculteF cele1l dc Fr laturihlune1. folcrdite
ln m(rdronst?nt ti chiar
cn:uteh ptrmefli,nu faFtrjdicfifels dinaeriadc Bourborrk'a iirhxit
inctfr'tul ftrohlui rtl Xx-lea. Celelake pentrua fijllrtr|.li Jigul de la PorBr
nmmnnentesunt chier m5i lt$itr J{ EhpEddld, rrr€ +{e, in frod illllli(,
dectrllirnri, ca elegirntultemplual dedicarunuir Jiirrrt ceimaiSimoii
hri Hcr.nlts,cel mai r.echii]in oraq cer[tenidin ALr.rg,*,lil+!$fulsi
templulDi+scurilor(lnchiMr lui Cartor taumaturgul EmFed,rrle- Cr tdatt
{ hllux. fiii gemeniai lui Zrug, din .r(r!!ea.F rtiunil€liFsildin remplenu
.an s-aupistHt ntrmaipatrucoloan€$ ifi€1ete;:r5$upro lsrmcl:l|lui kaulur
o Fsr(cdih b5tn+ltdr suslinele,Frecunr ii de acrea, Far s[ sirslin* afirruttl,
t templelesilcrerlr culnlor lui Vulcln. rechikrrlocuitoridhrdqriflentr)
:eul druhri. ri Escrlap.ter.rlInedrinit. ln prLvintr nem|.Lrr!n tl

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10851

delaSplit+i
istoric
Centrul
palatul
luiDioclelian
CROATIA
D|.r ,\TraCENT[,q*
ArLa lNrlcrsrd r lfig
Cnrr*fl:C (n)hrrl(F4

tl
rtri. intrergr dc
:rrhur.rn:
ch+nmsr:rnfe uu dusls
nomimliarea c, tmpnrrt rtrnnn, in ?0
ndicmhdeiS.+,e unui Bimplu;oldat de
+rigini foartermile. il chemaDu:kles
ti senescr|se cu 41 de ,ni lniinte ln
S5lni, arFrarl, Frovincieiromane
Drlmada.In Roma,
ninreni
nu fi
".
pariatun reslc4ci domnielui ,r'tt
sadurezem'rh tftrlF ii mci !+ !'ista
lui,d€uarffr,in iumltateade recol
dinahtede aparitialui Dioklespe
scene.Senatulalesricnu maipulin de
?0 deimplragi,ca* Iu-rrserfl rdsturftrfi
decd putrnh fel de mullii.reurpatori.
ln schLmb.CaiurArrrliusValen s
Di,rdetianuB- veEiunc!htmSa
nrmehi s5u a contrs;is to6re

predrcfiile.Pnnu'o mtgcsreirclrsirl, fiind,a uhdiclr$is.arraas iu noul


li-r dunii Frhrcnul Maximiflfl prlar grar*Jirxcorutruit pe locul
co-rege t $i i-Roterit sl}re.Ermuitt: a$eliriianticegrecE*ide h
iumAtateade irpusx impffiuLui. Arpalarr:r,in ,rpropitrrdeSalonn.
Cir de.rprecl, l-)iocletirrn$rvema ConsruitJrncslcarde inalta
ium5trteade rdsErit.s-s rnutatin calitate,scosdin carierele din
Nicomedia$ ? iFsteh o mnlerhie FFropierea ins lei Brdrraii
ahsoJuttde muilelpetsln. infiumuretptcu colosnet1s[ncFide
Dflmni $ a trsr marcatede o Erailir*d!-$idir EBipr,Falarrllrri
scric de s .rese f refotme pri{inJ Diorlefisnrsreunr!drntrecelernar
edministratiaii imF$iiretfti s-e impcrtanre monumentc dn pttroarla
in.heiar la I msi 105,c6nd,bAtrin imperiah tlr;ie. Cu {t s{ruff!r:

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc 10861

rcetangularE.EcoFert aproEpa mauroleul hi. treilemphFidoue


I 800 de metn pen€d Fisre riduri cu Fequri de bEi.
16 tutnuri la nord, est5i vert- Partea ta iarrartealui Dideqian ftr 3 I 6,
sudic{,cu rlcdereli mare,nu a ixt F letul r rtunai{r posesiune imperr*h
fLlrtificaH prerintf o sr.ie de FflflAin 480,cel Futh Noririd
arcarle gragioase, Dt8nrlanl{fi!scriEf,in aceaepoc5, 6l $drpr6 Olgt ,Aft
in formasaongtnalt,planul men{iooer?5cEecoloactivaun
i rhitec tu rel ftflccts nEtuE dusl{ a atelierde rtxrile, in acrastbFedoadE,
Xvl-lsi$ n Xvll.ld
edificiului: ln parte o lrilla gi tn pattt o crucea fost s[pntEdearupraunur
r:{rJttffi militar, Decun Dus merge.rde bas&elie{al Mctrriei, F,rimeprobe
lE estla vest$i ihpdrtea palanrlintr-o EffeFdnilmului din ace5ransamblu.
zonl re:idenfiale p€nlfu soLhF ft Palatula euFntato tr-.rasf+rnrqrein
lervigrri ti intr-o :ond luRoEsbpcnftI s,€colulai Vllles datoritttbcurtodl+r 6[.i, llff{ s}ii
'Ecltltu
lmplrat, undeEEperisiilm,xrumental din SaLmacares.aurcfirgiataici din
dueta le apertrmenele lui Dimlepian, csrr?smvE?itrshYilqrli avsrilol
8l

Agrerea din imensulrdiffriu. trtprer, Ftumus4eaanticuluiSpalatol,e


I'a tas$lormt intl un oraF! cale $-a determinat p* Canaleno tl gictezeo
numit SpalatoiSpliri. w&+o cu peri.*ilul 9rcatedrala; unuti
Noii reliden eu der p€ler$ld-dr-r+ el a oBrit sfirr.tcul,Cu toatc scrsreat $rl
o otgEnizdtee4lezia$tict,iar cpisco,pul erre o mrre su4rrire, deoeleceel
oratului.Giovrflai da Rrvenrla,a niciodstAftr s viritrr ofa+ul.
rrAnsfqrmar
monrlerul lui Dochiian
lntr-o biieriEecreFtinfr(asrdzit6re
tattdrela orapului),iar remplullui
JupiterLnff.unbdFti6reriu. [n timpul
EvuluiMediu.cl{dinh godces'au
ft}n$truit pe+teruine rmrrsne +i
chisr Bubacastea- Fimai tA.liu s-Eu
adlugatpalstclefuDa$tertiFieFocii
h".<re. In aceavrenre,Spalaro*
lntinsercdincolode ridurilc
' \.--! pslatuluinnguraI
Imaginea pmistiluluisi a catedraler
tu un sfinxcgipteerh falHesrrrrsl}ri
ftu'f u$Edan!ru4elq+raift*moaseimaguri
pecaft I€ po+id5$itnttsuncentru
isroric.Este,,unFrtm erhirr'rtunl"
carel-a{acainar Fearhitecruliialian
,r'} Andtea Falladio,iaq mai Gr+iu,le
col€gulstu eflCl€rRohcrtAdam,
qarr,in I ?64,* publicarls t'rndra,a
s+*_r. mrmogmlie a palaruluilui Docletisn.
\\

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10871

dinKazanlak
tracic
Mormflntul
BUL G AR I A
Rtr:jtuNr\ALEr
,\r-LaINREGrrR,iRt[l+J9
CftrrrR
: C ltJfu[]{\J

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10881

emnttat LesteAiei:at {orFul {elur Je{edfit. CrrLl'ril lir ctrrtal Rt.tcrrt,altc drltLi:nt:rminteau
ln'. F.rnn LU Jun.qiin ilh ri rdru pu5n eite cen msr ninrr drn{rf L:eletrci Ffirii, ii$r girift in t.tEiutic.h lvlqJirh ii irl
F- un s.:rnn j{L{ilr mtrll, p,,rt': thit cu un pJrn cirrlar, un diametru Lle srtr I KnD (j! r(Eteac€J(e+, irr nir:l
fiaurdrnrrginr.in fatr rnerin€srJe .4'rou[lt lflii $l(lri ii u illih ni Jr unul Jintre arrri*r, nici in rcelende
trnn pe can r ntlA J,rn tnini. jirlcr. !--rrc (rqri.ricrri Srn'crL,r.lcornFlcxi i{r la ScLropilir (rLLrcrsti;i r rrfl:irLrb
ti lrrlurii. sr)tia ! r ii statif $rirU. IH !fuF-i tir.r (rnFttuitil !rtili?6nJ(lrirlriri rln R'le]!fi d( ipiiJ, nrLs ff Hri[L irlrrL
un st'ttn inal!dele l,I {u dr'coreliuni sfa*Lilc dc f"nnil rurhl .irrc rLrnt tre.rrti f.r. re s-,raj rr in moflnitrt|ll
de irrgiotriilprirrite cu triltrlc dfrrirc F_lrrrniircirr':ritnd.Corr,],rrul ,lt tu liiLrrrnhk.
CL-iLloisL tih tlr nirnX Ft miiflri (e estc,,.leJsrmenei, ,lir:(XrlmlJi. (r. ljt
pRlctsruncirtcrcm(rnrnLr'i sr iFroF$ Fsrti r,rrf s,:curhll.El trrJrril llinr
,.lirrJircctiiopuse[Jir:srinqr,u cirnd sc irnllrt+s h ccntrLLlplrrfonulLri
frnreie irr !d!ltr lie .[L]are niitll r..ifitru a Lrnni ! t\'1L1.
pune o ilrluric cu tirrcrt tn li:ta in afi r: arhitecturii inteltsantr +i
!(illjfrnuluistru ln rrlulprrc. .lHri ner:h:linuitr,fr,:$,:cl.'rLrntr(lq,iir.lt{la
doan:nerlt onrrartru ptrt rcgru cap,Jcptrc alt urxrrinrrulur Jc 1a
c:lrltonf.lr.Fnrrind hijurrrii, :rJlr K;rranlrk, in p;lrte deortur( :rcr!r!x
,.l.rruridorrnncr.ln.\F1 e[e1or, ,||n[ irn8ur+le
dnrFcriordn+l*ni$ri{tr
* atlAllli serrLturi!i cirvdrri. crrc t hrrt pcrlcctplstrrte DearupLa
Acfast, ('sreqelra FirrrLr:F: o hiiei entir'n:{rrLo..rliilrr in f,lij[(r.ul
murcfnlrr rlrErinrt Fe lnltF ermerel rlonrulurcrmerelelirnerilre,rfri {ire
limrrir,: Jin n:rmfinnrul.1ela tlc lu1,.ta
rm1 t"n.*."nror. tr,,-u
Kr:rrnlrk,LrnrL{inrrc r'rk rnri cursi,inrtt +lc nllirrrlu-st col.rnt
hbrlust r;rpoJ,rF:re pr(trrnlr'jiD ionic,r-Arrsrrir. pr{,l'.rbil.r(tlrr-;inr|1
Fcrl'uJx rlcnisti.ii. K urnlrl sr rllr in .:urseLlec+icrrei:rearrJrr la
Bulfi:rriLi.
inrr{ Strnr PLrnior id.hairrer ftr,.F.nlii dr Frunrirr
'niilLltul
ir luunlii Sr.d a CDr*, iD Lt'.a cL' in coriJ,rrsr aflii 5 lltc iicrrr.
,rnfr.umlqrir ,l( n'r$h.l.rfr ,lii,Lca Frr+tii rL|rrrl p:lrlitrfn prnL1lrr1
Tranlalhikn'. Airi, nr t944 - J€,Uiroa]r .r[eea:jiitlJLtirrk-
'rrj:onr.[r
rU depnrred,: SrLrrlpolir,rupir;rli Cel$Jolii i"rrn(]"ueLtum;]ij(x rlrn'
regit{h'i Odris fnnd;L{de r(gelcrrac, Pur(rn"imirntl|[, JLrrx] crrilrl|, (rrr
Scutr Ill -" s.a r1tscrrprntun mic lncet t .rcolr LrnrltlnchnareJfaaetilltr
firL,n iIr, r (:lrui {rc$cEFrcliDr;i E:irr{ce Dlri eaclxrtuirtl.crte diiri:ai
. itrirgine[tilril Jr' !r*lil x un{rr r J(rLriifiie, un.rJcl:iill,ri f lftii.
ci.iili:ilir airrea irtrnsalogeulinrrr Prlmaailfi iiulr:t stiliirrtt J.'murt
*'cultlc .ri \'.lcr r: al lll.le,r i.Hr: in(onjlrr:r&iile rnmLLri rlrgmre Jr
S r( Jl1'*.t'ir( Jr (rt. pcsre50S,lL Frlm:qr A Joun irrird sccm,*le biltitlic
m'}vileJin iorrr Ka::rnlak.monninrul ru iLr'r irmxt diipl\r nr frrnrrtii h
lcrre p,ratr:fi rl lur SeLrtc nl lll+r !1, rrrlbclctrqrct. rh t{,ridurtrhri.Iil
.t! u:ui tLmnitrr rlc la curtra sal Jiferir vreme(r tc perEtclcdr e.{Lirl L'lntr|tl
Frltrn.cf* .: ':5Ictrrr![ ilinirc putnr.lr c.riJL,rului.Jri arhc*ni.i s. infnrnril.
,.lerit,,,sruF
. L.+nsrruir
din{;trimiJ;i- in.trtrratiru plrmrrxlLqi :{utrIIi,
runr stnt purnr- in Tnrir . ern: Pt pL,rrL':l* ,:prrr p'r ItrrtrtL J.
Iflrfirtit irr tfti: o slrtilrnurl Fentrr ia.t. LflJ iintrc rei d.t r i:L\lirrii'
{irnrl rle luftl, tJiii ti s{h\ii .irl nu iruenu!rLhL :ll Frntrr LrrL rFIrr JL'
Irt srtrificat perrrrr a-[ inrTi t(".i( it,i (clLit!'h. Drii clcmcnrrle
It str-rtin in l"mei Jc Jnar.Lorl* [r]ln{r5t|nr,TJrJinJDlirh.]!g,nr
nrofirirrt $ JrflruiJijilu (rrri'lorl rlli llltx :rei]c;1c[,Nrtil, rr-eIir trk
lrntnr obiectrle ttcrrirfir itl rjiLlil iLe flrHrritli, t.irit rrc(_oriFLrr!Li,rrr r.
r F ' i r i i L r mfr! l n l cri rri l\rn Je!c ifl:r j;lcL{ ill tli:n lirlrrrlL L'lLfiLiriLr

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l 08sl

Vergina
G REC I A
PExFtfl!,_!,{IM,{ruI^, MTGDCTIA
CENr,t^
INL]L[J1E6rs]rift II 1gq6
C.Errr*ur
C {rJlrul

rJ0

rHr @dtatufiajlrlr

qF
I
\l
F

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l 0e0l

F
ts reg{.srsch tefiplul ,ei+e1Eukhla,drn dur rur (hmcl ene lncrustrtE cu o sua
rrlrste un loc minunat,
situatchiarin loculln cale cra mai cal€inc?ls€rnaizeresc piedeEtalurile cu 16cohuri,cu doutrra€et€tl cenftu;
indeFlrtad Fenta a munFlor din Fiene fiiuilo{ votir.ed:ruite de Eundice, rrEte din centru mei FErtt ftlcl urn'l€
tnt$lne+tec&mpradrn lmrnthra,cu bomcs lut Alc*aAd1E cel Mff. Mai muit, Je cmsJ ahas$!. Un sruJu p'ubtrat in
pEdurid€ ulmi urie$ilr1eltemanli{ ruirlelecetlfii Aigaicuprindiisgnenrc anul ?000hr previgioaserevistll friefi:€
cu cimpun de g€ne $ rusen...' al Eiduluide cFerere, o ec.a,Fol*,
iei condEice teoriacii renlliilele FEminte$ft
Enturiismtrl istdflctrhi F arherrlo8ului rlrrrmh de{rrdcapi, o rccrcpol+ r 6p64ine1uiFilip al ll-lea susFo.dnd , in
ftence lrn Heu:ey sr msnifrsts stunci fir eFfirrdmffivJm dr tumulusud. srhimb, cEilmr rle lui Filip el III-ler
eanddescrie
cadFrlft\ careceafl[ SEp{rdle s$ e$niiNArrinrl}de mai AEhidseus,tisreleviuegal lui Ale.tendru
rlercopenrea
sa.In 1861,lao micE mult de un semlqi ausc,xla lumind celMare,carca forrotrdYitdeproprn
disung dr s:nul Varginb,identifudss dcmn aleuwi ltruin corctante mmb dernreceera handkapt mintal qi
ruinelecetrlri tugai,primacapltsldE tur{:epald c.uEpocatunFuJier Bronruld iirk, Protaofettl estealrobiumted r+
(mileruulel ltrl+a tHr,). S-adoyeditc! l€re€rdpemnli:eatAta o€-qelot cfit si n
Aigaidqa devenxeo mnunitate deetul ohiectelordin mormint, Cu ftlate acertea,
d* marcl+c5din Ep{xarimp$ie a receft a irbucflit o ahEdiFpud privind E?
Fierului(seolelcsl Xl'ler si al 3re$la mactllmreanAde pc racla frr:*rart.
v'III'l€a i-Hi) +itr.cueepnn doLraetape in I 991, noul stat independenta-l
de denolnrc rcmarcabiltin q:<rih Macedor:ieia adcper.o drept etrblemt
rhairr (serrJelc slVll-le{ gisl Vl-leIl crre sr rparl pe rlr.4elul ne1rrrnal,ln
1Hr) +ida-*rcl{secolehal V.lea$i mn$ecmttr$tBmrndFrote$tdeEuvrmldui
al lV,lealHr). Cu trxteacestea, el€n. csle mnddtrt steEuf,rcs $ nu mei
seru*Fanala d€*{eFeriaa rnorminrelor rnengir:nAm deaumueade,,I,{acedonid,
rtgalemartritncft nu a dr.|lttrrcdrrcfuln o prrtr dm pamm.lhiul l{u .ulturul
noinnbrlel9??, dr orirfitufff,rilo{ inalienebil,in 1995.Mncedonisa reLqi.
Frheolo8ului 8recManolirAndlonikos. r'elleEwiele dreFrulde a refioe numele.
Sirhrrn rumulurlrult dt l3 memp dat ru prelul emHemeide pe tteag
,v$ndo I'rBinlt de I I0 mrtn, pfirbdtr Acum sree[] $Jadpt turlFri. irr nu 16,
ridicntEde relFleAnti$lnus Conares t-isea.:nhecu un rr€re stdlucitoi
penfiuq protejaceeBce rnairdnrise* din
tutntifte duFd i#irt d'rnL tuh Frrr{lltl ln
l?4l,tlc, Andn:lrikff :r idrntiffc*r o r.:mt
cffe o'mfinesrtur*+itelepAniaffe$isle
lui Atexandrual tV-lea,ffr:llui Alenandru
ctl Matepi;rlRoxaneiMai refierca[i],
s,sudffccFerit$i |{rntrlitelepAmdntesti
alelui filip al ll-lta. atainat in nmpul
banchetuluidarlrr cirateacl5:rodeifiicei
ssle,Cleqerra,cu regeleE6,rnrlur - pa
cel€ide'a iarea,poEteE{€pteasa&4i..
punind acda$nume,fleopatra,r4re
r-s qruncaq Ferugulfr.rnerwel r+gelur.
Andmnikc ru a rrnt indorcli.
hrgefa obiectelordin mormeft nu
puteaeugerg decit ct rdm*+eh psrtirl
tadonirare rh schelerelor epatgt*eu
ac$rorpersat|aie, l{ornrenrullui Filip
al i[-lea.cu perrti pictadg o utf, de
mamurl flanciL4 de dnDacoknft
legaluki MEcedonis,ddn$rruirtrlntle doricc,cor4ir*r doui Farunfuturair
secolele al lV-leag al lll-leaLHr decoratecu relieliri din fflde+,stich
Palatul,alatudde&fftFulcarEhce g au[ reFrelentdndulpe Dio so+cu
FsrE din aflr3|ilblu,audFartiflutpr*6bil mr:-clcsale,ltcum sio scenldebttilir,
lui Filip al ll.l$ (38?-3]6tHr). &te In ap'ropirresr a{lar.rncufrr dc am
consfiuitin iurul unuj.Flqtiospeslsolcare .tntftifld aposper€cekilogra.'ne,
cuprindeun templucircular(rLiod, o .arecoqinearAmadilel€ pemanteFti ale
lurolsEsalildc blnchft si difcriteg1re regelur lntr+:qesbturl
invelrte hrftLt,.u
ih(iperi diDkecrie fna 6ie o Fodes fu d* auJsi o cffosn5 drn alrr,ojm€usl
pa,!?tl c rno4aic. IJe sremcfta, din 311fiunzed 68 Lle{ormt de ehindl
numrnru* re{erurtelg { niLaregElS Ee a+ntdrindaplupFeun tilogram.tuelt

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
tr D SU S I WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC l 0s1l

hm 610ri 580rHr.

ituhrldn !tt'k

tSHi
i\} +'c
,n',_t$a H"of^u
;*
u
/J?
..,

lr'+, I-.!
i'l
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc l0s2l

Delphi
GRECI A
!*rFrc]!Fl PHor{rs, SrllIA ErL,ittf
ANUL ftrrxctsrx,ARIt:I9B7
c[nERrr; (rlllDlfir]{rv}(ul

eg€ndi {figitii celui m$i mAnt.ConformrrEdipcl'prerichtoa rea


imparranrEirr€lig1o$ din Crech RnticE - o {emE1c careFui€ali tentui ratr
irrceFccu do1vulturiclroraZros[e', bdrrlnH.o aristrraiil Eauo {emcit s9
Jsr drumuldelrrentip<'zii in lxul ohiinuitl, BingurecerinlSerlrsEse
und. s-euinrSlnir- ulteriordenumit ff ntrrut in De$hi c[dea lntr-un
Delphl - strp€nulsupremal reilor fel J€ rransEli inspirafiati ueneade
a pusfrlrna SfAnti fompialoslca.. h emrrnafiile dulceEerare urcgu
rnarcrcrntrullumii.Aici auILr.Lrh $i printr-ocrFpiturtrdln plinilru. D!p[
r+i1aGeeaqif,ul ei, prrpele$thon, secolede ilerbrtari, o descoperire
IdnScandApolld,incdntatde rec€nlda rllior urmede fi! ilmeFt{n
fiumuseiex locului. a ptrisit muntelr cEreproveftfl din stratDl Ee.rldgit de
Olimp penrru a pune srnpdnrrepr: el. sub situl arheologit * dr*'e,lir ade'!*rul
dupdc€ l-a inyins pc $6rpein luFte. rurselrr anticc, grece$i si larine.
Din ,rel momenr, AFollo a incepur C1rEostecl FiEulestelmd ftErtc
s[ locuiasct hr Delphi nouElunr pc an, tiunros,Delphinu rstt dc.et il umlrl
impun6ndu-{icelelaltttfti luni dftpt a ceeace fursc tn perioedam de
Ferioaditde €ail F{'ntiu cd +i-t ! cls e:rtraordinnr[*plendoare.mai aact
nvalul. ln rimpulqederula Dclphr, pinr tn anul191d.Hr cSnd* fosr
Ir vorbea r'amenilor pnn p+rrrprse cucerirde romeni.Pind Brunci,
templuluiseu,lryifiia,
Trectnd de la lcgend[ Ia rstorft, cele
mai vcchim{rturii ale unui lcrcd"."h
dc aici dftte0;l din Fericadarni.enian:l,
depiconrtrucaiasanctuaruluicare
adiFrtea orrcolul nu a f,xt terminat{
declt ltr smolul al Vlll-lea iHr.
Scrirr(nigreci{i latini .! Pbnius,
Plaron. E${hil, C}cet.} $1StraboDau
litF.rrJescieril'rEateale ritrrlui pi ale
pr,rJetiilor csre se flceau eici- G€n{rJli,
coloniFti+ichiar iimpli .etlteni crlt
aveaupn$leme leBetcde srnlltate $i
bani, ronsrrkauFltlurr- R-d6pu nsurile
oracululuierau.de esemcnra, prinscln
povesriri mitalogice,ttl mei feimoast
fiind aceeadesFreOcdip cittui+i s-F
spus,:tr-giva ucide tatil penrru a re
clstr(oricu proprizmamllFiaslc' ln
:adat a incercat,prin torte mijloacelE
ptlribrle,:l rcapede rlestin
Ruurelevrribileale renrpL:luilui
Apollo apar{inunei con$tnrctiiJorice
din s€colulal lV-ler careq fost
Fupr*pu$iuniri rlte coBtructii, mult
mlri uerhe.in centrulamindururasa
afla adyror {c{mainreerst) unde hdti'a
stitea a€ear5cu o rtrnlrrAd€ mJstinill

bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l 0e3l

$vusese parredc titrloti drn r{rt Te?Furt|lnreniedlor,


{ + dir{arit Ja '{ iLj"lc l,tilnl'r,t ' Iler
baz.rnulmediteranean crrrt aduceau la sf5+itulsecolukri
al \'-leatHc li a
oftandede mr:lgumireae{rh'iAF$llofi fo6t fid;.lt5 duFi vict$.i. ihli.]trivi
ormolulurstru.Calitateasupsrioirea lersilortn hitrHli+dr lu Marathn
ohiectelorg{sitcln timpul slpllurilor {490i.Hrl. Rrrinele akarL![ iluiChios
Foareff idmirEreh rAuleul{{ ie afl]l din nlrl]nurAalhesi n€a8rl{n€colul
lfl aFmpigens{trfui, dar din multele al \'-lea!.Hnl sr disrirrgus$rin :ru
chtdiri,remFh voriw fi crle 1000 de ioni(l a aredenilori{?BtHr.l, pr"cum
s$tui cares+sflsudeo Firt* +idexk:r Ficeledoui arterienrmonunrerualr
a CEirSacrece duceala tcmplLLl lui difl FeriordaromangtimFririe(are
i:lqfli! fut6lLldn:[! itkj
AFal[o,au mei tlmrrsdorr citrva irnpodobesu fAntdn+ Cnsrahrl,unde r'tui J. eB idin rimr
ruine.Singuraclsdirr Ft crrE Feleriniisepurificatl lnEinrede a
irheologiiau put!t-o rcconstrulc$!e mergela oratrrl.

9C

w w .habi ta r e s . c o . c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l 0e4l

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
l 0e5l

IL ;rr,:r:u f"r.: fr{:.n -,i m r ,!,r l


: r r rrcr l n rL 'rr. ti rrrrt IL I i.1 .. I
r ' il :tj i i L:L GLt:L r(i l rcrr i h Jr nLL,:r L
i r' r:. rL 'l: i ,,r.:r.L r,rtrLri,t,,,lr i riri
l \ :i ..ri tl r .trrr,r'rr...r:Lr r J, r ,xr .,r i
l r Lrr. , tr:r rr+:l ,l i l ., r J ,r L L ,
':
l'.rt L ', rri .u rl i rl i (,,'l u l .r l1 ,r ,, iFlr
I t i r:'r J ri :.r,r t'1 :fri L (l r ' .1,Iiiil.,,ir r iiL
, . tu j ,i l c r. L , f:r rrrl a 'rr,r :r L:l .i
r d r..:{i ,n ,!.,rt:,t ,It 1",,l tTr ,:,,
r : tr,: :l r::" {L l L i L rr.L }u jr ar
i:r r iLr LLr ir
l l ,:i fh i . ,,rr.i r: t,rr r:, i:,r r Lr ti
J r rr\r:i r .l r :ri .i !r .1 , i :!fl . n,r r r i
J r L i rLrl L r::,.rr, fr.i !i . ,r r ,i..|:r :
r'\: r (!t l! i.: -i:it I 'il (,'ll:itr|tc
! ! ir:ll rrii ti':rtri (rrrt it iriri,1,,r:i
! Jr.r[1 ,(]i Lrr,;i rr'.ri fr'.r. ir l+i .l I tr ..
'| , . : r t.,.lir
',i :i :L i lrL ,i rrr i i r,|'rL
f r.,,l n : r ftl r J trru rl r t.]r :rr r ".
: u .rrr:;:rJ.tc,i L i .rf : .rrfrr:: i r

7h

. la

*
\
dEelhliFa t
-. r,.._=,+'r
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l 0e6l

,r rl I r +did d,+ii'

ltaJlr Lt, & rr+riLM*


ux lFnlli u,n, Jni (Ii I
;;kMerrtr{.I tili

,t
IT
It
li; ;

Ebsus I wtvtv,habitares,co.cc
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l 0e7l

Acropolele
dinAtena
GRECIA
A Lt lr.rttc$tInE!t:1987
CRrFrtr:C l0 {ti}{ )[ttl{!]l
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l 0e8l

4 lltH r o'uitu.dir

sblimFinreleFclun€ Anul4{9 t.Hr a trucmnatpunctul


in lfemuti de rilhdi $i dc FEre era din crre Acropolea fost transformat
crEct€rifficr Aten€i, leifs celei mai lntr-un e:(Eaordinarli iiumo{ conrplex
frumoaseFi mfii putemiceceretidin din lunresclrsice.
ar{rirec.tural
Crecia.Canltrm Eitulur, e6 .r ie$lt RcFreflntApumrut de htalnilt lntre F'
vict lridarl tfl frF lui P{rstidonln ldptrr concepqiile fiJoroftce"valorileetice Fi
Feffru clce r4,sfuriceir Fe +ire es o reli8loaB,winF p{rtltrc5li caFdcit4ilc
lncredinta"rr regeluiCecroF$,dupSce tehniceale m$ndruluiFdis attnian.
i.a apdrutin roati sFl€o'ldtFaci pr ln *perelclrrcrlrilor se rflau doul
vifil dcrlului pe cares-acorutruit !+rs,rnahtf,liimportante,Pericle,
Acropole. Cu acea,rcarie, pa ofent ln conducdtorulcethfii, lersrlnilidate
dar o raftur5 de flerlin, in lt de cal - a d{l|ut'fisi rttnicne,li Fidirs,
un effcient insrrumenr dr rE toi -, a{a prhrmul ls$ apropiat,carepoate
dur li fusfiE oferit de cfrrc Fxeidon, a f,J€tcel mai nrsr€sculptoral
inqelepcrunea rcgeluiI-a indemnatst tutwor titqDurilor
acceFterlrdren! mri:lestul simhi ;rL Consrruclia rmplului lui Kallicra tes,
srunciigrelcFicrnsEr€gi al omerlului dulicet leifei Atfira Parthenos-
c{r l€i ire?ultatal Ecestei munci}. dar, cunafcuttn toatSlum€adreFt
mei prerusde toate,sl pecii FidreFrltii, Fafihenon - lufeflr€ o ttopdrc a
necesare ca ora I saPrqglesel{. lucrgnlor, dar s foEtrerminqt sub
Dr5rconsuuc;iadin secolulal onduceref, arhitectului lctinua Acesta
Vll,lca LHr a templelor dedicate a nanrffimat Fhnurile ari8intle,
Atenei.hd Zeus,se+eiArtemis,lui can+truud uDsplsdid ttmplu Fcript*
Herculed chiat lnfrtrn8edilui Rxtidon, cd rlpt roloanc doficc iiontsl€, furcare
d {ost itribuit;l rrc€stciev€nhnenr fieceredimenriurre,FloFo4ie ti fomi
Iegendar,locul pe cares-aucorrstru{t- era, pur Fi simplu, d tfatuplln€r. lr1
xn abruptdeEIpietro$ carenma sI piardl a t!.EiilDr erirmrticc. geometylcr
devurdinih{ rcligi.E$5Np+li$dEi $i filolofrce rle lui Pi!{BorF ti Plarorl
itrnian, cE e istfti domindcapitsla Cfirsr +i aFtiri, numereafele tehni.i
haoticda Grcciei , defaptfusese locuit lncollt()rate pentru a ;hfluerye
din pcnoadanEfllitiEt,iar micenimii p$$F+ctira pdritorilor +i a crea dulii
c$nrrruisertr lnainr€o ckfilelE
foEti-ficr}tA
chiarftr acraron{.
Primulcarea dat Acropoleio $rlenF
monurnentaha fosr drrnul Pisisrrsres.
rl in *crrlul a1Vl-le*t Ht, gcela+i
1'ti
rF. | */
.\: \
+h srdpdnilo!.afta in5liruirJacurile
penateniene, ceaveauloc in luna
august, o dat?l la Eatru arri, tri onotrtd
tt!.-r,-'..;h + \l rf,itri At€nrr. O sutfi de sni mei tflrliu,
{ '#_ dupf,perioadsde lffrer pere,
rind perlri au invadat
i \F' At€n! +1a1rpr$ idolii lor pe

'|'fu'+ 'r Acropole,


conducal{,rul
Cimoni-ffcomandat
arhite+olu; (rlli*etes
l, sEfa.5 Fl$nu.ileunui
ru*:t_ - it
magniffcrempludedirat
reiteiAtenaPathenos.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c loesl

cql\.drrJ..nililtul rrll}rnir cu du5ftrrrlii


l(rr,Fer$ii)ii lupreleinp{}rriya
amrranelor,centaurilor ti glgarLiilor
Cafl rrperrahrolrrr a hri FiLliarr
fr*r lrira isri(E Jin r #unl!*Lrl unJe sr
atll-!rrtfl Ateni: in rnteri$ru]ternFlului)
Ferentind hLnlaii rolcftna Fr+ce,iirnlij
-
! cciirlcnilnrAr{nci in rimFul
IIlrl$r panRrcnlL'nL'.
Jr'stir, Uin|1rr,rr*a
Fla{idir.rtr a llgl rikni hEiltiir Lhritliilor
pinji ln crl€ rl]ii srbiri r'eimrnteir Erija
'lt{$cbitil Frnrru ficr rrr hi'ut{nc,
[oaflrrA.ertr.c!!':firlali ii Ec5rln tttrrrr,
rlemonstreeal atenlinexceplionali
rortlnt6rlc FnliFsfiEnrii m'rne,
ttit tlnr prnrt Jc r eJr-- li;ic. rit
+iLlinpun{r Ji've,lerc filo:ofic.
hr aLrrrl4i7 i Iir., ,;ALul Farrhen,,rn+rl
r ft,st tomnrat. Prrirh a nreugurar
arJnsrrirclnarre uhr sl dlaf
Acrolrolri o inrrirrl'pr rnlsur{. cll
pop.rFi rrnosi$aFeelegFnl:lFi
mirttiL, Pflrvo<nn.iI fo rnormr,
Jar uoul ,:lLrrnc cci nrui rturi Erhirt.cri,
? lv{nesicles, r, errr'ftat-o iiic Je
cntu:iasm {innsm:cqi a fort temrinat:
lrr ctrnprurrud - in Jn,rrprtru rrni
Splendldele pfl,p)ired{! Ar+rrcrultsrul
nprirc Frnrru I afmoni:xii r ncesiri proi€ct,corctput d€ [Inrlr€les
corclsc[rnrcnrclcin.{i,;i'.ludr: Lr]r cu o neriFrcErvi.,ni{enlenri'cnrr a
monlrmenttrhis\rntuimir+ire 1t:r1[. F(rftcr fr(rblHniicrL'rtrtr ;1r
Pr liirgi FnnrrndirrDnodilerri ,.cdntrisftil"au Parrhetufirrl. fkT*rra
rrrlftcrRrriir{ga:iitl ir ronrructiL'.
Lldc{,rltiurlile['Lrnhcrklnulri,1rflrinttr
de Fi(linsin atelieftrlslLL.c{r D erhip}
dc (E nrni FricrFuri {ci miri ffnri
iircittri rlitr .Fln au transfrrmat
loc||lin 4renLr r {L$r,Ie[!nt
,lr+Frntq, dr+Frun ,,exFrrlnl+nr
'lcacri.i
nitft t'(.ftrtiunc.. LlLnncl.n.i.e,
'
sreruiaHiH:Irilt x ALL.|rr:i, L'rrur!tI Jt
Firtitrr io filderii.{rT fuldsinJrihflicir
.rirlrldntnE, n lirsrdisinFit,in! n brod
Fritt Jidttl fti;c[c.xrr rnr$torrt-1,
nrr mai F,.rtj ir,lnirar in :irl,ltr,anrr:
!r xtli in ditrire mrr{c din Eur.rFi.in
m.rl,lt.'.r,:hit la EritishMuser:n:Jin
Londra Cu rr,rt irccrrr c;inJ tc ir i
Iirngl Frrthen.n, ru uiurintiJ,iir |n){i
irl:rginac;rprxL:pr:rele sculFturale carr
rc.rllrruI'r' pir,.lcstahrrilctenrphrlui.
lfttiirl. iLUiirsrfi,: c ln ru|'ri vir Fi
repre:entaunr ereirAtrnei Jift [lpttl
hr Zeurri luFrndinfta ?{irnti PrFeidon
Fcrrrr$.!uPr+rrrtit! nluPr fcrrlrji.
I)cr+r.rtiunih srulprarr'r* 9l Jc
merope(linrre cnrr 4l kr :itli in{i le
Lrullml pre:mtl rlqorii atelultej
dhrlre bhr. ii rtu, Jt .rcmphr rirhonrl
iirrtrir greciti trl, cri {r1lmng te rFiiF

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
101001

' , :. ! ! 1 .. .:.., .r.

11r
1 0 1 0| 1

. . .,.L i J ,: !i, '


".,

,.)l

ff,..+;;3
.. +--r
-
"'{
lo1o2l

colonadl.$ fnfiics pc laruri sEfiliniF* in cLrdsdechnulurAtenei, 99


rlc u prrrr 9i de a[m a uftui r de trept, Affopole continue safir r.rncrdt o
$i :rbliuLaitrcaracterulsacrual lung:lpenonJl J€ ump +inu doar
A':rLrpoler. ljrlpi npRlximativ datoritasmnifirdttei sarehgioa6e,
doiil,re?cLe !|ni.Ksllicr,rresa fort din Ptntru tornrrni,Acropolea frrrtun
nou {hrnar all ronceaFl fln mic {i verirabilmuieu, re[rre*:ntrlndesrnta
rlegirrt lr:mFluori-Lannl dedicat:r'ilti fflmoliri. r rticu +i csttticriGeciei
AtetraNrke,Fentrua Ii,:ons$uit [x $n rnti.e. in ahr cunilrtt, E fosi un
pinttn +iintrrsalErurirle pnrflllcir, A mrtrlcl de urmat penrru R+rma.
{rrt deconr cu *legoriiale vicurrieidc in epocilemei tirzii, Frtrthtnon!l
clrr+ un exceleF[,dsr,din FItrte. a forf trensf(xina!idtr-o bisericl
anonimelev nl hi Fidtas hiraniiflS iar Erair.iEiu in nroichee,
llltima.hdire ridicatt pe ArroF()le, rlar accasta,precum.pr alte ediiiciidrr
la sfii.titulsecolului.? f(LltEtethtti,rn. Fe Acrofele au sDFcrvi.'+uir eFocilor
Templulre ridic;i la nonl dt larrhenot, inrunecateaFroap,irlevltrnrate-Pr!Na
nu departrrle mlslitrul sfiLnt.de$pre avaricpe carea rrferit-a Acr<4rtlt
rare.prin rrldide. s-aspus<i a ftrt c a avut loc ln 168?;in rc+r vrorno,
ofu.rrdasdus{cetadi de reif+ Atenri Jjn rur[ii, caretransform.rscrilttlnplul
p[aare,nr.]secunoaltel:cl cilic g ll{ul +ntrc*l reitci Areru I\rtllenff intr-un

planurik. A fostdedrcatpnmelm tultc dtpolir d€ mrmlii in timpulrrs+diului


de divilit.lile Pr]seid.nti
[ef".t(e venetianaluFra{:ct5tii.au ocr.!!at
Hefaistoe. Un ehmc distinctival dealr:t.\'ctrctienuau lansato homfd,
rernpluluirrrt loggr.r, undecaloanele Frlrldctrd D teribilt exFlozirti
rJr:susdnerceu l''retinlocuite.u tas distrugirldn FerteJin rcmFlu
eubrikliEuri femininenurniH {ariatrdei Cel mI'IiscriD!'ara(" Bsrrpla
iltud miEnr lnEl td e(esreaau {orEFictrbil lucrfftr dr catre monumrnruluia avut loc in secolul
Alcamcncs, unuIdLnrrreleviihi FiJiNs. lrLXIX.Ita{i, in aFarcnti,a lult unul
A5r&1,hEqr.resrr suslinutrde copii alc pa.5nic. P+ntedin drlgostcdc ftnmos
stetuilor,ier ceesce !r rEfirasdin st$ruile 5.LrlxirrE din invidic,lrrrdrl ElEin
iriglnrle !a ltll 1[ pl$trart ln mureul amtaslilonLlbritrnic la ConltantinnFol,
situlxi,li:ritc de di,sirugenlecr rntr ir dtsprinscapodoJ.erele lui Fidiasrlt pe
ilt arnlosferB Foh|,til a onrtului. piedest+l$ri Ii le'd himil ir Anglia.

EbsLrs v'/\.vw,h
abitare$,co,cc
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 101031

0lympia
GRECIA I

'.1'r
lxrFrcruR{ELN,PEU)Po}rIz
AIIL'Li:,uitcrslf48n: l!89 '; il
CnirrRrl C {r)(rd{rnll!} {v+ 't
-+'.i

II
I octrrleOlino cernrce alerEare,rFrri, in tiNF Jocurile
l!10 :rrrf,rrrrn-vrr.rrrr
in rnri l?t} i-Hr Olimlue arL l$nr ril dunle cincr
<lectitrePekrs, fiul lui Tantal,naelt cilt dtrrlrccc trcll:usc nunrLru[
ltloponcsului. lrrcegrrlnd.[ ;r.ri Jattr, L{edisriplinerptntivr.in ce[edin
jocurileB-et|inur LlinFarruin tarru urms,eulrr inclusrboxul,luptele,
Bni,in Frims ri cu I'rnI Flinll de dupA uruncareadiscului a sulitri, sititura
vrlstiqiul de rarlt. qi *u Jtrenit un in lu+lirtu!,prnrdtlonal,dilcrirepfi]hr
r{'palmF+rrirn!al {alcndanLluipenmr ecqestre {ilr ustJorl;acertdin urmi
lntreagaJrrme greacdLa incepur. sportera o cam[:inofir,lc b{x ri luptr
atlefiinrniciparrdrnr I crre rre pi r lirst tehnicr,le luptt frrldrE de
Teleupenrroa infreng{l'linoraunrl.
Crrtorteacertea,jc+urile,cares-ou
tinut h Olrmpia timp de I 5C0r1raoi,
nu ru fostdorr nittL Lltnifir'ntc
sponile. Victo n fra (Es mai m{re
re;rlirrrepenfruun atlet li sinlruracare
i1 putearidicala nivelulrcil:r, chiur
J.rcl numarpcnnu o rLpI. Msi muir
,Je.rtit, irrsemnaglonepentruora4ul
;lin carr prr:vencrarlerr:lii, in mtd
prrnrdn:r,rl,paate,JucunleOlimpice
furtotdrautr r,; fost rltr simbolal plcii
+i uDiuniidinrreFdli-urjlor $rcelti.
Nici itlefer+alocrrlurnu +ra unu
intirmplnt.nrn'.Situat+pc un Jr:.rlla
unbra pilrilor+i milslinil(Eacolounde
scin(elnes{
IarrileA.lFheur
{ Cladeus,
Oltmpia n lirt alammtl lur Crrntx,
utitl lui Zeus.Dtrrlul,denumitALis.
{uscs{L*u1(irctrdinprebtorie,
lnreF6ndcrrrecolulal X-leai Hr
dir pertr;rdade inflorirt r civili:rii€i
miccnitnr a hxt drJitat, ln nr.\:{oliciaL.
cLrkLLlui stfpdnuluisupremal reilor
I}ii nrcrddatanu a d€r'cnito EEcdte
in intel:rul pn:priual cuvf;nrului,
Ohnliris c{lnthr celermi
spectaculoast cokclii de monumeirte
al€ Anri.hirttii F-receFii. UE mai mrrri ti cu minimufiZ,Jmrrri
imFortrntnLDnlrrurtaecor$id('nrt5 Jianrcrru, Metopeleaveausculptetr'
mtddul relrrphtlLrr doric.a Lxt bastrrrliefiui
careihr*traucele
Jedicati hri 7-f,rrr. ConceFuti,in anril munc'alehri Hcrcrrh.
'ioLrri:rFrere(e
47Ci.Hr., de erhitecn,lLihrn din Elis, Nrrxut culnnJ+r una dGrttccclt'luptt
.a din mamurn, cu .Atc tir,\€ttloarre trrirrDrri
rk !umii rn!icd':strrr!ia[ui
Fe l:rtllrrrsc rtI fi {n:$prc:eceFe ceii Z€us,AceastEa fi)rt ex€€utatE d€
lrrLr*.F.liecareinelrt rle unrl.euece FiJrmdin lenn, iar apci a fost

habi ta r ec0.cc
s
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc 101041

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 101051

ll44rt,h hplll ,!i :ts

aroFedriicu fildei ii alrr in rrhnicr cirsteardeliLu na+edqne ;


cil$r'lefrfltina.Aveao ineilimede {oru!fu.ti.r .t iost inceiut! de Fjiip
ll me si il repre;entrlpe rfelat al ll-lea in anul IJB t.Hr $i tcrminad
-eu
Fe un tron, linlnd u[ lacFrm lrr manB de Alexandrucel Mare.
drc4Fri Fiefigiah'i Nike l]fictoria J{:{udlr 0limpice au rrpravietuit
iud.rp,rtl)in fta stiryi Alitl,ri dE cucerrii Crtciti de citre romani$i
ternpluseaflamllrlnul setu e1ecirui au durarpinl in anLrl39! d.Hr.,
ramurie!E$foloilrepenrtuprqtrtifuI cind [e-aabo]itimFtrratr Th€oddiur,
cotoamlorpurt3tede citft torrsider'dnd u.le un Ex€mFhde
inuin€lrorii j{rcudklr depfllqre $ p5Snl$n. MiI ralilu,
Alt+ imp+rtaurr chdiri *ligi r.:se Olympiaa fusrjefuitl de ce!r,:harb,ri.
de aiciincludeaurempluldoncal Hcl:i $r, in ffnel, a f$stln$opere sub
(s!:.d1ulr[VI]-le. i Hrl ii te.*aurele, p5mlnt r1erloul cutemue. Amintjrea
csreeraufiici rflnplEcllnsruitede jo.udlor a supmvietuirln *.ulFturi,
diferitelecet5ficr.reFarri(ipaula F]cuF decFrati nile de Fe laseLe, din picturilp
Dntre arenelesgrrtive. ceamar lr odtle r.linAttrcadedieateatle[ilor
lEirnoard E(m!EUc!ie €5i€stadionul,care de numctur* Ccnenii rle .rtitti.
puteapnmi 45 00dJc spectatrm. De pe in 1875,
exF('ditia
a.hLrLEir
5
doue platformede Fiarr[,1anorrl ii la germilntrln F:loponezcondusHdc
sud re rupra.r,eghea terenul,pe pdma Ernrt CurtiusI rcaclusla lumini
stltelu fulJrmrrdrkg- arhitni j'x urilor -. etRndioalelcruine a1eOil,rnFi€i
rarpt t doLraseaflrrultrrrulaflatin inr baronulfrancciPr,:rrtlicdi dr
Eriir Fr€oles€ileilei Demeue,lifrgura Coube(in F reinviatjocurileohnpi(e.
icmeierEreiai Ff Ilermiteasdi$istf in 6 rpriliE 1896,aristcararulpari:iaD
la jucurileolimpice.De a:emenea, a orBBnit$tnolk JocunrllimFiEeIa
de un iruercsrleosttit sunt ruinele Atena,acestesa dur* itce zile,rar
P,lnllercn,undelbcul nu sestingra la ete !u parliciparlJ itri Fi l+J de
ni.iod:tt, lxrlderFrd,
salade sporr,+i sportivi"Arcr ?re$icc{rnsiderstf,
Pltiliplcrer.Uhinr cra un sanctuar'rn mcmentLint$teltrtFrrtului mrylem,

.tl
i ir,{|

xr
b,

E bsus I w w w ,habi t a r e s , c o , c c
101061

[r ?
F

I
I

#fiffi
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c

'*
tr D SU S I WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 101081

Micene
G REC I A
Dfi rrfi ur Ar6ou3,Pu"oronnz
A.1,r b$,rcFrTAx:1999
Crnrm,C (r)(nl(ru)(wl (u)
T\
H
lin de hlcinrsle. v[ l0{,aer@trw.hk nEl
"A{'rsrB!d
fo
'|I.
*nunl, Maiestate,c[ a-'nde*uperit FdF, c hu$r hnir Srt* #' #bi&,t
ddd{rdiniefrdi{r iSn|}|i d at|',iid rrtr a
rnorfiiht€le aare,csfonn hadi]itl, 6 c,r, dhAlrd,', rlt.d6t d"0ry'*0,lt6 d"!iild.
apr4rn lLri A€rnrelrlnon, Clrsarrdrei, Miffiddlr:lx{'H,r lflfi, e ftr'Eadulvdr
dimcLmi.rhrE@ l}'flijlIffiA&l 105
Euqrnedon *i ale lrrsotitoriloc In
cituFpEc.{il4! Mimh&dr}trdau
rnornint€, sm des€oFeritimerhs€ Gftnift rii&di,rE rort@arsfrtud
te:tute, cala sin8ura1'I putla fac€ 6a{.L dfl'l.tdid fill.&crrir *dUh
J5imoalt cale ftai rafinare mura{.* Xil.isi rfir ?:nrl* ** FEuit, & ibq6/j l'ltirDi
drlddElftldst 4r &A ddryf&rn|l"
Acesta a foct mtsaiul aimir regtlui di,M DlaSw&
Ceor8e I sl Gteciei de ceareHeinri.h dtn$tsrx lft}lryd( l0jrir InaErfaEr
Jo'F{furd & F!,rcle
Sthllenann la 6 decembnel9?6- l0jru ,{s'dltust }.liw@Fnftn mel
Arhmlogul grmen ra firu,o starr MrerdiGl,rq dsrdr forin*d.. h D'e!4, s
de mareeffuriErnr:abisforceput€ irial@.d d@l k@ &t'Jv64.deFrul&
@ &4'F@ qE{,, n[6lqi.Jh Aatu
r*{turtle la $iul din Micene,de mei
luri, li dtja aiurE"s.la l1tie reaultatr Schlilnrannm cia lntrE$Fr d. duri funcnt B (cuI I demormintc,din
fttuxllen€le,cEJelt srflffrmauinMiriile, rxi de poanl $i nici nu e.[ uilar If, +rre 14erar nror,ldnleregalc)imedist
Urm.dri.se cur*nt cu cuv{at indhBtiile ruirxle palanrluiregd, ale h--urilor de Itr a&rsFortiiLailor CerculfirrierarB
1uiPaus+nia+ (geog"6i :rec din s+colul cult, la casesaugrenareleinportante. incloder lndrm*ntul d.qpteter€
al ll'ha d.Hti. caretdenrili.ss€Micene El snpa$snlurilargi ptitr {l€, disnugtnd Schlieffannffedes ct cra sl
ca ffind cetateraheiklr,po'pulapia care importanteinformafi arheologice lui A€puremon
a declarstrarbaiTroi?i dwd cum din perioGdele miceniene utedhti, Celedoubaruamblui daeaze
sepove*egrein Iliadclui Homer reipecrlv,rarrie.ToNFi,a drlcoprdr dln secoleleal XVI-lea gi,resF.s.riv,
in aceart. Sc,\licmannti:nne in C+rculfirnersrA (cu 19marmmte) sl XV-l$ lFlr Unelerunr mofimnte
mEnSo minunstama!{I de auJ,pe ln interio l ridurilor cctllii $i Cercul h f,r'rmddr pul EApsrEh piatrh,altele
cerco glsi:e lltr,unul dinFernorminte.
,Arnr**usfetalurAsamcmnrrr!"
cxuk*
sftsta- D€6ia ft6r tonxidtlat dr aStrr
mulii un eutodidectnecLdetli un
penoneidubioccareiqsschFa tosce
etalnal rlu lntr-urrneer$totSthlemann
sr€ Drdritulnchrdoi.lnicde e dr$hidc
o lu[tc nouE$rudiiloE srheologice+i
drumulc{m lntelqereaceleimai
iftFfitrnte rivlliraFi din pretuhrir
greacS,unacarc fl lnllorit trtr
+ecoleleal XVI-le€srd XII-Itg l.Hr,
De {aFt,locaFaeFctd a cettfii
Miftnc eracuno-rcutltdr mai bin€ de
miseci de ani br acelmonxnt, O parte
dintre zidurih cic.lopice cu o:miime
tnft€ Fie {i o$ rh€rrl,aareselntind
peo di*tsntf de Festeun kilivfleEu $i
impuniltosrEaPosrtAmr]I|umtJ1tal[e
Lcilor (ardeldenumitEdupdcel€dou[
tElr}€ ltilizete cE al|.tr fn balorelief
pc cotrranehcan sustinarhitava
ldunghiulrre) fuscrerfideBca,peritc
intr-o arni de ser;qtre dei murti ia
Euhrr€edin ,Argolr. Cu rmr. rlctsr€a,

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l010sl

dqr+s! idl,#. 566rd

Cl,ie@{E+ .lE u luq{

!eHrr'd altuE mdii,


F,ifl E{ dF (d@ h+rdYilor
106

sr.rntturnuhrruri,io ace"teaa desadFeait s[pltud lr! Argolisin 1884,aiutat de ftnrru +n virirsr+r,rurnebJr


bijlrrerii,Ind+t]FivfiB din eut li argint, Wilhelrn Do+{eld, scot5ndla lumind Ia Mi(ene {l Tiryn$nu au acelasi
decoIate in lnale paRE{-$ motive +e!!rea pierdutETiryru. care, ln llid.+, f+rmerra mnetearhrologicemai
rbscactc; de asemenra,erau{iaEmettt erarorrdusl de rrgeleDiomedesTny.tts rsffnileli firai,,]ecente" dfi C,tecia,
de imbraceminte Fi obiecte dil| ldcuri s€ hude cu nitte riduri erffi,,}rdinatt, darFentrurrheolc€i,rresreaau
indepiftire ca Nubia,Anatolia.Siris de aproaFe?J0 de tlretri lungimt d o imFortaqddL.os€hird penru
li Mesopotami5. ceffi ce alat{ un iralt grcn+ede rpt metri, cate lnchideau inlcir:gerca<ivrlir*fi+i elenc
nivel de civili:atieti bo8eliela.are chilii $ culoare.Dincolode ndrn a ulteriosre,cao eucces€ore a celei
s-e ejt|ns ln p€riordn mirEniand. gllsi(un vart palatregala un drai nriceniene, mairecente, $i, chiat
Furot dr un val de entwiasmFi conceputintr'd fienitrB ct,l lega,ln dacdo hc rcr$ng&rd din dind,aceqtia
folo6irdu-stde mitudlehomericedrepr r'ur] indisohbil.la Micene,din :qrii runr obhglrfie{'i tr}ulfumEasce
Schliernanne lnceput mri cir.ilirl1tirimift niene. ,vuionarului" Schlirmann.
"ghid",

-r!4E|.rF.-<a

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
1 0 1 0|
I

\,
t't
.\ -+
l'. '.qdrF
ffi'!t*'.r
1f I

t++i, iti
t{r.}

r* { ' r: .,{
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10111l

108

ry+q*
,.ql{r{
flgsqEs'

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
l a112l

IJ'

/
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc 101131

.\

Epidaur
'*-.-L
,,--J

qlEr
G RECI A \L h*-
tr{

{h

A
Drfl EcrurL.q.R$ou$,
PE!,oPotT{
ANULiFffCET}AHIiI98E
C$rE8!:C (! (u) tw) .*ffi I \+
r,l
*li
,FQ

A
I lsdepios,re"l *tec SlquatFeo firdllimecu vederelx
al mcdicinii,md binecun|xcutdupe golfirlMeranadin Argdis, Epidsuta
lt0 numeleseude origirrcletind"Esculap, fixt o,-tate-stat in{lmitmre ctre a
apa+rle zdrl+ilot {.ar€ou k}cuiEuln de$enilFrirrciFahlcentEude rinde*rt
Olimp. lmu mai zunt dtzLercndac[, dur lumeagteacebr stmlul al l\llca
ls origine,a foera diYiffarc s lumii i.Hr Sanctuarullui F.*rhp a foat
teluriceEiu o ptrsotna realacatea fodt sn$trut des6$prE unui templuanmiot
?eiBqarll cr urmerea caF€Eitttll$rle tnchinatlui A${,llo,}r ac$t loc invecit,
de a {a*e minuni. Canformlrri Homer, cu multeizvorrede ept dulce Aki $€
frculap a foat t"te1 Lri M'rehaonf afla,de arcmene*,wr eanr! o csle
Podalirior,dorrl Fersonsjcdin li'ada de spo( oadlq"r {dinicS},un dbtrn
cereau luptat alaruride Agalnfttnon (o cotlrttuqie Flinrl lnfi-un iml de
ii au fost lmdae pnrru putt le lot col66necu o cnpttrlmpdrFt6ln
vindecltoare,Cotft*n lui Pindar cqridoeFe ,r,rnffnfllce F utde, probabil
Bcalap a fost fful lui Apollo qi al urui 6esflsu t€rpii r6cti), ur sladbn $i
tt\ffrtoare pe numeCoErll;i. A fir6t di{eriteipatii dElocuil Fntru pelenm.
tnv4ar de centaurulChton $. +a Sc1uepulin decpremetodeltde
edult, e vindecatprc'sidtk de nebunie, vindccsrefolsite le E+idautSe
ftneideledc orbite, iff lui Hercutei-a Pm-..UFUneCl IlU rt plAChCA O attuftre
vinde.srr*nil€.Cu to€ieatcstea, +lirnlEmedlcala,ci dD€ro feriede t€nrpii
Er.ulep e devenitpreaEmbiti'at:iis empiricr mre eraude natur{ magil:6ori
ln€erER!rEtnvie oameniidiII mo4i; in simbolic:{rs.!rr nurrritt holirtice),
coruecir45,Zeusl.a uciscu un fufucr, culninind e "rncubslrs',AEeastI
O alu legwrded decrie pe Escuhp metodl r€rei ce pacieniii!l p€trcacl
ceiubit de rei, avefld-opt Epioneca roeprm in ad1on,ln declrlEu]cEleis
s€iie,qi tad nu doet el lui Macheon inoau tntr-un EomnFftr,fund,poate
FiRdaliiios, dsr Fia shor FEqrofete: cu aiutordlunor F)tiuni, ir! Elaulrp
Hlgieia, personrff careasinftlPi, ii vlrita ftr vi& dup6esreie tre'tsu
Panacea,carepute vindete tmte vindffati in rnodrrrtraculinCultul
bolile,Iaroo,cescatesducerbal e, lui Esculapa dur:t ptnd tn secolulal
$ Aegle,deqxt caresespunttc[ III-lead.Ht tub ccupatiatoElanl,ca1f
rra mamscelortrei C;refii.S€spune l.a &numit Aerculapios" iu nurrrnrul
ca Erculapera fondatotulftmiliei m$rede vi?igrofi la Epidalnf, stimulat
Eiculatrloq dul careffcea patte multc dintrt lndusrnilelxale rle orcftestrd rohrndi cdrt infisofiI

fl Hjp€{rst, cel faim{r5doctot r€rl'kii. Li fucsr-cpffEua+i ayeau[t 20 d€ rnetn Fe linia dismetrqlui,lm


'nai proJier$lrm deco[atcd 14sdni,coloene
al Antichitdfii. ;ocunln cin*er lui Esculep,ltr cedrul
EsrulaFs lo6tportreti$tca un .ArrTeerru FicomF+riliide pofsie+i .dr€ sespriiintpest6lFi,douB
blrh$ marur,cu o sllnltstr vieuio{ss. aent,urmetedc aonctrrlutiFl{tltlv4 coridoarelateralefuutrdoi)pentru
cun bsrhAdeese{i o expre5itlifilstitL Sin$r6 chdir€ de aici Latea acrorili o cdt'cdcu 34 d€ tlruti #
linend un $ceFlrufi o csrtein meini. srrpreqieFitptnl asdii, lfl condilii locuti. Pc h mijloculsecoluh-ti al ll.les
Eraas,rciattu Frpcle, careaelncoBrea bune,esreres{ruI Dupt planurilelui tHr, s.ru maiadlugrtI I de tiruri,
ln iurul r{nrloq +i cu ,r,rcolul,.atc ela Polyclfturtel T&nal tn semlul al lV-lee separare de pnmele3{ printt'unc otl
un simbolsl rorilor de zt ti al reft*]terii t.He,a fostadmiratde grograful (&dtfid) , careF€rmit€un total dc
ln furtkhitate, ceamm faimoesl PauJsnias peniru*imetrislui trlerfecraF lz 100sFctatori Felocuri. Acu$tica
reprennterea lui Esculep a fort stauia armoniaforrneldr$lt. A-Eteri,tsle pedecreffi ermoJets,,magic6"a locului
dbr ternFlulcsrei.a {osrinchinat la conFideqt(+r mei frumoe"re cltdrrc de il face{{ aqdkiun hn supet pentru
Epidsur+i con{eputdt Trssimcdes, acrsrfeldin lumeagre+ci.Are o sFtctra e leatrslegimuziEale,

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 1 0 1 4|

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 101151.

Delos
GRECI A
AFrI.'rrIGuL C|CLAL)[L()s
A\rjr I'ro16rlTni! I99{l
CErrExrr
C ld { )(r\){vl

'i

l
I

irJn!F!# l al{i4u

. irr,.+i l! ,r,rnnn (-ll [}R.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc 101161

u]
eL[' !:st€ o arJrL{lrridl,
ar5trde soaresi tdtuttr dr vinf n Ca
mArime(6 pe ? lilometri) cstEmai
mulEo+l$nci JErAro in$diicu ruBte
aceetea, de$ rste Ereude imaginat,
De[n a fr*r t utl cel mei imp*tant
,xr} sfAnrdin [umerFan.elen{
Cei mi gragmaticired cn nrnrul
ie d8r$mf*ptuluie[ ofsfti c{l Ind sierr
1x)rtFitural dio Marra EBet,ffind Eituaf
in centrut afiipelagului Gcladelor
(denumirc{ uinedela
deCiclrrde
tuvnntul gnc fri&llr,cu infehsul
Allii susflh{il s€d oat
"{irculer-).
le$ndei qrmfflFmcerern[,Eqo,i"hita iui
Z&s. tr fGt primitn aui{, d d Jat n Jtcr
Semtnilot AFoIL) ti Aitetus depnrtede
futra gel uiei reifei Hen, ringurarolf
legilimll r lui Zeu$.Oricere i ii tronl
core+tF, in nihniul al lllJea i.Hr.f]eku
, Ll$ un sadaruar,ftrlte irdhirur lu1
Apollo,ln centnrcrrltrrral, un e'enttudr
*himbm qtxrerclah, un rerru dc ri:hn
Fi un [x pflrtrrr raaratede F1ce,o larfltlr
Fentr com!€ttii stllrtive 6i rrn lot de
vlca|rli Frn$u penu$fic]{lmF(lltsflrc,
Urcl€ docum€nteatesttrfaptulcll ii
Cl:r4nnl a ovut r: hruinrf F{ lnsulA.
L{ lncrFqtul secohluial VJer t-Hr,
Ddns s.* .rflat in era de influentfi a
Ateneisi r devenf tenrtul politrcul k
coaliqieiDelos-AtticufirrmirtHde AtenE
fi,
f cclclalmp/is imp:rnva pefrilor.De
asemenea, a auut oftrareEde a pmtejn
hE.tiil€ aliaFlordin lisa.Suhpmtectia
lui Apolla. cetateaa puturri,$i ftriodE
influent?in MareaE|lteeFtit de mult
bcer, ptntru a rsigurr Frrprruarca
hunivoinfeisflledivine,in an!l 4!6
iHr a {trctemisun edicrcareinterzicee
{'riculs[ $enascdori !i mosri p€
insula.Un secolmai tirrirr, cetafeaa
d*tnit indrF+ndr:nti li a rlm:rs rstftl
tinE ln Rarl 166i Hr., cind r.a
*mnat un acordcu imprriut Romrn.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
101171
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 101181

CucerireaolErterdeclire r,xftsnia sra'd-del- demogrrfrmdrnAntkhitate. eatereiLctat de cfiildele cometcisle.


avurlo{ h perirc& desloriea cedFi Cfuldiffuh s€slle ln culrneadelr,otrlrii aum csrec€Ra fitFrx{milof $ineni,
D€LG"darata a'nls.Inriattotrlar5 !i te8eleMirndsr4din tunt a de(h.rEt tgre su coflstruit tna; mulbetelrFl€
dcclinuldu utrerlrl:Romaniisu declarat ri?Saimoanitrv* 1nanui88 LFlr, a inchimn lui Fodrdofl, lui Hercule
r4tatr€ r]IrFrfl libe4Eanffindu-l debErt:srh Deloxiar jaftl carea urmati $ Ronrei,isu de trmptrl colr'truit'trl
lntr'un activcenmrcomercialun& nr.l flvut cEfl,$ecmFilffilediEtile. D.$i cf,l€ divinidtilor €grFt h. lsil
'rfloarea
rr pbreautaxevarnale(piatadin 6ta rnei rafinarEldcrgtt de artl sculpturale d Anutb si o msi tgraie,dar hFrte
lortllhi era tofl unde Fevidefl ti din rcmptelelui Apollo After1|s, He.a $l culiosx4 conEEucliea unei nnF€ilgt.
cumprraul0 000 & xlaui pe dli cu srxtlaler{tl . inchnat lui Dffirisor, se Fot Cel mai faindd Funet de ElrEctie pe
roELre
aar*ies,succe$ul seuatre8Epc wdgl hr murcedin roEt[ Crecia, baedda lnruh hlx e:rc Trrma Lslor; mrutruM
in-nrbpc ceimai dirpcraFoanani in trecur* a ctrEfii f|{i msi esrBvidbtln tr penEua FEteja,reea(e odad x [i6t lftul
tu:eaYremqDe!:6ar'cao pngrJapede planul Eenenl,l dtltrr $l tn .lumrrul sa u atlui Apol.lo.
Intial,s-acrelur{e
J0 000de locuitori,ceeaceeratotal mrft de clI.lirt. hirfte conJtrucdih aart au foctqaisp*rce, dar nurflaicinErmi
drryroportionat fa$ dedirnersiuntk surFinlesu pes{emb$E €raute$tul, suntrnla{li,iardu1tlei s-aug55itd'rdr
ninrucrlle alei-nruL::,tanfrxrn un& puteau tu* toc 5 5S de sFctalori, fraEmtnte. C+ilaltis-aupierdut.cu
Sicsseleprtri'cienilctr,cum err c€a a lEi n(c€t4rEunui&cart serF,seftein ven4b.
Dioaisoc,care qdqa€4 numdq dlrr Modificatde un raulFmrrnonim
mo4{icdl teft fl reFrerintaFe leu cElare pEntrua stm5nacu leulSf.Marcu,
Fe o psnft.f,, C,GmoFdirismulcedFi astazqpllze$teintrareain A'gtdle.

li,l.llJ Or]edts

ddca E @!4e!sd

il.]eadflF,0s+4ir

ra,ir ESoJiddf eFur

trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 1011sI

t] 0

t.
''1I
I t(n ( nlrr rlil'ddE[

'r r'
,!naL:rarmd* Fnjhr,l

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
101201

a:-
J;J

f\#:ff
Ebsus I ww w. habi t ar es , c o . c c l o121l

Samos
G R E CI A
DErn|crul.Ato{PEL GUL(n
SFIF"\DES oESUD
Aran-||.TEcrsr*In||:
198:
C {n)(rri{rYl
CrlrrFn:
trosus-+-www.n
aDtta
res.c0.cc lo122l

iul rmui +lefuitqtdc pietre eretecI a 6s! deco.atEcu iguri


prtti@5e, Pitagofa s.a n*cul Fc ittBulq geenttn(E rlteft$nd cu sffftcfr)
Samorocla anul580t Hr. Dr la o suntle{atE# Dortulhthte,rfilon
v8retE6srte fra8ed5,+ do\'tdt o minte prin Caba S*rtr. ftrfcrt drept r-iludg
strd.lu.ltl bi curio$tr" altfel hlcir ]aEl de agnrepegaretilometri, Nctstdftrrr
lEu a lEcuttot psibilul {f,-l rriftis, aveao rerh dr statuimonuruentele,
r€nd a aiunr le v*ifie edol€scctrlei, dtpuse de o parte 9i de alta.Alci s,a
la cch maibunetcoli din lurner tltttll. gtrsitbuEtuluoui loutoi ((}rcPtelentere
PitEgorsa re.'euit F inrull dupl r unut blrbat tAnft) csrc prob€bil
douElecidc eni d€ stdii fi crlltorii o {ort lnalt de cel pu[n citrci mctri.
du,ln crudafalmeipe care*-o DeFiHtr'dilr| nu s,a ridic*t
r$stiSase In trke rott el Cftcit, nkkxlar8 lEststDtulde s rctuar
ru1eltilesalecu comps$iofiiersu pan rlen, mult6 Ytem€t f(Bt un
departrdc a ff idilae. tntr-+rltvur, iFp{trtrnt loc dc pelerinsj.Norocr|i
Policrems.tirsnul din Sflftrq e llcut fl ?nc4putr[.i pfu&rar4l cuthd d[pd
Bx cc i,a +trllln F|ldnf+ s5-iPUn[ mofitea lui Poltcrerc*nd S€ma6a
piedici[ErH[*8rr4. Mar€tef ouof{i fo6tdevrera$de !trdosicb !u pE4ii.
nDt€rreticiens,e simiit obliSrt sE lnsuh tr.a rece$dearimFxtsnfa ca
ptrrfiseaecl ir$ula Saftos$ rtr scmutebt Dortla mer€|nuk f,i ttrriu,o dedcu
indel*rtaid ctrate a Cmrorl€i.ft irilull cuccdreerarnanl. in ..nul I f , ist sloi
tur e rlm33nimic cetr sil amlntcarc[de ln anul ?t) tHr , Lnpa*nrl Octrvian IlSd]itrt,riE.t{tu{.wi
Ar4llst si's petrecu!iarnr acqlqfr, I@.r!&ri!E r{}ikr'*
PhGsrrd,+1atir ln 1955loc itorii s'au
hdt5lli 6l lndlsllte rgul pe c cl-e cu sffartl scarh! r Fdsstcal€trsacri
sllferft{i Besa}dmtcnElEeleeEtului Fia teil}ver rnrsmblul reli8ioaL"i EIF ii!'ii
'n'nc* 'rglr
Tigdnitn ryt5g'rfti6o (ast5do actid moqrteasotieissle,Ltu1E,a ridiE€t
loeglitee de interesturbric|. Ac$ta gcoloun reftdu lnchinst er,i€r cultrl
E-t <qrl'Eufu p€rl{ €€a flrgi l.Ethe
a{errreomencascld€ pc iruuh li afa
cur!trcua! dln celemal yechitimpud cfl
fiind rel mai brm loc de acastarcp€nuu
cri cc cloreaurh ajuneSla tcorplul
llerei. De+ a ftet de$crig de Hrrmcr
dflpt soFad$tul de inFipidra ldi Zcut,
ttreladevcnic€o *Err! d€ ir:rgttsnfd
maprl pe trrtmul pentmnului gttec
trct drn rnileniulal VI'La ttlt, mult
mai devremedecEtzorii civrbraliei
cl:nc. Helr fu$erevenerattdrept
rnamtr"st r foet asxist[ cukului
":sita
f€ldlft [tii. O]dforDrlegcn&i, aceasra
s'a ngrcuf[s umka Erreisllcii Fr€
clmpia 6t}ldat d* rtul lm!rsss{}g,
tn locul undera ndicat Hfidioi. tnrrc ei a cofitinuat s5lL €.s.Ecist
cu cel a.l
518+i 52?l.Hr. Hf,miofte fost un Herei pdnl ftl qnul 262d.Ht cSnd r|
rernpluiuric descrirde Heradotca curcsrur a distrr+cornpletdldirile,
ffind cel mai matedin Gtccis,mIsGrE iar locul c ft:ctabsndon€t,
109metti pc 55 d+ fieci,. tln po{tic cu k l8ngXHeraror\i$ute m*i tEtc
I !5 dc cc'loarc,care$rl$gnlln s.oFris ff,imc€E5 F€nfli trrnclulSsmo€,ale
de lernn,tnconiuraruosul$i plDtldosd, clrui plrnuri il apartinarhitecwlut
.rJ. a uftr'st plcnul unui lcc de tult Euphalinusdin Megere,Eraun
anterio*.Ao*l nr a mii rSnrsrde.Et ap€ductaat+adra:e*sFr peo dirtrnql
q{oloard, rsr€ $eriditi mshEluot de pcsteun kihrrretnrp#n piatrd
pectunpiefi poeleft vlruEI dc l€ o mas + p€ntru ! iptr)vi:ions sFlalea
dirta t aret d{ msft. trc6t localnicii carcs* dervoltaln lurul pottot"i
din Samoceu dcnumitlocul lGls0ts. Consftuctia mel"lul, .are s fo6tsSF€t
Heftdrrt+iMareleAltsr, cateau fsl de lrri d€ prirmi€ri de peill6ulr
folxte Fentu secriffciitnct din Epca krbor, a ftrceputin and 550l.Hr +i
de Btoflt si re lidicl tn Ala lnrrtuii a durat rnal hirrt dt receenl ArtEd
enurlului Hemrion(au mai rlnae doar .3te considerstcet mE[orareretlir$e
fundagile,der iiegmtrtc ak clndrrii irEinereascidln Gttclt sntics.

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 101231

Templele
megalitice
dinMalta
M AL T A
DIERm uE {lr,ut D[ tEhrl,ull
MaLrr SrGom
ANurlNFrcrsr*,fu ||:1980
Cfttnflt, C {l\+

l]0 r
I
ln 19IJ, arheok{ul malte? peste$n strat dc pjrrrE csre ffcundeg,
Themisto{its Zsnmir a ;ruaftd{ aqacum au deicopcrit mEi tArriu, trei
rurimele plSngeriale uqui fermhr lncspcri $ubreranc.SaFatein stancl
Fnvifld Frc?anlr otutf FietE $iaFE pe in u$nl cu m*i bine de 6 000 de rni,
tercnul *iu din apnrpicre de P;role. lncSperileincluderuo.emerE c€,
CAnds'a dus sr le vade,a denoperit probabrl,fusesefolxrrl ca o camere
ce re uits ls remplul flegsliric din ritualiad,ti o scned€ catammbe,tere,
Tarxien.Cu ?raeani mai lnainre.o dupE cunr s'r descoperit,Eontin€au
altE tndmplar€ du$rsll la destoperirea 7 ffiO de nrrminte. smulete.statuee,
inrltrii inr-sn alr re $ln hiFoCeu, var€ Fi a.lteohiecte.
r:tl dc h Hrl Sdlieni. Gr accac{.arie, La krcrpuruls*olului al XX-lea,
muncitodi ceres5Feuo lelrr*fl]lti-1tr Maha +iCoro svea$o lr]di+ie
1nff.rupt rnunc? atunci cind au dat imF}rtdntB FElirb irrerff€lor
multor expe4l lrr m*l dmsebot
sbvhti britanki,.are au tr'ceFiuto
ierif df slpitqri, arrEfi d€ €nigna
r* monumrntemegalirice
^umeros"*€l
t npd+tiate pe crfu d(nl. inrule, Unele
dintre a,:rstearhi:rr mai vc{:hi decer
Strnehsnge,au foFtconitruitelntr'o
Feliorrd{ cuFdnri ihtlE 4 000 pi 2 500
de ani ln uftnE,de ctrtre o F+ulElif
crft tjunss F insDleueninddinaprr
Sicilia,de$icivilirsfialor, firaittriiu, a
displrut compler, ffe rje minn unrx
cuc€.it.ri, fte din c*uE und epdmii.
Chrar +i aetEzi,aepet hce dear ipotcre
ln pdvift, rnhurii Fia sarpicelorcare
au lrdicst remplele.fre o pdFulAli,c
f'drro(E lnu r-Bu Edri[ ftici tucrfti
cu crracter defcn$iv,nici effir
ahiolw nieiunde, nici mlti;sr unele
mrlirnmtare) al tlro mglrr de Nu c#e peibil sEne dflm stama
sub€irt€nfE€rrr rrgricukurq :rveru rlsri clrul cultuluierqfornrstdin
arumrled0mesti++i,in scelqfi bdrb(rfis$ufrmei i5u darr r lerul
timp, 1i'audt*ritrt rcmattahilt dmdr4eacomunitstea sau,!rur$i
fir€Ft.tuguriin Froduqie simplu, tvt:ru {i{Br un ftrl in cxdrul
manufacturiertr.ln cea ce pnveqte rrtualuriior.Templelepnncipelcdin
,,viaF spiritua[i', deEcoF€riresuftri Maha Grxieng Hal Saflieni,
murcnumErde stotuete,stat dc HogsrQilr +iMneiiira,Sldltrr rt
dimensiuni fiari, r$r fl fii1ci, rh Ta'Hagrat,TalQddi qi E sibbs-
Zcitei Marne,o li$rre cornunetl precum $i $s.imblul Cgantija de
lodtA:lJna mediEerrrlerfl5,rratil (5 FeinsulaColo rrufos(cor*Blritc
practicarun cult legatde fertilitsc. F€rt.hi, ta o rl|t€t dtstaofEunul

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l o124l

llDlll Ddr

ill J,qFd L,r,,itinr


tu+etrk4 'F
U Hd.\dqtir[
.\,rFali! r|eEr iEcAir,l fl
ifi\l ,lt irtili *i{n ,,iL\:l|l q,"F.f,
iJl*iiErs ftdn uJ* d! F(rd re irld.diF d

.alrl@rh ia rm !n! drr

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebs www.habi 101251

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 101261

de celSlalqsuger5ndcrrcet5torilnr
ca e$tepoBibilseii fuFtfolo€lre#
[$t[6fi te$Fecdl,de f+fiej. Fi{care
anrEmbluftrefditic a Jo6tconstruit
cu un irc4t+ti+ca o juE$tatede
c{rFolfli {4 credec[ s* folo$cau lti
bldnuride animalepentu {aoperirc-
itr ciudemlrnrrii lff enoffr€
{TsrxienagopcrE4 0S0dEffitri
pftmfi), templele- caflstruitedupe
ttn plan lriidhdt - iu o inrtF.r€
centlalildr p€tru metri lungrrne+i trei
t{|efii lnihirE. fura$ta Inlfamnll q.I
nu malrrruhde doutrrFeleceFerso4lne

Eardf ;liwd lrir'ddr

nrde*,&crkr {}nld*f
ldsnlll.td.qi$rt h

rt:-m#lt
ll!e.dd.it ei

nlF'lrl*'rr lErtrs ll4pr

tsFJ4n,ldEri {h el&,
di J.$f d$cia cElr

puteeuintra o dat4,c4fa ce tuEersazl pe ridul opus


"ni+aoracotulut*i
lfJ flr ri{crCh, rara
.5 F{}Fuled:r nu av€efiunr nult turrr:lriiprin .sr€ inrlt luminr
nrualuri. Cu matefice3tea.wmde *aleJqi in ahle e(hinocfiului. Iift'Sli dE Eti.ld
de If, Frefi .rrE ct lncStEreaa fo+t MulF drftte rrregll4isiru hr
-4CM}+iIhi.l.rin
hr fntregirlre,coF€ritl cu stucrturl piciDareelinie dupl s,rare,
.iirr*+tr+ 70.i.h
{olorall ln a+rucu decorafiuniin {uEFrendu-le +nor+cd pdqul
+ir+ld $i picrllti de dnbilBle realifllre crlffdar din iltori. st al][ ffl Malta, li]Jlr!h&Jdrk
lll- l!j O B&r &,
cu o mrre maiestrie ertiBticl. Ace$rr id€€ ar Futra fscEMalrasI (;lF dri s+hi{&,
in uneleemph, fncagerea derrni urmtkrrul Lx lr modl
ccirralA cuFriflde D nr$ll (numirlt printieadeptiiN€wA$.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l o127l

Paphos
CIPRU
Drfiflcrlr! P,{rHo5
Aur. NREGtsTFitu: 1980
CRfiEnx: C ( l ilt

I ?.1

I t+ Il.5-l.:{rEt 115

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
habi ta r e s . c o . c c 101281

C*" n'"if*ono"ra
i^"s,n
l rrltci hdmusr+ii epErinJ din mte a
fcarpic(ardd,eBofiicelli +i$+a(r ji
v*zu$la {ietcriade uff?i din
Florentr.TotuFi,timp dr Inik] i.
,46qlirei,a.r.rciath
cuk hi fertilrrEf ii,
i-, li{r$it o iltlaelrE tnrruptrmr}i1it[,
astfelincat in.entR remplul i f!)ollxrerr.ets+ii tuli, Ftolomeus,
tnchinatei nu e alla rlecit un monolit regeleegiptean de origrne
dt fdfmitconitrl. L:d{otnr trlor spust *reto-1ntcd{tn$n5, B cu.$it Llilriul.
de Honle FiHe+iod,AftaditaB AFint! subdinfistiaPtolemeilo[
cetalea
dn mrtc lrr lalea laphs rlc pe coasta s-a rle*oltat repirl prntru a deveni
de vesta inrulei Cipru.lnn,un loc raplala insuleilnserolrrlel II,lcaLHr-,
numk asttli Pctrartlu Rnminu. drnlriti F{}r ului eerelegfl illruh cu
Versrunralui Hoftdr d hgendri Alexardnr ;i tsutr+lor rlt cuptu
ahbuiE lui Agamemnoni}rdarea din munfii din epmpicred. Trorxlor.
rempluluiAlr*lire1 ($i !} cer'lii Prlelr in ucmstl penaadS,a incepur
Paphm),O alte rersiune.de oriEine constructiaurreisphndidenecropole.
EiFftxi sl,rsFneci nrentut ii reyine CnvorrrilestFatein stince,ait#i, arl
regelLri Kynrss.rattrllui AdonG,c{ft {1
devenitprimul prmt al rempluJui.ln
rtal str, ct*a c{ u dcv{:nir unul dinrrc
celemai imFortantasancluaredin
Grcci:rcl.uicSa frrstcnrurruirin recoluE
al XIIJea lHr, pe un loc c*re fusr.rr
hcuit incb din E6ncaBronzr:lui,Cele
c€te';r ruurt ;rlccliJirii runt rcruhatul
m.i m+ltff renorAricnle a{rcrrlminat
lh rfL'cr t{Jfiruhb, ded conceptul
arhitecturdlnrhaica fostresFectar

in anul69 iHc, lmgr.rtul Trairn


s-ecprit in PaleaPaph$ in dnrmulsau
elile FJlestrnati a $uslrasrc?:rurul
templulur in aceltimp, templuleta
lnronjuratnumai de ruine.dsrarece
lhlea Paphosfuseseiefuitl $i
in.endiarnde ctuft per+iin nnul
.{99lHt l lrr ss:ol mai titziu, ttgelr
Nikokhsa fondarcerarea
NeaP hof
la o nicl Jistmtb Je rechea cerate.
DeFidhr (etatra filsi veaheriil i
rnm's decit ()I'im?dd de maloE-
ruineh rtmplului, funrl*1iilr p:rttrului
regalii &aglnentedin lidul care ll
lntorrjura Nta Faph<rs.*lautltl cu
nrine maEnifice.Ll pulin tinD dupl

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l 012sl

prinir rptrtul de ,,rcgalt", deyi nu repr€rintlcul€sulvieili icenede


cxi*ta nici o d,}vrrd[,]ftar fi vorba vAnHIoFre ln cenFu,ie!,13mrrnle,
desprea+acem, Acestea6ecotrlpun un panou cu o pocesiurrt rr lui
din mai multeinclpei decoratcctr Di.'niiri& Cclelilte tnclperi {,]nlin
lieEc*an+lasate
ln iurul unuiamrm decorsiiunide insFFaliemirii0sci,
t?6 cu coloarrf dorift, cu sceneta Fdlirea ki Ganyr&
Nea Paph,r+ {i-a menFnut*taturul {i Apolld +i Drphne.
de capirali,chiar fi duptrcucciirca Deti Iiagmentare,mixaicurile din
romrnl a iffulei ln 58 t.HE S,au celelalteretedin[e:unr chiar mai
construit cLdin, precEm(ldeonul ti vfiFti.arE. [].ru5meiirl o eEn!i{:

fixumul, s fo€tftnFldohte cu rpeciald,ceic din Cala lui #+d +i din


ftumnas€rtatui. C-e!rmai imFfiinttr C6salui Aion, c3.rriunt intereEante
Feri0adl (oinckle ru d|r|lstiE lui datodei $incretirfluluievidentdi"t e
AlexmrdruSever,din a doua i,:orll}8rafiaphganeni cer creFtintr.
jumitate e se{oluluial ll-lea FanI la Acest lucru nu esE lurprinrlBlr,
irrcerro+trecolulal III-leaJ Ht ln dtolftte dat.s:a din secoiulrrl lV-lea
areastSpriioddll, $atr consuuit d.Hr., epocl ln (are CiFru a devenit
mejoritetee re:iden!ehr patricienilo( delinitiv un tenmnu creitin. Cu tsdte
ftr caresuperbele derorFfiuni restea, tntl drn .tnul45 d.Hr, insula
de.nanFtreazl cn (lra l i f{r*l urlul e firdrp.ilr|e.oloniedh impcrjul
dintre FrindiFrlele cenlfe ale artri toman eatea avul un guvemetaa
mmaiculuidin lumearomani- creitiq deoarecclxcius furgrusPaulrrs
Cea mai faimtnsa e$e Casalui tumi fur6t.dnvfftit la noua religie
Dioru5{rs,ln carEmoraiturile urol+tl de ceGeApo olul Psvel.Drrpd secoft:l
mai mult de un sfrrt din,xi I000 de al [V-lea, chiar Alirdita a r]mnit d d bi
'ari*nndl,, "Fr
metn pstrafi de podea.Cea Inai mare crettinb,iar cultutri€iiti r fost asimilt!
incdp€re (l I rnetri F€ B rn€tri) ere raluial tr{qohcki*r,cuslrecuvinte,
un mr:raicln zonapublictrcare Fttioaraaleptdndpruncul

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
101301

oiTTr
#rI'{fiNnIoNrec

, ;,t;-i t
.c0 10131

{T /f*
-.f- oi
.\

\ /\ts
t9

Asn - Listasiturilor .t-l:--Ea, r€,8 "


I TUncL{- NBt[rr D{ar 9 CtuNA- Maf, iMrlr- pso.rulr]r
lMpIx"{Tu0\ l4 Ixttr Rtl4t[Arto
I Tu&-'t{ HtEN.dFoui {AsnaQri I4 lxDt{ - Mc6ttMdfiEtEt DfisrI o]}l Sltl(fl|
F{r,&,NrAt[
I S{ A Au} 9 Ct[flA - Mr,l TttE EHE|srctc,r].r'l'tc!L8r.tooflA l4 lxDi,\ - PEcrTsrLE
DrNAarTr
D|l{ L$fl li
t SmrA PAlftrri{ l+Ixu,+ - PEgrE*iLE
oN ErLoM
9 Cm!^ - otoTELE
DrNLo\rJqHr
I $rirl - SLttRa l+ lxDL{ - Mor,rMorItLEDn,iHaMPI
I Crffqa- C,ftorErDt*lYLrcr|lc
I !nL\ - B,{,,.LrB lNDt-{ - MO|iUMENTELE
DnqLf,{{aMLtpllMM
l0 CQGEE{ Dc SUD- GF[,.r SB]KCL],{Msl
]IUP JL8ut'lulisA It $ir llxa - CErarEAia$rra AL.ur-$Hr{nJT,{
4 Isfi!'IL l{,\-q.{oa l l lifor4,r - Mull,1,ttn.Itr.rrt:{ NAF,rAf,rrci l 5 $$ L{xxA SIcTtrA
5 IoRArx - Qrs YR'ArR{ 15 $r I"$rH^ F+r4Ni{atL.!ri
II JaAi\T - M():,11,\rE\.Itr-E
BrlicdsrEorN
5 IoDJ$rL{ - RTR}. ruc,ulL{HderlJ 16 T^r.rND.1 ATLTTTHAIA
6 lRAlC H,qlx,{ 1T Ptlosr^N - Mlxasnffa DUDlrs l7 CAlrtolcra - Arc|n:e
Er! T ofir ErH $rRUTNELE
ftrATri
? ln{.],i FERsENrur S.4HR.}BA} rrl
lB V|EI{AH - SArcrvARlL DsrMYSolr
I AftH^-\]lfrr.n - [{|liItETUL DFtJAM 19 lNDoirgr - ,A,!s,rr4&(ar'ErEwrE orNfu,iMB&
IJ NF r - Lulr(BINl,t{r:!L ot tii5tIfif
I CHNi - ntsr$jr|! m! Mcc^o aL r1nE(lIlDH{ 19 lnlmFtJrn T!t4rtu|- LjN EoP,onuD!ft

E bsus l w w w .habi ta r e s . c o . c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 101321

Asia
rimii strSnF+iri omului arhmlogicel A*iei, Rlrp*ndirea
din Aris f,u evoluethtr,un co{next timpuriea brdismuluia srimularrrra
i?olatdmp de ilrroqlredouf,maliGr'e f$lii C€lldhrradrn Afgrni$rn Fi
de ani, ir$inre de a FieriEubvdlEile Prki$tan,undr slnholurit noii ftligii
migatiilot de Hofto l4pkru venitedrn sesmefiecaucu furfileleanei
Afiica scumaproape50 000 de ani, elenistice- Hinduiam$l a durla
Ipoterae+re+u.rlinutd& de€coperirile deElsltareauxor alfz5ri prtcum
din dou: dintEc.elE rEi interciinte Kiiiuraho" Fl$rrp1ti MahabdlFumn
situri paleo.antnrprlogkedin lume: din lndia, precumli Pmmbsnsndin
Sarrgirsndin Indonezisgi Zhoukoudian Ind,urer:ia.Ajanta qi Sarchi dirt lfldia,
din China,ln Fdmulr-au dd.opedr Boro$udurdin Indonesiasi Paharpur
tlm'$tFlr E apr$xir$dv 50 dr indtqht, dln BrnElEd$huldc EsttEiar f05r
caremitisli au lo$rderumiti cmtre budiste llaq a,rcflstl
PdEaafldrlDFrserEc!&r,isr acum sunt co'njuncdea rdigiilor d.a gt!i! cea
cunocugi drept Hornoereans.in al mn irultE expreaierrtGtrcl in Ania
ddl€, ltr anu l9?0, a fa6t des,:dp€ritun de sud'est,ln templecaAlgkoq
craniu cffe deitsr]t de ecum a iumAtste de exemplu,urde *rhitecnra
de miliofl de ani,lnn-o p€fler{ dln r-a modificarpenmra t Sdeld
apropiereacapitalei chinsre +i $te, rchrmbarilcrde credmgsa
asrftl, crrnoscmpSrH astlei, dnpt dornnibrilor khmeri,ti ln miile de
l)
otnul din Peki$g[Beijingj. irna8inir{cre budirredir! Fefter e
Mai prcrusdetoeteAria poateff de la Mogao,hngmen 9tZrrrgaq
coruidenrl leaglnul civililaliei Durane, Pemmoniulerfuological Asiei,
Iocul undt onul * u+curd.la o viaF de et€rhe$rs,aduceun elofiu pdnei
rrcmad!dr vAntrtrr.culc8t0)r,lEviata expamiuraa IrtramuluiEia ciwilira+rlor
s€dentardde agricultDr,Scrisula fst de rcuru durat5a orr+clot
invendt ln M€Eopotamia acummai rometcialeca Hatra din [rak,
binede 5 fi]J de ani, rst ln srolele de cctateanabatrneand Pctrsdin
dhdnte +i imedirt dupAln.eFuhrl erEi IotdaniaEiorarle fennene Baalhek
crqtine, piencledc hoar ale marilor +iTit ltrb e rnai mendfia multe
religtreu frrt apzareln Asta-in luifle qlecrrltilor de ls graniF
Onentul Mill(rcrugi Prniffula Arabi.5, ImpcrirrluiRoman.
s,eunAsc{rm$ile credinlenonot€iste, lstofia civili#iilff aiiaticee!!e,d€
care1l1iIllrs! $heriorh con!sc!, alemEnra, fi o istdriepersonrlf.Urme
dat{rritA c*ri cdfttrdeL d Drdmului clareau hsat ln urmslor comandanti
MHr['sii, c{rbudifird+ihinduismul leg€ndeflce Ale'€ndru cel Mare-
din lndia,confucianismul din Ofna $i, vrdbile-uranq de la Gradl*ra - fi
;n Jeponia,cu pinrcrirnrul. ;rhFdrdFmo{uli. Dc aiEmcne4cel
Mrdl€ ruligii$i rivilira+ii car. mei grsndiix cevoudin $ti)rie E fo6t
au pr,repentdatoritEasric lturii $i construitpen*q Qin Shi Huansdi,
me+re+uturilolin ciudae*entualuluilor ft*rdatorul Inperlutui Chrner,tate
declin,au ltxt rS.lpurraSto4rt Fenlru c4f, a ir6t EFIr€i,p€srtdouEmii de afii,
rn:rimarcp6rtedifi pitrirooni'ii dc o armati Ecuttrde terEcotil

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 101331

lT r R I

Nemrut
uagl v
TURCIA
ilr mur DEEst
Ai.,uL$ffcrslxnn l98'f
C.E)rrlniC (rJ(r'l {rv)
Y
I
.fn fel'ruerie
1001,
nrhmlogulturcMahmudAnla" a
Enuntat d€rd:)E€rireaaarnercifunefJte
a lui Axrioch I, regeledln Ox$lragener
lfi mteriorul unui tumul de piatri
pc vArfirlmunteluiNemrut,ftralt de
Z 200 de meni. inuntr de nnirea lui
A$lafl fl s echlpci ealede spro)dmfitiv
panu*ci de arheologigi geologi,mulpi
cercetlaori Euftrcelcet, ftr vln si
pdrrundEin hovile de prffrl tnaltl
dd 50 de ft.rri $i hrngAd€ 15! d€
rnen! du numsi echiFamenrul
nrodema fdcurp*ibil5 mrarealrr
tncdpereadreptunghiularlt*re e fosr
tltiatElft pi6tr5,iar aFois [+stsigilarfl.
In interirr, s'au glsit trei sercofage
careconfinearrr5mef4el.Fifl*ft.$ti
alehi A ttoch[, ah titdlui sEu
Mrth.idstesCall ucus $i o alta
perr{snAneid.ntfica(i.
Datoritl acesteidetcoptriti, s-amai
adluEEts Fi€s[imF)fiantEpnvind
lnFlegeteA unuiadintrecelermi
mist€rioa$e locuri din Tirr.ia. [a
sfdr+nql sl XIX-lcr,un gcolog
reqolulur
ln s{fficilrlommsnilorE scosla ivtalA
din cdfurih htrrrieiFer&reliterea
megfrlornanisc! + reEsluiAnrioch I,
srunci rdnd a idefilficar strul d. la
Nernffi Degi,lntr,un amplasement
ep+cr*culo$ Feun veddin mqnfii
Taurusdin estulAnaoliei
N*s€utin anutB0i.Hr, dupl
fragrnentarca lmperiuluiSelcucid,care,
ls rdndulrflu spdruseo datAcu
distrwereaimFeriuluilui Alexandnr conridetcur desccndenr al lui Antioch I 14 aorlsiderrtun msre
cel Mare,regatulCommagmea Altxandru cel h{ere,isr, maiiflainte de caffifitr A hsrt o lungAiflscripire
funclionst ca ur tstnponintlr acesta,al leilor din Olirr'p, dat ec.est[ pe tumul innma, ,:ompustdin ll?
imp€riileromanii p€rtan,Fondatorul arcendshFnu i'a adusnici un proftt. rindun de rext) din cate re Fot deduce
Mirhridar€sCellini.u!, i.a rli: Rornei, trupErl, rcgii dur Conuna8ene rrri nDrnaiprtftnpilt teh Fnvindu.i
dar,cEndSul seu,Antioah l, r urtst nu gu fost*ltcevadecit fanr+e ale dmrandenledin:ei, ci g feptul cl
pr rronln 69 tHr, noulr.ge a creut lrr!€riului Roinan,dat in and 71 d"Hr, regEtul sfiu ff YeFnk.
cl put€€supra$i€lui indeFendenr lmplralul VespasiEn fl puspunct Aldru de rqcv a de piatid s-au
iapEdu{anda F{rli*I pnn car+lc suurliei ridicoleprin ihcorporarea Fipatrtei phdormr. Ceedin p$tee d€
ofererrinformatiipcr+itror,tomsi r€Efituluilt| provinciaSiia. nords fosrfolcnitdpentru a-i Frimi pe
FEstdndleg{turide pri€renie cu Jude.ioddupi rcmphLminunste Freofl;true 5eIrlai vid pietrclt careo
r,rmanii-Anrioch I lre invmtat ti o n dupf rumulul {Hcrotheseion}pe irFpreilDuiau, derbexoreliefurih au
geneelagiE cereIl Fernrirrasll B€ carc le,a construitpeNemrut Dagi, fosrer,rdatedr vAnturig ploi Cu

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
101341

I' ,r :r rr r r rjr r .,. i r r l r .,,r i 1,l ': i ., .:.r :,,i ,


L r uL r tr r L r n tL:r l '1,'r r:r ,,:r um eLr t.r l e
ir ' :sr r plr ;ir r fi r r :r r .r.hntr cetc ' i u:
tjr l!irr p.r ir flL E er r r j ,Li r ,.rri ut( r t'a
Llr li.r "ur r r r tl i t f- i l fi r j ,l l r fe l .
r.Jitti'.rt ini',hir,, ir t ii l;: m,:ri tL
r r i:r r+ n:tr ::i:: :!i r :hl :'c r r i J L Ir j tr i i
.r'rntr:rilll II\tf .trrr tinlc Srrr'
intr r .i.r r r || fr r l r r l ui r r r r r qr :r tl :rhJ r
ir .r ,' . sr r \r l r r r r n:r r r l t
",
.;r r r r ( r ail.r { fta:r i ti ;r r c 6,r t fc
;:nrl e:c rlrtt' rn:r, 1LLr...nL* Lr.'.'.i.itt
Jir r r iiir ii pr r'ar :. :\l 'L' i , l \l .l r i h:
.qr ln|., lui tli.hfui . II.'.,:L. l r i
.nr :r !ncs. Til:h* t:r i t.r l r r r j ti Lr ti iJ r n
{ ir r nr :r .r ' icn chi
l . Ar r r r r l i t l i i r ,'r
q+
I irrlirtr f( iiLI, {irrr .rr:.:nr r l.r :r
!:ilr)i:r,.t,t|r)r tcrijcr i,r j,:l rrLn:run:
rcsmrl1rdc t,: rrrf LL}'{,,rrrl1, JL t ii
n:r ::r r t,lr in hr Lutl Lr f,r r i cJ r
+ r i Litr ..;nrri ,ttr . i i Ltfr i :r r ,fi l0r
:r r iD r ir ,: lnr F i nr ,r:{ l ''n
| .:i nr !,r r:L:r r r l r Litr l \tr ntLI.
l,r \tr u;L Llr.:ir " r t tr : r L r r Li i l r
r r ,"r [it r . r r l.rti .,r r r l r r .r i l r ] ':',:r :r r ;L
.r r l9 ' ttlr . t r !i t.,, i .ni i r nt tr r l
pr .pr tr . pLn r r r tr Il i r tr , {l i Lr r i
Ucr r Lr r ( :ir r t '!r r L ; ( l ( r tui r
- j '.L,l i $l L
JL:.r L;.Lr rri.. r j r r l r t, r tr oi i n:.r r t
rlt:.!n.mr .t |r..iqr :.1ri1itrl
.tih:r ir ,:,,r ,ib:r r r r r r t Lr .+l J ur .,
^.i u.
c:1 ,Lcrtr n:i r*irlt:i ,. nrrl|r:( J'rri
i lr l: r i.l iIIr Lr r r r 1r &r t.f. :i r .i
!n c r ,, :r i .{ r t:,,;: I r .,il r nr r i J fl i r
Ir chr :n,jr cr ir i r r r r t.:l :Lr r i5i
r !l f
Ebsus I ww w. habi t ar es . c o . c c 101351

- Pamukkale
Hierapolis
TURCIA
CiMFInDF$ZU
AFuLINREc!Tr{rr!: IttB
CRrrERnr
C lLrrllrr)hD)

1+r
l}trrrr'aHfuropolira forr grece!{,[Eu ftmfed( cetElii+imRHinE
Frntr a dominaraleariulur
co,rlstnrtd tjplc romani Lacul ardnd in cmtru
I y,kx rle'a lungul .trunrtrhri(.r€ lErHr iruonrl rrbterar, rm.tnii I'lu dEdi.dt
Anarolhinrenourtr EuM*,lir*rrno,ln rtitf,lii lurniiJr durcol!,numindirl
rimpul*rc+lelotdt dornrnat€ro afll, Pl*ronium fle +colo,a+acum areti
a {ostcelm'ricunoscut c€ntrude btri Strainrn, r?Frrji toxici emanati er,
termeledin Klt imp€riul.Doamnrlcdr lEt,ilipeftru oicinr, ,:rlr:(r-ptin
1uruncu ffip{..rirlal5crlruc5ltt'rri1 preotdori0cetrietsirlcmonstrau puterile
1dn$ $i ob.rsi.oar€ p€nrrua sr imbeialn lAsan.lporunfiei rl iboare I iberi prin
apelesak Lrenriicr,rle culoana ruginii. mkorul Erer, ceeece ii omor:rpe lrr.
Srnteau{rrein Firtr .iEsFitlu tr}losind sftrdr FnnElF&lA a cerl i, r:r'eacoloane
s[pun cu parfumrlt Jrriirr,rrt,rpoi J,r d prrtt F dr'ttirldtf si st ndfiea
lel'leauli solii lor purreftdpe cap Plateieiaiost{onlnuh: de proconrulul
ciorchir de i(rnguri. Sextl'FJ Ii!'sFronl':rurin iurul rmitft
Loclrl rcertrl hili de liumu*te a 80 C.Hr Ttrtcl cstt rt! car , di:pus+i
irlit - ii .stt im5 - atli p*tic {It +i LonsrruhrainrtEriifirorlumrnr3leB
precric,cu bn:inenaturale6 terasedin cr(alii, un arc de tri$mJiftchinfrt
rra!.ertr$.pe cFre i{liunea neinneruprd impdEtuluiDlrmili.n.
i aTEil.-r i.iIErit .u.altar *1.l.rrrt S5FitturirrtL c h lung\rlsrilrii
ssaffidlr5 cu v3tii. flc i;pt, tuniii Plateiaau scmla ilealllruineleunei
numescacesricc Panulkale.care afora largi cu sprlriicomercialeile o Inne
inseamnl,C,asteh:l de Brrmhac" ii:rltx, iar pe{} rtrud:rlutcruf5rlcgantu
Ailetr artrri h rgidaUNESLU. Cara cu Capitclunlxr,cc. A! rfiii rBnras
darrrirfcaracrcrisriciIor
nBrur"[e doarpr;ine umredin {abul,xultenph,
FialfiForrsNeisaleist+rEe, de mannurl inchinat hli Ar{}llo, cffe a
l{ierapolu.Pamrkkale r krsrfondamin
jurulmulur190iHr.rJtcltrrrc Eumrrrsll,
, rralidr.pel,rcul
un rrgr din dinasria
un{i ir!or subrerarr
!ndeFop!leriile
li<fieneri {irgrene,multlt rreft, s-ou
inchirut rripi rtrru'G[-lt. fugtlt a
ntrmitlLxu[HierrFrlisca un tdbut edtLs
Fljerei,sotialLriTelephus, regrlelegenrlirr
al Perg"amului Dup{ apnrtlr xn sr.ol,
Afl{lus tll, un ih regcslltrpamului
acrdar ctratea- caredejaaveaedilicii
remarcabilc in elegantrlsril arhitecnrrel
elenirtic- nrmanil:r,careau llasJt-o
su[,aurotirarraguvern*tnrului Eiesului.
Anuiisr,tAifir.o :oflAde n]arr
acriviiaEseismici.in mii I i li 60 rl.Hr.
HrcraA:tua lost k:vitr,lc dr:u5
cutrrmuft. nt LLcr[dlede reconsrru(lie,
de-iiexecueteFesteun plan urbnnirtic {'s;

fl ,rl r s v'i!r!r.habilair:t i r,r


Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 101361

l +l

ioqruie in dr:{ulol il
'lo

fuhsd]|!ErN rhfltrnl

ekrurEE 4rm r ftt"lr

irrerridicatlnsecLrlul
al IIl,leadeasupra r losiun imFirr r crnrrua.1 cre$init?lFr,
li Ctuirut\ri 4$rL+lnntin (T{Ea del rpstolul Filipr f'xt hniFn?at
'ri,
elen6ti{i, i.u din r.el n}lj,nlulzamdl bnFrel|D5 cu ceiiaFtecrSrii stri,tn
trit{nriln,afr:rvctL} iantanlc rtn enr.:l8tl.lnsecolulul UIcc,brlantrnii
br*inlurrgde?0,Iememin..nllrmt.u au c(rbrflir Malqdo41, d maiesnroarit
cLrloarlepe FeiIr.rF Baih dursrcolul:l irLcinstealui, toluti
lxuiliL: r),:rlrE(}nali,
Il-len, Lu hatL r+ster. sealla h h$re sstfd e$e Fejuntitutt ln rullrS.
c rlidi, prl'clrnti rrftrnL!. corLrtnritrrh {lu trutt rrrtsrcr cairrnai i;i{inanrA
dornnialLuFlavnr:,, mirit qiirF[mustgat urnl llsrtl de ririli:afiile careau
cLrhu<rreftet:n atr:Iui A1'xrlL)
FiAri{nis uieluir ffiil intreqrFerein Hrer Frli$
intR l9l $ I I I tu$illrdrul
Scprimius esrentrropnla crn * .rflt [r:o riricl
'lc
5r!+rus.]D qcraperi'.)adtr, Gtirtra s-a Llistanltdr,:ttrtta efti{1. P€ste
hucuratdecer ma:mareghne. nu do.r I 100 de mormint{ includ rumuturur:
Jnronri hlxffi lLnLrnrFlexJc hAr, elenistice.earcofage ronunq ingdjit
dar,JL r*aricncn, rr datoflI li(1elliei ex.cD!atE ti ctlruri rR'Fdni: cu toltd.
ar{utt d€ .ftrieftlr de marol ri li de can:f;rcn*cn:pr'lrdr h Hierepalis
sl
nr3mrffr.tuflleJe tE:itile.Din Fnrl)ll lir cr:; nrarnrare;r ceamaihine
jumltatr r sr('tulu I d.Hr, Hretr6rlis {-l]nrervnri din Annhrlia

E bsus I w w w ,habi t a r e s , c o , c c
tr D SU S I WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 101371

Alep
SIRIA
RT TUNITArIl
Alltlr l rxdsrlixx: tqd6
&rftnf C ('r) iiv)

Au,*i a.o"*,*,
Alcp tmprtte onoertadc r ii oralut
cu cm mai lurgl perioad{de lo+uire
mftinue din irtorie"Cu t{rat€rccst.a,
Itl pdiirealt mei binelegtrudlecu
trtcutui d+dt crr acru*lr caFrr+l[
sirianil.Eet. un ar$,su! [tM tn csr.
tedtlile rrabedin EvutM€diu nu Fsr
d.loc afieffonicr. M muh dacit in
oricealt or$ din I*rnnt, tn*ne4ul+$re
ElI1,qmar de re€uliti ca,EvenFi rturse
ftrr:himhat dm Feioadamanrelucilor E: l,n tutd odd
In plur, cuprirdc multc uemph
csrq ste$d renstenlsalald tnFofiiva
cruc:atilrrr.ScrcgE:qratot rnai puliff
str,Lr.ol|Sdbd
eEmple din pcriGda ftr rsr. -Alfp
s-E*flat subbdrantini,iar cch
ca!€ apdrFncrirunor peri@demsi
ihd.pdrtEreFrr sl ff disFdnrrr.)mpkr, dlctretll. Shdl,
cel pufin di$ cecqcese Breive#,
Cu toett rce$ea,AlaF { footi[clEs
ln s,c€{BtE cartede!p* ifturilc
arheologiceca un omagiuaduso'pi.Di,Ei
crqtrptcr c+rccotrrideri ma.1ulun
contlomersi Feclt de e*traordinar,
pe *tet de c$mplex,darcrtud
nenunrlkattlcddor.esiasa$nre
in rNdlelercsnrri i*toriaaaL 519 iHr. ariicnii I'au pierdutlh bt*tiahrdlita., citidd€ Alepuluifirseee
monumentehrtale, fsvodftr p€Eilor,dar{i r+tiEeu fost fotr*tg nr stnp..rmorrtd, ffind
Altp a ftct fondatacumaptoalc tuffing h 133tHr. dc wldsFi rahuciEi inchirurfl]ui llsd L o divturftir.
opt mii dc ani, PrimeLdmrunente ai lui Alcxandrucrl Mart. cur i-6dat nesopotamiarr{p€ cffreeeleuciriiru
rcrire s-augA+itin vaka Eufiatului,hr orsiului numelelraccdoo€mBemie. Eroeiet-o lui Zeus.+fild au cuce t
erhl1.ahdn Mati carcnleGtioneezg o Srrbdonnia lul Alemndru, cet+teas-r oranl. Dtrpl cucerircaSittetd* cloe
crtatc cu numelcHalapdrr6 crpiralt mfirit +is.eu coffhrir prime]r liduli d. tofi4ni ln aEul64 i.Hr.. defllul ri,a
a tgatului arwrit Yamkhad. ln scele sparsrsln jurql qiBdelei,vecheavarr! Dtfirst fi$cfiile teligtoali. Muld ani
epocilndeplrtate,Halapa 6ct mai a oro$uluiomorucaft Beitld pe Bn dupdacers,Iulian Agoctetul,uoul
afectstildr influenls rEEroFt ,nrirrd dtal neturalls cst dc ora$ dktte uldmii lmtsrsd pe8Anisi
decAtde ceaa Damseului, csr€ privca P'*pccrulrcwrl al cindelel n Radrrcia adr$acoloun 6acriiciu
mei d€greb5i .lvililatiile din Egipr D]aft p6rtc,dattsrll dm Fed@dn lui jupitcr ltn gEatcu mariconocagil
si PalectinE. 'r
fugrrul afiErir e tlrnr! manirducilor. csr€cu r€&xi$iruit,oil Soliircetntr-o provirxh c*re cra,
stabiltsnA ln I ?86i.Hr., sfli.l b[t iel xcolul at XIV.leadupece forriffcaliile de stmci" In fttrt pdttt crcttin5,
€pi6cd. la Xadc6lLc6ftl a c{rut sub ddicarede omeiid (Fdrallarabicare Actui, prtrenp birannnilo,rtr Alcp
rxupelia hiti;ilor. Nu Ia mult nnp au ajunsla Alcp) eu lbct dcveltered+ $tt apro{p€nrfusemnaE,defi ]e micd
dupdacees,hitilii su foEtffieninisfi Timu [+n!. C{ qste sce+tc*,citsdele dlstantl d+rrel scaflao muftimede
dc rori*a, dc pcsremat, r egipreniloq rn i pl6trcarEdd lei s$lendiai5culprati siftri rrheologice,difitrc Ecrccelamd
iar Halapr *mar lnrrcnmrl unoc h baraltcar€,ccl nrf,iFrof,abil,Hcreu itrpdrtarlte6untruinclafascirrantrale
cedti'6tate p6ni fo|s.colut*l Vlll-t a fate dlntr-un remplulutit din secslul bariticiiii trrloarui Sgn ulul Simeon
tflr., clrd I fo6rcucnit de uirieni, in sl )Glct l.Hr Ineintt dc a d$'Eni un Snlitul si celeEle birEntin€
"o{a{elo'!

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t ar es . c o . c c 101381

moant". Arheobgrisrnt de .co"d, cu luate din cltrdire+cresrinfrcare.


toeteacestta,cl Hrlawiy-,MaJrxsa, la rlndul shu,a {<xtconrtruit+
c+nsrruirade omeixciahrwi de pe loclrl4€orsiclenariceiBeroia
Mmta M(r\chce,seaflhpe fundatiile Alte vesfigiiale trecuruluiantic
cattdraleidin ALp fonrlad in *colul ap|rfinind .eri]ii Alep fltrea e Fil
al Vllea ri inchinatf,Sfintri Elena. 6r:s<,nasc h hminjl, Ac<stcasc allE
mrma impiratului Canstantin. sublabirintulde c{i de accesli sl
C:rlo€nelesnticc.u {apitrluri in stil .aravaEs.riiului{l,{dE}c.re far
birantin lxrt li vd?uteat$tln nadrrxa, rtra$ulun dcr:ordrmn dr 0 nur
{At $i ln Mrft, Moschee,careau fttrt riutrd d. floFfi.

Ehrr.ts i vd\r'i\,'/,haL:'itn
r* r
l013sl

Palmira
SI RI A

A\11 ]u[ rrf!..r I lr.r8[]


|ir r l |l|: I i r tr U |r t
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 101401

proceriunesomp onstr cu ridulde Cirtas liberarro{Esnii. lari


cd elefaftfifi gladi8toriscdeBlhgrarlpe aonruftrtori de bunuriel(otiac.i.au
stlllile Romelln centru,carul ariumfal permiic€t5dlrt4 exdidi schimb'nile
l l gs .l Il d.thJ F !m
sl tnp5nruluiA,'JTelra* ette Frecedat colr|ercrah96nEln ld$ E{Lhin.s,
jc(
dc o tmirc BG catc podltl numri artfcla devenirfsbulix d€ bagaa.
bijutcrii h stil rdsgriten. La brrgepi la Primr doYedf,s exisr€nieiunei
picioerearelanFrri de aur atit de grele, afelln numils Gilma{ F-aE&lt t+tr-un
iruit trebuiepu+ate de un slru.
Intimpl*ea apan ?trHkknrd A!$ata,
o lucntremon$mentEl6 csrc srtr un
onugiu aduruiu.nf,rrilor miitare
ateRonl€i.Anut efle 2?4d.Hr. iar
prLdni€racrt+ Ztn$bir, ceamai
fiumnasufelreie din Dient +iceqcirc
s bdr5rnit Fi seopuneputerii flom€i.
Hi5loridconiinuS,aritind cI Arrclian,
carer lnvin3-oln b[!lltc, curffit de
fturlrusete€ ci, i'a deruiro vi|[ ln TivDli.
Zcr*ohiacsteunadinre femeile
letetldare€le Andchrdtrl. Peltsngr
ftrdru{eFasrr,$€+riectr eaa f,x{ $r4i{
lui SepritniusOd€nerus,ctnnuir,rt f,l
Palmireisi crejinciff Rtunei.Sumc{ a
lqvetat de la d atilftatfa dc a cond0ce
ti sEf,regiilemilirr.le,iar la cune, greeca,
Iatinaqi egrpteans,l.a deruit un ffu lui
Sptimru*, <lara tomandatase+inarea
lut, DeftfftIa preluaFurei€a,Nir ei'{ de
Ia curtesPalulireitru a +ui€rctato lx
funobis"rerultstul fitrl ce a teuqitBa.i
deautlul de trnFtratffuiul eL iat ea,
sI pdrn€alcttitbl d€ Augulta.
5's *list {u Feri si a lrreput
d€ cuccdreln direcfiaTurchi
':amprrnii
9i Egrptulurcu scopulrle a crear.m
|Inpcnurllslnttl]n pentru a cDn acara conlract asirirn din sffolul sl
puteresRamel.Totugi vj^*le tl de XlX.lee t,Hr, Nurnele locului plrtrat nd tm. or .r$d ,r jlr&it

EloEk+u fo rdrolnrecandA$relisn de t{rul carc se gllette la |Ilar$ner


pi+ abandL:nat repe# carngenia srului arher{og1cde la hllnill[ p{nl
l,'bpotrirr gdfilor Fenir{ra,{i trimit€ ir rilele txrertre, e {asi inlerpretet hdsErrl. 5. frt{6*Ed

soldarii$Elini$reaBcd rebelridin Siria. deehTenicaderivand din


Zenobiafl-a mentat pedeapaa- cuvfntulsemitrctenr, culntelerul
Dr$i Palmitalnrodca !a $+hdcurr* ln ar:rb.l.Acertl
,iralrnicrul.c[rmaln,
de o msresutonomie(€rr o part€din r8dtrcinfi
coincidecu numctre lsdn
provinciaSiriaP.hoerte),delrni*e al cetifri, de aremeReaderivat dirl
m?i idFortanti cetate pe Jflmul cudntul . Feferiri la Tadmtrr LlEiolsfihii,,'4dr!l
';ea "palmia'
car'aranrlcrdifl Gient damdd aiutotului se frc qi h riblilrh babilonicnedin
rcdrsl. In U4 d.l+., Flsdripn I'a orplst pericodalui Hnmmursbi lL m lt rnai

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 101411

146

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc lo142l

talEiu,ll1fcrienle desprera:h]jxl lui ns.b{r'o s;.&Ef.ddd


Aftrandru td Mart trnporrivaF€rdlor"
Incegsnd
cu recolulI trt{r, in
periosdalofiand, $econsttr?lr} crcqreru 14?
a numEruldde meterialed refrtiri
litsrareale cre+reriiti der!"oldni
kl*rirtl Chtsteane8ustorilorpfireasE
s€bucurede o Fl?rFepriviLgiatl lnft
celedouSimprni, roman+ipcrsrn In
anul T?d.Hr,,tn a saNrm,ffiJirHirrclrc,
Plniur cel Edtrin *cria: nhimira estr
o cerrtenoh'ill pentrulocul unde
!e a{14Femruh45tla pAlng ul$i
situ$rp€ntrulimprlimerrcutenitodrE
a apclorsale.Intinderi de nisiptl
inconjoarecamFurilc{n rqaqe
Faflle, d€ Fdrc{ *r fl rrot6t[ de
lumt de finmelenerurele,'
In crudahFrului cd Flpqlatri?ers
maior{ir $eFitrcd,rt4ptat, Palmirra
irtlbt5l4ar modeluttrrLiric+i sacirt
firmlr$ dffi, tr pflrrng* srtelord
obiceiurih,rmentrneaun btil orienral.
Ruineleqaresepot vedteln:delt
noeltre,lnftr maimsft parte.dfltear6
drnsecolele al [[']es+ial III'lead.Hr li
ftflecte atat un amesbec dt rtiluri, clt
+10boglFiedin celn.a mri msreE
c€tlFendorsai OnnerclantiitnstAritise
furtrtceauftr ltdrumuaclarEa c€tAtiicu
edifuii din c€in cernai lnairstuirart.
Rumelecettlii antift dm
rpraFltreaEvoruluiEfqa,care
csi€urs,din {bundenlil apeJEntru
cuhsrih d+ mddrd, cumeh ti Irrlii
a(op€rdd Frdfalf dt sproaptrtr€
kilometripllirrli. DeFinu aveela
l16l+/ lJtcrlnd barf,un anumeplan,iarcarlrerele
reridehlirle+1e riFiceperlrruor*${[e
din ft]cnr, deflokaraa {rbenisri(d
:i
I Palmireirellectl principiul r+t ri
Srem-mmanal autonoFiei.A*rftl, re
eal€auo stradElirg5 cu colllll|e, cu o
lungimcde pcsrcun krlometru9i lat*
de ??demetr!,un teatru,un complex
d€bditi o largeutilirarea ordinelor
athiteetualegre..jo, ln ma!
deos€bt,cel6rintic.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
1 0 1 4| 3

I l: 'l': r !' i : i |i i .

r r , ! ir : ir r r : r " , , r "".

ft1ff:"i"fur; l.fr
. :,.:4. -i**..: +i, ilt'

, r . . . 1: : : ,, ! , .,.:;,r

llF, '. , r '! , . "i'. . , , . ,


l. . r . , , . i. , ; :l
'ir ,

r ir r . i. , ! i r ir ! : r r i , :
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c lo144l

Srridit clr coloiurecririr F,Srlililin Lrruirrrii Jin P.rlmir;rer,rufoarre


trsi seclilni Ptimr Fle.ad{ la ar,:ul l$rtusltiii ongimli ln u u s(u[Fturii,
dc rriunttmorrummtal ini l;r temd''l iD ffillJeDs€hir ln Fririllt.i
lur Etl. A Jouacr:minLra prinrt1,r hlsdrel'{iiidk}r.l}l€ c.rr sc lflt i||
Tin;rHl,rn ,:on4rLrs dirr frrrru Lcu mdi t uDi ltdn dc conseNrr.
pirLiest,rletr prrtrrrtoJrrurt' fierare Jctdrl'rri fli'rmilltc LrEi\ttuitr iir cn
f Jc-.1tunqulci sr ,rflrLL hiuh, remphrl htFogcrnr, fie ce ur rurn - ile firniliilDr
lui Ncho,rr."ar,;r..iltr\itul, J.. u . o hrgare A.eiter reJ'reriatlpufirctr
rtrnlli FrrFndirt|lftrltJrrct':rle rcrnplul Jn:rti.ttein crLrr rlt cdor JeteJrti
lur B.rll-Sh+nrrn. A rr+reserli{me ,rr (rijfrn|fr.lel{}r{aiirlr. rcrrnirrtclc
tntr.t prin rrrtLerulnuirlennrl lL,lucee ri h+rrterriklor Dinrrr pLrtinelc
la ttmpl,l [urrtr*1irr ultilra !,:.tiun€ ca*ruri deschise puLrtiorlui.cele
rE+Fra+b Fa'+Itf, luiDio,rleliin care mai int(:Itsihtr iLrDt(clc ,rlcfumiliei
!r Jc{hiJra ctre \hted Morn:irtel+r ElirhLd,dirrorirrfrunrur+ii
Cct nui imprsirn+nt tenrptrr rcrrlptLrril+L !i (i!1)!lceLrr lrri Fl4r,
esrec|l hrchiflnTIui Ecl. dir,ini!F!rtr Irnnu drlicati:lcsalclicsce
rrrprem8a Pfllmirci:((}nsfluL'ir LluF[ t.iftrrH Zrnohir'. r)r iLrl
rtr-rtuiaaimty,ntin rnut l2 J IJr ir irlc+Futstrlir$elcilic; si. .hidr
C rr(u cfltrrml m:lro.rrdI lli metri !r ,lic.limFirrflrl flrLrcle6 a r, nrairinirr,
?05rnetrilrcrprinderun [.u:irrprmrLL u Jrt un nou rm1.-uh F,rlmneiprin
rhirrlil|ni.l|n aliir lrntnL sa{!ii'irii, ltirlionirrfit rcold a unci inrcnsc
+:i.:LrLlr h,rnchctii t: rrll* (jcllu tr,r {irh+rr'm!Ljr,rri'.$Lllfin cerfiii crr
.u .t sitcrEJlntr-un tcmFluSi{r!.r tl+'* FeLeitur{i-T}!ul ern $ nirn;I
re:rr!rril rrtrLr-JrijJe rJrft rfr41- nr s.-t+lul nl XII'tca, ctind rraFLinr
Conrinea rtxrui{r h,iBel,$.r.rd cLrn$rruitun trtsrcl Ft p;rknul Jr
intrr YarhrhrlI nslLhol,rEUFilmlrei rrii ncl +i{{ r{qh++91deir:uplitsrrului,
ai SDilrchriii ri LDnji.Ll.rrDrutiunilr Jar !i rctst ftrt urmn sn it rhndorrt
i:{:ometri'ltii rr};L[tI Jt pr ptnourilt nr LurtnJ. (l&N Lr {rLht.rr h'!l
lln{rnuhri rllfui Fr+4ntn(linl{f(e nrilnifi.a $i irnbi Lr-{i Fdflifu,
riln nftj tiir;;! tru rlclcnii rini{e la srrrrt trnrt ca li acoperiti Jc
!5<nrrt rrft L\iiarrLini sru *r{Lrl-

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
101451

Bosra
SIRIA
ll,,,L
ft.\. [i:,,rn\i\ri\r il i-\r
irrL ir:{rrir\:l r r: Iq,qll
Cr . I r:C ttl iL::;l\rl

:j
E bsus w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 101461

rI
In centrulorgluluiBosra, rornaB+1,la Fr6rlr, 6alfltelftit toFii plsmr. Llcependcu iecolul sl ll-lea,
e,acorumrit, probabilcu rccleaii €rrc iri dc la sEoah,ia4 dupEsmirla, Boarra foatun punctde stadeirnpotwnt
preirc,o micl brurtuieFesr{fundati r scducaajoacefofbsl pe un teren peCalea1uiTrrfun,t"ta cflr|Ercjti]l cert
uneiprllv[liiromEne rntice,DiDrineaF imFrovi?at,ln fati la ulmFhrearfl. ltigl D*mascde MsreaRo6ie.S-a
derrem€,pregtteltelJrok, o peine Dup6Prlmin, Bo*a csteccl btrurrr de mnrider*1iamarmultx
dins.un aluat nedosprr.Femetlere mairmpsrtanr$i cel meivilitst sit imFrati dintrc car€cei mai inrlonanF
e$a![ h mad?l penlii { cumpftd $i, orhmlogk romandin Sina.Crr toate au fmt AlexardruStvuu,r (1ll'1151 ti
6ind exncm dr ticrhilte, o pun pe ec.*ea d€linidade atheologt' nu Frip Arabul (14{.249),un bnpurat
"rir
coloqrrclede Feaard!+r rnavmqJperu4l esrefiJaneeucrn, deoErece tocd msi nas{urtr sprEtierE€crtatii Shat*n, care
a re rlci. Elicicletctrtc pc aqibrdrum $mr o$mmi csre,practic,k'{uiescaici a onoraroralul cu tirlul de rtntfolir.
ft1ir'teriF.rl ruineloi,afifel, tn oFinir Odrd cu ctelrereEirnponanlei
unors,contribuindlr fE me+ulloc"l-. otat ls fo€tdotat cu eddcii
D€$ipapiruiuritcceiprcnedL1 iFpresionbte din balelt negEu. Cdrdtir
nileniul sl ltr-le€tHr, gmintescde o rngrnnur,$t*da princtpali r ora.pulur,
aqearenumittrBurrana,Bmra a devenit setcf|flni au un ffc dc ftiur!
un ora+irnpoita ablath enul ?0 d.Hr, rmnumentel mnstruitla lnccptrtul
aAndnaba$enii,aatec.edarer[Petrs secoluluial lll.lea ftt onasreaLe8ilrrui
rcmanilor,ji.ru mutal acolo,:aprtala.in a III-a Cirena;ca.Sepor adtnirarumelt
anul 106d-Hr, rutatee.rii ntr au putu! utl4ri pie!., un fslsportk firiositdrept
I€apingtamatele lui TraiEll,iar romanii d*pozitdc $cne. un elegonrcomplexde
ljl r$ P'dddl{.l@E
au mnifftmrt locul tntr.un centflr bfi, o rrJfidracrfi, un rercfl$r Fetfir a
Bdmini$h'ativ al provirrchirxnane col+ctaaDsde plrrsie+i diftrim c{s..
fuabia cu numelede Nova Traiana Ocl oai rpectacu}xdintre
Borrr De $elncncr, au dficmnst mnnunrentele din B,xrq estetraEul, rmuJ
regiu$eahrmnjurltoEreAursnitis dintrecde maibineconrcFatedrtrluftea
(astlri Hruran) drepto .ont romad d caft trp{€linatr,tourlatl. unul
Fen{rucuki reErrlneh,E dmtrccelemeiiolplesiffranrccxemp'le
Irillueo++Romci$i FrirlrlF continu[ alearhitecnrii militarc anbedin Shia.
a 5 000d€ legioaffi r modiff.arim4ir€r A,res3rrconrrrdicth aparehd!a p$ate
r:ec6gitrabcrenaene, defi Fhnul expltcaqoe ln rer.oiuld Xltr-lea,ctnd
neregulattipic orarclororientaiea f(rr di$Ertii a\.Frbd[ d cucffit cetf,t€fi.
nou,veniriiBUrijicer o foEtiffcad.in
iurul resnuluicu sFc'iide locuir pfirt'U
armali. DEa$cmcnca, au e@F{rit,iar,€a
c|,|pah hrt, extb]cI $ructurs romffll a
supravietuitneydfenradpAnIln nleh
noqrse.Thi"eci de hift,
""i +l"rai
arhtolcg ed lndeldriet *tr5t|rl d.
pllmllntpentrur *oate le lumintr
un EsEu careputeaprimi 6 000de
rprcEtori !€ i7 de rtnduri dr bh*i
Dr arcmcr*a.re alld o ft'nc scarfine
dccc$te cu frizesi ctrlumne,ronntice,
'IEnt i, torufi, ette sinaurulexemplu
evidentde stratifrcercatlurccturrlSdifl
Erxra-Otaful sresi un mEc nufirfl de
nroschd,curnestenromhceaUmar,
,coddclll.llt dH! r conrtruitt Ferlcun lemplup68€n,si
morchreeMabrak.rate se a{s trr locul
urrdes"arrlihnir c[mila crle puns cdrre
Siriaprifta coFiee Coranului.Un alr
obiectdr reneratiepenuu ftu$rlmani
tste clftlitea caft ,]d4d e frt6ro t$dili.I
ffe{tinI iiar n$i buinte, un ediffciu
plg9n durrecolulnl III-ha)- in secotutal
ll]X.lea, memt'riirecteidnr1 *-iu t6.i*t
id iurt]l veihiului..nftr din Bosfr,duF{
c€ fusa*ll a]unSafidrn Libff, h urrna
unuimnllkt rEliginicu cre{tinii

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc lo147l

Baalbek
L I BAN

INULjN}!Grsi*lBrr:
lld4
C (l (r\,
C{rIERr!,

TI
Ih ciudanumeluisono6 centArind cc] pulin 700de ronefi
lu Heliopolh,,,C+tarer Sc,erclui"
{ondartr inconjuEta d€ 54 de coloar''ccu UIr
de fenicieni,eraun ora! modesr ca dlrmelrude doi rnetri+io lnlllimc d€
krg4;r ln momentulin careTibclirl 10de rmrri.A$tIi tu mi r5raaF doar
luliu C.ezsr,flrd nlci un eton, a FeFa coloane: opi au fostduft la
cucerit'ofuanul l5 tHr Conlorn C{rnstantinoFol de cfrtr€ lustinian
{'}biceiuluiseu,lhFArEtulrrfondrrr pcnuu a 6 ft.iodrela constnrclia
ocoloniep€ crfe a numh,olulie HegieiSophir, iar resrulau f.Et
AugurtaFelu tleltrpolirana ji a folo6itefte Fentrua con$truio sft5
cantonatacoloo legrune,ln atclan harilicdbiranrrni rr srr{ (disnus6
rimp,destulde inexplicabil, s-e lntre rimpl sauau ftrt dbrAmate de
hot5r$ti5 congEuisB;lFescefi l€ culreflure.T+$plulcupdndea o
,:el mlrifalnic tcmpludin impenu. ltatuie de aur a lui lupitcr, caft fla
C{nsidereta fi uns dintre lrihunile vener4 de peleriniicarell vilitau
lumii de.fute i5rollctidin sr+olulal dir trr*te collurih ImperiuluiRoman,
VJtrr,tae l-tu numitlrintre primii Construcdaa dura! rproximEnv
Bsrlbek.tn*elrlnAnd,*ul {BqaDdi' 150de ani dsr nu Rf'st terminat[
wl+a &taC', templul a Srsttnchirat r:niodatt, depicapitelurileai
lui ZeuFHeliololiranurClndireaeste i::gmentelede fihrrrive &corarecu
a$!ad Ft ,j flatfgEnn drEplunghiulnri caFete de ler+i taud.frunlt dertont ti
de80 de metripr 48 de merri, f3r}lafui poarrEnurd.rriasubtilidtii
t(nrFmrftf,din bls+unde prstr5 lucrenlorstulFturale,iar nrulfiimFdrati

15; &ffift
't+w dn\Fftt raI E td&dE

Fi@ h 4fl+&lA. J4rd

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
0148

- 1..'.
-.;rr"
l;k

-l
H
i4
It

.{.
l014sl

tal

fle

. L ::J*h L rr 'rrl .fi rr !:r,:, :. ::i' 1 r.'l . :. r..1-lL lii .1. :rrriri
u r rL .::rL l Lrmri : l -, .:rr r :r( lL::r r .r . r r r tL:.:L d.,1:r Lr i;lt r .,
'
i rr rr r, i r,r, 1 " , i C .i Hr .. \,r .. r lr
,.,r.rrr:r r:n tLrr i r ti ,r r r r r lLlL:i.
.,{.r t'.rrN :tr.rI.rl rr rl L ,..r r ,:hi:f
!:rL rri .r rfL r,rr ,:L 1 .,i )i ,tin;r lr ,r :,r :l

l l i rLr i i l rr.t:i
fL trfj :lifll:f ir(.!rLil :Lil.r ' r
101501

J;,r=' *+
1:+i
lii
1a

rd

i1

,,\l trlra tmlJl .lc h Brrlhrk r,lrn dr flrorrc fl nrfl .hl+rtii inririr|lcrlurir(r.r n,$ iJrrriiii,:t't(u
r lirrrc.nrilrutrl. i:ilrL jLFrimjr$ rj hllrtilc |ilrr!:ut,t$:rrililr! rurjurr, I1.rrl \rr:u:. ru Art,rru. ir,r lJiL'i:hur,
S(rrrilr l:- iural i, ;ui :11[ d IlL, i.1rr;Ltiin r.rFi lL Frrruir ietd,rr lru l(r, rrr {Flr(uI fJt,,r r
Lir ntrnrnl.nrnli Fr|/!-1h!dLlf rlirrl ii sofri;nr .ri1s. Fin5ifl ]t :e I)in I95i F,rrlh*k;r
f u . L *, ru L sl , (:n rrl l :,L L !r.In.hm r r l Ienr r u:cr r ii' v i .r t! i i l r un nfl r dil|(Jn(i
iur \'itrus. tt,npJul L it*rns c"tt L)c [rpt, rnanii mi,Jr[LcrrtrE
trr clct.rnr rdi ciu frnr;lHnnl rlLriL'i f l(1s!ir.rlir.i!irirf Frrtri{ti Llirl LLi
rr'mplulL:i
J+ (,}hlni sr ric
lr"{r1r1lL!tiJr Irirri trir r+nriqr(Ein +ieljitr iil in dirrr
tuscLir ,lin (ic:arttr. prmul tr u.la divini,[ ]a Er r lhtL cr r ir uc tr l
;..to i !t hiseri.ii cfubiirr. r ii.i\ r ir r r nr ismulLi r liliitr .r ntr r nt i Ii !r i !h\
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 1 0 1 5| 1

Tir
LI BAN
Souh BE6!,t"T,r
DtflSLrDuL
L6{NUL!|
ANLI,lNflxcr5T&{xl:
t984
C*ftM: C {Di){ul^

r56 T-r
H
I. enicienir au ftcur li aeteta.Adevlul eEtecl temFlul-
parte dintr-o poFulafieorgani:jrtAln la felca templullui &:[rmondrn
.edF-statE,{5rI vreur conceptpnr,'inrl Ierusalim, carefrobabila fostronst ir
0nitateagrlamlE;dc FrFr,hi.i nu lrim de lucrhtoriidin Tir - fus€6€constluit
cum iti spuneau.Ternrenul, fmrcreni" in secolulal Xler i.Hr.de ceFeTegele
e+tederivardin cuvintul grtc Hiraft I pent.r d lnlftui un edillciu
ph{ranf,r, dupS(urlr ii lumea Homrl legendrraerr avrrs+s€ o mloenl dr
gi a fo+tpteLLrtdt la cel marprepor aur+i unadin smarald-
produsal lor, purpur*Dumit[pfu{nir. ln ptriuarlalul Himml, cetatea
Velorenl cit EreutateExe in aur" Titului, care dercrii.te<elftai ifrF{rtant
pJm.iruret6 rrrlndrit Tinrlrri, cnci or+ul Fort din pfrrtearftiriteEnf a MErii
l$i deto.r fonde.er Mediteranedatcritnpraductieisalesi a
"desrq-r€ririi"
{olaraorului.Legendaspunecl relj tome$ului tu FurEUrd,era formati din
Ienician Melqan +-aindrEgletit de o dou{ p[rfi dc+Ertii€ de o iqie de mare
nimtt Fe ..mE Tir. i'r.-o dinineal{, in IunS de 800 de merri. O patc sr afln
timF ce seFlirftbaupe plail lniEtiti de pe continent,iar ceaialttpe doul inEule
c?inele reului, zurimalula spifi o sl:rrktr mici. Amindori inlulelearru aplrare
lntre din+i iFr botuJi 5-acololat ln de fortificsfli$i sel5udaucu ren+lcle,
putputd, itsnd a oLs*rvat acestlucru. pelateleli piettlc lot
nimla i-a rpus lui Melqart c* ti ra DeFimonoF Ul comercialii fus€se
acorda tnate foumurile da.[ li vfi aduce subminatincl din eesiul al lXlee l.Hr.
un repm6nrcaresdaib* aceaculoare, prin dcrvokareaCartaginri(.drr a fi}rr
r.S{ctr Mrlqrft r $rlni $iirer molu+le fordata, ce o irorrie, de o ci]lolrie de
cAteaveanerrir pcnrrui lndrplihi rbeli din T'rJ,cerareBfeqicianea secolulal ll.lta d.Hr, putel primi
dorinF nin ei ii, pAn[]i urnl}, si e lui. toftlinutt sI lttflDr€rs.)l$i a rtrnas 20000de spectstori Eiaveao pist*de
Znna din qFroFiereaFlajei, unde de netnvirsF6trI ln artJ JiZ l.Hr. cur* in {olmi deU, impArttein douA
lntte drnpst a$f,rdsc .ehrea Tir, a h acelan,Alexan*rucelMarea rururiprin scmn din Fiatrb(nrtaa).
Iosrvi:itBtl ln sc(olulel l/-hrr I Hr .uceritwe+uldupeun asediu carea Lg nor,l de hipnriromsr atlr ruinclc
de cnrleHerodotdin Halicrrrrrrr. durar+f,pr€ luni drnpulne.eb;lrFentru ap€ductului rixnan,un arcde tnumf
d Jrarslrnelitatecunoicutt in lumea arnrafamacedonean5 st construiaici pio rtnd! de.alungulclreiaseaflI
grcaclt ilttpr ,F}linrsle i$tdriei' un di8carea unit insuleledecontinent ssrcofa€e cu blisorcllr'funsculFtare.
pornise
inr'f,larul in ctrUrordlc
sale Flpecareau adusuciE*toarEle lor R un promonroriu cu rtdut h mrre,
din dqrinta de a clrnoaFte
lrcul ceruia m$ tnlrii de rErblrirB !e lr amplaseze re afl6ruineleunuicornFlex debei ti
grcciiir Jatorauproprialimli 54ri6A, subriduri o sffrd{ ru col(}cne +emaiFle?inte
deoarcc{d affiboi]luihvcndd Ast,?i!a mairamas doaro lrmhrtr ii asttrlifrr$nmrr dr mr'lric biradrin
alhbenrhrilorlui Cadmrx dinTir a ac+leili:tulcrsrcetlli, Felumerate din secohrl nlXlllea.
in acearreme,culrullui Melqartera ln€n+art tn ms1F,16lel.] ri ll+ir Dupi!rm+ni, Tir fr fostcr|tcrit
ssfiiat cu cel al semileuluiFec demelejx careo trrv€rsadiExllui da crur:iati,caF au dus pinl la caldt
Hercule,iar etatea lirvlui era Alerandnr.OricHm,cu Ex,repllF diJtrugeleasnrlceieeritll f*triai{ft ,
donrinatl de un r€mfld lnchuut lui. portuluiftnrim, mrc facco$iectul Parjdh conFtruirea $rlei noi cfrlti
in Lr+ritL s:rLeHerodor scrh c, a unor &qpltdrisuhecvrticr,cirl. rnsi r.ah€,in $erohl al l'U[-lea, trupu] lui
in$Ebir preotii desFrreF€no! * cnnd mqltedinre ruineFrovindin Feri.'ada FredclickBarbrrossrr r fiJ6tinhumnr
s-acnn3tr{it lemplulSi i $-arllspulll .:l rmnL Celemr spcteculoaserunt eici, c$ speranls,&tfft[ LI rfufi4ifljk
rtve Z JolJde ani, aceea+ivilstl ca rele ale hiFrlrumului Citnsrruitln ngale vrr ff dusel+ len*alim

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
101521

ti;

rir,6+i;91,11;
1:

g
fl
1 0 1 5| 3

Masada
ISRAEL
REcrLxral,'-\Il
AtriL IN[EGl!:Fis[:!ml
Clfielrr: C luJ trvl lr'

Ltfl

4ad;ir-:

l5A-ljl hJ pnd€i\iaLr

l !r iEriH&,{tr hlq.Eir

Ir{r tu d i.a.ritufd . r+
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 101541

reh mai ctnotrt'rrant( piedestal desdncs,9eretminEcu kn


FEginidin lrrond rdlh Ei i df,ilor, platourombrridalcaremdyrari 300 de
istoncEl Flaviusl,$ephu$ citea:{ rlletn!e 6m demelli. Prezen+r unui
currnele lui EleararBenYair, $,drii(toreni ptuviall i-a F€ffib lui
conducrtonrlrelorlor *rdiati de lrod, regeal ludeii tntre 3? tHr -
romenitn fortul Maseda, 4 d Hr, secon$truiadcA aici o
"At8ta
vremecet miinile n'J6r[re\'or pulea Eamiflr€nimitiE t p€rmanEntb,
line o iehte,ele vor rSvari un Ect A.lrdonsr ifigine.ilor s5i sI sEpco
de grnem:[ate: mLrihine lom m ri fttea de ranale$i rereFoarede ape
d€clr st aiunE.msclaviidu+rnanilor carest colecE:€apedin (L'trdi, dar
noilri. ia! c? i€menl literi ne '!'(lEr lnd +D$, lnc.anrardc liumus+lea
lm rAms bun dt 1aviats imprcunncu pcrlAiulo', sar hdtlr*t sI foloseds{il
sotiih li rDpiii tuqtri." Acestavodrqre locul li ca una dintre Ee{edinlele sale.
deEpredrBfiradca norptedin an$l Flanul+euambiFosincd +em+i
?3 d.Hr, tind zeloliirau imhraqisat vede5i ut}l. ln partrrrde notd *
pe .ri m'i eproFietili cri mri dregi platoului,prhtul err construirpe li9
+is-rruslnEcircu tolii, Bei tera8eleEErrFdn rreFtetEiare
In dimineaga
urmatoare,
cind in $iancE avea cu4i cu poiticuri,
romaniiau ejr:nsla fon, au glrit 96CdE Fitdraut tr, det{rrdl tu fto?aic tu
Lddavre$i o canrira* urirlE dc bunuri de${ncgfotnrtrice,iBr perslii erau
arse Nu tn scesrfel seaFrepB$edri acorrilide ftesce.Ahturi de palat
lini+teasa}reb.liun€acatona irdei seaflaudeporitrlecareputtau pd*ra
.are p5liliseri leruialimuldup5 canriilti uimirofir dc bunuri, irr
d*trugercarrmplulurtrrca.re aproapede acestease alli o sinagoga
tldrAlDisr!AFA6r opun: Futerii Romri, 6i cladireabailorDenhuoa6FetiFi
Cu toeteacerte*,a ftxt ronriderati o ina\ii Fffcialivenili le MaraJi
l1ctoriesnl,Jr},det Maradlrfusesc fts lrrlri tift lucr.rd camerd din
co$idff.lt[ Fractr i[erpuEoabih- cladtra bailor€stecdlddfim. careare
Forr:realaMaradasr ridic, o pod€eruqrnutl de 2Cl0dt .rlt{raneti
dees+Fra deterruluiludeii, nu deFirne Frelinr:l des.hrrntun dul t€rrtoltr catE
rle m:lulJt apu al Mlrii Mrnne { Ftrmiteeu s[ pEtrLndltaerul cald de
de oell Elfl C'edi.Aftm$nllrosJt unui la cuprorulaflardcdesubt.Cta mei

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 101551

L*d@tB rlIF!, r{b t.Fii

llamL MJnro .Jdxi i


ntcM .st.lglE#*d

r60
lmpreFirngn![clll&.c dm complex ft lolil. Ruioelefu Ffiaafiilori:rmsrfditt .onductel€de ept. lnsl Fleviur
e$r Fala l de la aFus,careacoperEa o de rom,rnih rirapula*,diulrLise mei lorephura frxt un *idlt{)t: s-a ntr$.ut
suFr*fetll mei mBrede 4 000 de metn For y€der SiasrEdla poalelemuntehi. iudeu,dar s-avAndutrumanilor,i€t
Fdtrafi fi m utilEtE dEPt enrru Mqsrdae:te un rinbolal p€sresecoh a f.r6t $te$ din memoria
adminisftarivfu srulrotlrl ere ocupEtll iacriliciuluiextremal iudeilorpentru colectivi a iudrilor.O date cu el r fost
de spatiilepentrusoldali. hbecaqeCu toEtescestea.relistenfati uirar :i episrrlul de la Mss3dE pdM ifl
Deli Masedaa fixt deropentl sinucide.€Eleloijlor nu apal€ h textul 1910,
cindscriirorul
lsascLf,mdana
din serolulal XlXJer, s{p5turile int iudeu,Talmudul, ci numai in contpus
un Ftemintitulat"Mafada".
si.srefiaEc{nu :rll lncepur d++A!in d,xumenrulscrude FlaviusJoscphus AcefistA plueste a inspiBt tevdht
t963. in afrrf de ruinelemaiegtuoa$e, arre a aflat drlspreEaf,firduFAa€ a erreilordin ghetoulde lt Vu$osirr
s-agAsito marecantildEe de brnuti, lnrdlnir dou: {emeicareau luprivi€tuit lmpotrivana:i5rrlor
in celde-al
rnonede+i schelete (pmtsbil alc acelor ftras{c!uluia5+un4lndu-se In doilearg:boirnondial.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
0156
Ebsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 101581

|ll-asriiarubi a .€t ddu* d. pt lartralduc la r.Bte


Orneiailora fosth putereaparape o 6rid[,ln ll{flre {€ aulo{ru]centlal
unlccol,ftrm 661.750 d.tlr.,dar cuprindeatonul.
st4ognirea lm i-q extinsde la Damasc. Plafs.rut+i ptre+ii$uflt acopedF
caplula,ptne noriul Afticti, ptnl in <xreruivcu 6*r<e.Intr,uar dintre
Spania,irr Aria Crntrah FiIndia.Au litsrc, cunoccutddrcFt nhercacelc'r
rntmt h r:ontsctsi cu China de undc {ere resf, RoderiEt{regEleviaigoFlor},
tn rchirnbulroUagilorchineli cepurrd tuisa {domnimtsaranid), tmptuetul
h bddrlii- ru Ftrd( lnapors.crcrlll Biralgului,negusulAbisurrei"
s{odtrrttii hArtid tn$arstul cbine?+i{eful turcomanils
Cunrxcltori ei srrcloi drr ri au foet identifrcafl.A.-esteftglri Fot
ai drboiului" au produFlucrErt rqprrre r.Efic l$Emicilldomulur,fu
atltrect"rale & o mareft umrrrete,
ificlusiv aacf,cc rsiSd estccunosculllf,
li MsresMo{cheedin Dsma{c,eddcii
inchinatclui Altah in Ardaluila $i o
6iri. de ,c*$tclcp€ ni$ip"rlsplndire
tn regiuncaA:mq, pulin maila cetdr
Amman,capitalanrodeml a lor,laniei.
A6Fectul+xt€ridral ea*teleloidl
impr.ria ci Eufo5tcoffuuctri mihtsrc
ori c+rrvanselaiuri,der,de fapt,certele
din Auaq eraulocuri de relaxare.
AmphiaE irl o€ucori tn aFopicrceloq
creufolx{e ca ba:epentrup$tidrle
de !,lllr6toEre.De s€menea,s€Foatc
seG rvut un clra.ter rBrkol ii puteau c!{Tducttori un rEtlrr rgrlh Jdt !'eEdiH O'i'd$
"Eo
6 hloEitqEalecun de relregereln cslifului Omeiad. Stilurile pi subiectele
prrioadelctr careDamasculrra celor{alte fteacearatE influrnrc ale
bcnftir de €pidemi. lnie. o sltt eftei elenhtice, bilaqdne { persaft .
llmcFepe careo ird+Dlineauer| *I'l SuFt g4erlede adn5toar€in crre dn
Fim+xjt5 pe F€fiiNuini, a ctro. ftAgff t5ll]rric ed,r{lrnpirls cltft o Flasl
lirialitereeeceo imFortenll ftretegie$ de ul] Erup de oalne"rlicEhlei dematori
pdeindc,rntrolulEdtoriului. DeFi $rmuricieni htr.un decor de plente
m,JeEt(a m[nm€ pdn compslaFe!u $rarftlalt +r@ur+ ${l4nm cr
ahecasreledin tegiune,Qr.nyr'Amra prtAmEreaut] Frir d rBndvlnudle,
a fot p:* +ubprorcc;tcLNESCO cu stled (ar€ coriculautntFun
daroritdfresaelorexaepfilxrale,care decu rural- uln&id de4ar m lru
ruff l]n tx$nFlu ur c de ard dl$ fie*ele din hanpnan$fir la lbl de
prim.fl pedofldl i$laflri{5. efuute. Blile eraude o imponanfd
Corxnuitdr !ffqlidL csliftntre fundamenralu pentrunt ralurites,Jciah
705-715, sau,dupdcumsuEtin unii si r€llgtoari dln lurnedidimicl, ia.
€xpc$ide.itre frul rru, Y&d.l tn c€lettci tllc{Fn drn cE€ crEu
Il'lea, Qusal'r'Amn tstc situotpc compuse fn6i& ixm, tapila!fl{rn+i
o iruDl5 nsturalE formf,tfl de lVrdi caldcriurn' ffguraudi{eritelceoede
Butum, unul dlnse rorenoehpluviale vedtoare rcprcldrtEndu-lF€crLf,
din rgiun . hltraL ca$ftlul d fost mai o noapresplcndidacu m cerdin
I6.i l6J QliqrLtFro
mffe d€cat 6€Fraie lrdes srtS?isi €mbfeE nordicElnmniurrt de
inclrxleaun fgn cu o curreinlerioqri semFet4mdircrle ft o gerlede scen4
(de la careau r[mar fr+ndafrild+i inlFlt6te de mi{{)l('gladasjcl, cu
gtrdini cu fbntdniellmmtarc cu o nuduri [eminiereFrerenr*ndFoerie,
ro{t6 de Ep[, DouI clAdiridifi gresie, li,lolofrsfi i8[oriatsu, poar(' dosr
carecuprindeaurala de audnnfe+i :ralia Filiumu6eleafenrihiotr.
la'tur'eB {b{ilei, re afl5-mfi-ost{re O da$ c" s$rSit,rldiflrstki
eJ(.eLrtfi de cons+rv8re. Prungare Omeisnilor$i prelusreasf,egrcis dEEine
zecemrtri lunginre$ sas€meni lttiftrc, Abesiriidifl Bagdad,s€tnE$eiecalitalul
estea":opcn€cu o bolH cilindrice artti ffsurative'rlatnice-lftepstd
dreaptl (accasrtfrmnt dc toltI, au anul ?50,religii Eint r:is orict
msi tdt?$r,a devctlir t|fqcdp{,rltru reprt!+rrtsreumsn* ssusninalieril,
arhitectura islamice) ti aretrci culoarc; iocotind.o drcpt un sacrile8iu,

E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC l015el

Petra
IORDAN I A
DrsrEfl!.IldA'AN
AA]rj,L
lstEcsi FIFJI I9E5
Ctrfttut C (rl {u) (Ivl

I
I5m61e,sofia6,sdtftr4
nuc{osrl. Fip€r,ghimhcrfi scor'lisrar!
Femrumircdedi {i uleiuriparfutMte,
164 baLamurisi medi(amefteimurelini li
m[tt$€ csft, dc ]r ifir€p'rtul sEcilld i I
d,Hr,,au lnr€Fut.rdffc fcstrturile
frtonte ale celormairafinali romanii
rilate *r€itr bunuri- drrfotm Ftpb
drl [{orr Eritrm, un manualscrG# un
lildE! Cl* fu
negusmrgrecanonim- eu sosirdin
Irdia pe marein ForturileHadramsuth
din tcmen, Lgcndarulrgat SaSo.
De arci,nabatieniile,eu tmnspotrar
ln csramnr traversfnddc6rrtuldin a diadohitrx(surresodilti Alenandru Fr*€bil,re ltatulunuiE ord
hninsula Aratict FinE in P€tra, cel Marc)<ha'i tnvingeFenat€tienii diplomatic,r'e cumsugerea:r
c€tftea fibuloa!4 undermu lnFl4fte careloculau1$h!rE. Erqnedelelqarlae bdrured'rFd
pennu a li dhtribuitr ln barinul Urtrr5trsreleinfiYmaFidt6p'rr arExdft! F€ carut l|elrn a €ljtrlemoft
medit€ranean, hniE FiMeroFotamie. trib dei€erf din enul 6] t.H[,, ctnd evcnimtntul, ere tcdr Ardhld ddq!*ird
Sepuupugmelu+rvddesprr romsniimruJwi de PaflFeisu Eudt {i $u, Argltll {flF4, in slte cuvinte,
ne8letorlitcmi-fffi€ri crre $i-au sF-Fiexrindddo$hsFa E$upraa caca o d unui al
'$dica+ie "E-dr6fer
ciFtigatprepires n]manilon$i per$,or ce csreartfli Shir li lordrnia, cff€, pioFdedfii* dr riettlrl a&ninirtbtivl.
pentrucapecimrea 1orrle a fumiza ln cta nrai mart p6rte,ersuloruite de fl€ fEpt,ln ciudEsuperio{itllii
asd.l de lnirfud cd$taE.Urd{e,{Il€4iii nabqtienl Cu toateace6tra,au rerlFit rdrabitoare a srrldadlor pi armelor
identilicf,pe &re$nacu locui.orii(4tlfii sI !4 aduneln ceF+tala lo.rSisd-li rom.anii|lu dr R Flrtur niciodati aa
Elom, careau oprir ex,rduliudeilor msrfin{ monr4olul*upra bunurilor iaftua cufn4a.CSeleS;q- o
condudde M,)iEe.Primuld,rcunrent carepmreneu de la MareaRoqie- ftecAtosretn$r$tI {o!firatd t| mii de
scd! referitorla nabdtled$te lnult |l|il Rdanaa i€uiit ra-l cottttolet abli arride +u/r Mrrla fl/alea lui Moture],
reccff $i $eg*seltctn CErEaa XIX"9 tn tnul lOdd.llr." cind, la mmrtcr urul dinue torentelepluvialedin
din Bi!'irod'ecs
Hirk'aff a lui Dirrdrxus regeluilar RatheleII, nabatieniisu rofrf ers sineurapacibilits!€de
Slculus(E0-20i.Hrl. Eveninrentele h cedstlui C,rrmelius klma, Euvetnator inu-ar€in cetate,iar intrar€aitr clEi
ca.rc$ rcf€t{ ncl!ftadetcirii drn al Sinei subirnplrrrul Ti?ifl, crtar€ ea.,pri.l|c, |rrvialrili.Dln ace5rloc,
J15lHr {i Filesc ihc{rcsreat+$rrtA lar. Fsptul(5 d.'auFrdat s ft'$t, peo distsntl d+ I ?00de mctti $mt
o seriedr cxrhcii couri tr unghidEFt
rnEepeneFide Besieinalfi de ICO&
ner1]i.Erasffeurdniddaliratede r iter1t
c.rstte, de.rufiesinrcie$4 rhirr {i
Fennuo annarf,cum efacearonr+$[
Acumru oai tel4gritld un
ot*erd mfirot intrprgnabil; drt r
Sh nu t|rsieuff ssdli decgto
necitrxre dr o marefiumusefe
pedl|'lnul c5rreKhaanthFir'a"T
fiera$ruI Fsraonuluii, edificiulirrren$
idpat lRsdncd, unul dinoc celemai
imprerhnantenonummtc din lumea
anrid. ArhroiogulenglezSir Leonand
Yholley scris; nsbstieniau
"Arhitectii
direcstalhitectlraclaiicA+i s.aujucat
101601

t{'i
10r61

i;.1
tr;
f*

/l
I
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 101621

r6i !E CrMiOEtu.dH

Ftu r lxh,ai i,le hEs

L
rt
B -*<_+ri#

f
tt depEfiare,darorirl schimb$iilor
i comercrule ce sedesfuiurauintre Fetra
qi Alcxundnr l.{ai mu1t,caracterul
tnercantilal nehatienihrlt.a rsigur;rr
caFacirrtardE,1rb*rrbi cirracreristicilt
crlruralc ri rrtnsritcale populatiiltrcu
tlit i|lri{u in cdntncl
Mai{stuoarard-DRlr (m[nlsrireaJ
esteinn.rn stil tlar elenisdc.r9eaflt
Ir rirfulmuttttlui cu aceliii nunre
t+- ii seujul\gea{olo Fe un lir $eltir+it
de rreprf tii.rte in litlI5, orl [el ,le
,::
rrr sd.rtrin.adrsd de carouri il

si-€+ t€#; Cu roateacerter,nulte.lirrttc


catouriledin fttra - l* fel rrt
Marmintulcu Urni -;i trtfinu rle
p $l unJealeii 1rl.merclcfuncrtt

E bsus I w w w ,habi t a r e s , c o , c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 101631

ifdrr ld.nrw rtri,

168

J1l

"!;

J
rtrnr irnpu-luhirtcLLJ*.'r:qrunr tn al llt,tea d.Hr..r: datr cr: declinnl cmr.inrun tinlr scolrrrrde (uiqinc
irdfr. I FiceFerrtnrarta aiirlltrA irnptriuluf romsnirjFau [rturJut umlli: $f,FlrmeFs+Iintr.o rn|}erlifie
llin ca*le naharienenrr a :nai interestlpcntnr oraiul hrra c5rrc aLta!t! crtrelrJinrra.
ril rusllrrnrc locunrlrh lur uu fr:st Amrntileei-a derenit un secr€t I[chema L)arid RoLcts gi cr.lr
FrohahiIconlttDitedln ftuti:riilL' ptstrat de grupurrledispersete Je ISJ Je schi(e Fi picturi Lu
'prDa|e
p+risahile. SeqtieFufindespre heduini,Flnlln lZ rugu\r l8ll Petrai-D lemii si-si itingl vi5ul
F)puluric,caft:F{}|Ifl-E f{}ir ikfirh!la canda fost r€deicopefittr d€ cdLf!,]rul de gloric L.r irrt<urctn,r in lvl.rrea
ile.l$( amh{.L}LLpil *5i.':a elvetianJohannLrdpig Burckhardt Bdtant. Rob*rr * Licvrnirlrrrnrx,
nrnunilor,treptar,orqul ii-r Fierd!r Rclatlrar sa,tuhli.rtb ln r {trt +i .el mri rEre picfot
imFxrnnra,chirr dici, Je ex{ntFl$, C.irhloriilt Si 1+rTdftr SIil d,d .!remii sl|le.iu. duFJ cii
F$iiagbt ,ll
StrLrhrnl-a Jtstrs in rrnnt'nl Flini d€ gisit un terenfertil in EuropffrFrcii imaginilesrL:.rufort pullirrrtc,
entlrtirsm.h Llr :* l Frtrr. irr sto1ul romanticedin secrrlula! XIXJea A Petr3a relrni( lHyhl[.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
101641

\ *iL

t
I

IIi
I
lI

-l
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 101651

Hatra
I RAK
RtGttNE{ Mosul
ANUID\txcmr,{Mit9d5
C (trii"') (lv)ftr)
CEITETE

ftboiul din lrak e cSliFreu numeil0 !00 depie*, ceea


alarrns!roFiuheologii din l$mein ceersroru+iErevFqn$riledilt Ealmile
pflrsinlr sorlii pel11moniului lllQflc F|rhl]c.au fdr mEllirtutate iu diipArDt
imensdin Fts und€tnllorisdrj|prim€l€ ,numrf 40 de piesc,Acatee includ
cr ruri ale omenirii, In aorilie ]03. capcrelepra,:rk smulrcde pe rculpturile
irnaelni+leiafului de la Murtul de mbrt'nen*urald giEte in SaleEa
4lll-L! ll00l4) J.H!) Nrfonal din Eagdada ttcur lrrmea Er uilor din flrtrs.
sdsea+teptcla e€ eranr6i !tru tr O fo*EreaE,cetatcdin nord-r'mtul
pq'i{inFcelcr l7 m0 de lucr[ri dc ha}-ulul qllath la iumdmteafiumului
liir{ atuirrHredh artl co"lernatel" depqitek sale. dtnfteMd6ulri S€nlara,Hat|i nu Fe+tie
O primtr.slifirft a rugcretc! dact c+ndr fort {ofllrt!. $ poate!*
8O96dinne piue fusesernlie furste, * ff tnt{mplat b iuml anului4tJ0J.Hr.,
lic dictnrse,dar o misiurEa Colle8€Art fiind inilial o mode6ttraq.rarca6irianh
Ars)clrrb$. crre a unnrr rE:boiului. cares.a dervohetuheriot,Fcnoue
! lbcut o esrluer€maipr.rilll a cunmgreo marepetioadade glorie
di*tnrgerilocajungSndla conduria lrrue sccdeleal ll-lca ll*. sral lll-lea
d.Hr SiRrertinar.oForidesnat.tkl
Fe Drumul Mt!&ir, 9 tr$ una dinm
(ck m6i prospetctltlti dm r€gatul
peq or. intr-ader*r,artEriestr
+or$ideratlceaftai imDort rld
ftlicv5 dhhe culturileanticedin
MeroFnrmis. Mri rtrdq 5 d€l'enir
caprtalaprimuluircgatarabdupflce a
rgi*tat eroi( araJiilorhrmane,cor.duse
de 'Iiidlin (lt6-l t? d.Hr"i +iS€s{imiui
Scvemr{198.199dJr). Intre act+te
doul epiraade,SqnafiukI {16?-190}
5-anumit sineu.,rrgeh arabilor'd a
dEnumiiHftra Soer€lui'duF!
"frtarea
cc a {mlstruit cr] nrsi iffpresio$snr
ediffciual oraruluirtrmplul lui
Sharnerh,?eutSoare.
Dr o lb{r$trcirculff5, Haraaar€un
dismcrrude pestelJ kilomeni {i este
tnc,urjulerede dou! tiruri de ziduride
.Fera.e.Pnmul,lung dr o6 k,lometn,
r fo.t consttuit dm Fanllnt. Al doilee
!id, inreriod,ilE o lungDrede
apraximativ qarekilomctriqi erte
ieptrrt d€ zidul dE plmdnt Fdritt'un
fs$ sdinc. ZidunlessledEFiatrE,
Er,rflredc trei metn {i lnaltc dr doi
rEetti lfl8uftea!{ I6:Jde trrrnurid+

E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
101661

IT
I
I
||
F
5

b
II
t

,s
101671

nl,lr ,r r l r i !r ilt !tr ;fu:r ,r J. t:r tr ,rJ ',tr Ii tml'rl;iir1rifl [ I:rn, r f.]rn;i trriLir*ll
']
FrLnrjtrl.. Jr. lir r'rrr( t ,t ,1:iLt.rrtrJ.:i in tliir'.(t ii( riiliiftt n i! inr i lfif

t;ij
r;((r
ilr c int.r Lr r r ],1 ,ir :,) , ,,i liJ ur i l f r i i ;r r i i i r .r ndr r .. ftr ftr r r i ,r :!i i i r l
"r
.,r sn,r i r i I I r ir i i ! ! i ,r
I | "- r l,,r itr ,r r tr i r J r c r t.: .: i hi nr r r r r r r r r:tir
r ,,l :r r r l:tr ir
fr lii;tgi-r r r Lr li:,'nr c r r i ,r
+rl i tc utt:;r n.r r i \,hnr n.SLr , i unur ,:r qr Lr ;r
r \dir i, r er !( r r ir ii,r iLlur tL IfLLj
i r Lr fttr .,:n .r r .l 't l r .r l ui i r r i r tr ,m :nr r hr l r
I PLr tr r itcLr lr g r r nLnnr r g ,li'l:n flr J,'r:i: 11,1r(ii, ru.Li:rrLrlrr,:,rni,.,r
t llulr tlt Lr r L:l
k r lt r :r ir :tLLi r ,' r n' Lnr Lr i i fu i l c L,F nj ur i nr h.Lr .i nu l ',r r
i,nr!h,u( li I tL!-fut:rlcrurrrrrt$rrs.
t J.'rjilr ilr I!trtr r rririrhrxrl i r,ri lui
r.irti Hatrr rrr unrtl ltnnt c r :rL.t: Allrri: l;r ri:irut*r c''.rn*riL,:tltJ nnt
I h{uLirrllrrir: i{in ruiliir\.- ii rrl,liri.,rt i ) r i r nt i l i r J r ter r l i : H r r r l nu .r i i ''r ,'
hrri{iir arlin[i.Lriiil+t n:,: nrF,ri:rlrt +Lir Ii r t* ni tr $r it1( .nl flf,nn.Ij
r r :i !l
r :r l r ! I : Shr tnr h Lr rtr L lilitrr r .r l .s r l .:r a!fii(CiILi.r. [:ro{Pcrlt.lr*.1i.] lrtr .r i! lirt
t:r tr Lrl.r r r r i.r r :i!inil\i+ t;.r nr r r ri n,rr!r.in; i, 1i16,
r r+:t,rru:rr,Lln:r:i
r * Jll Jr m r r r L.lr i,' r r tr r r ,rilr +;r .i L:r i I(urh:i FLrrrn,qrJr!hir I J;rr Jr priJ,.rr

-=Irffil'-Ft'

?+az::
..1
E:
.

:li-. { r

jl

.--i- j
I
101681

tLfi ,r ,,, I 1,1 \ti r tL.:r :r ti .i , ( 'r '.1. h


Sh:lLr r r r :l,r .r qr r .l c r r r r Lr r r r r r .
!r ( i ixr lr r L FLr il :r " {i r r : :;1!.,nr :'l r r
f(1.1(au Lrr t.)iL1(:rit:if:r" ]fufLir
;r r ' r r l r Lb r l ,l rr ,:. r q. r l r r r r i r ,r r n,:
r r r fr r tl' r r r flt: , r 'l n:r r r tl ,:.:,r r LrL.:r
i .,
r iLor .{ r :r r r :._: i x l Ll r | r r r h !r L.- :,,1.
r::l
r ' r r i,r tr ljr fr r n r r :,1 [r r tri r r i i nL'l r i
|tf( q:!i:r Jr tr I r r i i ,:L]r u . r r r r r ,i l '
Jr .;r lir i,n, r ti n ILr r .r ...r 1,r nr .:'r ., l l
.Lr .,:ic;Llrir Lil ',.r r l ,n. Er ," . F .r nr L'.
.{ pJ ;,.i lir r ul t, r r r . t!r r .i !Lr r r r t.i r
fr i' i:r I t:flr :: L,,1:r J r n \r :r r .'r r
f . rrrrirrl t lir| i.rriLr I n !r. r !
! , , 1 rr. ! n L , r . i r l r . , l r . r i f 6 L ' . : . , u
rr: rt r* 1 . rrt rrir r r r : 1 , t , r \ r i i . : i r r rr i i r i t i i l { : l lit
if f f l rlLr r: r 'i r l r : r r L . : t e f 1 \ r a ' ! : i
'
\h::. r \.rtrrrL .lur l-r,r,r,hl ri I L n:r::t.;l
t L ir:j\ l' * r, l|: i l , j - ( j 1 . t . T i L ; l L L . :
\ l n r (t L r t rL l l r :r' i r i L i r i f r t ! \ l r ' f r r f t
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l016sl

Persepolis
IRAN
PEovo.lcrA
A.l"r.lr
Flsr
lrx[ctfl r,tm: 1979
CerTE: C {r}i'nl (ul
:

t I
t

4
r I
In procasiuneE
csremeraE dromrrderrg hhnuri, darrri penrru
J
ftrceFutul
sA*Eroririr
AnuluiNou, ?mFerat, eErpteniicu stindarde5run
toti repre*ntan i imensului mF€riu bi!r' . sr€atrr-nii pe cai +i !$trrinte
p€t{}n delilau cu flrtft pomFA. mr$ri[i.e. bicriirnii pr cltmile,
S[rbe(r]€rei plin]deculoare,
fEsrivE, armenl cI va;e Flinecu olian&,
erao surri de nrindriepenmr habilonieniipurtnndcuperi aducAnd
cinnuitor+i <leasemenea, o +urs5 feslturi, LEuitodi Clhci€icu ht*la i,
dr JtsurrcffuFctrtrurF++trrtori. scifiicu coqfuricu teFi, seirieniicu
Sedeschideacu un ma$ rolemn hnci. lidieniicrr un crrde lrrptd,
al armateicelorZeceMii de ionienii cr drtqse +i 1ahnel,
NefiuriHri, rFoi urm.tu fierii (carE indiEnilcu ltri dr {.o{unm8ri,
aveauLtnoar$dr a drsctrdeparada Paradaavealoc la Perrepolb.Totul
ruputilorperirlor),.
urmatide elamrli estecontttonatcu marepre(i?iein
iinandteiin lanturi,perlii,so€dienii relieful macflilic lung di: 100 dr merri,
drnAsiriCenusbtsre lxluceau im€5nr tn moi muLtereg$lre,de pe
p€retiisclrii de la AFadana,Aceasta
sah nronummtelt- surpinutS de .i6 de
c+1oane, fiecareirult[ dr 25 de mern,
dtttrete tu crrpittluri suh formAde
Fifoni. lei fi tauri- eredestinatl
reeepfiilor olente de RegeleRes'lor,
rArmdit.,)nl dihas ri Ahemff|1rilor,
aareEr, ,ks de clrft leul suprem.
AhuraMarda.Corwrrqclia
rup€rbd
a iixt ccnsmitl la gmnra 1ui
Darius{51141.6iHi) drre lAdu$d
din Frneg+liscaprtalasa.
De lndatn ce a urcat Jretron,
Danur a lansato pohticdmai Fugn
.cflEdi$t[, insrkuindsauaFillccu
puren extinsellr privintacirmuirii
fiec*reiplovincii,De f pt, ,statul.rru
d€ictntralilirt" nu :rlti r,{:soie dc urr \t
n,:rus+diupen1]Lrcdrm$ire. nlci cu
sroF admmistrativ, nici comercial,
fje e{eea,Perse$jr a ftr6tde?llrltrt
ca un,;enrnrundc +veeuloc
crrcftoniile oilciale$i sr plistrE
ftEeuru]imFerial,undeseBiren8eau
darurileaduselui i sucesrnlor
s5idin bttd.ohuri[ imF+dului.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
l 0r 7 0

I
j
la171l

t:r'
ED SU S IWW W .N AD IT ATC S l o172l

Cr:dl,qnrirpeo dadodri dr ptatl5 palatulnetminar al lui A.rtaxerxe III ln 130l.!h , Al*andru cel Mare a
ll}r|CAde +50de rn lri bt5 d.lff dE ll58'338lHr.l , ultimulcirrnuitlr din aiur$la portilecetli Armatfl saerr
netri Eil!|altf de 15meEdsitEura dinEEtia&\ffn#rid5. Aflsamblulifirlud€ ntit de mar€ni de bine inEtn}it{ lncSt
ine-et tl Rtsepdir erdo scartrce docea palatullui Xn:res,un elcglnt Fliu pe4ii r'au prcdatBri luFtt, Cu ro€re
lEFrerteNe ftudlq cQn5nuil{de defonn6ldnad spre{ale dddeauo rcertes,FilrnFot.fura obicciul$islu,
fiul lui Dariu*,Xerxe+.Acei$tl mErE s+tiEd€ slli UnadrnEeace6t€E e6t€ macedomanula dismrsPe*cpoli4
sFuctut5eradeechisE F mi ptr4i Si u'r*iderat! a ff harcnrul,&9i eici nu e tran:foru€nduJin ruine.Accarraera
pEnlt dEte$i de piarrl ihald dr SaprE Iocuirniciodstgvreoftfi€le +inki chiar rl"lxrnsrcr sah$potdw Ahene irikr
rnctrl.ta mict dr:tar{5deAeadarsa. palatulnu a fcstvreolathfok'rit drtpr c*redistmstse* Atmr ln {60l.Hr.
fl.{f,d,ru*chdiri construitcdr D$riiis. rtpJing:, demrcte,pur si siaplu, a ftat Apoi Alexrndru,de neoprir,ji.a
Tripyhn (tnpodcbitcu te*oreliefud) un spepude dcporitareprnur: feraunrl confirutt calel de cqAedrea
ri Terhan: (Elaorl de Larnl),a cfror irnFrirL ln erhi.l'ekcurtii, cer€ Orimtlui. Totuti, se+une c{ la
intBre cEtep{.!it5dr itarui repteeeneld crrrdn ZJ000de rt$Iile cu ceracrerc t?venireess,clllivE rni Ersitlkdu,
taud ii knusr (e&rc$icu ffip dr tarr cuncrftfrn€,tlerotieni rnvea{ariau a dorit rErc c'prtsscf,trnPersepolit
g capde onu cu o harbar*u7irl). minu or to€tedrfirila aduE€ careacumnu Eraieradc(6t o umbrb.
Fut'n m.did€pane9er# una*a sennuimrului.
Defspg1418de A urcatFeFlatfrrm6,singuqh 177
SalAs Trofiului,dd rsdlo€$Ea derurEriH peruoarrc
s€*upau & para.Si apusuls@relui, fi a versEictteea I
hlatul celorO Sutl de Coloane.si rdmininreteabdgtitls{ sal4. lacrimide reglet

trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc
101731

:;tt

J;

l:IflIi

!J.idl
:i4
I

i
:l
{

f----*'Ai ;-.*i&'
t.{iI' g;+rir$iiYL,i
llii ,t Jjl 4,I'iii-*ri #'".itirf'|3tf;lrT I ti'li'
4l
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c lo17

bsnlrqidd * IE|r{'r

E bs us W W
101751

,o*lt--,--","'i ,*.
r:i:-tJ
.r'1
1..
J.

i
Io
*
:l
i\
!
ll
101761

rtr
llt
H}

f
lil

tri
il^
*
la177l

Minaretul
dinJam
AF CANI STA N
fltsrFr.-.!l AFE'JLls.
PEs(IFLr.-tl
lTLr i:JxIc 5l rilF!i::ll(U
l. rlllrHlL i. r! t t l rE t , { i} t r. riL i, lli)\ r; r. {L . r f r .i ir!i t f R l * n ; : i + 2
Clriliri tu\l
Crrr5.rrL:

ul

Iri
ffi{
i,ifti:s

L_
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 101781

hiretul din lafi $€ Katul. a dat &ordonatcleminaretului. ceFeres[ ff fost un Fsht, ti tur
dl! ln.r'o vrle lngrrsrrla o rhitudim dar abiair 18august195?,o expedilir iirgn*nele unui zid de apdrarcrle
de I ffi dc metri ls conlhrenta confugt dc A}rb.d A[ tsnhrsd, pe nraluldt al d.
"o.d 't"lul Ja'n'n
celord,lul rdud Hsri-nrd Eilan-rud, ptEs€dlntele Soci€ddi tltoriciloi Mai muk, tur19d0,arhaJogulitstian
Minaretul esteirrcoronatde munrii Afganqf dt ffh{rJogul 6rn.€" Ardr{ Andrrs Erunos gEit unne tl
ifld+i fi Soldlrdm reglurtcrChar din Maflcq r rcusits[ f,iungeb va]ea aFopieresminattului sle unui htzat
wstut mijlociu a1Afumistn;rului lrdepfnet!. Cdltorir€rE zile ln dr F€ anricd c.ltevattbliqc lcfi.re- tst5ti,
Aseunslumu EmFde c*lerrdrecole, drumuri e*lfem de cnev{qqggc. dgr rc r{d tr qrure'i din Kebul care
fiind FEutdoardecAFt pl5totifi cfortul lafi{ mtritat. Mftarcrul €rs su8€reald.5acolo,odEti, a k}rt
cflltori monumeniule fxr dc*cnperit ucul dbtr. c€lcmai v.chi ri tnEi un cirnitir iu#u-
drn htgDrolsreftr Enii 1930,& .5fie ft$mos*eexemolede *hitequlA l-r tusrcdtat
in 1974.TNESCO
un pitot carerbun +in:ur +rcarer i$lsmici din Aiia Ctaftal5. pe Andrta Brunocu rrstaurarce
tflnaFa$onirn.I€ lnfiratcerer$ela lnalc de 65 de mrrri, esteun mitlsr€tului.s cEmiststilitaie €ra
rum {hgEnt din iS.dtmilidi.sFure tr rublr|inara
deaaGunea
erceive
erfului
clabomtenrcdclegtomegke qi florale. Ham-rrrd, crl irat liiclirx ilnrr
Chi?Jti forma5acEtcunicS:plrmb (de doul |euri, .sre, depaatre sI!€t t&l
trcinrc,dc ioi, cstcocto€onaltr,pentru pamirrtulde +ubtlm ficAnlu-l sdse
a &v€ni circulardln unn*toar€le lncline.Patrualli mai tfuEiu,a inc+pDt
doul treiml iar ln vL{ areun helcon acFunred. a don3truiun dig din
acopcrttdc un doo de pr€ gabionidr Eetal anco{-aficu pietre,
''urfinut
arcadesupl*.Demrapun*ade pe png*rindu.selucnrl la fundanile
s€ctiunmsuFriosrf conEtedintr'un tumului Apoi, rdrbciul a sFrit totul
re8isrlude (eramic! alb€std ti Dln arrn modv,aruncidnd
tureurr cll a |r$4npFepumdndnumde IINESCO fl hrrrir minsretuldin
cal13tructrxuldi forcaracterekufica- Iam pe lista cu situdleapatinand
Inv.nrst! ar K e (hek de dstlril
de cfse al Frrruleacrlii ua vir a]
Pmdetuluj,J({eief, kuf,cxesreuna
diftrs primel€farmed€ s€rirle iElsmiirl
$edistingeprin card,cterelc a'*culite
Eilipa diacritkelo+in bueriaui
minaretului,o sca$ btr-o sFtala
dubl{dmr }s br}eon.
lflrcriptrs rpxnecAq fot t€rminat
in I 194de citre aultanulGhirath
aJ.Dh Muftarnmad(l I 63"1:03],
frxr mtmhu al dins*tiei Ghor cart s
domnirpast r€Fiun lntre l146.1114
g chiara cuctrit Delphi.De fapt,
Qutb Minrq, cel mai brft mirErfl din
ltmc. ridicerln I 186ln rxqnrl indian,
erte un sl minsErului din
"ulme+"
Jam,copiiBdq-ialar *rbltec{urB,clt
iid€cor4iun e- Toi{qi ri€i re apr€stc
lista lucffiil,Jr cunocaEta in prisinF
sE'uct$dlrdeug€rdu-seinci o
'rntebareftth fa$putts- dlnre
"fla
nullelr din i$torh misrerioa.ss $i
agitrtlt s Afg*nirtsnului De ce n
fostconettuitl Eramin*retul o parte
dintr-o moechecdin c+renu a rnai
rlma! nimicpiln:l artillii Err un prtrima{iulti univfffiatr,a fcsL de
Jum sl Yictoriei'pentrua mmrmora aseiuenea, irtlus pe ll"ta o€fi" a
dinastiadin Ohorl Sau.ualcaera fiturihfi aflaraln FGricDL Dupl rEii
locul rurde* alla Firu*olr, capitala muhi ani, ctnd Bruno,ftr linrl, a rcuiit
legendarla sultalra lui ras{ dc Edsjuntf tr vate,a v.tEutcasituaFa
p€suprEfrtlplmAntuluide catre seirulutlpse uncle dinm piade
nmn8oliilui GnEb Heni R:bpuns$ite de cersmlcld.corEtedi{r5n$el5,
[a ur*le dtrtre ac6te foltrb5d r€ Fot furate.dc hotii cett ,xupau cu
glai ln ruiftle unui foft, o crxutnrc e tralicul de antichirl$.

E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc l017el

0rasul
Sfflnt
din ,

Anuradhapura
SRI L AN KA
D6rr|qnn AL'tr,{DHAPvEn
AJ']l.ltNBIE1SIS,U||:
i9B?
Cnnnr:C (tI](IIl]0v]
1${
TI
lrt.rria rieinij Devanapiya
PFarului Sn Tresa(?60-2l0 l.Hrl
LeakFreFierdetn cefurileleccndelor, carca fo fiErrdJulrnei lhiilnid cl lll.kr lHi & iq*

Frim[ ktcuitofl ai fiiuhi au venadin exnaordinarer intr-orL liind phcatla


lndiedenord,Yest ln enul4Slt-Hr v6nlltoate, i's lnr*lllit cu o pr.r:eiiune
Erau ffreni hindu - rar aE mteryine conduch de Mahinda,liul msrelui
lcgenda- conduli de Anuradha.m lmpftat udi6n AshdLs"Idnnpioat de
di$crFolal unui p€rE{Jnai dc crig|ne De nephl TisErcu toeteonorurile,
divinl, re$h Viaya. Molurorsa, cel Mahfudri rrY.nir ln c6pttah}i e
mir vechitert ftferirorln i5ltrnd adErcu el o noul r.ligi€:budismul.
dngalere,aftrbuiefixrdsreqcerafii fugelr smgaltrli currcaiui g-au e4dl d4!rt JdMit

AnursdhaFuhr, ciplrab tirii ffului ctxrvertitimedirt, artfelMnhindra


$u, hndukabhale. a dfuuitoraruluio rclicv[secr5,
Despt rrmltoarele doudsetole clavicula lui &rddha,penaua ,:onsffnfi
nq Eeirh qproapeflimic, Apor- Elc1, conqedtea.ln lrcel4iudrp,soralui
mtu, ,me drn nou legenda- regele Mahindrd.Sanglr3nittfl.a plantat un
bsr*t luardin cupacul&rlhi, la umhra
cEruiaSiddharthn Caut*rnaprirn:+e
ilumlnatee,derenind*det &ddha.
Copaculenorm(un Ficrstel4dora),
.rnotcd suhnunl4led€ 5d
Mahabodhi,estecel mai betranmps(
din 1ufire,surenrifu't i5qxic. * dll in
cmtrul vechiuluionq Anuradhapr.rra o}rfomr dndi plan prec1sd sebu.ure
tffr.o lngriditurt lpc(iala,proreiat de un risremsofhticerde apr' iEioneir
prin tfti rdnduride gsrdde mttal, +i cu spA,t{mph msieslu{rdr€, splraleFi
esteviriBt de mii de F€lcnni(are mnereaidcn;ialc*parate pcntm
prind drapelede ruglriune de crengile dernnitent& lEcufi€, rrfgustrrri{
lui qi l[ ud5 cu lapp. Fste iateBi5 sb-i streini.Deoarececaselefi edificiile
iei o fr$n!d,chinrdaceertscfuutE. cirilc EUfasrconsrruli€&n l€mn,
Din riu mimulrrmi intibiri, tot Ct ne-srsm$ din vechiul
Anuradhapuma det'enitun centrr Anuridhtp{te titc utr it*t's ansamblu
rulig1dsd iffiulei. La niwl scular, relicim din pstrd +i c4te*r barine
orElula rrmascaFitale penth secolul ln ctad $t colnctt tpa de ploeie tra
sl X-les{cus sEurttrinrreruFerelnqre furdF iile Filsrului reEal.
anii4??-{95),c€ndcurteaa fosr Orrt$ulcts concepd c6 ,un qxdel
rransferrti h Pglonmru*a. al Cosnnnului". Gle 1 600 dt cokrene
Mal|ar,ffrdFidouEtextestllline, de ls Lohg Pas,.vlrg.coruqrurd de
Ml'{r dc h M€JcrE itteii, s.risade regeLDutugemini{16l ll7 tHr},
un marinarglectn secolulI d.Hr., Ete$dsplendor.€s unei mtDilrid care
ptc.un +iiurulul J. .dletorical lui Fa odati gA?duia o mie de cAluSEnlnilial,
Him, un cFIugHr chinerdin secolulal a [,xr un cdiliciu cu rxrul nivele cu un
Vlte, oterso dsriere a vrtuului acoperi5de br,rrwgi decorafiuni din aur
Anuradhapqr*. Oraful esteconsrrui! $i Fielr* Fr*dosie F{raru a-t fuce Ei

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
101801

4.

r':
t:
t;.

.ll

l5:.

ienr(fr L-uI,radiirl \1uh(rlclcslli i.:14h'i ltr*Ll,lh.'.


&,gll'{ irtmplt-rrti.vrrir de tirrnr P rn re r\ it s t 3 ! t rie ,
r$rLid,)nil:i|lrxrFrotundJ]nh']licfr
lu,list. ,Auftrrt onrepute,le r r nlhnr lr rsr
i F r r r e .:a,1.:
irhiteci rirh foflnarnLL!hrlon d,: { ur .Iui. SL' ulltr ti ir ]
l,rptc,Juf'.! J,: ka4i!;i Jr pur cL s,:r,'hrlrl lll. e,rJ.Hr- .rr.r,:*,r
!irt.r arreii{i.L-elmairutt J$rl;l :r r i r r r Lr r Li ir ugir c LIir Sr i L.r LLr .
Je tcmptrr,Jrrrrvanrrlm:rDrurah*,
.tqrL?l .lerrrtti ktsr+rrr;rru i,jur.rrtl
UNESCLIJJoninli arupul;crlrn.ri
reLlr rct* lLlrp ri:nri lhguha,
r,,r:rtruitin stcotul:rllll"lra ii
r,rrqirre cti:riculr lui Eu.ldha: iirr
tJ nr tlrsrnt. Iiurvrnerlisstlr
| )irguh+, i,rtrtr<rr,riilrc*ritti r'u ,r
ln:n rtntrnurt rlr tltllLnti
S,:p,:arrrlircL:rr Jrrn SrnrrJhi
tsuJJhr o statuiccareit rtprt;iorrl
ic:1irrJi t,lif L+ cnnUrirsl! o(.
rcFlrt;intil ,FrnlLd nrm!ril,!r rl l:d,'nlir
A rrrr:rdh:pura.
Prlrrurrr
r ,nr ,r,'r'r1Lr
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 1 0 1 8| 1

Sigiriya
SRI LANKA
DrlructuLsrcRrra
Arilil tirr{ibrB"{turl9$2
C {ll} (lll) Y)
Cernkr':
T'l
]!
I rele.rlor,rrecul
'are,r
Bmbfti, ilr senril(r plim ahi.r{.la(t
sunt a+otcriFde linra srrbtirea
ve$fidnrijlorFr ,:dt( tr F{rartt.Zimhesc
186 larci! ii anrn{f,Frivhi carei1 umplu
d. dLlrintl Fe ctrl clruia ii oftrI flori
de lorus.Llneledinrreele danrea:R.
ln. titt$ftJu-g.[Pul lmparlobitru
diademei' ondulirrdu+ibrafele
lncf,ft lre ru brEtlri.
Po€reffinfedivine- dFsara,
densarolrcleceleseilin tradilnle
buddhxteEihindu sauFoarr
domnisorredc onoee dr h curte,
tinereleincAntltoareFicra[epr
Feret+l+i.iLap!$ al $ten.iiSi8irir'.-a
repre?intio odll sdu$f,dragoEtri,iar
rtalisrnullrr uimitortstc o umare
i unelFrac{i+iertis(i4ede nrult

stahiliteFivind ifli$re* mrme[hf, a+cFrt3nu au lnce(a($i rrclcassl


ldmirstie ni.i pini in dua de e6tli?i
Conforn.\rfuinV.tprr,vechea Fofid Sigjrili. o msgfiiJi{tr
{er'te
.ait( singrL'rlltar rDfltmt un ftl dc Fnncrardcomtruitl pe v6rful unui
.Ehidturietjc'p€ntruSigiljya,un arrisr monolirde Fcsiecareft ridicl lB o
(Jm !tu:rltc,arLonirn) r pi.tst Fc ltan.n innlrimedc p€lte dou6sutede melrr
o pRrcesiune magnifi.Acu 5COd€ drasuprades€ipiduri rropic[[edirl
tinert. Erru ut8t dc liumoastincit inima SriLank5i pareraiulFe perl'int.
oricioeIF prileE5eindrag$teflde Jotuti, sediulreeEruluisingale!,dlntle
tl+ prmtrutordc.runa anii {??-495,a Jr:stridicatin unna
irr trmpuldonroiti reseluiKasyapr unerclime onbile parri(id.Dup[ cum
I, $u fii$! ilrrutc din t*rbcutr statu€t€ se pae.rte{t. in .El mri ve.hi text
rle fetelorti au forr donat( vilitatorilor privinJ i$toriasiqqsle!d,Ma[ar4irtrro,
d.tpt ainintirr tr mri nult rle | 5C0 Kupga I l-a construrtdupr ce si-:
de ani m{i r6!!irr,din Frocesi!,rne, j, sFen*rdnJu-l
ucisratf,l.Dharuselr*
ru ra1ttrfirds dorr l2 dr rLnercdrr Je viu tu capul In 1x intr-un

E bsus I w w w ,habi t a r e s , c o , c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 101821

'l\
h. d'1"rf,r{xI fl,i Ftir+ &
\
4rx ditubr i-d dFtr4hra

,.
s ffJiE .I*h rm
I I

contrart€all,p€rtectcu simetna
grEdinilordr ls poale.iftrr-o pe+!rr{
din grldina srlbiti.e, KasyaF€aver
o sslSdr Frrrrirr LolrsrflrirAcu un
ndD lunE Je cinci hetri, Mi hulte
rct|:rtoarc F(1ltru cott(:r8teBapeL
de plaaie ii un nic teatru unde.qau
lillut FnmelesFr:cracole de murich
!i F)e?irdin irtoriainsulei$ri Lanka.
Apr.Eitrr iy 1 5Cr0dc $affiti.u
po*ii ronranlice(ll verFuns4urte
d{oFerl Kat Bftha (Zidul OBtiftrii)
un F€retraco[Entc stucurrtrurt
ca rryLrndacarc ducr 1,rrntrareu in
FalatulluiKas]'ar,a[, Aici, o Foartil
munu|T,entrls! fu .Lhrtruid 5ub
formaunni leu,folosindtr'receremid,
ti fumn*c,:'p€rircu !ruc, rlin t*e au
mai ramardoualabecu gherrele
sAF*rein piitrS. lntrtnd pdn gu|.l
leulur,viritatolul eraobli8iltsd urce
o st'd rproap. ruritl}lS dtilrl ln
peretele
des[ADcn
uldeeraFic[sre
procrnunerdr rinr:re,A$rllii,st mrri
porvrdeadmr fundaFile, decarecr
*-chca xar6 o {ort lnl+cuitl cu
momrdnt, irrr aFoi I Edrr i,r6 dc F€ rEL1m{i riE i, de metal,dar ceee
uun pe FatelesEuutreg Mogsllana. ce !e F("rrcvedrsince fac{ rA
ApoL Kaslapaa firclrdin
Anuradheprra,ceprularegatuluiin KerrzpaI a ftrcuitin pal"arul
aceavreme,ls Suiril? A .]4n9irui(un Srgrnyaapnape 18ani timpul
aranjament ordr:nat,lt gr5dini,nJun nmcsarpcntru MogatlanasdpunE
joare$i mici carralec$ ffpI la Jr.'ralele Ft Pi€ic€refl armatl Jiufernici!ri sI
sttncii, cac h renrlullor rao ia cu mlt frrrtul.Pentrur cvitas[ lir
lnfr$musefafe cu birline.fintAni l[A! pruoDi{rd{ ,}i(rc ftateleseu
(rlinne carcunek incb mai litret, Kasyrpns-ustru.ir; s{Sr$itul
fumlioneelt ln perioadele musonice) r:t| a fos!+irJir ru] certlii sigirit".
i F*ilioane penttu arnHta sn, Capitrlaa revenrtb Arrutadhapur+,
drnniterii dr lB,:u e $imuhele In rirnF.e, pinl al sferiitul recolului
conlubine PuFn mai sui Fe sriinc!, a al XIV.lea.o c+munrrare ustencl
I
construitogrldinadr Fatra.a clhei dr cAluElria ncuDataeeaae adati t;
rpaftn$ illbEricrec{mrrasra,
ti mri li::csc un l* al plrc.:riL,r lum+pri.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 101831

Polonnaruwa
SRI L AN KA
D'Isrttcrul RlLoNNAlLnfA
A.NUL lNlrcEr*,llxn: ]gEa
CrmBx:
C {lJlnl}Ml

,t
\

t ,l

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 101841

It
\JslDom *aB*Carteade
Piaiieucst. o bu(3tltde gffri! d{
fmmaunei iilnre de palmnr lun:i de
rprnspclstt nrctri,litlt dc ufi metnr$
cdnrdrind25 de torw. O Frocesiune de
elefedFau rrrrtsFonet'ope o di$tr{[
de 95de kilomemde h +qriera din
Minirhrrledr|{ ld lblorin ruel6,
cepitatsrplendidl a inruteiSri knka.
$arrE+' F.nrri o mstiiplie aqre*tErf
fapteleregeluiNisrankamalla I +ide
lndicatil privind tuna guvcmare,l5ratc
de regeEucceBoril or sAi.
Nissanlamallaa fosrh puere 189
lntr€anii I l8?-l196,nouf,ari {are
au rnartet apogcultegetuluisingalu
de h Polonnaruwa. Din pdcate,
4o$ienitdtii 3!i f1u i'atr urnrat sfitul,
pe(et derepede
iarorslula deetrlur +oncent c+de lidud iEr
a ftrt creat.Poetc,pur g rinrplu, Parnlrahtbahui rmrruit un pal6t
ccarstai-s fo$ts{xrt9rltr scc]e{iftl reEEltere sc huda cu o miede
ln cErareHrl+srngglerVtjatebrlu I r csmere.Dr$ qeletsgr€nrv+lt mrFafu,
hotk8t r{ abondoneze Anuradhapurr su rir€i rEma6dmr trei. co'nstruitr
ln anul99-3| sf fugi ln Polonoaruwa, din c*tlmid: ii tnfrumus+pare cu
dc armala*gilor dur durastraChotra basoreliefuli(de elremplu,Salade
din sudulIndiei, carerlehcrrarer} pri*$rc g tdile reenleJ, C€h patru
peineula, Eivele$uperio€re eraudin hmn sn
ttt ucearre-", Polomtatu*t nt ir cons€cil1fll,tdrr€ ,u fcfi pi€rd rp.
fffl nici mllEff un sat.Eralocuit de o Celelnlteconsrructiialeora+ului-
c(Inunlt4e & (alugariFicuprlndeaun t€fip1a, ml|r#$rlri $id4gold(relicverii
r{ftplu +i cetelElocuifile undefsrruliei subfofinr unui doEn)- avestrmeBirea
rrgah ii tscea phcere rE FereFegl ii1
mnditsie-Chier duFdc€ cutef, r€
mul1l€ Eiri, EFclare4 e rlme!, rm rimF,
de micl dimensiDnideoarrces{rvaranii
careau umvtl au losErrulrFreo€u]eF
sdcontrole?einvariEiftlian5 decalsl
tr{rumureperclocul cu monumcntc
demnede o capitsb
hcee e vedt iE I151,cttd a
urcfft Fetri]Ir Parsl"ramrbshrI
Cqi pe6tetreireci dE ani ai d(mniei
ssleaulmrmna!tilxires unuic'rsf
minudEt, l (5rui fiim, s-d rEFpthdit
de pe coestelesubcontinen[rlui ln
Adr dr Sud-&r. dFlbvidonrrei cu
apdpentrurlrgaJm!rranuriloreta
glrintat5 prin corl*ruirea a 165de
rer€rvoareFi a 3 000 dr canale,
fu est cxnaonlinar proiecr inginerrsE
Bv€{ftr cenlru fsrskrsfts Ssftrsdls,
un rr!€rvor c(cal la 5ud-1r5tdt
Folmnaruua, care acopereall dt
kilometri phtrafi pi era inconjurat
cuunridlnehdc ll mcrri{ilmg
de ll Lilometri.
Fol'onneruwaa dcrrenit un ore;
al gddiniloE hahile de Eei rlxdun

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
101851

l+ i
l 0r 8 6

I
\

t
t-
;';
101871

I
.

f
d I
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 101881
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc l018el

dinMogao
Pepterile
CHIN A
DtrDrHuxG,Pxa{T'rc!GlNw
A ULb$r6r,-rrlih 19€?
c $I|r: c ( (!) (ru){ff) (v) (u}

t0z r
I
$r Gig{9i&rl!|t & In anulJ66d.Hr, un prcor 11Mee Fisl XIV.I€a,lftt-unadtntre
pe numr Le Zun t*cea pe lAngf, celem*i r4a4p$EliffcrrgilEri din A$s,
Dunhuangpe uru dintre celemai arta lnpcnului dc Mijloc a produc49I
irnportanterute ale caravrnekrrJt pt de grote,? 000 de sculguri i 42 000
DrumulMSI&U c5dda vtuur un fuker de metd !6mti de te{ca. hate cci
F*itFfthtiT &hhr cu o lumin5dc aurln tsre i.au @Iut malimpte$ldnantlluc.art de snfl d€
fu1ele celoro miedeBuddha. AsdrLeta le Mog:rot*tc rntnme $atuie e lui
crerutcEargstloc - o m# la marcinea Buddha.cu o ftrehimede ]5 de tu+til fi
2rl2.J0J&idl! depnunlor Gob S lirllamlan dur protejatf de,J Fegodlcu {$ptt nieeluri,
Chiru apu*eenA, la aproqpedoudmii nidicaH tr 695,ft' rimpul dinestei
deLihnrctri de Beijiru r €ramenit !5 Gn& statuiaErefElasutiti Flo
fie rranefonnac iec sffnt hdrst-
inq'.,-1rr expredede mareseninHtate.
A aduflatofrinde de h locuitotii din Dar cel flrai valorrrcrrpect ls
hddlc rr pod*lrsd4F
Egiunr li e fnc€Fu!sf,rrFc Frimad{e ldofao nu suntlrrcrkilt tr rine,ci
ftl pererelede grerietnosh de lr Mogao, dncummtareepe ccreo olerdcu ptivire
ls aproxirnstivt5 # lito{hetf suddc h evolutiaalli5trcda anei traJtfrttElc
dirtrE.4&dro & dti dh DFhueng. Vtst.r s,i .5$Fanditcu chine!€.Orotelecnntin ftetce+i
tdidJd TeE0u&de 35 tq,ericiuneir iosr6rc€iunei,isr ln 94.9lpundrn pencoddea r:elpulin
nglij r ${j BiddHdr
'Ji umrAmarlerecerccole,rdlitorii, tn chtp cinci dinartiir V/ci de nord FiEtl
de oFartdi(4ft S h rdu.I norortl nplseen,Zlnu de no,rJ,5{d (o rcurtl
lungaclEnxie pe careo htrcprifidcau, diffiFrrsdc Fsnrifie) F lin$ suba .nrei
1i'auarlusconnibughln excepliu-alul cirmuirc Chifl&E f,rini un niYelde
inventard. artAbudird cae, le rcrnf, per{cqiuneertftticl, protebil egaht
weme,au devenl gnrrelerle la Mogso. doerin pcrieda dlrrestrctMilg.
rirx"l 6fl{.Ln Fhdu r",
cllecdE.tFct44$6,i FrecELr Zun s exi+tatcu adevftflt Stilul utd murelegi scutpturelc
s,aunu, rAmgn€faptr ca tntre s€qrltit d. la Mosro - sle cftei culori vii ru

f-r
{.-

,,1
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. l01e0l

r-

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
101e1|

'ni:

ir

lr'4
,/

!t-/

:i

r-\.}\'

r i rtrrtr!i ctl rrl


i rr n r\l u ri r ,r r ut' )t'r r nr irlL:|9iri iiI r.(i rlilLfrl._i r i!)+eFUt X\rl*.r. qfrrlelc nrrii,rI rc,l.!.trFrrirc
\rc(,1 (- .{ri rL(L i { ,l l 1 i ,i 1rr lr fL:i||fr ir r l i' l i, r 1( r !,ii!;1nIr unr ol.l r 1 i ) J r r n l i r i l i l L1,: i .r $l ntui .l XIX- l c ,r.l r
c,rl ri 'ri ,(([i d +n (r ( crr r r r "]iiir r hnr .r r i. .r iEt+ir r r . r ii lr nx,ci- r r c i t\r t{tr l i r i i i l L Li r r l l r oi r t \[r nf ) i i :n, ..r r i :r
r'r!r:rll| ii r\,rturi.r,:t,ic.iuriti)r bi :r HrLntrL r,+,rLlqiilL JL:rAsiL Ll'rr:rirlJ J $r +F +r :t dr n tLl r i i r i l l l r r c ,,Lur i r
r ri rrl L rl u frl
i i q r,'i.L rr!!r iLr iunrI' uLLiJr i r r r r | ,cr r ir uir r L!iuni r l) r r r l r r r r n* .tr r r !- nr r:r r hr r nl ,l L!.unr l :l ci r nl 'n r.
jn Ltcr.',.l:
Frtrr*lrr iilr,:rlr .,+rLrlr. L('lf,i,Lrl :fiL rf i:rL rLnrr,,l,il iI i Ll i ;rr Li r r t F r r :r tci :r Lr tr l r rtr
, i l u.!.r i r uL
tltrn 1.rl(li t! rc,l niDtu'lr l,r .rr,tll ri:rr1.-L
rl Jnr':"ricilh,rr:.1.
Lr,uJ il lLr\.lriLlr:i iii rJfri! tfi(tJtr+ irl {r(rlii
r n tl rkri )r.rJr n (ri {i JIi r.ln fLr r ir Lr r . f r L (t ii. , L lirrc iirl,t l, ' jrlif irrrr ' penl r r r pr on:1a Lr i r r r l r J r hr r tii i
nu i ;rtr* Jr trrtc .h rrftnl*- lr n ir r J r r tr r Llr r :r r t:r l J +tr nr ui . c r ut l r .r r
rlt rn <*L l .u J rll Ll.l.r r t t,' { : : I r: t lu : t ri: irL ' : r,
ilr l i l i r tfl r l r ( r r Lt'r :i r i U r l r tl r :{:i t1t
'-r q i 'i 'r
li 'rfi fl .r rt:r.rn ;i , if f' r r r Ju{ L' ,, rmF!'rrurr. l:ir:lri lL. Lfti] jrffslr.r, lrjriL r ! f\(rrf(rrrir ,r rl! f- N
r ro r.:i ! \ri l ru i Irr: l rcrlt,r u Lir r tr r it rrr m lirr ir (ilrirr r r rr' 5i r i \ ,r r l St,::r . i :r r r r :r 'l l L:.
'r r l ,r :r i r nr
uu i fu tu i l r, t!.i !L ;r:l i i li11,,K' hiintr i r r r r Lit r ni. .\:r r r J,' r ' ..:r ,' L.r r (;! ,r r !.r ni :r Lt
., fl i t:..l ti ( fLr r tr t:.,
l 01e2l

l
it t

7
- T-\ li'5

il

t
--t,,

1 .,,l r NrLririnu.ulr..rir.:": r. \,i


' . rr!
r n 'n :Lirl il1:rrr ll S tnr l',:,,' n ' i: r.
l'( H r rq ]:i-i i:llL:;lI](rrJ,'t.l1: L c rrL . lc
ir:
r h ir ttr l L rrt r,rl,rt1 ,L,rrr1 , r; q rrrr
rrrrt.llrr;rr'r lrl,rf Lr: ri , r'ilr.rrir [l .r]nrr -ff
*
r'r 14 rrl{rr r,i n rl
'l(
tliL'LntLt'L firl:l LjL r:r'fLr1rr.:i
k r L r i t ii
t i f ',,r'i L rr,r.i ,u:,.i
'n rrr
Jc ]-jrnrnn1!. ri rr rlirnrLrii din iitis
i L r f frlf LU:rojrr r..hf c. rtc tit )iirit n
L u r - r L ,\Luti!.
A .ti1 i. rlrr!flL lrtr; : iL a rrF t L
Jr Sr, rn F{ ii r;i:Ur,. Bf lLrh
'L
liu r L n, .lic Iinr,iri

ti
l 01e3l

ru
F
,;l

I
t

rrett'ilA
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c l01e4l

J866++dHrIUlrEld

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
E bsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10195
A

Impfirat
Primului
Mormfintul
dindinastia
Qin
CHI N A
Cful}l LtNIotrG,Pnolrrc|r $Hr-4NXI
ANL'r$nrc|5TF,{Inll{l$7
CrrrEir:C (t (ur}{1,4lq}

108

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
EO l01s6l

Ph 5h itEidr

10&109triE4noil.*'r

6$drcr.{}' 9r}Hi*"r4

O,no**nn,*,*u sunr sotdafipde{nl cuir.Eieri,rjclll, ?CB


deFlersn* eclffa a fmt durate esalnEtt ar$alett{]\c5lErcp,o'frtencuFriirri din
de furrcfi:nsrii# IaBeitDSFehru 8fid{ imFeriail,cai$icalt d€ lupdt,
miduneaarhedoguluiYuan?trngyi ie liec*rt turmat cl armede hmn si de
Lrulr:c, LNrpm*irr8uv 30 de kilometride melalfl fiecareexcegtiarral de realistc
oc+ulXi'an T€.nHnrl cer,xtetix a primit d'ni la uhimutdrsliu Desiftite dintre
Eqrcirnde a co[ himaia{onna+ia cEun cul:.]ileftirprelc aclesu ftE{dctateau
f5rangb'ireo siaiu]r d. t<rar.rltil,tu1 d'lit, ngrgnuefuide gicemctertqole
timp c{ s$peun cansl& irigEliepe o indi"idualeale fieclrui setur suft lncg
olpeclgvd din YnBshal.Sehdrlrpta in evidenF,in.luriv cicrtric€l€,buzr dc
lYl4 +i rdftfli nu Eea$epE ae $tatuialn iepurcFiutffhile tiliste.
rl!:rirre nfforalt E unui rtuf,oiluc $ lie Dtli au maimuh dedoui mii de
dofi o mi.A pAttedin incrcdibilul moraic aBi a(f,Etea Far sb fiE vii, ln {*lul ln
cere forme mrxminn:l leeerder al lui carelmpdranJsi'a dorit ca sceBstE
QinShiHucnedr (l5t-?t0LHrl, cetetesutftrsne +Afie br viaF de
1rrratrltnsftat at Chircl apoio replicda imD€riutui$5u.
Au r.c1ri fieireci d€ ad, hr sAF[turile Movih in cerea ffft lnmormgntar
psnEu a descaFericornF{e[ceeace €4qe Qrn ShrHuurgdr s fort ln tnfteg n€
curroscutftr lume drpt Mdrtn*ntul
Pdmului imolrar hlr! nu s,eu temdnat-
Yuen4rongi, scumun arheolirg
d€
faimi intenritir:rr"la,e$tedreqt<lrul
museului+iFrluiarheoldgh.Nu|Irel. 3{u
va rtu16ieo Fam diA islorj5RrFublicii
FrpulareChinvle,hgat de cta mai
importantade*coprirearkotogrcl
carea arrn lrr tr ,8siafrr *s ui )ff.
Termenul nu exprime
"morm6nl'
exlct naturanmnumentului.in Z$]2, in
sHr+ir,r,a desenfto haftl rproxirEtivl
a or4ului subterenconstruncubfomrs
tllui dtagonacqrcrindo $uFrafalede
?60de kilomeEiFtttati din cemFie,
mlrernicls $onl de nunF Luhan,rar
Ia sudde dul Vtr. [n aest mrnmnt,
viritst'rdi Forbtre drr€rftr tl€i :on€
deeopeKate aarecondnapreximgli,r'
I000 de statuiale amutel de tctac.rdl,
dffe ar itt 4rcatearolopen6r r pEi
lr$pdr*Eip{rlru etemitate.Fie,:are
dinfie $tatuiesredin teracotadnl5,
pline,pan5ld ld{tinrEacenturii.dar
nurrchiulsicapulsuntgroh: fiecarc
cAnErt{tr sFoxifllstr! 218l_ikcr".neFi
ftult halte i!.rtrc1,EOti ? metri.Arr+tia

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc l01s7l

Rcoperitd bron? i a ftEt a.teladtP€ ,lDllJs AHnnrtnd


un ltEt imp€ftrabil. Se a{lAlfrng5o
hdni& $e h 1idr6s!J,
repreeenran la sc€rl micE a palarului d ffi id+iJ.F dd
r[u, csre ls ri$dul ei eile incorrj(EE
artur& relql*i,rrn ,:$8
de un nd lung de tx lcilornem.inu'a
seriede clSdrriamuujatc ln jurul
cu4ilaq qrheolagiiau descoperitdluri
d 6iRi* s trd hfiuui,
d€ cam€rain aareeraud€porltitt
pi€tlEprelioare,.rbicttela,{irricite, tuQh $j IJEldi
plrln Erctrce,aur si furn{- Mai
muk,aresrea contineau truFurile
concubinehl ales€r$iloFilor, alE
c+hr8i lor $i Elegr6dlnAtrlorcEre
B@ntuA
s'|'!icJin&&d
au fo6tlngropa;ide vii o datucu
lmFHreiulpentrurl insofitl cfllloria ,lr ti[s lruddiE*d
Lrffi Fftdlr *ll{s.*t3
rle dincolo de moerte.De acenrerus,

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
tr D SU S I WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC l01s8l

.imFeriulBubr€ren" contin€un ctrnidr ai irto'ri€i,precrijnau lgm{6 Au$sur8


vest, un rnod€lh ccerl al cedFr qi Alexanrlrucel Mare.
Clung'an ("6hrul nwra tl oaasului S. Foatesputrcctr tnplratul
Xfaa, capitelain4eriului Qin), un Qin Shi Hurngdi trE ar,ul ffrt a
FlEn*rgriutn carcconrrelariilcs$ fa€r turcmeiatChi:ra"ln gltul ?21xtt,
reprodureiq perle,li riurl dc mctcut, dupt cer.e clihemtdin Ehratthunu{
ac+io{1at+tlecrnic, t5r€ repfttantsu utore diSril, lacomulLu Bvr+4 a
c+b fiai ifirpor(gntEcunuli de trYirt.iFefirr g.Fc clanun rivsle d
aD[din China- a 6iuff la cllltrraurui teritonu vast
PeNfu t tifltifli im€nsul tocuitde mulrc feluri d.ifcntc&
Fnji.ci, a frst ncvoiede popuhdi. Penqus-91ap&EimFeriul
J6 <leeni & muncaa a lncrptrt conBrrtrcfieer(traordinanrlui
?00000de s€laltcatt, rLr€mde sFlrere cunoscutdrq,t
mnformfuendei"au Mrrele Zid Chint+e*+.A rbolit
foetzidigidevii 6nnu fc[d€trsmula qrgtflizat tariroti t
s nu puteaderrSlui Elodild tfi sirtEEbirEdriic corEDlen,
secrerulcorDa'ia,r a lncuralatderyoltsfta sariculruniprin
$+uruesubpimAnt.Qin cr'rutrucFade marican*h di irigatit fi
Shi Husn€dilffu'i s ordon a atandardiratunitndl+dc mtuurd
ad|rtnrifte c€dfii suhterancin anul (l.rngimcai gteutatt) qi diEtaR{adintre
146 I.Hr, La qcea,!Teme,aveadqrr n*ik cqlElor;asfel ff puteauh""
I I ant{i abu pdul$e tr'mtl clanului planuti F€ntrudrumud.A intlodul o
*|1, Qin. ln ciudel€rst.i ftsgedr,cla |nor,tdl rflcI trr5tS pe modelul
deiachinuir de ftica de masrrefl dqci maofdci rotundecu un modelpdrat
nu ar ff {mt mrtutat & acestcqmat fiTccnmr lo {omri cart utmari fle
ca $-Ettaffbtdrat lnn-o obsesi€cEre ut iletrln Chtnaptnl ln secolulal
l-a llcut sl sefnconlonff cu vlIjitori, XX-lea)$ra crcat un sistcrnunic de
pte?ft3to'd,mkticl slchinr+ti t{ ldrd€terl€, rrdcl h'cftt sr exirreo
$ atanr- ar * T5rlra!li mdflotia sinEurllitl}bertardar4 scrigdfl
oamendordamtitScaFacitlti.l,or salc r.o*drd,ln r@becolllrflle imperi hi
ins$te$tshilede rgrbc{nrc,om politic P. de dtl pdrft, p.btnr e{i mnxtnri
fi adminirtramr,.8al cu marii oamini or:ttn6nt,-rlhbuloe{are *-s tscur pa

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc l 01sel

:If ,rew stfrl.* chekuiala strtulDi, ev{e nevoi€


d€ ltleri $i import8nte verut$d;
rcrultaBd a fust ci populatia a f6t
sup{sdunot itrFodte difi r:Eftlca
firi nrari Mli mult, Qin Shi Hl1sng{X,
tre s4 slnxidsst a ff divifl fl dodr
sd$teBrgtdln rt|Emc'rhcohctivd
lr'!e&Dd
tr*Furrile lui CaoS.EiLu,
F crre h€E1gFjl, h mt8alcmfliE s[,
l-e conridcrat un rh.El, Dc f,ceea, e
ordonu ar#rta o.rlrlr* crnih *dii
cfifrqiErljlte, cqe.eeFflacel(x.e
st.rl+du defi+inatie,me{ticinI,
fsffacdoeic, rskuhure $ Falinftit.
r,tl PenrEourlceIETUFArleA
dcut"ta &tpor din cc ln
"n
cr rnri crud, isr ohsesiese
dc a gfti formularnagrcd

w w .habi ta r e s . c o . c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 102001

llj rltu! the & flluE


a viedi !-e{nre l-a alsorbit complet,
AfeclN erfu lbic, cit +i m€nralde
q muririn rnul l]0
boaltr,
accrsttr
j'|'n4!l'e'
t.Hr, deindamcea pusFiciorulpe id$hi Ddb

plnrantchinrrh itioercereadinlr-o
cahtorirdin JaFrftis,r'ndei e
spus+sel]d $rma 96gls€a${[
elixirul nemuririi.
Procesiuneafunerad cFre e
trdversrt o m:rrepafie din ilnleriu e
lost maiesru(rasA, CandcEtFu]$Hurr
ejuns la morminl Primul Impdrat a
fa€!inhumatlmlxeunf cu ce] puirl
I 000 dc prrsoane,careau lixt
$ecnfrate la ordinui !58.
subre$n' a fost,
"lmFenul
in intregime,rcoperitcu
FIn.lS$t.Ik atuncl cemFia
a [,xr folositl tenmr
crrltivareagrinelot

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o.
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 102011

Muntele
Emei pigiganticul
BuddhadinLeshan
CHINA
Prov!.rcuStcHuN
A ut lRnEesrntru1996
Crmrn C {Hl (yi

?1.+

t
\-Jhire!'i li ff'rm ni F.. { fo6tb(+Fll h rlrul ?13,h rinl['d nrolcculde la gi8artiaa{stuie a 6{r
*Marde Buddis*, 1ArBu;dha din prirnuluian dedomniealnnp{r* lui TE t xunrat la confluetr durilat modifrceld
Lcrhanchj.s estcccamci mffo srdtuiea Xuana}r€g a {r6t renninsdth rnul Eol xtkl s.ltiag elimintui r&tej{rilc,
utreiiiguri slintedrn lume cu preciatealub Dauong,u$ ak rrre.mbtu al dinastiei Brddhadin Leshentsretnconiurst
cEnu a!rc,dr fa$, Euddhs,cr Mdirrtra, Tr.ng.Dcairuvcraniiau linsniet Ec.atri de vechisrmboiurtetecredinleibudi.te.
lmul dhEc dirciFoliidi, .erc !E rcvrni l,+.are, lrrfeleptulllaimri8 de De pe un pintn de stSt+L $ mi$dstl€
h lum. re un fel de lr,ie$ia.A,r+Ertl la BuMrthia Linglun a fo'rtrcel csrc$-a vefllrcarfi&asuprr capului,igr dcslul
nsure{,olertllrlsle o lgltime de pests legatnumekdr r<risti .orurrucFh. .st€ Fesdrat(u ! ,100dr hagiAi ale
70 dc m.th +l erte sepst*ltr &rlul Fieitongcftdeac5numsiprotecti{ufid lui Euddha<gtcdrtea:a din perirleda
de le Lingyuq le unllrrenqardurilor Buldlra enarmput*afi s:ha vietile dii#tiei Han, Ochii ltatutl Friv.rc
M|Irjiang,Da,ruFiQlngyi CaFularE pescerilor din apeledin acE{ril(lSdefuia c!ftc munt€I€Emei,uftul diMre
cel dnqi muRn$sffi din China,
De Feculmeaceamai fnahtr
5 rnuntelui,le o hlltitrl€ de .i 100
de metri,rorllerunt o priveli$te
txrleordinarl. Luminamrelui care
!f,$srr trpsredin cerl! +i reprsrirrtl,
aonfoft tradiliei, pcrFluarca filni.i a
unui mirr.ol cardlr Frmite Flcrinilor
6l fir martorii surei $aF!cilsdlare
de BuddLa.Muntek est€acoFcdrde
o tddurc de pesteo mic de ani, cu
copeciimptEs:ionanfi cfie au fcEt
a?Ioduti de |nii dr *nl Fe herd€de
orcr d. c5tte erlqtii ihineri. Ac!!t
p€ilei ftrctrrfiror r fost Froteiat din
s.colul al X-lce clnd a fo€cfcmdacd
dl:h,stir€r Wenni5n.ln *+(olul al
lVJe4 la o ahnudinede Fe+reo mie
d+metri, conceFutfidt cu+t(rlele
decn'ruluinaruraldc pe munr€leEtei.
o lungitft de 15rnetri qi o tnttlimc dr rh4onului tert h *rftnda bcrcile9ilt L+ Vannran seafltro oa8nrficecraruie
l0 tEtri, ptrul crte prift fnrr.o lFirall Edgtell1ltrteiwi amet'rtsleAle(er & de bronr a lut loddfiirrru$aPuxian.
cu I 0?I hrdt cnorne, isr urech ., g
hqfl €re aluteu fi]Iebedi D€nt'|t dh"lnitatfc protcctoeE e munr€lui,
un elementiconogslic ftadhlonal,qu .dorEurgiamtuii llaitotrgr fixr otit de c[lare pc un elefant.Are s hrAlFme
o lungimt dt ? mem.Peun eigurprcior unuldinl'e ei Flt fihtit tlahrc cs htcagtaa de 9 rnetri oi r€nellrcatt62 de tone.
El $aFrii por steo sur{ d.qalneai frrA sAfic tcrminaE-Dln fericile.a fosr Dinrft mrrkde sarrctuertbudttr ln
r5 selftgh.sdr. a€rmjnErE subsqrevtelteeacelug*ilor a{eit col! din Sichuell,m5na{tirea
Dar dimensiudkial€ dek+ice sut|t Alrrg Grc{ fi q€i Ctu},r{i E|ei BEuEUo, dt a$enenea, meritl
doarun e+.ct elfqrmeculuifaeclranrel odincroit dtudFniarlui Haitne in nint menfionat:: sesfl{ le F€lelr
ace'^tdirtafti, deD€rcc€ rrto{iasae5tenu mit-eulE, duF eceft, dre$nnl d incerat muntclui,depnea effgied* Fo+eLn
numaiftrrr rrrhr. ci si hirer[. Sierule *a mairearl lenfr dcle hxqir,ni.ft &!r. e tui B,uddha inak* dr 2,74nem.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
lo2o2l

li-{ ftr Tn'{d Jh uiirir,{' ll+i'r'iJlJ ttFr $d',


&mn@,! r4s-fltlllE
'JdGrltMirEdil9t
{il lk di
'*adiir4b'
l'si4 6"ri|{r$ Fdaffi
r lmuL; {nE, rT dlaqd

4
fi ,l r rt I r ''i i \r .h a f.i fa i r, i. r ' , r
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 102031

dinLongmen
Grotele
CHINA
i-uoY,\Nri,PnovrNfil HrNrx
AxuLtNxr4rsTriru: 2000
CrntnrrC tll {tll l{ll

5nd cire i numeflri o Faffe!i de Flraa riului, creend


d* Brote dirr Longtrrn rste .{ 9i r' €tu}mi rrecEt(larrnrtu.r16 p€ {3r
cumai aiti listeCDi{resr
cu recdrduai ve.hii cl*rii d t}urft:lu Yi Qur
m+ndiale.Suntlrr mral! 345;unele perAulYi".CEndLu,ryang
npoarta,.le
d1r1rniFgenits minrrscule, altele a devenitcapitali,numelea f<st
ft4le Felrerim*ri, {arr sr ftltird F{ schimbat ih bngms
"pdxrtr
o distanEde pesteun kilometrrLpe dmgonul Lri".
lersanii munlilor re Fegeses{de-ff Printremiilede grotedin Longrnen,
lungul rnului Yi. To€reimpreuni toat€sep€te i[ !€r€lii d€piatr, ai
{ondn mrii mulr de l0D CCCde imsgini rnunlilo!,cra ErriifiFresronanrtr
budistede mdrimicr pomescdr Ia e+re,prr*al,rl.nmplulFcngXun Sr,
cevamai mrrlt de doi centimetriDAne construirintre6?15i 675in rimpul
la mai mult de l? metri plus43 de Iinp Cind a fnstcioplit
dinastiei
FsEnle Fi nlAi muk de J 600 de cfx tcofeflt cu un ncopent pentru !r
teblitcde pifttr{ Furrendiffc.iFlir prcrelElmForriva irrftmptriilor cca mEi
de o l?loere neFrefuiti reftritoar€ marerraaukdin Longnren,un Buddha
la isv.rnaChinci antrr de l7 metn cu rtroidrcipoli g doi
C.nsidrrrrll.eB mai trrgrrti colc.tir: hrtlhbdtt!,l alhturi & €l Conform
de ana chine!, din pe oade dinlre rradtiel staruiecoLxeh demonstrerrre
dimrna Wei de mmd lr dinastiaTrng o combinaneperlicti de inte8ritate
tcastt irn:lgiri eu ldsl satrlFtrtetimp nr,rll, eleganth+iseninttatr.in
deFatrusecsle
ineepgnd cuanul49J re!]nani fiai Futin ratri, sc aFuirt cI
d.Hr, cdndcnpirala
a f,xt mutntf,
dela trll+f,turileaffsreircrllprurisunr cele
Daqong 17Lupyang. Aqe,at pe $ul YL ale lmpdrateseiVfu Zetian; din acest
+(a$ulser*lnla ll LilomffrideFtrrt$e motiv i semai spunr Wu Zerian,
dr doi munticaresrarL fetBfurfad de sau din Llrienr^.
"Vmus

r .rlr s[ t }{i & fl{rL

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
lo2o4l

Itl
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 102051

Nu mfii FUlin inlrre$6ntl file grota


Gu Yang,rhp*a tnrrt anii 495,575+i
primacar* e fos exca,iatiin ceirsi(le
rEes$'rrnflnfi Con+irec.te msi inElte
formede reprerentlrcale erteidin
\IEi de nnrd: un Buddhanedirend
5r un altarcu d,i lei la pici.ttt[. sale.
ptccumFiahe sculpturi,Ficruti $i
t9 dinne celel0 dc scneride
la lnngmen.
Crota Wan Fo.(onstruittrirr atrul
690, sediltingeFrinn un marentrlnar
de tepr*rntln ale lui Buddha
DenrrmrtS,,fitrrs celor l0 0!0 dt
BudJhr".n fl:ru1 real de stsrui
1t8 l.ulp{are Fe Feretii$i de nord +ide
sudestemai md.r de 15 000, iar pt
pereteledin spetes-aucit4lit 54
dr tlon de lorus,au un hJ{ldhrlatrrd

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 102061

l.!i Jd8!drtr1. D.JdF

ll&iJg Omanhit

tl9

tn miilocul fie{[teirr. GIori Listr Hua decapate hr 1915,iat aeumsunt


(CrotaF]oriide Lotusl areo sinaurE exFu9e lntr-unmu€u ameTiran,
floarede lotus pe plafo+ cnplitl DeFi,ln tenerel,sea{h 1nt.-ostare
tn timpul dlnrlst{€i\v€i dr noftl bun5,grot le din Longmenau $uf€rit
tn jurul mului 5l?. dict geridin nmtiv. $etumle,(a
De asenrenea, de o {aliiare eroli[nea,darfi din cauradifenrelor
erceplronrh este gtota Ping Yang, un {.m de wndilkrn, iar recrnta
ansamhlu dt rrcipaftrri F€firruarrr cr€$rcrdeconomicl e rrxlci ufhrr
a fostnevoiede 15 de sni $i,serpune, din Luoy*nEs adlrrat Fericolul
dr 800 de lr.rcr{tori.Construitt intte prerentitde plc4iaacidi FiSazele
rnii 500-ill Je cltre inpdrarulYuan de e;aprmmt, Cu mareacester,
ll) ln nreftodal,mpitrt'rhi Xi4o VJsn con$tiinF rendscurd s chinelilor ilr
Di Eia sofieisale,pqrteracentrah privinfapatrimoniului artilth a dur la
nuroardll metriFe 11met aie Euge5tia pentru admini$ljafiacer{rale
tnahi d* 9 mctd ln i:rteriorscall5 ti localEsEiEtr.o,nsidcrs(e mdiuri
noul statuis.lejui Buddhg. Crg rrdicnle.precumtrsnsfersres tut|'rnor
nrai maredintle acesteaajungela facilitelilorturisticecit maidepert€
ointlgimedeopt metri.Peplaftn, de aceast{runl, rtrlmuErea Eatului
dtr nou,se rfl5 un lotur de msri din splop1err, Lofi€men, lntr'un Elt
dirn€nsifir cu recerervitori. Din loc ir rftonstruiraactriideacces
neftricire, minunat€l€lc€ned€ Fentrue minimalira,L"ibradile Fi
Edorareqaft d€corauFcrEliiau fo$ prafulprodw de aumvehrcule.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC lo2o7l

dinYungang
Grotele
CHI N A
Datd{G. PEo\m|crA SflAxxr
A.H{I b{Br€t'TR.f$rzmf
C$nr":C{qilDtlD

TI
.ln ceamaimar+dir|lre SerFrne d 6ul eEu'ftro$ertltorut li pictur, pcnffu d ciopli figunle
groteled€ ta Yunerngln grolacu rronulul a murit & supdrffc.CAnd,ln $ a h pjcia ln culori vii, iflr1l
num{rul 19,se6lltro €tatuietr\altl anul 45t, tmpdratula foit atABinaa, Fe uritile +isst{ri.
dc 16 metri. $And h pori+ialotutulrri tmn a urcatnepotulsdu,Ifencheng C€lc 53 & Erotclbfmef,!fl
stiluii areo €:.ptde B€nitd$i Fne {?re a gDlitvi$tieria$*tului imctirrd secFumEllonusrenralds unui $it
pslmederchid ctrlre privihr, un EEt s[ rcataffeEehudi6lnul+i s[ rcsbilitele, arhealqgiccrrE constbdin F*tc o
mdifanal brrdilt eGocistcr pacea+t tnE,un fel" ima8ineE lul Tairru.Grotcle ftie dc mici temple+iEltart lotilre
burtlvofrF. la primaved€ri, itituis de la Yungrrr8,cart ctmiin ln mare din prenl. Expe4li le,au grupnttr
pet s[.] replcnntcpc buddha,dar 5t 0{0 dc imagid religioalesnpatc mi categt4'4€ E furtindpe a
nu esleaia. Canfoffi flrlErtila,treste ln gerie,suntrerultatuleformrilor dbr*nll dr eFr,ropeun kltromctru
vo$a de hnparshrlTsi*r din dina$ia splendideah l"i lituncherg. de deal,hirDelecr4i gmrr
It/€i de nord. d€sirtunci cErd st alls AcesFeruFr.iintBc€lemri tihpurii (numereletd-10) a fo6t slpate b
la putere"lrr lurul molui 4{6 d.Hr,, se +iinai pregnanteerempledc srcl gupralegh€r€fi lnFleptului TanYal].
spuneaude+pretl mult* lucruri,dar nu budirrEh pisrrEdln ChmE.Situatr Au o {ormAovali Bi+untc€k tr
Fifapti cd Erff fo$ blendin tclvmls pc psnrele+udift *L d€eluilor de careaec$cervf,ceamri m*e influentd
hrli+lh Suhinfiw+ frtntatntetttui la Vt:hul, nu rtelertede ft!,:ng, r stilului stulprlrrel* ertei din
s5u,KouQianrhi, { abdndonst cepiirla din5stieiUEi de nord, 8txcl. Crardfiara,lndia 0ocul de oriSine4t
hudismulln favoarerraoismul$i, au foEtcresteftr +ut mult€€trFe tnre budbmului),carelF rEhdutsiu fuftse
Eanltlc csree Ft](lus tero e in 46046J oi 494, cendcepirclqilrlpelull urfluenfflrd+tili5ticli LDnogrclicde
hmilia se.A di$fiusllren5ftirilesi.ln a fort mut|t{ la Lu€yRruln pfuwlnci-s anagreaci.Stxa 1?estedewebitd"
tot ac6t timp, a obliget4trluErii E[ Hensnde asthzi.DcEunr4ntc8flti're fturnoasl,la lccartt a{llndu-st marta
rerinlh viap leic+,prin folceirca aiati cf lualBreaa nacesitrtmai mslt staruiea lui BuddhaMeirrcye,
fo qi st (omitereaunoraF(4idti. de l0 000de mercrisEi'dr ls saulptori fnconju:arl dc o rnultindine dc

lliic&T'J.! r.AJi, ll0drr4*rF Or t"l. rfi !did, (H 16,lZ 2:l Jrt#di6


flrr,brHit icci* rErar!

lc{ }Fidl ici,*d€tri c


&lrit l& Oli

h 6d 180,xrr*!

Ebsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
102081

s.*E
htr

'l{d; r
{

r{rfliBf':!
s
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l 020sl

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 102101

BuddhaminiaturFli,(|neledinlfe
drli f,entimttri
srawetede doarr
Printrt ct[lattc grotr, cclc m:ri
impresionaoeedin puncr de ledere
virual sunt gotele 10-15 uneledinne
acecrea avAndinttlril* cioFliteasdel
lnaet st sflneff cu [ilte suucturidin
lemn. NumArul5 cuprindeo stat$ie
a lui Buddhainaltl de 1? rnetriairzat
in For\ie lolulului, ia.i pe p€rerele
de sud, o frumoasl pag,rll cu cinci
ftivel!ri purtst[ Fe spatede un e]e[ant.
in grota numtrul 6 rt afli o co{oan5

111

bog-a!J€coIArE, tnsld de 15metri Il] lll Gldo5 EqiE@


ftri ftm rjrlls dii!U|!l8iu
isr Ferelii sunt scoFerific{ im&qini
carepovr+tesc,in detaliu,egimadr
d;nv;a1alui Buddhadin rnrrmtntul
rcnuntdr]ila bundrilelumetdp6ni {HIn$ sd,.rofts ftRi rd
Ia rnomentul atingrriiNirvanei
in grora 9, ." rfli o ime8in€
"umltul
a lui ShiYa,cc€r.e demirnstrcarE
sincreEiJmul csrea existiltintre
budismri binduism,
FiecaEdinrregrorea fft! $Eparll
cu elementemhitccrurale9i 6gun ]\]!D!t lld]FruM
precuftl4pfflel€ (dansatonrelr
cdcstei, muricieni$i tnahi
demniraridela curreachmcra
puftdt|d Yesmintebridrrta
somptuos. Acestcirnsfini
le.auofert k{oricilorinforBEFi
.d Jl J{q&r h dIE !4
importanrcFnund Eaditiile
$i dhicduril€ din Chim enricf,.
,idd dffi{sr (,ulrdi{db.r+*

Ld6hdltdb &tri

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc lo211l

Grota gi
Seokguram
Bulguksa
ternplul
COREEA DE SUD
-
Pnc^rrNc!t
6Yron!liJ
tNUr-Nrrc|srrllr: I99ti
CrFErx,C (il {M

2t4
loplirl dinrl-un sin$rr o ir;nur€ ln minieftd a intelfpFlor
H* rleprnir, srarui*principalifrn budiJti Monuftrentul insuFicstc
gmo Seokguram* .i licl la rrtnlltirrlt sculp,tatcu pttru statri aL Rcgilor
de qprn+pepatmmem gi it rcpredntb Celeqti{ doul basorelidrri mre
pe Seotgarnoni,Buddh*tl rnomenlul rqreff t* ptotectorii temphlui
itrlninSflr FaF ssesreo combirta{ie ({]djrdpdni)+i atr€ ofl diYiflirdfi
cnigmsticade fo4i Ini3culint + proteclolrrE.
Fumus€tefemttlifle, ipr&nff nele in ciudr dimensiunilortale mi:i -
eu formaunm semilune,iar cchii pe diamfirul lhctFerii de nunai +apte
iulrAsrrebchisi indic* o Ftarede rnerri o hce mai mrc5dcc6t ecela$i
mediradeFofund: Pftul iflclat este rip de 8lote E site tn india Fi China -
Fri+r htr-un fel de .'r{ &,iflir]r)tn Seolgutem jdr.! un ml dc primi
var{ulcapllti, srmn al trtelepciunii itriFoatsntfi in Frivinla palrlrrl$nrl.ltui
supftmr. i$€rrt F o gletfo(m:l(' artiEtic budiEtdin Fert'rrdi dssi.{,
o floerede lqru+,pslnele ll sunt SF+iul i.Ftiot €cteo esredcr filozoffcl
indreptateEturt pnvttor (Betrul apLcatl, ia.!,ln Frir"inla careclerislicilor
nu*d), Fti.r rceesreinyitt lunreart trluricc, nu ere rival in [ume. Sprt
sedumine:adirl 9lrlluc|Ier st. nr6rtE deosebirede pe$$ile indienc de
veFmintedrap+teeltgant cu o croiah la Ajafta ti glstele chineie de la
carc sugaroarlinterpr€tar€acore€ant LtrElncn, {sre to6te au foFt s5p{t ln
dari st ului dEce{rmintedin Feriqda rocl nrnale.Seokguran a fort asemtlrt
d.inastieiGupta.B"ddh" estclntonjurat manual damnri grenitului dur din
de o *edede stetuiscrrlptetear Ferefii munele TbhanL unde eetekxali?+t,
grmei:rr{i [rrlltrfidftrar,receduciFrli +i csre nu a F€rmi5nici o elttr tflatcdE
douedivinitafi Hindu; ta nirelut ochitor Ares-rlfi intr€FrinderEnu tnotteazl
sdiseaflazeceDEt,fietrre aortintnd se-i uirqersaEpc rlhmti]gi" dat'nir*

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c lo212l

csmcteruluieEtraF{dinar al conBtmcdei Legmd* din SanrgvJ< Yura,lsrorulr un r'a'stcomplexdin tempte qi pegodc


ref,liratecu echiFam€ntul trhhE ceL Hrrre.ga|{,s{JiJEtn sei;olulal de Fiand- deFt]natsuPU$qr
rudimentaral coretnilorh 74?,anul Xlv.lea,ipuneca primulministru in secolrrlal XMe+ cdrmuitorii
ln cate s fosrlmeputd cor$trucfis. subre[e]eH]eH(Eg,Kim D'e-seorrg, cDftenieu reipinsbudkmul h Avoarea
in arel mornent,budirmul exisra a cc{r$truitgroHrln tneftoria pdrintilor confucia$ismului,]ar,pcst. tiilrp,
deletn C-orceade 400 & enl' de+iabu pc sfi din vletile anterio]rre.Legenda Serrkguram si Bulguhsaau fir6t uitf,te.
la millcrul setolulur*l \tll-lta a devenit ,rontinui aretind culn Kim Da€-ltoltg *.edrscoprrirele inceputulsecoluluial
d ftligh {rlrmunl ]e nivd nalional, clnd a organiratconruucfa emplului XX,iea",ieledoui monumenreau fost
Sillaa unirdiferilehre8ere
dinasos BulguLsa lrr rnul ?51,h iumltates re aurate.DupAo prilnit in.t'tar6
din peninwb. Cnrta Serk6uram munreluiT'oham,tnchinindu-l n€reuFitlcarEi-a 4'neninpt *rirb irater,
seaf,f,atrrnpt de v6tfulmmrelui; pt nlilor seireEeli. Nu ni !€ rFunccu grotaElint ft]restratE cu un sistemde
tbpJdobirdcu o tnsresraruiea l$i Frecilie cin€ a aonc{pur $i a constflir lnlururarea umiditdlii+i un Beam
BuddhrSeokguram pn"iffl cEFem e, tele ddol turturmente, dar esteevident protettor de sticlr, hvilioon+lc
a (6r ctrstruira p.ntru E li un b$tion c{ Seokguramurme sl lie o caFelS din lemndin complexuldr rcnrple
s'-rt||-Jflatufrl
car+s[ aFereregaol FrivareFenrr+monarhi,irr Bulguks; BU10Sitonterffonstruite.
in 1996,srFrturilepdYiliofluiEi
Seokgamrmi {celmelmatemonuman!
dc le Bulgrrska) a condurla descoF+rires
umi (bleclii ,le comari,careau inclur
un suldehertiedin Dh?raruSurro,
datatiinne anii?0S-?51. Sulutrt
Dlunglnlede +eft merd $i o lftim€
dr $rprecenGtneGi Fidacrede{e eFre
# primuldocumenttrpdntdm lum.

ll+Jls &LTprLrr4r

l;.edirn rl@d .fudf

Ebsus I ww w.
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc 102131

Monumentele
din
Antic[
Nara
I APON IA
Pr*Ecrttr NAt,{
ANL1DrrEclsrRAr&
l99t
C}ln*r:C{X)tU (wl M}
l?6 T't
K
Ir I \e8d dihettirl Shrng
ru rdus pr(tsperitsa€tt€etului dupd
cc ti-su mutrt (aprtahde cinci ar1.
Ragridihdstiei Zhtu a[ adui
Frosp€ritate rege[uluidupl ce li-eu
mrtat capit la de Fei orr. Aftetr
rirg€b mr6tru, drrpdr:€ s fiEcuhet
prellcfitolii, a decisst-ti corufiuigr4t
n)u! clrtrrrh ln !:Jes Nars, unde st
va ella pmtei*t de mungipe trri FI4i,
li lmelflirca puncteldr r$rrcare de
Testoalr Nea$s, Dftrgonul C.l€st,
g Pasarea
Tigrul,4,1b Rrryie.
I-irta
Erarerialeloa de €cn$ructiesellE
lntocmi ii rt vf, aprohalnaintede Fhcart dinue acesttdo{r5 il6 *r hdi ors'l}r
ftrceFurullucrrriLrr Corutru.lia v6 i€cFffi lvea o plalt Sierahtrp{4iE&
tflcBpeduparcrolta ds toartinl,* lhtr'o grildd€ nountd hEeiile
Astf€lsunttextuledi.tului orientarede le tsr le vect)sl prtru
pnnmr la nagereaoreg-rllnHe{&LT6, bd hutale n'rientarede ]a nord ls
un documentGcut puHic ftr a , sud).Palatulimperlals€adl ltr
cincisprtzecca a a celel& a doua cmnul mnei rle mrd. Crrtierele
luni a primulurrn durera dd orapului la cudde palatersrrocupste
(11martie708)li mrurmnatain cu qedinFle nobllilot # le cune,
Shilfl.Nijlrrclgi,cronicaoffcialda i* celeleltreraurrupote de
JaErniertn secolulal !'Ill.len rnereriqi Fin€fustori. Rtrl{fir) ln .spir$Is, undr crsu
H€ii+kyi lau Nara,aun|3'l nurntt in tonr nunritaGe$16(ora4ul hirotonieificElug$rii.
mErrtrlir& Efu6tcrpitslflJapomer irrte exterior)aproapede pancade Coruml€tiauria+utDiTildei-ji d
?10-?84, in acesste pedoadd, JaFanh n rrd-ett a tmg,,JutFi+i18-Lya, s-au fosttetmineu ln ?51,ln s{h FinciFah
a suferirtransf€rsiSripfi*rndE, rotrsnuit cinci4ci de remplebudiste (Dribursuderr)* all+,r serurr de
devenindun st*t cu o guvemare, carefeceaupenr din eele"{are{aoli b.oru a lui Bdddhr\hiftrceru (Buddhs,
o birocratieli un co+ legfulativ did Nare' - Jdriitso,Sanrotl,H'xro, SrepdnulUniver+ului)fttake de
cenrraLiuat crrt seba:apc modelul Krsha,Kcgon+rRirru - fferare l8 IneBi # ca(eclntdrer {50 dt ranc.
chiAe!.Pelena{ acea$ra, peB(eurr condu{i de trn c$lugtrchinst Camereeve o ilul$mc de sproepe
secol,a apErut+i budirmultn JspoEiE, Cele$*r tcsli au fo{t forta csre cincirecide lnelri fl era ceamai
vtlind din China a rErfirdir budimul ln inrreaga mareconBftrqie din l€mndin lume.
Ccrunuit dupdrncdetutomptui JrFooi'.,in d€ftur3rte r.l4i€i Templuliniflel 1i rtatuie eu fcer
Chalrc'sn(ssilri XLgll), c{Fitala $lntcisle.induerF'. Cel m4i entuags! di9tluseInr.-unlncendiuSr61rirEt
dinflstieiTsn& Heiii-kr$ s fo€t $drttn{tff a[ruil rellgij a f$rt r€llcute la o scardmsi mi.5 la
c.)[cEput avAtulu. rt in ltdffe ftnpllttul ShEffiu(?]{,}19}, carE *rgitul secolului al XM.lea.
principirl de ecolncnfie+hinesd.Era a dirpuecon+truireein flecare fbtu$i specraculod, Tildsi.ii
"no{l'
un plan rectangular, cu un a- ce t al - pmvihciee unui rernplu(ldltrdnrll) tstc vetrgora+ului Narade a:i,
S{rEld-Oji - c{re il hnF!4eein $i e uneimln!3tiri pcnt clluFd undesealll muhecornplerebudiste
Sahr0{*oraEuldin ilne*, la rArdnt) (.toLd*'ipJ. in ptur, r constturr dur er:rHeil3,foi},cum runt
FiUkld ("orrfdt din dftrFte", le epusJ- Tddei,ii (Mff€te Templulde le Kdtuku.ji Gan8&ji si Kiluea4i,

E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
l o214l

ltl

{al tnEifrriraostrmpiu iinlollt din


Juttnra. Acesteasunt {onnatcdin
ptviliulr fi p.$*le, rnele aqand
nivcl*ri sunrpirrjrc in lr4u
':rFte
!pms, intr-un minuDi(contra$r
cu vetdcleFlduni Je conifen
din iurul Drar"lui
CSndHrijn-lttr I firstabandonar
in Enql;S4 prlarul ir,Feriula f{}$r
lSsatra o amintirer oraiuhi. ln rinlF
ce re{ul a fasttirnrfrrrmatin rereqLrri
FcntrucuhFler+a,nelhlui. Asltrril
dr'.rrlunJ:rtulcrr mri rlmfrr din
clidrre {d€ii nelesftfiuni:ru foi!
rc($n!lrurrr nu f0i1 deschise
FrthlidulujJ,(la.lhpdturiledin
rEerrtlirlnE Eurcosle lutninl fiii
Je tlblilc dc lcmn.caredescrir:in
detaliuuiafede le currrll jatr]nr?i
din sl\(Jlulsl Vln-ler.
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 102151

Monumentele
budiste
din
regiunea
H0ryu-Ji
JAPONIA
lKlrLEA,PnrFEcn ra NAxa
Arl|lr lxllc$Trlrll 1993
C (I|l(rv)lr'r]
CRrrrxlt

fis4ripiie p€ aurE dancind.seaflapepatutdcnuarrc,


lui YakusiNyoraiBudlha (tntr-r: tmpdrdrcass,
rotialui 5uild. li fful
rraducr.relirerslt,.Euddhacsre s{u,Shdtoku, auprrmis#-i
vine pcrrtrua vindecC'lFFuncbtoria lndEplin{:$cAdorintr,
{rndrni remplulurbudur Hdryu.ji,cea Consn'urliaternpluluia irst
mai vffhe construcfiedin lemn dio terminat, in mu1 607 d.Hf, E!ti:
lu$e, Aicis€ spuneca impbratul pavilior.ulrenrel (Kon-d0!dintrun
Yonrei,care srlfereadc o boslit Favl, * complexde pett 200 de tllrlin <are
hotddt $l con-rtruiaFltehplul rstf.l a.dFrrd o zorrl (h Effo:rpe lq dc
incir # FoarlsdserDiecpeniru hectarr Cu toateace+lea, primir
rindecqrealui Nu Fi-aatirr.sscr:pul, ,compc,Dcntr" dt l, Hdryu,ji a fi)st

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 102161

6il r'q'lRllm+d

t 9Fio.i $*rJ*

.*--#*,.r,

lqfel deeftfierg cab{rl nul hnpEr{r, dEci]frdtcu o frirl Fr$.ndnd


confonnscrieriiShAl-Nfrorgi, imaginiai Shi Terur6,ccI petru
do(urhffrtul crft &6c.ie crdrtologia ruvetahicilclri din $aditti de
ImperiuluiJFpooet,o roarevahdnie blrdistl. O Elt[ .sh$tructlc
a m5tuat tenpluJ*in noapta de imprcrionantda complexuluic*e
30 epEili€6?0; toh!+i iteiuilo din ccemai v.ch. pagdd{(C'diu'n&ml
inbedoraufo€rrelwre defo+. din Japooh,careseddicAla
ftu' ar,clxdircaa fixt lnlocud o lnillime dc cirai I|tvelr cu
cu o eltl stnrc i[ mei tteDdiD€s{, o elegrnlt iFnodFeftfiininfl d care
brp.curE cu an+ralerdtiarBle, frnpodaDitl
cu demoni+idrruonl
Chiar din trm vreme,H6ryu,ji ln flnprsim|lir"ed. REsrrir
F?}lrt o imForrsnF irwrkd Fenrq ffo-in Gq! $, hvilionulw rileE
iaFoncfl CAnde f61 colritfiriL ffurrc-dgn0) a {6t cc{r$rruitln anul
hudisrnul6ueseprercntln fnutul 736de cEtrecElug*rulCydshin
$oerelrriFEraa rimp de cirrcirrci SoEu,tn rofrgFsla lui plingqhi
de rni, de cSndgdnpl ShEt<rLu SMt<rkucatcfirsrscdnttrrsdc ftrc.
l5?4{Zl} aduses€ nouafflinrffc O consmrcgicoctoguretit,Pevilionul
dmChhe. ShdtoLulnru$ Edcva$t \fuurdor cugdndeo slqtuk aunti
o fi8urale8endarg+run model al€ csr.r Hslturi prr sdfic modelan
pcnru gcncra6ilecereau urmat. dupdcelc ale prmFlui. Multl
E€temnEiderstuftJ dinfir .cr nrdi vtefix, s.crttul a fdrr p&trar dc
abili polithieni japomri din toate cdtle cEIuBEriartEri EtEruiapoatcff
tlrDpurdrg a or,fuirnul 60{, v5nlt5 dr public turp dr cinci rile
al mnstitutiei cu I ? anicolt prim[vEra+rnrsmna,Aldturi se
crrc tor4in prindpiilc irnd-amenule ridicl o.rtatuiea lui Cn''6ehinsou.
ale ststului. crlg fine tn tnAn| dreaprl o $Elnr+t[
Situat ln oratul lkarusa,Hdrlr-ji de teracoti a unui cdlu8Arcu o
dr astid crmrti Jin doui co$flexc Frivirc ingrijoEtt. il reFecintr
dr.nhmn de camfo'Elsre +unt pe DosenRircbi"de r cerui
dovadaaI {ll0 de ani de burliur numc !e lcaEi Frima
hrJagrnia-Ridicst ln ccntrul r€3tEr|ItrCA t€mplElui
Imprejmuiriide Apur (Sai-inGffsn), H0qa{i tn *colul al lX.lea-
lQxr-ddcuprindcnu numaistatr.ria Rttc E€colE"arruatunl€
rplerdidas lui YakuciNrErsi delrcate& lenrn au +rderit
Brrddha,ci qi o reprerenrare in brona mai multe opcra+iuai#
a lui Amida Buddha- ridicad tr tEstEufi|re.
]]8"?ft f{Fdr i}@'o onmrealmpir{le{ei 5uil0 +i Celernaiintenresu fsl
Tririla Shrka,Tidnat ln an'Il 6ll, intirat de clrri lo*rinit
In neuroriapnnlului Shdmku.carc To}otomi{ 1i*uga*a Ar
r mrdt cu un an imirte, aca$t grup e';-oleleal XVI-lra gi al
e{ulFturElde bron! tncl mri Frerintd XVll-ha, dar la lncepurrl
fi_dtrnefite
din fictir de aur cu carea rccoluluitrccut,Klo.do r foat
fet ecop€rir-fi t.pr€?intjtF. Sh-rkr .l€rffirtar $t reffsrnhler ltl
Nyoni Buddha(Buddlu cel l$toric) cadrul unui pnxt6 & curdterc
cu doi boddhirnw [b aserneru.a. de qi a untr proier:e rle coruol*lare
un interer EF€cirl€stco ptrrdDrmldo crre eu dufi! eF(oape
lem" F. carc ccafi statuile.Erte ci{rci?eaide ani.

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o 10217
|

M[nilstirea -Bahi
dinTakht-i
budistfl
lol
I

$rruinele cetalii
Sahr-i-Bah
PAKISTAN
f*qlulqu FnoN_riE*xr oENQRD'YE$T
Aftrt NIEG$fiItt: l9e{l
ftm*[:C irv]

ll0
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c e ' - 102181

T\
v
IJOXI Od$idl I erhawerrstecaprtala cimpla ksha*er htilrt{te ifl t\indle
FnwrnderFronuereirle Nord-Vecr mun lor Swrt, Trkht-l,Eeh numele
din Paki+tan,Ete un teren lnsearnna Ori:rnilor' - a fast
"Tionul
accrrlmtar1*urt de tnbun 9i liden Eonrrruirl la lncepuruls+rolululI
militad plrrhml f,rsrrcmenldri; d,Hr.$i tr lf,rnasBctivl penf,h $6rfitul
unr dintrr dcril,irelilelor e € secoluluial \rll-lea, SongYun,un
contrsbsndacu qrmelntre fu.ListaR c*lgtor chrtrerdin s$olul gl ll-les,
fi Af8aniatah,o Fre ho!ti6!atE. a lteatun d.,cument scrisal
Singlr.r hge luncliifialtr lfl Irceast5 mlnnsri.ii $i al or'4ului din EpropirrE
regruneestc leges celui mni tare Sahr+-Bsndol. tn raredescrir
Arum mai puginde doudmii clldlrile mapiffte aparatedt
de snr" rsgiunea a fost mansrul ridud si mulfimcade statui
lniloririi unuia dintre cele mai man a4oFeritecu foife de aur.
iniperii ale civililaf hi lnd$sului. Dilr Sahr-i-Bandol,p{st* +ir*,
I(ushan InemeiatE de de+endentii maite|'liu,r-afffftruit un sat
srrldatiL:rlui AlexrnJru cel Mare, ItJrrh.'LnrtE rlmrs ntrroi ruinth
a cEfix misiune era s[,i prot€jere $nai sitpd ilrn reli,c+.ar brrdrrtsub
cuceriFjledin ftent, a ajuns la ftrma unui doml ti uneleprette<u
epogeutn setolul d ll-ha d.Hr inscripfii r.ligiosi. tn lfidrdlfufu,
cfrnd, datoritl unei lungi pcrirade de limbadin Krshan-Crca ce
pace,a pnlut conrrolula ceeace odett em nn superb statuar io
U.rfta
sEdevintr
DrumulMtrllsii, Takhr.i.E€hia fosrln rhrr€pslrelie
devenird urrinteroedjar iom relcxat,di,rrrus
deraidurihinduse li
Chitrr +i Rorn:r. mu+ulnurcdr,* lungulrccolelcn, +i
Cl{sr de ls primelerile ale pu$In sigffanfe de almarallri[anicl,
_m
imperiului.Ifurhan a lrnbr5l!-Ft dupt ee desloFerise minlsbret
budismul,iff bogf,titrsei,e FcrniB e douelumlllrrea i€roluluial
mn8truir$ de orl{e, mlrrllBridFi XlX-lea,ffecrmgervarln mueeul
tanple trnFdobite cu magnlfitc dio Ferha**r
lu.reride srt[. Cuno$cutH sub Cu toire eccst€E, Tfikhr,r,Behi
nurnelede Ornchara,Foda de e+teun kr<ertr+qnlinar Orrottuit
ftulFur[ din Xushet,fte unicd$i din grxnit ct| $trirtii vcrri, eftle+i
poatechiar Faredoxahin isrorie mat€rialdin cer€s-eu{ecutstatuiie,
att?i drifltalc. ofl€1fi . ,€rtc.$h" drln5ldfta aft d intrdrc cu doul
sl€ imFeriului,p€ lf,ng[ Fr€itii sale cslumn€ cirintir€ car€ duce ln
conlluenl?unol (ulturi vanale, ,Mgles sunE cu au!o'. Aaart sp liu
i-du drtfifiinEt Fc 6rti$hi ldi si lntrff crrprndr JB de {rrpd votive
inrerFr€tt€ icono8ranabudirrt cerEmnrin sladi de maai
lntr-o manrr[,,nccidenraE', dimenri$u. Cdteva trcFrr du(
reprerentgndu-lpe Buddhacu o la curtea manestini lnconiuratt
69asrmilarEcelera lui Apnllo, cu trei Eda6.iicar€, odad, aveau
lnconjulllt de ftitoni, nimfe,cenrauri dout nivclud; !otu$i,ru a rl|ai
5ivigedevie.Elementele tipiceale remasd€€Atparter[l cu chiliih
aftci ald3i€eSreco-rcrirrnrnu ru Fntru cllu8lri $ Flerift.
trwt un Frecedenr6i nici o O treccft duc€lE bucetArii$i BEIE
coru€{inll in lunea ori€ntalE. d. fiei€ +i, tE caplEl sclrii hrci,
Erl$r[ fosrrepuftr€ ruifie a.lr ses{la o altd curte csle cuprinde
oraFclor imFcriultri.rshan, darin o aha rnrtsrcarea avut,prohabii,
rrgruncadr fronticr5a Palisranului tl lnllfimc dc nL\rEmrrri. In jurul
ti A.ftad$tsnului seaflaGkht-nBshi, cu4ii seaflAo $ahde primire,o
ceaInai roarc+i .ea nraibine F&trat5 t€ri3dFicep€lecu bohi.u rtuc
trnEsttr b{rdEttrde pe l'ales trc$ intEcte,Pe(erss6.a{,lperife
lndu*ului. {u un bald"chin,suprivie[uiesq
Uriffi p. un pintch di: sreircElna.lt <ertvEs$rui hinunatc;Buddha
de peete150de mem,acolounde ar€un chipdedivinitategreacf,.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l 021sl

Lumbini:
loculdenaqtere
alluiBuddha
NEPAL
Ctl@r TEr.{
Ajrt,I tffc|grnl*n l9g7
firftrftC( )(vl)

In ,oo ,u*de sl]rcintr,


" a pornir ifltr'o
regrnaMelia D€r'i
c{lAtoft de la Kapdavaeru, u$dc
la€uiatmpreune cu so l €i,
surtranul SudJh,rdm, cnrrccffa
FFdntilorei din Devadaha. ln timpul
crlbtoricieaa oherl.arun micla(
h m4loculunri grtrduriluxr.rnarir
+i a lTut seseopreasce!Atnoat€,
Durcrilc {aceriiaulncepurdc
trdattrce a ie+itdin apA;s,Epnns
deo cr.ang, +i a dat na+trrr
prmqululSiddherrha Gauema.
S-atntimplfltin dimin€aFunei
riL demaitn enul673i,Hn,lrru!
{ J,r6rnumk Lun$ini" iar pflnful
notS-naF.u! avEEEl de!.ihi Buddha,
Gl lluminar. Picrurilecrrc
comemoreazA na$tcrea,in mod tlpir,
o arstl pe tnaml st6nd liitirlsa
pe plmint la umbracapncului,
privindu-5i fqricie fful. C+prl
lui Siddhanhs
csrelrrrordcauna
irEoronatde 0 aurl, iar el 5ti Fe
o fl'rrrc de ltnr* intre rlivinitlple
BmhmaFilndr+ carell rpaltrcu
apd ei petate de flori.
Mrmefi liul s-rutnrdrsle p*lerul
rlin lGprlar.astu.
darMayaDeri a
murk un ,n rnii F:rliu, l5dlhdu-ti
liulnounescur
in Exij*suloriiei
Pr..rjapatiSiddhrrha fla Fcrrecur
?I de eni din viEt$ lr' palar lftaiftr
dea renunlsh bunurile
lumein
si dr: lr p{]mi thn-o c5lArdriea Numit de Burldhaca unul dintre
ilumin:rii. ln p€riFlulsIu, I reeenit .rl€ cinci imFdrtrnlc l)cuti dr
llltu facrrJt{9 rHr o dati, la loculnaflerii sale,cu care pelarinii Fenrr+cre'rinciasi,L$mbini
ocaie 500 de suptu$i si r.Briului au a idsr Y;irar Jid *nul 249l.Hr.
#6rr q$8, Lr S|allhr hottrir stl urme:e tn r.rala as{etict, de irnplrerul ind|.lnAshoka, r{ E&.',rPnipt .5r!Idr,t:
rncluslvfiu1s5uBahula.fiateleJIu clmuitorol crre a jucat un rol
tsiriir4J'*i ru h l#rlfi vitreg Nanda 6i Upali, b:rbierul care centrelhr rEsp$nJirercredirrtd iflrFlxl.t I'kri ft$ {I{drc
MrlmrrN+l$tiE
urmll sEdcvin[ Ec[msi importrnr hudine in mare pane din Aria [e +drnl dklllu tl ,{ i&!
Lli$ipol al s:'r. Lrrmbrni,AshoL;ra nrlcat o tolumnl

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc lo22ol

lJ! lll Od{dn

13J
mor4ohlx ar di*rus rernplclr
+ilocula cdEUr prxdSuirSrii.
n$$aftersaa{crsrii Lumbinia
irrceputla sFrsitul Eemluluial XIX-lea.
Dc$i di5tfilt ld mBi ftuhe locuil,
coloqna lui Arhola ft1cd firai exista
ceo dowadl a unui loc sacru, alStud
$utsr,o grrdifir +i bariNl
decatevE
lnc$rjuratcu iidul in treptf,.Mai nult,
pt ta rnillocul *colutul al XX'lee,
+rlreologii
sudercoperitruinele
palatuluiregalKaprlar-a.*ula
eproximrtiv10 de kil'xnet|l deplnsrc.
h misurt ce FepEr(dleAlaint{u,
Ltrmhini h lftccpur $5 tcderin$ tm l.r
deFelerheipennuhdi6ii din roetr
lumee.in 19?8,datonrt urrei
invtstilii ifllpofteftr. :i UNESCq
ftiftxul erhitectjaFone!Kemo
Tangcd ftEt inrEr.marcu pr,ri.rtul
nou Lumbini",un fel d€ or$F
"lln qdrui
iirtcflla+ionel rl FE(ii El {enlru
6pirituirl$i rrrheoloElcurrnasElir
grldina s3crl li coloenelui Ahoke.
ProjEarulE rialu! ErfiFtruclir [nui
auditoriu, s unuimureu,o librArie, o
malavl monalucaFidoul complcxE
de cladin cu rempleti locuri de
primiTepenarupelerini,Dantru
,ir*rpolt gJilor Mahayanaseu,
ft 6p€ctiv,Hillaysna.Datorim
dezacordului dinne LINESCO
gi Lumbfil DevelopinenrTiust
(organirafianon'guvernamentalh
c8reposrtll o ifiscriplir lnrre timp,gtddina1i lrcul S$csrrJ .Eft .l]fiduclsa pfi)itrrul), F6nb
coFremflativEa nafieni lui Buddhs tmpejmuitecu rid, un fel de templu aetui nu s-sucoflstlxitdecEtcfitevfl
c'r eiigi* undi c{l plssadtllr v6r[ lnchinarreCinEiMayaDeYi(ire dadiri. l,a 16 mai ?003, in FrfJr,hta
Ahturi, s-sconstruito rt prr(un fusrreconsrruitahturidr mloana Iui Glanrndr4 ngele Nepelulur"
tsnplu relicvarrub fqrrmaunui dom). lui Arho*a,iar,lniur,fuseserd a fi*t inaugural un nou teFplu
Din s+flerile celuc5ruliricLiner conitruiE o irric de Jtnfd $i lnchinat rcginri Maya [kvi, carr
HsuanThn8,caree vidt*t Lumbini mHlrAstiri,
Lutrbini Rrilmasun con+inepiqtra amplasstflde
ln rnul6J6 d trlt, s+tti. tI eufrii tmttu activ al blJrmului pin: AsLoLaprntrn a indicaexatt
rdnrarnumaifundatiileacesteirrulu In secolulal XV'lea,candarftrstele hculun& s'anEscur
Buddha.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c lo221l

Ayutthaya
T HAI L ANDA
FRol'rNfl^ FHta HAxr|lTNSJAyr,.rrHry,{
Alr',L lN*EG|sItlFxr l99l
cRrrxFn
c ifi)

TI
Indriicul atacrrdil$Fre dmtoir+m ui FoFulalhirhai, \
1i4 nord,rscuruln dealurile
din :patele locul urde cur8ealn sFirall. t.
eEertriiSuLhothai- Enu muhi ti erau Cu rttsrr inBarrcfiuni,regele

+
{
binelnsrmad.Pentr!relEele U Thon" li-a ttjmisemisrriiir recunorytete. \
orice tncerearede a re?irtaldree Hr+ S-aui (}6 duFS.e rruB5titt} vecht
rirt, a[i .5, intr-d ei din atrul 1150,a d$ffarelhmerl tx Inijl,rfill ! nui sistem
luat d$i:ia durrmasi de a abendona cr,mFlexde riuri cmt de cocfluen+a
lr@i@!&& I967nq
capitalaSiamului,carefusesefondat lturitdr M:i€ Nrm lnFburl Prssk ii Iarddld E*!rd aa@
ru mei Fulin de un serolln uffifl. Cheo Phrayr.U Thon e viritet locul
Si-achem nrhitectiimilitariifl frFaefii ale,rsi a ftEt piffiul tare a lnfiFr lffdl lld &eli!'lFtr
penrru a le ccte shtul in pttvinla c|rlmruafurplmAnt+i a scordio
lff lui ndr xd consrruiasal noul orsF Fdmfrmun mele- FpililFple'|Fnde
_mspre
Primii l-au sfdtuitsdlomeascS citre trceli. Act$ra rrli6t otigin€l Jj{ dftqFar]d ],1'gd:firtd{
,ud, in ctmpi€,unft viitorii intmici orEfuluiA!utrhrl'e, sl cllei ruime n*lrFd d# Ar h+ c tt
@d Eltir ! BddlEs
nu pureausjungEferEa fi vdruFde ill*eFmnE
"lnvincib
ul'. Ptof ifle din
la nare diit'nF. Aeefii au ronsultrt cu*rtul samknt mfentm I a Artrdhya,
rrxrcle sear{:li ru sugerars! s€ rqledinleleuhriREma,din lxEmul
* 4lt h dtlrl rdnu!&i
gesearca }|lrln,apsde la redtrcinile eFic indian Rnruluno.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
14222

fii"
f$ii,
'
hf,'f
#[1=l

ilii
1tl
+ll
E1
iti
tl

,1",
r
:

rfif,+fln
Ei',"A!il.
..EE#
E bs qsI w w w .habi t a rceos, c c lo224l

JJ;
L)t$i nlrus caFitrlil Lnm ulro! sl EL'ntrulsiluun hEin drcptunghur] rr cu
re.:iitepanein L'6?,cir:rl a ftxt.lLrtrur; lotu+iiir€steLlDrnhrilt
dr rrel nrariahdJl
dc nrmntn ,ifl Brrmtl - niclidrtI nu ,r {monumentcrchclarcsuhdrmr unul
egalar Jiumrsetea ora+uhri Sukhoth*ln cloFur] l-H,nreilJiltiL [it ie;rilil w$t
crhii rirmuinlrilor,viritriani eunrpEni PhraM'rhathar,cr: rrn rurrrin stil
$ chirr:i cae au losrprifilti L.tcurrra hhlrtr lnurmrpnnqJsusrinurde
dir A}ttthale.L 15slt dEufrehtE itetrielE Faitri! ri.n Canrle TLrnut
pcivindcarnorilciahrLlo*rr.,,ltn<nd.r cir( ln(onjurftrLu srit .,i utc hri Budtlha
Ayutthrrn",in care()rrrrl llu,la dr r [i.?lmrdii[r! itu., ir jrrul ctrnrre
'a
cu !n millo|l de lrruir ti il roifti.scu au (tr\{ut d(hgilL l:(ry:rriln in p:r*L::r
cer m nare rtlen;,'arc a regatulLrr ceilik,i, \r irtll Tuinrle\ltar lliitburenR
Siinr,dttu',Fxs{u Las,t;! rxtins cu urrrlt rhail im:t purtinJ lragmtntc
teorcriulin fE ile ce eiise nuFlesc de fresce.
Lau Llmhoglr ii [,lyanmar Rrinele sraturtrt+ rhcdiii fundrtnle
ln perimrlaploilormr.srrnrce. mlnrstrrriF ncteRrJveha fc jrml.lrrta
A!utrhnl! FlTt,r!I Flutelrscn F€ ,lne. inEhj re de veBBri{ietrin fefl+ire,
L{]{uirlele,liFalateleer{u adflsrr te F* icfrrstl krml mturnl.l LIL'
Fil{}niri erru ,ltn lemn,delmr€ce Fiarre rcdF{riren.jLttnr!e Fr*'rni]er
sepr,ren lrrlosrnrrmarpcnr! eJ lalh i,,iulu J( c.1rre'i,nikrli (lc
religirnre.TlmpleleernucnnsrnrileFr n:nrt:ri,rl*-'r lrrn6,rrl
stcoleL.r
rufu*turi de ptrftrintrr.sLmLt:lirru Drft lrirI rc,:unorqterii
"rsul
i;liririi Je,lFrecareynrhennrikrlolra
'rnlan dr clltre LtiESL]]
buJiss. ln runrceinlr. ilin;rld lrrai aurodrrtrlsrhni.Ir l ns$
mriFf nu FUrdmarJe{it te*ll+lc Crl r n prr'grrnrJ* rrst;u'r,rregL
m.rinrarc tr'at PhraSi Sanptt,a li:st .run\iguratsitulflr Fdrs(nul
lltrlr:fltde {fitre mrrnhnihmiliei regEle dc partr Arte?iAlurrha!l
;i cupnnde"o strtuiea lui Bullha existliJin n,ru.r cnnhrl
inirlti de I5 nr{(ri !i ir{('p{rid (u rcliHifl$,
LItuHirnidurjv(rlit ai(i.
ll0 dc kil.rrame d. .!i Jar imadftiilri' iar statrrilrhi BrnlLlhir runt
Jin BLrllldl-tur rotrir linrpluirrc itr drrFrfu.u n tx{ tut(Krli..
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l0225l

Angkor
C A M BO DG I A
!For.rior $[M Rra}
A|'rfr tNrlctslltfl 199!
pEL[sr,\P.\Trh]ofirulsrMorDraLrrlrr lN-rEc|.oll 1992
in-5(']ris
Cfir tEl|:C { r }{ l ir r l

ll$ h u t , T r . Qr r Iu su sr tIn lui ZLou T.r-Quan - sincuraturr a


An g ko ri n a u g u srl l 9 6 ra delegatal itrtrivjetuit din cirili.iirrG (are i
in l f:1 fi rl l l ri C h i n {i S ir r n r ! Llr er r rlonrinrt Asir $ SrJ-[rt inrre rrcole[r
n+ti n JL .r i n Jrrrn rl u l s tur r r atc al lX-l+a
+ial XI\rlre- dcscrrt
+ Iume
rtctrrr[c irnptriuh i khn'"" .""t-l intllnrt]lrL, trl {rrei riiintrm.nt ftrtisti.
"in
r e g ::rL rtu i re rrfi au :r n rrnr le r ur ..' , ntr $r,.r egrli'r EvtrlIlrLlir.
rcri;t. ,,irr prurcLrJinrprr rnsitt rt Dercopenrea or:nrlul r\ngkrr Je
rtlli ur t J!. ;r1!rFIr r Jr Jrli lei dr (Itrr rurDr,\roi 6t rtlihuiri lrri Htnn
r rL r... [+'trl p rl vch *r uim iRHr e.." hl+rrhot,r,rrel,lrir+In.Lrchnrnprin mii
SLr,trltrul. i.irreera ttltat cl un I'160..Llt|uldirrirutLtcsre rLtu]rlt..
l(mi:cu $Ji:' inconjLr]nrJe Edrvit1nr, rrx rei ni*sti. referindL:,re !a Angkcr
r,r1ii 5LL:oncuhLneRrgarrl rr;r \lhr, ,,csrl'mri lnfrr! drt6r orir:cult
.d|llrnislrrt prirtram rhrrnr cornpliLrr ed air' I:lsarL{erltre frd{i sauromirnf'.
J,r r.,ngL'rtJt firini$ri, Ecnsri]L$1 Prucric,finrqgca,Irr,rm u rlou ic
Ffur}li.lx i !:aLrrir:iirm+se a it regflf L,nrfi,,Jgr:r hri MorLlrrta fixr pul.licit
Imptriul klrrrrcrintcpust r['ia si rc al'lc la aFroit,rir'cl' |lni duni relatftr,r.l
pr o pirntr r rlrclirulrrr dtu rr'larrrrr iL!irl d,r nlirirlnarUl(;hnrl(r-EnliIc
Ris illd riu x , J * r. in . ra m. i
rttcrrrlcutit Lhc mult rnrri.lt rcntt,
ctr itirjr F(rrlLrlhr;iajrnrsesera in
Angk'r in suolul.rl XVlJta qi l-.Lu
drrcriscit un incrnjucarJt iLLluri
',rras
Lhiar in momentul,,Lirscopenrii' dt
cilrrcM,Juhor,il] A gkor Wa( i,r+.1
in lur Je o mir Jr t[lu5nri.
Lrrcrlriledr arrit khmcrl itL llrsr
Fn+nr+rc Ir Erlo:rtir Unir.rrsrrln Je lp
F.rriidin 187flcu reluLrdtultrl Angkor
nu JIF{ n\rl! timF,n Jcrenrt rlertLnirl*:
nui multor c:r.l:lri rrhc.,L,qirc
frnncere. ln 1901.irc*teaau L{rnla
fon,lalt'nLLotr:t'irn{.riscd'E-{trtnre
Or nl. {oFLrlFr'ncipirl flinJ \nrdrul
monumrnlchrdin iml'criul khn:cr hr
cur6nJ,Fr!nrirrurrFfteuroperihLrEEti
uu inrcFu sr rn!t:lrl:I, inr pictrrk Jt
h AngLorrL,dt'enir o prirrli ioarre
L:rtrl.tatenrru .ote.ti{h.rii titri
srr*puL',Prirrtrrac,.rti frrrlroride
'
tutmori ern un trinir irriitrtr trnn.e
i LrrqnrrzJtirr,Anrlri' Malu ux.
in 1914,
Malraura c;trtott
*rtrt Oruntul imleplrrat in ciut!.{r
ir$ent[rii Del]rre{en{l Exvr:r de+lti
hrnr ciinrlr h ,{rrqkoaa thrut
"rs;t

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c l0226l

l]$($ffr lto{llrdnn ?5$ill ,4lhri&. *l :J&fit h rer$to


lri{rd
h.a,$ti Eli4aiurrd Fi ddt|hFitrddb
.ud ll.srtusi &,${i!ri

l{ofr hddrd&Jr[ fona

,hr*+s !,.&drnd 4 l4Edoi&, ldFnr t!€


a\_
vl
* rl t{ig,'* llrl-ll5! /.
f

bf

E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
bi ta r e s . c o . c c lo227l

mal mult€bl'rcuri s€ukrtatedc ltr oot tumuri ti EanrtuarE iicuhdare;li


tsenteaySrei flemplul Rmtilm) L$leL conrtrsit pe o micl insule
r{oir dllcJ{l Td
pcnrru r k vindc le hria. C4 tmte Pe{i a.hir.*ura 6t€ cee
acectca,lucrurile nu au tnerscum au rndi rrer{santi ca.raclsrisEceE
fixt pbnuirc: a ftxt rrt+t*t *ub A,rukorulul, liasftl Eicomplerul
acurareade contrahsnddcu antichltdli sislemhidtaulic al c*Fiielei ldmere
9ra fo6trlivnt dataritEactivltltri mentd sd lt &rcris. In cent1ul unut
diflomatice * *r1rei*rle c e 5-aintorc F r de peFrc160 d+ kil(rftti plftafi,
raDtdbl Frallla pc$uu a coht{cis doufl lelEfissre nrariobcraJ, re afl{
prictcni influtrtti" ft bsls sceatei de o perte.pidr elta a tJd"nlnt
e penc$F,Mallauxts4riEramtnul cir*{i.tei Aqkor Th,]rn. M[surAnd
autobi$Frfi{ Lr \6ir r'ryah (Caiaa oFt kilomerri lmgitrle d qpt sure de
Rcgnh,1930),carea d"i'enitpriflDl mftd Ht1me,hdrdt erau aFr,rrhimate
sIu 6ur4rsliterri cu spl d€ la inundsti e ce 4i .veau
Din purrctde wederci*roru, oilglrlea tfi lEful Tonlc Ssp $i sc credr
d*zdrc{ }-hfiler5din r€giun€f, lnc€prr cs aF[.!a utililarepentrua iriga

ln anulB0l.cf,ndregekJalavarman lI fertrlacfutrpnalur-ron:rr6 undcera teile{" precumti ln ciflEul.ehidin


Fi.effabfllt eapitabp€ PhnamKrrterq 3{€lerorrFU[. unrd. lurnurile eriu corEtruie ayAtultr
un deal [r qprolrtmri! 30 de kilonEFi frnmrl deau.rcpedrnAr4hr este rdrf *mlrri q-rcudre,\Fat fste rm tefiDlu
nord-estde Arrgkn Celte sf$4irul Angtor Vhr. nmFlul msgnrficconslruit hindu chsk, aEacum demortrearl
sacolului el lX,lea,khmcdieu hceput dr regeleSurTa"?rnEn II, carer dftDnir ca pes*8{0 & meuideb"r,nelieftrri
csnetrc+ia unar m+ri tenPle cu firtruenii I I t?, L152. lmonjurat rle un burniresecarr deca,reazlF€mnetlul
catact€aFermantntln Fupul Rolum: iant de aF6rare de finmaImui paF{rlater r*rqlutui crnrltl O plnbore p+
PrealrKo, cu Saee tumuri dEcErdmidil un {, m.esura pertr 1400de mroi lstus c,rridqqrdelui dee€luie Eeprat de4rktE
'r
dmoracecu rclnfuri din Brrsieii sturi lungfi.pcstelZC0d€metri laturaEcfiE e Ldt5liside h N]lruk+rE'E imft Enmr€le
Eekong,irrchirur lui Shivad carese iar ranhilarci o L4imedc l90dc mmi ftgatelocIGruBiE qi hndal'a. extrari din
compunedrntr.o ptamidl llancrtu de In oolrunls ni"eluile al doile+li p+mul egtt hlndrr,Ma.ial{vrrarapi sr:ene
"l

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l0228l

II

I4

E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s , c o , c c
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c lo22sl

lils l'! F,u@L


{rlsd. d! fierild ilnn
d& 5{ ddnrnd!ts
e.a $ {'j'lat+flhsM
r{{i*iutrM !6iht
n4nEi, *riki dr
$adft]1 nifle+ n ts
qi*i-@-' d t , +
4rqrrlc |t{irrtl lllu'{
!"$'r0-

?t3 iE*B r{din* e4d*i€


dr Jl AnU(nmm ft,qi
d! ll hlsnd'i t ifl]rs {k
dF ]dil d ldr mtuid
tl!.!a lrysllM lrlf
dlhti! FF-a:dLcth $
iE!..Sioh *6urd lra
/,ft I $h€ a,tc*it tI'
idE d. Jn& dri Mr
tutr*rlik F hllfn {'i
h!n# e d.tn i,idtu
!Llriud

din Rmrapu. Un peretemrnEffirit d diviruriri {&r.$l fiE if,rrnd firarffi in r]nt


liptele lui Suryar.-rrrutnlI, flFn:1-tflttuyl pentrua extrageelixirulr,emuririi.
un eleft:n crre, plm de mlrelie, iffe din Triumful *Ihile(hrni hhrftre s foir
dndurile armateisak, iar un altul arinssubJalavarnran Vll, carea
ilusrear5 c metai:rd E$rlulur p don|nitlntreenii l18l-1101.El a
Faradsuluihrndu.in sfir{it. s€afll o dispuscon$rucria ci!adeleiAngkor
rEprEzentaEa mrrii de laptt", Thom*i riduldeapirareimlt de
't€t€lii
i!, lerP 88 ile dcft'flj (ffrrm) 9i 9! de opt metosi lungde ll kilomflri.In
inrdiorulriduriior* aliem$lreedificii
exnaordinare, dee"er"Fh t.mFlul
EaTon,in ture btrdisfiul ie l(rrul
hinduisrnului,cu rrcieeledi'iFirrFL"
bodrlhrsana AiokitesveraftFftlrtntttf
deaaupra ctlur 144defelegr€entice
depatrdalesureranuiui careprivt$.
tn roatedirecFii€ziJurilett'rnplriui
Bal,rnrxrnt srr.Llptate
cu b+roreliefuri
lrumr:nttcarearatdviafacotidian5
de la Alrgk+rri r5;hdiulpurrerde
layarajm$n lmFotriu+ F+pulaiilor
clrr+m,inamiriitradiFrmalir khmerilor
Ciiad€lBft|]lrne fluhe temple
spfun&dr,lafelcahphuon,P*ah
TepPmm ri maiFresus
Paliiag. de
tete TeraseRcgeJuiLepmB.o plaiformt
lnalt{ & raptemrtn cu cin.i rrgttr|r de
*culrttu.i rrrprte tatt Frobabilcm locul
de incin+|Erea suvettnilor khrneri.
Un alt ediffciuuimrtq esteTcra*r
Elefaniloqnumit[ dupHdecor*dunile
cu pachidennerle pe drJun,r: gh:rre
lungi ere a ixt utiLatA Pentrl
necalteln ftvisrl a armeaei.
Alte remFle(are merilamcfltifiare
rlin tele nai nult dt o s'rt5din Anakor

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
102301

_.1i

ffi
itll

1i
I

# -,
,iT:'iE"
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 1 0 2 3| 1

suntTa ProhmRlecSruiliduri runt ftBmratietguinctraLdriln l('rltrln drrda


distru.r€de rldilinile enflrmilff fdptuluic5 era imFiDEitlicu mined€
capeciceilu,PreahNrak [tan, citle khmerir rotli condqr de Pol Fot.
un tem"-tuneohilnuit de mic W o AsEzi, cu sittr.tizlxiiticE
irr+ulifldin miil+culunui lra:inde s(abililata,prmciFrlatrarnfi$u hodi
meri rlimensiuni, qi Eantear. Srei. de anl. lmposibilde fauit din cauz+
remplulfemeilorcaree*teconsftlerat diffemirnildr ,irrste.si(ulesrr{'rpus
hrjrtcnr artei clasicekhmere l€ntru unor furturi frecventenh scrlpturilor
{inefeasculpt rilof seleli rrrfurrnrenrul +i fragn]enrelor frril de pre(.ConJtiilr
nhefuri[:r. Foatede aceeoa rtras de slrIici€in caretrlieir€ Fqluliria din
ert|]lirrun i estetc$ MeL"Juk, Llarnbo8unu conftibuiela ptottprerr
Cu toatr acesreevnnrurile nu r,au comariknde arrl. DEri nEi mul! ,le
s+himbstfotrrremul( din anu l9]0. in ? 000 de sraturau trur dcporuarr
1992,cnnd,Angknra folt inregiltrat departede publu ri inllcuite cHcoFii
cBun $itdin Farflmoni|llmondiaL. modcme h [ie{:arcan dr arri
':xrmph
r44 UNESCQa c+nsider:rcapitala .tE ma.ii civili4lii din Asia de Sud-Est
khmeri unul dinrrt sirurllt ln p.,rri('ol, $t lndrcaFri cltrr C\:{idrnr.
Organsr{ia}ialnrni[:r Lnite tocmri
inrervenis4 i{r t$rdduFl riitoirl Jintrf
anmhBE i Vietnam,iar handlti

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
lan2l

t+i

i . +,::i.4
l{*.*-'#
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 102331

Sanctuarul
dinMySon
V IETN AM
Drsrf|flur DUYXuyrx,PmlTloA QU^NG
NAr,r
ANUIhfiI..rsT*.llL 1999
CrftlllC (rD(flI

$ putiRde doueore
d€ merscu ma{inascF€r[modcmd
Da Nang rl reilea orapdin llemem,
t,16 camirime, populalieti imFortsnlA
indusuirB, de sanctuarulde Ia My
S<m,cet mai impormnrsit erhmloglc
al drii. fu dtum, *tale do[: cre re
intind dirpr$lalfionst de muli Fidevifl
o cdlrorie lnsFniln dmp. $crare de
arfakincepein condilii buo€fi Ere
case$rfabru1dr o partag de altr, dar,
fiaplai, d€vinaun drum din ce tn ar
msi bgurt +im6irudtrn nmr TreAcul
!€ rbregte,iar Deisaiuid€vinefodrte
verde,cu tercnuripenru rultivarea
orezulu+i dealuricu trl*ntstiidecgfta,
pdn[ c€nd,ln 6nal,sosindlnn-o
depresiumlrnpinrild cu temple
protejetede Hon Quep,
"Muntele
Co\ulul de Pisice'.
Artlli. linbtar domnttl€ F€sre
My Sofl,lqcul c're . foFraaFirah
r€ligioasAit intrl.cruah rrdinesriei
Ch.arndc la 3Br;tul !€coluluial lV-les
pturnln mijlocul*rdului sl Xllt-lea.
Templclesalcnu au {ot, poate,la [el
dEnrnEnitcctau rtGnatcca si cele
dr te Aigtor (C+mbacra), PaEpn
(Mp"mar) s*u Eorobodur
(lndon€ridl,daraceFrea rcpresinH
doveli arhrtectu|eleimFoitehta
Fdvind r€B{nrlcu rea nai lun!6
€riltcnF din Asiade Sud,E$t.
imFIr r ln dout qlanuri- Narikel
Vamla (ClanulNucii de Coc,rd)+i
Kramul Vamra(tllarul Nutii de
Beteli,care,rerpectiv, c,nrtrolau
regiunilecenuilS fi d+Juddin
l/ietrum- dinastiaChamfl splrui
ln j urul*nului!00 li r sratla putere multe c,hkeiuriti {rrfinfe, car{ lh reprermracoreapondenrul
spitrtualsl
gtnd itr 169?,cind su fostdrtnxrali Jav:rft$rseri, ia rindul lor,alxorbite oraSului Shimapura (mtieicurne-ut
de liderii flfilftbri Hud. ln.5 de din Indi+. Dinr*tie Chama otganizat dreptTie Kieu),.epireleFolinef
ls lnceFur,aceltiaau rsmss raganrl fntt'un *iBtertrde caitt, a {i adfiiru$tratil{ a r.gatului
independenrr 6F dc cultora adopru alfaberulsanrcrir.{ imbr5ri${r Ediliciile de la My Sonre lmprn ln
thinezl, dar au rncn;inutun contrct hindulrmul,$i'r legitimatputerea fi cesn$smblurirrhgioarerdenrficare
a4rogxatcu khmeriidm Crmbogragi ru{dnglldu-Fi
desaendenFr dinrr'o prin lirerehrlfabctuluiar huite{ie
aermuitorilJavei.Din ac.astdin-sul5, dt€rrr€ lmun, .u Shiva My Son arheologiifiancrri. primii carc k.eu
au lmprumutatqi, apoi,au uansftxmar r {rNt lnchinar €ce*teidivinirgli Fi srLrdi. Fi€date est€caract€rilat
de

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
E bsus w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 102341

-\

I'It

l{6.}d7 Odd! a

!r*rl oi llll.L4 O .ttds

t4l

De{iatatarhitectura, c5t
ii iconagrafiatemplelors nt
apa.rentlmprumutete directdin
monum+rrtele indiene,javanele9i
Lhmse,mrmbdidinartiei(lhamau
fusrirbvat ri rchflicl ln drmeunui
inaendts,aarea dislEusqemplele de
lemnla incaputulrecolulLri al \4.tea,
acelrielt-au rcconrm:it fokxind
c{rEmd5$i grHie legac cu rAsinf,
exfiaradin planreindiFne. S€
crrde c[ ac€$tra,]onstruin ffecare
monummt, le atcFereau cu un
furvtli1dinrr.un liant rpecial,iar,
apoi te pnrcedala o "ccnc€tt"
hEini+ de efsptrd+decorsre.
in purrctulde m^i- ul spltndorii
dinssneiCtram,Ia My Son,eleuti8
d+ temple,dar datorid atrcunl:r +
mrndetiilor lircr€nte, do6r?t mai
_urI intacrr in *cr,riul al
erau
pltmlesau F[rtrareaobrectelor
clldirisubfonnaturnurilor rrtuahcc,
textcle XX'lea.In timpul rrrhrriuluidin
dreptunghiulare'imtolulft!untdui sac.c+io seri€d. mici tcmple Vmnam,tombelelarsacede
secrusl hri Shive- esernlnlioBreunot inchDerealtor divi rtrfi din svioanele americane 85? BUmai
corlhi. Fi*are anremblu de chdrn F*nr.onulhinduindreptate ceFe dktn8 .inci, iftclusit Affrrmhltll A,
aonstl dintr,o inftfire,rtn lemp]u Functrlecanlinal€. ClSJirilctrau crl maiimportantal ritului.in 1001,
[llmciFallnumit I hn, rsre conlulc cu *tatui(acum,la mureul
,,trecorate guvemulvi€msmez :r lenset
un lnglm. obcliscr:lfaliccare din Da N:hgl Fil:$oieliefud cu urlElr n proiecrFentrustudieres,
ftpft:inrd pt Shir;rl,s clidire prntrLr Llilhrhlfr mlEicier!icelesti,plantrrr restarErcb $i lrnbunAtAtir€fi
a primi pelerirrii,o lncaperepentru aninreleasori:rtecuhului dilinirHtilor- sistemuhride drenaredin ronE.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 102351

detemple
Ansamblul
dinPrambanan
INDONEZIA
PRor'tto,1
Yoqlxarrd hvi
AHr[bnEGrfiRlRurlgtrg
C*rIrRrEC{rl{tv)

148

P.,u *..',u, o"n*rt AprbrTE cl ftu m:ti cotrrEet$tsthi


"
hindu,Durgsestedivinitatracu 1} dic! statdareplrdnteo prinlertr
faP terifianu 9i multetrep, can saupe Durga-Thaltu.le feteiaulirst
ttl l{lid esre tstl|tfirtf cu rcaftd imblSnEtede lndell|fuiataa!turi
derorirl irfficihiliillii ii caracterului sculpmrdin st+olulal f,t(-leala
ei r&bunarff ifl Java,cu toate cererealui RakaiPikaran,regeledin
restea, cuhul ei era asrrciatcu dinasriaS*njayscEtuiaI sesclbuie
crrecEristicimai bhndei chiar+i <onstruclia temFluluiPlsmhrtFn
aFrari,pe rlluh, ls muhe sa.c$hduF! Cen estecAlege"d. a +"pi;"itt'it tn
ce hinduisfi[l a fostftrLrcuitde k]am, ciudafaptului cb ansamblulmriestuos
eligiadiviniirlii - c€amai rifinartr&n de tcmph s.a +tersdin memoriedupE
rrrrmbtulde lr Prambsnln primqte erupliRvulcanuluiMeropi{aft a
olrarrdc de flori de lr femei care acoperir sirulcucenug.in l?JJ,
invocl Frreclia leilEi DurEEin riccsstf,legeDd[,trsnflnr$goral
!r{:blemele*nrrmentrrle. de c-Atrefasei, i-6 d.t.ffinat
Csule semniffcrliei rpecialea natuii p€ explorarcrii ol8ndeli sd
estelegnt! de n legendEconf{rrmclrcia descopere monumentele,
r.F rint?t.r prmFesidcghnf,tl h Cu tflateacesea,abiaduFd
rerihiledivinirare-Printesa, al ctrei un secolde l* demoperire,britanicii
nume err L+r+ J*rgEang * presupuRe au dat la o pcrtece.uta df po
cA a inrcrrsr s[ cvitc cAslltonE cu un ceeace pdrei + grimadb de piene,
regepe carenu il iubea,promirSndcs irr rpoi $u lnceput reconstrucfia.
!e ve minra cu €l numri dacEre ies Asu?i, irnpreimuit4de ull zid dt
sEcr]nsrrurascA un temF[ucrr o rniede piatrl ih:rh de un metru,a fosr
$ra[ui intr.o siftEur':ino€ptr. LEgenrlr restrur* numai nochul acertui
spune.A Rgelc a cerut ajutorul fo4elor {nsamblu.&!e rempusilin ud
suprrnarurale, iEr,cendpdntcsai temple Frincipah, rci sceundare,
vllut lucra]ee aproaFetermilrattr, plustftceopt. dinfte paml
'rare
a dprfts irfi firc pcnrru a simula dinrre ele {ormeritr hi$!t Forti la
luminerorilor.Dsr regelenu r-a lisar miilrrul liccdrcilarun de rid. iar
ingelarde acestsuLterfirgiu g, drepr celelclteFitru :unr amphsat"[r
rfubunrrte,a ransformar'o F€ Frintesl col!un. SeFrcsuplrnctdlufi {5,
lrur,o rtatuk care,imnie a r{ranci, intial, Prrfi$anan ftffi areaincI
era Fiesr nurnSrulo nrie p{ntl! ll4 de lncdpericarere af,auin
r tunrrna Prambanan- interifful ufti lrnFtejmuitl e(teme.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
102361

'|,
lanTl

flf.tri
'rt(

li . '

L l ri r ,: rx.L fl
r l o )r..J,,.r rt:.r r r i:r l r: lt \ : , r. f : , . ii r 1 , ! : f l: , n , r r . , 1 :
irrf.:tj ljr,i ar:,rif {.t. !r .,i!i:n:'.1. r. , r' ! r. ' r riln , i. J , rf r! : r E r1 .r r : u ' u : , t
ru .L i L rtu ,)i
T rn
, q l tl :ll L riShr f.r r r r L . i, : r. t : l . : I f r, , rrrrr
i rfu .rh F rl r D n rl ,l A Dii.,nl itr r ul rrl, f rii: ir. ' . , lrrr-r ri { lr u r, i f r . , l . . , l . r l
1 :ci n :rL l rL Irr | . rr ,, i r1;iinr ,r.lr , rr, . |t : L ir; , rilt : , 1 t r r' : lf i r L ' * : :
+i J. r.rn ! rr;. ri l i ! i r tcnr r .r i i: , r' u lllri: u l: riiL (jl. r:i, L i J nr L t r i : .
n :r:-,fu i rru i r;i l i : i .ttri r ,:r r r :r i, n lr . , : rr. , rr, , l, , n J , 1 r S , r L , ' r J ' r .
'n
r:i l i f'.:1 trn l rfrrr,: ,, j r r i\ r , lL: iiLrr flr fr J::r;i J,if.rrtil oiir .it:( ir
S h ra i r i rr..tr: r rr .l t llr nu.ir L.r . J r r i , rf l 1 ! [ F : ] r ir. l i r i i . r J i l i
r i :\1 5 rn r i L L n :r .L rrr. ,r ulLLlrr .Jr ! ir lL rrrr: r. , t . i, . r-$ lr -l-rt : r L i L i . t i r :
i rrL fl 1 fl rrl . L , i l L rrs,ir : ir Li r r :' .,h. ln t l: r r: r F L riL rr, r. y rr, r rh rr . l r , i
l ). ti r.::rf. . r:i ,r : rr rrFir ,i,,{ !, . r l , f . iiL ' r ' : rrr rL ii i. c rrr. il
rL f,,t:l LtL n ,f i :L ,:r:rin :1r rir r clr :r r :ir f
i !r l rh Ih ,! i (]i ,r,:,,1 1 , \ir lt:l,
( r:,:rr,'i ,,ril 1 L r:i 1 .r:rrl{ l,:r l:r , :i r .r
:L ;.rn r; rrl " rn ' rL .rr r l+ .LrLr :.1.r :L
i i rt:l i i l J ( r'.i rtu rrn u r:rir ilii
(rn ,mrl u l ri h r:,l ..rr r r i l
i f t'rJ.i i ,{i r? .n F r.Ll,ifr :i
rr H n rrr:l i L r i ;.rru l r,.u, r ir ,.
i ri ,:,,:l r.,l i ,i u ft^ h rrL r- itr I r :ar
ti r \::rh :L r l ,l r .tl fE r r i ir f
:l rr.!r,tf ,1 , | .F 1 !rl ti .l ur:ir ' ( L:r l:
.l i n .rl ,rn .r',n rr
t\,rt.i rrri l r rr .rfu iL
krt,n rri .l r Ii rn 'h r.l ,, r
n r ,ti , f i ', .:',r
't' '.l i 'r
102381

'g

i rl

i :|t.'
l .i

r,f-*

u
i#
.l*
iffi
:.1+-i"$
tr{
nE l:
6i r-

;,T*
*+:
r"r:il
q*'1,{
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC l023el

t5r +*#t9

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 102401

Templul
dinBorobudur
INDONEZIA
PTOVlFllYOGIAX,TST.{ JAVA
iflur lNrEc'trrir[i l99l
CIITEx:C (rl (rJ 0v)

J5J

bJ o*"1"luisi Th*n", el X-lea-Seilendra €n o ramuree


Stamford flaffee, venatilul p dinarneiindreneCtundelh (faimoar,E
charkmericul adflitristrenrf mlDniel Fcntruc[ s coo3lruittemplele
entle!, a fir6r hiotdeaund a$]{i[r de la KhajuEho){are F{ra$iee
natuni rr irtonfl A;rei de S"d-Est. I" subtr:ntrncnrul duF[ rc s-i .Dnvertit
on nttf, sa, e firdt dcndnlitl Rdfl,*i.r le ff€dinlabudisd.Sestie,prin
ceamaimareflorredin lr.une,
Ic c*e urm.are,ci rehnlqilede cqnnru+tie
e desrrrpcnr-oln trmpcr txplora fi ic.rno$aliafoLrditcffeu "fidrene"
plduriledin Melae:ie, Tot el ! Nu lt {rie, ltrsE,de cee fc6tcorutruit
descoperit unuldinlrecelemsi rerrplul Ficr -rnsrmnau numeror:+le
intcresantrsi mai miffctioEs€ simboluri$i me5ajrealtcric€din
monumente budist€din hrme, in!erioruledi6ciului.
Frrpulagiledm JavaJrntordcruna Eorcbudurrste un fel de piramda
spuneau povegtidesprttempluldin sub lormedc lotus,floareesecrea lui
Borobudu!- al clnri numeeEte Blddha.Are fasenivelun,cu patru
arrba€vierca denumfii Bhumrsat| laturitn rreptc,pecsrere rnar BflA
Brabedure (MunreleInefabilal rIei niveluricirculare,li ecestee
Mnupl* Iruumate)- rlarctnd, :unt lnrorcnsie de o ituFrlEe$tr.lh.
ln 1814,Su Thomassorealn valea Platfrrrmapr carcseaflemotumentul
derprecarei sespurestcl eralocul €Etedecorati cu 160 dE PtrEuri.r]
Irnui monumentfanrarric,nE EgiSir bssoreli€furi(5re prezind scenedin
nimicdec&rFiefieftnprAltiate prin lunEaumantr, calee8teEuvemata
ptdure, pejumStarein8nFrta ln dEJonnte;.eh.inci nivtlun
srraiurilede cen!+5lulc+nicll.A [o$( succesivecomport{I }i}0 de panouri
nevoiede muncaa l0O dt osmeni d reprezintE vietil€lui BuddhaFi.13
penru a indepanamolorulgr de boddftiatt+u,cu cpisoade povestie
vLrEEtrtia,dsqln finrl au EIsrt din textul sacru,JaaJ<a, trasele
bhcuri dr granitnegru,o mare circulatede deasupanu au rriiefuri,
p:rte dinrreele eraudeoorarecu dar sunt tmpoda'bite cu strprrde mici
basoreliefun yi aculpturi
radnate. dimenriunicu deschideripatratesau
Acerrediu fixr rpoi nufltrtatei romboidrlefn crrr sr sl16rratude
catalogareinstfelnu a marrlm*s cel+r9l Vsjr*rsta rquDhy+ni
decAtsl ffe rea$mblalein ordinea Budrlhe.Flecaredinte :reste statul
corect5.Lucraftr lnc{putr de Rrfilcs l$i irnr mAtrrilelftr-un gesr(mfidmi
a Iost completatdcL+$uccesmsi mult careindiceuna dintre celecirici
d€ 150de ad cu aj orul UNESOO. dir€ctlt rtsllflq r*preientardc mkdm
Asteri, rempluldr Ia Eorobudur carecheameP*nrdntulsapafiicipe
s€ ridicS i1FiertuoF in wle, in t(Eti la lumlnarea lui Buddhit mierlri,
rplendoarer lui. Seyie cll a fosr repreacnerdc grsrulbinccuvtntllrii:
,:onstruit,tn se$lul ql Vlll-lea,lq apu+,cu mndrncaresemniicf,
d€.irra lui Samaraeunta, reer din mrditatraimia:inoapte, h teie
dinartisSailtndracarea cfufiruir mglnileindi.E el.iberaiefl de ftictri
inrula lavaintre+ecolele al Vliea ii ti, irr siirit, centrul,in carerudr,r

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
l a241l

Ir+

rq rr:irri in\ tlinrf:rli: rCrlila r; ri


]I:+lrr \+rc nn jhLtlrirLiit lirr(f f i$ u t . rir
il irh.t,r'r:r ;c ELni,Jhr. Il , rur rr
ri lnl:rLiLul.
( ind pri!.ri tl,rIL[ +nr'rrl Jt
:r Elrrh .irrrr:t,. lnlllL: r,r ,r
h rrttrrstrL L L.r '' r a rr,Lir ir r un
rmJrl ,i rn r'. ,a ,,ti l .!rr dr :.lLlir L:
' n u Ji str h i n Jr ti i .rrr!rt ( r r .i Jlnlr
r'r{ilintr'L' rflt+rt,r::tr Ji:r ln,Ii.{1 ., .rri
lri l :1 :r.i ]ri '.rrrr.: .rri t. t,!r ir if,r :r
Ir rtrrc,i r:1 " Ji rrrrtrrLlt r r r ttr r
r ru rr:rl ' rrtrrlrr rr r.rt rr,::r tr r l
r e l i e i l rr:L rr
r 'r: l l r rri l 'r: ttm " .r l
L-L l .rki i rl i i Jr u ,tc . .r r L,r r
ti t.,:o i L :i -r,
fri r,:i L rr L i f ruir t.r r j
Li u :n :i ti .!.rL l o .l rrrr J,,r i: ; I .+
r 1 tri rtl . l ,rro u ri Jrh LL.r ..iii
n!rn:r Irn ri.r rrnliL\rlr(!niLl
r ,rr.i . r.p i rr I r i rrrr,.,n i:t.
la242l

#'
,#
2'
t
tr ::!
\t':

rj)
?ii

r +rt-
l a243l

I d-
t ri

t
*

}F

-f=
I

:
ir"

.4

b t
*

t
tI..
l a244l

!i r

tf
a
q'- a
f
F I'
{*:,-.'!

:l L."
-'.F _::nS
I

hr
'{
11
+
'-
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc l0245l

i-"\
)q
Khajuraho I
.._;-".**,",
\

INDIA \ ,.'

-----------\+ \*
i
STATW Ilt,\DIflA PB,u{g{
rl-[,arl-
n'rlfrir5rr"iRn:1t186
ClIn*||: C {rl (m}

Ie&en&crrc tnfE mFi hgrirna rxginra divinl. Lr fe1ii indtpendcnt A lnfrrit intre *nii 950 9i
circutEti a6daiin Madhraftad€sh dlna.rtiiledin rrcrdulIndiei swfn 1050ii a rsu+it sE,$iftentmi suprerflaFs
poyerteF(c.trlihdarorul dinasri€i cf suotffe dtandra vtaruh+.ffe Stryr pin4 in semlulgl Xlll-lea etnde fr)dr
Chandellatra nrdulfmp.eunrni unei r,nmslu,tr altc cuvintr. clanuricare bli$nt demrpelerultanuluidin Dclfii.
tinere5i frumoae feraeitrralrmsne descindfredin divinitar€i Lunii, Se ln secoluldt tta rui mareSlorie,
cu diviniterEaLunil Un prelicfirori-e din aceeas Sofielul lruffiptii Bntace dinarnaChsbdellaa rohBtruit85 de
epu+furneii$5desna+terecopil$lui in gBiittld Khajumho aratAr[ dirustn templeta Khajuraho,dinor citre 20 au
pddulta dc ta Khajumlroft i-a prffig ChrindelladeEcindea din C:trandrateVg. r nel ln pic1mtepillt asl{ui SEpateln
cI liul ei r.adeveniregedup! ce va Sul lui Atr( fqelepml de ongtnq Ererie,scesreaemuuneledintreceh rnu
hving€ un dgru c rnEi le goalc,aFri trunari,Ded numelrAtri arr $.rii+t clr inalte exprcsrialearteilndienedin toate
!s ridics un irnml +i ninuna[ imperiu, numen4ljefi & clanurisuhinJluents timpudh. Primulc*re *ves s[ le dei4tlc
Lrgendede eccstfel tunt dernrlde inF.riulqi Cupt. axePgnd+usecolul htrlnllln a.rdaondinaE a fo6rc5ldrorul
mmude+i, de attcei, sunl gtrrerrle al Vl-les,ehisld sttolulel lX-tea arablbn Battut4in ;r:rulanuluil3Jl,
de cgtrcdt)rmtorii antici pentrus.$i dmerriaChandellsrr fondsrun fl:grrt carea ajunahtrarn loc pt cae l-a

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 102461

,tldruJa F.?bd Jffid@

!,or

denumitk'ata$s.under avuro discuie arhirectonic,fundnmenratFeconcef'Fe


frloroficecu lrrtehplii hindr cu Ftrrul hmdo rrsupn univenuhi, ulteriru u,!rr
lung.DupI aceea, nu s,amaiscrisnimic modifrcatill varsiunca
JkTr.{}nsft uire
dt'sp'reKh:rprahotirnpde,;inqi sulede Feo llarforAre
{simH RlmErii.ti
alri,pinl cdrdcrpitdrrutT S. Bur difl pimintului loclritde efimeni) acelrea
armaiabrhenice, srali{}nAtl
ln Erllgsl, repmntdu s[],{ul divinitEliLup awar
l-,, .ederc,+terit.Primuloccidentalcsrc o lrrtrhimcdc J0demeri sut frxrna
a ,rfrit o derriere si o hafta detalietE! unor pigcuriconi(e{rurnor$culptate
fosr un ah olilrr englc, Sit Ahxerrdtr numitr lf,iL.l,rd- Pe ddurile e*teri<nre Fi
Cunniwham,ln a douajumdtatea pe Ju|r\flft] ak cclor doui t$nple, tare
secohrluiil XlXlea. Cunninghama fixt gunt reh nrai JprctacL offr KandarilE
c+l carc r lnlptrrlit trmnlele intr-$n Mahadev5i lal*hman seafll
de llest, {ln cea m;i bufl' strrc de maimutrde 900& rulpruri ale
"Brup
mnseruarel$i douA d-.esr*. dinnitutrlor, liecarelndrx rlc crl pupn
"Erupuri
Aceste ultime grupuri au iir6t h randul un mrtm. O praftA hrgat omarnrnrrt6
lor lmpi4ite ln secdunilehrlnrfuii!.ar, du.e la altaruldirrirfrilfii,careesn
ill functiede reli$EprEcricff[rcolo. 1mtr oblr F silusr FaiTtralftru de roare
II6i diferite .a mlrime, r.rar€ pennll a simbaiirll:|rhnuldin .r'nrtul
templeleau 1aharr acela;iplan universului, Fie(aredintre templceste

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
1 4 2 4| 7

F#*l

\,

rt
5
in

Ti\
t
ll

q
Lr

.r'
D
Ebs 102481

elftElErdl tnlfirr@

dedicaruneianumediviniEtri&r - cu a lui Cupidon,adll gnteascd peShiva,


excepliatemphlorVuahaMandapqi care,in aqea!rcars, lc(uia Ft ntr
Nfidi M6ndap,carecuprindsEulpturi muntq cu sltgetihdragc'*ci,Cu toste
rnjlitstuoir$E aleunui Variha,lncrmarcr icestea,Shivanu a pnmit c bucurit
lui hnu caForcmrsrretti, rerpectiy irnixtiunea,i'a #+chis cel de al rreiiea
Nandi,bivolul caltrit de Shiva- ochl pi la rnns[onnarpr Kamadwtn
ambuprleemplelnrnu sunrcLrrecelm cmu$tr"In acrl morrent,lingrn'fll (un IEI
ndriFati ln v'ltuIF nleotl hindE. de obelisccu nn eviihnt simbolisnfaLc}
Clnd Khejurahoa fmt redtscoperit, a eperutdin munr€pentrua arfta ci
pesrelmperurlBnranicdomneareglrrs nunraiprifl reftunlerc5IadomFle
Yrttlrd, faihoal[ prdtru ititudinrr ci ldmc$tieraF)sibilsA(€stigil'1EFv€ t1$.
Furiten5,+i,folciule itrgcnir€itAfii Mirul erc,totuli, un ffnalfericit:
conrnuc!ieitemplelor, decorafiunile Shpq seindr{EpcteFte de hrvlu F sc
salear fost considerateexttm de
sr$njenitoerc.Au fuit drscrilr dicpt
irnorale,indecente,e,lEtlndEafs$atJ€re
$i chrflrdergurretffire.Motivul e fmt
prezenqa repreuerrttriloretOtice#ute ,
imeginid. cuFlurilnlhhatr b p.stun
amomase&ra echire pe leturile f pe
Fortradin spateale tempielor,
Savarqiivicunientau derf,Err
rrhrmenr eernaifue;irteprezrnrtrrdor
erotice,ConformcalorrDaimE'anrigentr,
Khajurehoera un rimbtrlal perioadei
decrden+dm ifldi$r i:ncrr+
'ireria
lalorile moraledel:5tultrf atat de mult,
incit ln l,rcudledc culr s€celehraucele
nraiioFnicelrutincre.Unii Fuslrnesu cE
ttIrrFlehfirescrf,cdtrtrufte dc o sttti
rentdcl, ceprecticeritLlrlun€:oterice,
iar slFi credeaucEersqun fel de
lfuru+rara, mmualul
"ghidvizual"al
antic el erodqnuluiindirn.
Cu toateacestee. victoriEni
savaJr+ii
Srei€sucu t(4ii Nici m{carcele
maiindriznrle sculpturi(confnm
standardclo'r occidentalc)nu fuseserd
createcu un sco'ppornogra.ffc,
ci fi]trrrrfic,Unul dintn celemai
cunoscutemtllri hurdu!l: ftfertr h
cAslttsflalui Shiva,zeu]polinrorfsi
neftrdurlttorcarecrceail ti distnue,cu
Parvetitelle pasiunii+i a E€rEualittFi.
Se spune cll unirer (elo{ doi { fc6t idt'ea
lui Brehma$i,penuua o rerli:a,I,e
nimb FaKsmadev,!,ersrunes hindE

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
0249

,1.
J+ li
'r{l

,,,;:r
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 102501

rf,r

r.irk6rn& I $di rh kr4il

hottrtiite ca, FAnl l:r umrd,sari€ femininesenarrale,hinefftute, 17r


Ensitorersc{cr ra, insofrea lt'r lnml imprdobuccu bilurcni,npr(:4nrdrc
rprsodulcosmicrare, cu'rform de parcaintimFlsreale hEseprin
hinduismll l, a permk perF€nlarea surprind€re in timpceiii !rdeaude
cBlului vi{trr ii al !$orfrrpentruiiecare eeburilerilnice Flirrend,re pnvescin
hintt umrrrtl. llinsstr.l Chdbdelld d oglids, l !p3l[ Fnrul,tF trlrl:hrr]rr
cotsrruit remplelede la Khejwaho mhii cu krjal,senrasearllun$peakr
ca o leptelentateteretrles ir:eitei cu *lei[!i +auiFrvoprerctilFllecu
ceremqnri,numite Mirha Shivatn, henna. Ele repreanttr un etetn tnhut
e cEsltoriri lui Shiv.r cu frrviti. :rdus frunlusefii fcmiflift c:lrt rt
In afsrarrprcrentdrilor
emtice, reflecttpe feleleimbujorate
ale
minunateleediliciimaicupriad femeilrrr care,in
de la Khajrrraho
rulptui alt peromjel<r pi monenrelrr hd.a.E an, o noaptE intftaEl,
din rlaiu[dr unr[, cu $iruri{i( virircardtrmplclcpcrxruBc!+ca
elefa$fimrEicicniimpodobiti (u unkeasacria lui Shiv$cu Pervati
gtirJandede flori. reci de personaie Frinimnu , mu:icl si dansuri,

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
1 0 2 5| 1

Monumentele
budiste
dinSanchi
I NDI A
Sr r l L L{ n:r H!1F!1nIS|
A\tir .l\kiGL!Itr Rll 1989
La :Enr rC ir l i.j DtlUij lr r i

#-si=s

\TF;,H;Hi
'oa
\\
lo252l

lt: sfirs,iE nrdi!et 211


a pfih$ ve(tere,parr anterioEreii cmnicil€ lsptelrr
d<nr un mic deal carrert ndicl h o hi Aslxrka rtupdndind budrsmul
ln}hine ile ryrp1;*"6u 99 3* n1.* tn imFtflu. Do.r5 drrr{re,:elernai
de8suplaimensei.5rnpd indiene, dar inrcressnt€ r€liefuri ll pr€rifii$ pe
s{ilemnitattsffcefii:5 a lftului re BDddhaimF€rihiltnfele i€ntefiilor
facesl nu-i hi ln s€amAdimmsiufta cu tate e6teispitit de demonul rf,u
fifflcidl. San.hi estesitul celor Mere, prtcum d legmda gnngului
m*i vechi nrmrumenlereligioar+ah Makak4iJataks,c+res srh€t
rubc(mtinmtu lui csre, nrfrtrurupt, ljO000de maimutr,fdc€ndu-se punte
r€llectt evoluFiaspiri.ualg Fi Ftst+ GangeaFt&lin(et ace5tea sd
iconogrslicls budrEmului dia secolul saaFede urmtrfitead ltndnilor
al III-tenttL pSnIln ic.olul al Statuilelui B{rddln mcditgnd
Xlll-lead.Hr..aruncicind rdigu ii itlt*mdtrd pe crejirElasi pe
din lndia reveneala hindui*m. pl*tfunn5. fuertea au fo;t adlu3ate
Nt exir# nici o dovaddch prinful h secolulI l.Hr, ln dmpulcirmuini
Siddhenbrr,s dFrith Smchipr
Ealea93lnBpreninanE. Meritul !+mru
seflcturrh rwine Iui,nrhoka,ngele
drn dinesthMeuryrJ\al drut
impe u s-aindns ptJte oeami* rlrare
peite e Fut{oEtimntului lntre a&ii
173.?16l,Hr, Convmit tahudbm
tqreunl cu $rFasa,i.e .-iEut le
\{.JiFha,iB apropierede Ssmhi,E&rpu!
fdfftiuir€r llnor sfiaFd(monumente
f,miEferiff din c{r5midl li nronar cr
$i,mbolizcarfmuntele safffl care uhegle
.crul +iFHmenruD Fentrua pgstra
nlicvele lui &idlh1 cum ar ff plrul
6llu,dindi $i oaselcuh5rului.
Cea msi mrirsrums:{ srrr}trd€ la
Sanehiate un diametnrde J7 de ftErti,
o lnlltilr|t de t ? metn iii eFte
incoronerfi de o cftdur{t (u-brelel care
simholirEara liipla NestHnatds
ffl.Ul Tomr & n&l 173Jl]f Ooi&I h s?lf,c
hrdsmulur: Buddh+iffuli, Dharna
{doctrine) 9i Srnghe {comunitatea,le
c[luEeri], Selnahl pe o pladorini
Fnjurul c{reia p€lerinii cmrti$uf
sApttcrkp prFirenada ritualic-l
Btlustrsda d€ piatrS diir jurrl unei
rEld 6te +rrfibgtutl dc Fatfir iornnrl
(Fo40 sculptate cu besotelirfuri dtn
viEF lui Buddha.iflcf,mtrik sal€

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
Ebsus 102531

#{sd ftllr,lh*i
h'dc'?edq rtnrd
H.odldlrr,@iC+ d,itso0EI|i4rrfidd]
Sfttuh Di!&! llh&.
sFli! {ft|Mdia.d
tanr* laS{upeJ.

l7l i6E| .clm' Ii IdJL


h Snlpst r.et ![* *tu
nlor rcboor sur
,|crJ'r! ltE &@ I I .r. q a$ib de&j
rB.|@ sle*, cih.L
!tr& F i4Eldl de
r6l*,kJe F&lt*s { ,l,x
i@6mlrFm$
&@lf,ri' Bd&'
r"t4 ,4nai dY*r otqatcrc
dd Ir Snt l'Ars Fle*@ d6nr@ f{ld

dinaetleiGupta,clnd tabuurik carc pieri pecarea fct gavar r.rnfel de Aluurdru ,xl Mareln tnnput
ioterziceaureFsenur:le umaneale ghkl el tir.ffiln de Feletftrsi,tr !qli, e4*d4iei xh ln lndie.
dilintt[CJ iu fd6tmai puun ricuroaI{, cearnairrche limt6 din India.Zecidc huirrurta acceeh'nufui hdisflfluluicu
ln rlteDrece ln bfiordl€furile lui ek4 jnod au fir6tEulsEuitetr lurul ansfi6Eul Erli rnelodrdnadcsi rarrsl
A,rhola,Buddhac*rc prc+enrarca Marii Sn+Ato6tedr m€imrci de culrehiadurste drmo.rltrad&
un u$ore 8o {ruh corea r.1uru14 dirncnsiunisi aflateartS.sitn diferire tffi#ddk 45 ri 4? de p,ecffits des'd a
Iluoirure), ca o roar! e legii (caft gadii de co'neervart, cr:msunrqirrele dealulri,Ati ahorcli.fuile rnai€laborstr
EeFe?intdruglciuule |qle), ca un rtftph!€,r d alendnEFhril'nc€rc ll Epftdntil FeBu&lhahtEor{uretd.
cal (penmra sifllollza tenuntareela rpa4in &fuit*l ctepeetecredinfci divinitSfleapelorGengepi Yrrnuu,
boglfi e lume{ti} $i c€o liniE (o budiEEdin i*torr4iftllsri. lbmdul 18, danretrlare stnarak gichiarecenc
etnbl€mAa ctli gglecatrenirrana). din rccolulat Vll'leq ..t $urFdftdulr emtiff, csIt Euinaugr.tfat o nau! €Foc!
[3tE{ tmou cu vrdere sIft rud, p.in aJpichJB:unefudoidnic8l€rt$c, afiiErid ti qiritusl4 iEre urms5dajullgi
Ashokae urple$t un ob+li$ de dna,Edr a magTerfrli culti.ralclEEaieds la apogcutr rempleledin

trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l o254l

li5 ,a [i.F{lxl l'c

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 102551

f Pegterile
dinAjanta
t INDIA
F ra
'+ STATUL Marl{x-asr{rx
r
,t\r]t lxR[Grsnl[ll:1983
C{r}{rr)( r}{v0
CrmR'r:

iha'nrhidlVll.kair
habi ta r e s . c o . c c 102561

I^*.***
estt pre?enlrt thind Brdtirrse fl(\qle
chiErcu alurii errni':e.Arfitc,
<eprcsiDrdfemei,bdrbati,demoni, ElHfrquidb€i|dl,r
r4rd 16n nt4ri'd lr
l1i
alhasnttde lotus furft degctul ihdrr creaturicu GF unraned corpuride
{i arrietond meiniist6ngi.O c.}roftr[ Fft{ri (tdj<dui, nluui.i.hi (g'nJla*l
glra ii faqe capul Ftrse aplece,iar ochii d dalrsatoffelecelestc(dFsarailn
sdim,r], tiprui, sunt p. jBtnltate decoruricu flori, copaci,liucte fi
inchiti lr r-o exprcsiede FEce animaleMultedinnt pegmiau
In jurul sdu,rt afltlungrup
sublimtr. caracrcrisricia rfuecturale qi *ulpturi
listiv d€ muzic i€ni, lndrega$tifi, c"re re lmbiM perfectcu plcrurile
mairnule+i Feuhl ln SinhdL, rot +i, p€ntru a creaint€rioar€d€ o matE
scensFrerinrdtonurim8icrutle,cu frumusege. De aremenea, nmarcihil
un HhiFattyfr caresalvesra un s.{p rconogrdicgl
estesincretismr.r,l rrui!.idtd rrid hd!r,
d{ |lauftagia}i
de un trib canibalde Ficturilor d fiind .n au fmt execuEte
fcmei,demolryoluFioalci doriuEre iR ceamaimarepertedeanhti hirdu,
de s5flge, ilr moddco*blr fursec,rhlerrllV-leari It si. rs ro r|E@raal
Acerteasi mukealtelerunt al VJea,cdndAlrrnraavei o FrFula+l€
iluso"api
spltndtdedin Jcrala,texul rrahiltde :00 dc calugen.
sscru cEft ftlarelr5 epjsjade din vrala
lui Burldhein mulrehsrrleincrrn$ri
Fnn qarea Fecutpecaleall{minerii.
Fict.te tn rreirtti Je pe*efi din
4 anbt, :lce3tda su[t o strir de lucrJn
de o extraordinarl calilste aitisiice
qieligoaEd.Mat mult,eleofereo
imrgiflc vie a .dmportamntului +i
a obiceiurilordin lfidir ln F{iio.d:r
dinaatieiCupta,
A+eatelntr-un fiumosdealde
formauneiFnrrxrvc in c.rrul rtrlui
Wrslrcrsdin pdi$ul Deccarl Fc$terile
eia.uadApostul l|nei maricomrrairlli
rh cilugEriintre secoleleal il.tea f al
Vl.lea sreu ofe* g5lrlurecllEqlnlorh
p€riradam(ts,xricd.Unelr pe$tffierru
iemple(cfiaiiFld),ier altel€menlstid
(urlam).in pnmelep;reri, icorragafta
unnearddfiratclc $c('liiHiflayam,
in careBuddh*puteali rtprennter
nEmiritrln simbaluri,in vrenreCe
ln Fe}rsile mi tefii erte evident{
influengaqcorh MahryDr" mei lil€r:,
ln,rareffecare viatHa lui Brddha
esterepreEentatiin dEtrrliiligurstive,
Srt'ntle smt {trrte frumoasef
prezintf, un rnarr nufillr de pcrsonaie;
unani $unt flu&, $enificfi $eneusle,

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
1 4 2 5| 7

ltf

i,#

a
i"l .

.#';r
t
#

'.iFL,..

1'rh:rir.rprrrur,rl.ttirl,:.ir;:cr.L '{r''l it .(:[,. r ir:irFiin] Firtnx..ii l.li ,Lr: I un:' ,1,:.rtoll, .rr rt .r
nfll.r.r,r !ri, frr, iir iir! +r(tij nr :r ' ,r t ,' , h, r ir "ir ,i[liu r ;l r r r ,]l , j u!r i r .,r r r \i r r i -
Lr j r .r rt:,:
' ' Lr
Iltrlur:tL'I il l.t1.nrt 'r ( iiL , lL L rllf n iL ,1rr r tr 'r r ti * . A | t+r r r .i ( .i ,J r r i r
i ,r ur: nnrfirL ..k lir.llrt,r[ : r , lr r rr ir r :ur Lr iur nrrli t!ir . pfr r .:r l ! J r Li n i l 1,1]fl t.:i ri:,.jn l Sl l ,1,. r r 1 ,:
:r i!l.r+ \eqeli r iitu,ir. Jc n f n rrl-f lir nj;r *iL ir Lrli' :r .r l.:r :r .1,,::
Lr ,:J LI J ( ) fi r Er iIr i t. r ,i r i LH .r
'j ..n\.* r l
q x r:':nlrrrerrl. i: i4\'tiu L | ! lrrl r ar r :r Jcr l ll, , l,,lL l.,r tLtr i i r ,'1. t'r .i ,r nr !l r u !r Li qr .r|.i i j r
tLrrJr :rrgill.i:r r:nrrt r r:qiirrrir hr iir r r ului r ' r tr r r , t r h r r ;1.i s :l .. c or r r :r r te:r r r r ':r .r r i r r i - r l l .,r t
r r urrlc rititlrl tut., "l. n r r .r iJlr r ii ior ;\,r ir :ir .i r ,I:r ,r r ir i fi r ttrr \4!i . Lr : .::r r . r u \'r ,i i ,f
prr:rr:trrtL ,r;r [:rr.,rrL! ,: u l' rrr !r .r ti ,ii:r Ji:r ntlr r r Lrrrir Fr r 1 F j r tn. {nl ,\i nfr r r | ,Lrh\r .,r i tr ,l t
102581
bi ta r e s . c o . c c l 025el

180

n qhf4 flh o r4Rxnrd4

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 102601
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 1 0 2 6| 1

Pegterile
dinEllora (

a
INDIA
5T,4T1,1Mnlt{R^sH-tR-^
ANULt\'BrGISnAftIt;1983
CrrrEHrf{E}(rr}{ul

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
l0262l

28J
T\
tl
IJekshinrpam err De la nordle rud,pr desl,mailntai lir6tm:f tfurio r$imihd lui S*rasv:rri,
numelepecsreindleniil. dar uEitriorulinrelnelteprimeleF€$teri o !eif[ hindo cu Foteri ssemllrlAtoare.
dr mr ui csretrer€ prm celemai (st"cotefual Vl.leapi al VII-lea),de Trecrrtade la budum la hinduirm
iErl$rtantelocuri de Fel€rinaide p€ cuk budist.Sunt ll tr r.rrrl iar $rilul $ddb$ltld in p€$tetudnumErul11,
sub(rrntirrent.FqLEirde qarFv+nele in,:areEufos(consEuitrrellectll numlrd Tin Ta1a,o ! 4r4 enomrE
comffclEk, de-E lutrSulscolcldr tr."*a dr la auste.aFcoali pe trei nilele
a fostlnirumusefatcu numet'}rs€ budhtl HinrTmr, cdte inteEi.Pa Cn rnre acastea,nimic din
monumenle,simboluriale !Ep$r+nI$rs unull{ s diginului,cEu{ r$eticale p€$trri budirtt nu Fregf,tctte
bi]85Fti cannuimnlllr ti dc flroni poala budirti Mahayrnn Aceasri viritatorulpenrruf xtrsordfi$rele
pderinilor Dirrtrcetesrapunctr S..El5de gendirefl rAsgtnditreligia +aptesplezece Fe$eri circ urTnesrll
de afiaclie$erelnarcl peFtenlede d a inrndus r.ryrecptuldr adotare Sdpateinr:t *colele a[ VII-lea 5i
la Elloraqarere a{l ln riealulde hJlustrtt+u, venerareadifenrelm rl Lt, ha, acesteasunr, tn pnncrpal,
ta:alt rle le Ch:fmaduri Jin incamAriale prinlului Siddharths hchinste lui Shivs,cel rn$i putemic
p+dhul Dtcran, ln apropicrea pc drumul saucrtre lluminare,in ii mai amhiauudintr€ divinirEfil€ .are
oralului Aurangabad. retnplcle bud$re msl cste reprezenrartr Fqluler!, Fanlermulhindu-PeFr€ra
Tenrrmul ,,peFtere'nu expnmf, fi ico0la misticll VBjrsliatur,care a nomltr 16- Pirtla ra cenuFie6te
fi:ea ce acesteasuft de frFr! nu aDlrut in momentulin carebudismul ecdpcrit: c[ stuc alb Frnnu 11
aduce$n (ribu nici det/oladlor a urtr.rr in tonllict cu hinduismul. limbolisa?f,Fqda veFnice- esreo
cermuitoriai dinastieiCuptacaie flartre ccl€ mai ftumoffr pc$ten rmon:trucFeuimitr:erea muntelui
su de.ft .onsE_uir€a loq nici yalorii bldisle amintim!€+terafi m-u.ul5, Keilas\ muntth sacru din mft.ldgie
e*cepflonrle din Funft de vcr.lere numid Mihar*qdai are o sale indisnn,s a$uldicinftdfilr'i
culrural,rcligios+i Ertrstlc8l pnncrprrlnlung{ de }0 de metri, care Cnrstruit6la deciriaregeluiKrbhna I
pelterilor. De fapt, runt o serir r aosrfolositl drept rfrck]riu. Rtshrtkuita (?5&-71]), p.gterr estF
'}lEts
'lbrwi.
de remple (ull' dl Fi ministiri celemaiimFortante
scubruri cearnai msrestruc!lll{ nlonoliticlldin
(ciaitldl s5Fateln stdncdqi cuprinJ segiFeFcin pe$teranunrerul6, carc lume ,4.fort nevoie de 100 de zurid
m?i multesculpturic|rreEtestll .ortgifi. o tfigii! t lui Mtfiayrmoii, (r de 1 000 de oameni pentru a indeFarta
succesiunea * +$praprlnerea c{tltebr diviniriire a cunoE+rrrii reFrereft ard Zl0 000 de tone Je rcc5, dar
budisr, hindu $i ,ein*t din India- 6tandpe un pAun A{€astAp$sfireir dunerxiunilesslem$ive duble{aP

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 102631

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 102641

ifl5s# ltrF!: lJ.

]dJlzm n EIB'Ler

l84.Jdi l+$rd to 185

l4i'drl iEjiidd dr
'{d{idr

dt frttherrrrn suht riumrri rr pnrte


dintre cerrccrirtiiile crft fec scclstll
conitrucfieifr fie unise.S+ulptrriiau
avut o lretrcuparercntru detaliul
din ff eeiiilt LFi
"cinethetitgtrfic"
lierarr besorelicf*re o capodoprrl
in sine.Cel mai uimitor estecel h
catt tenbilul rlemon Bavarn, inchis
ln mErunrEicle masivuluiKribsh,
incearc{.5.1 seeliberelergudr]lndfurios
rnunrele,in rimp ce ShivE.in acela,Ii
$mp rmu r disFreluir(]r,line in
loccutremurulfoltxrndu-sr doar dc
degetulmarede [a piciorulstAng.
Lltrmele patrupeqteride pedeal au
fc'stsepat<'ltr+ *-crirlc al lX-lca pi al
Xl-lea F€ c6nd,ln hdia, jlrinismll
incefl$e sl ffe mei larg practi,:et. D€$i
r-a lncfast s5senrIe in .mpctilie cu
ptlterile h rdu. niri un:rnu l iEiiit sI
le ef,alere
in mtrretie-
Cu [o*tearesteir,
dtcoratiunileior delicatepar o dnntelH,
(trrcFristiiile ceh mi rrmarahile
fiind sendtnen(ulde lini$t+F+caic ll
degaitr,ii ahffnta totsli I imrginilor
violente.Religiajaintsteinc{ mai
trrofes(:rrS o fonnl *futld:rmentalistl"
de gRce"iBr caluBgriisti $ufl obligili
saprorft handaieFestegurepenlru.*
nicio cre.ituri sd nu fie tulhurad dr
prelefitff lor, n i chfir dc rcspu4ru lur.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 102651

Monumentele
dinHampi
I NDI A
DtsTnrcTfL BtLL,,,llY,
K{Fi( rAx,r
Atu lN*t6!5Tt"rftlt:L9€6
li*sCFrS
*t rrsr.rc,qrrrv+vrulurJrrlsrEraL r{Fr^TIr lt.a Cet: Iytg
CErrrHn:C (rl (r i (l1l

rdi,L,riE ,& u
','tn 'iri

Ebsusl w ww . hab
E bsus 102661

TI
In I44]. rrmbrcrJorul memb lor crrriii oh:crvcdr sus
lrersanAbdu'FRe::aqvirite HanrFi manrfesrrnle -i
dr llusschr,r.
o s.lrb[rLrare
capitalaimperiulurVijayanusar(t)r'.riul relqiodstrrr.AreilaifiAdepitiie t8i
Victoriei,scchra dcnumitt a ooFului granifeleIndiei,Ora+ul:t nlnilaudad
.c r der rrumrleim$€ri lui), {i e forr cu minrmnte oFerede |lrhircfiuH, cum
aretde impresionar, incat a lisat o
dercriereuhrircan. Ptntrtr ktuitotii
migniiiculri orirt, scris,rrsndAfiriirriu
abligaroriila nrerdedin liecareri
Seaflaupe*tetot, iar petaleleerau
vindute in sacim.ri h hr:iar,Acolo,
pl: r+ighclc,purcri Hlsi rLLbine, saiire,
perle!r diamante ,"ietrecare
imtxlobearr doamnele,.le la crrr*,
Orarul a frr:rccnrrul r crca ct umla
s[ {r('colrsLder.lr I rim[l mareimperiu
hindu de pe subrnntinrni-Arope.ea
o suprafagE carecorerpundrsctulltlor
statt Kamr:rakg.AnJhra ftrdesh sr
Mahrrreshrra. Se bucur*de o porifle
[rvoiilstE infi -o deFreriune, liind
pro('eiatpe tlei pnrti de InunF,i.tr p{
a pattaJr curoulJt xpl rapid el rtului
Oralula fo,rtfondarin
Tungalhsdra.
1336dec6treHakknpiBukkrrd<iftrtr
hindu crre fmseri irtxti si trercl la
Iilrm dc c]rc srrkaniidin Delhiii,rrre.
duptrEctea,aurenulrlarla n':uareli{ie,
Lqarrla Irxt aleraf.it din mrtiE rcliginft,
cer ti milir.Ire,Je$arcceln rporprco
Ramrqarur,se atla-<eacolo RishkDds,
regatulmajm||le]or,ti dem.ece.
conftrrmlqendei, FrimlrirritnirE
arurrr:asldrntreShivasi hrlati a irvu( estePavrli+nrrl EalenleiRegeluiin care
loc pc nulur e tiLLJuiTungrbhaLlra- cimruitr:ruJ.rea;e;a pr un ta[r, i.it
Ciirmuit{rrii rm}t(}ri eu rcstnumr cclrl;rhrrl unrplutru u $eunre eBirltr
5i in#umusegar templelehrnduin m.rrt clr a s$dr grilrr li bnni ce uFnnusaffe
pdrtedin lndia s! au revir0lifir alta Jati celorsira.i. B€iaRe€lnriela un
li llemtrrra careln Ferreiirsesrii l.arininconjur.rtde gdrrii ri iintini.t
inBbrr$ire o dala,:u s+!ir+amqngohlor su d ft]ftn{ de hius Sidin carccurgea
(lu trrrte arster, in rapitaltrau aF:lFrrfurrirJ. Mai eriisraii Loru!
inttudusun sdl *rhitt':t{)nicaart a hlahrl, un Fl\'ihon minunat,rercnrt
preloataEFecfe i$la ic( pr carele-iru .Jrmmnelor de 1acutc, rer::15turise
infrumrrsetat cu o fom6 +pnrape aihu nr.rril.redtplrruri gen.ruelefanfi,
neonrtnlionalr a itondgtrfiri hihdu. ir)corLlnete cr| leaedornuriinilre.
Ha picste punrra(cu tumuri rflr€ BararrLlerr o +rarl?lru coltunecare
iru losr{oostruitepenErua pernrite ducu h templulVrrpthhr in carese

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
10267l

alla o curte srr.sFn*ttrle rrrlorrne orarula tirrt lbsatin ruine.dgelrr la


sctrlpr:ttrtu cre!r!ri mxrinecirdate drstaDTlilatl! dL' clrculrch ruri+dc€
Ctt toate*ceserr,rFr*cul arhia€ctuii princ|Fale,HamFitsrr ur lllr.
'ruglc.
,"!ii'de li Vrjryan:lBira Jd6tarin$o TcmFlfleFaleEUntlocuitede
t88 drtl cu rcftFht Vithala.ChJirea cdmqn[tIti de ril]M, ,,{Hmenirlinfi'
!rc?1nt{o scdedf coL}anesrrruDas€ ai reli8leihifldu, iai dtm{Fftrde're
!i tumuri s{ulplstecu nroriveflorllle feicir1EntfrDin neJeri.ire,Fen u
Firaomorfe.Tnfatrl saseafl[ a a le aminti viatat$ilor (i nu B fliuns
rtFtlrnrart din granit Flin: de p€ un ttuftn l;rnhrri., doui podud
iftlrpr$lfle,r crrului ile hrFri al modernedominl +r.$ul;ate$tc:isunt
divinititilor .dtilc arcsruidchiar utihsatede un numfr din ce ln cL
invinindr,.te in j"rul osiilorAtl:art5 mai marede vehiculecr molor Muh
luffsrc mihuffrt5 n fas! comflndFlSde timp UNLSCO s-adpLr|conirnri.ii
KrlshnaDcva Rnya,in cumuldonoiei p$duril,rqdar adrnini$rrrtiailin
csrui,i( l 5Cq-1519)Vijeyrnager dn,i Kamrrxk! r rtma3st|Idtrla reprosuiilc
ccl mriinah grld de +FlendL\rre. orgrhit{iiei, (onsidelind rurdemiarrea
Ln stun dmp clupdacerta,in 1565, rePlei de drumun t'sljnq*h pentru
ennetannngdlilot s.3rtuncdr ru furie .fuz!,itnr€FecononrK{,D1nrlccst
o5uprqImperrului.In Easrluni, Hrmpi mori,i in 1999,f{ampi a foscirr-{ris
t f.st,duit d€ torre bogetiilemembrii pe list5VcrtlFlrlorPetflmoniului
tlrttii tr:grrletu IiEt rKtEmin{fi, iar Uriverssl EflerrlD pr:ric$I.

-EE{r

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
0268

.
-'.}

- .- ,. -l-
|' l .iel;,t,
Ebsus w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c l026el

Monumentel
edinMahabalipura
I N DI A
ST,uurTA!e,Nnlu
Ar,arlb!'rEcrfl$xq:1984
C$rffs C ir) {s} t[j) (r")

]t0F *l9l *ortaF e la ptiralc otc alc


t90 dirninegiisstul MahsbeiipUrsm rIE{trI
de loviturile sudor de *culpori care
pftdd.. stahri rellgioase.$crlgaarl ere
Fin iF le sctiviterr din rceas![ rdrl
de coesmr $rcdui Tsrdi Nsd& un
colt al Indii [s nuD|si50 dE
'Ehii
til')mrt4 de Ch€nnai (Ma*asl .
M**de d+ sculprors-etranstnir
dm tatEtn ffu, de-a lungulgmenliikE
in cemlul al v -lea,regehNarscimlra
l,larmanI a pus hoeclcur,,rlgcolidc
scllptux tr Malubelipurarn Dfurada
r|4d bc{ci*l ddrdiJ Pslhva,cereiai.s qp6rtinut,a r8rfiruit
o marcplrte dln sudui lrdiei inne
rcolcle I 9i d VII[-ke. Capttaleaa
Kenchiprrram, iar porul tcrimnului
re efleh Msheb€tiprrsm. Naredmhe
ry'armqnI a do{ir edhdnrmuseger.e
fatul adtfrlinc$t.druncictnd dl{torti
F€ pl€cau p€ mffa, el li E6o[aE€o
srnintirefrumosrEr iinururdor
!t c{re te+mal[e-apAt{dr-Artfti
monrrmenl,d+ssrDluiiunr corrtderrte
Eclc si roffrarc exeftple& tl
ecuh{ur*h din Intn
R o rtghc5,lrEpdrtirdh {ioul de o
crlpttud, a fct iculptet un tssorcLcf chlErti o felinl imidhd lodruralui
de 30 pe l? meui S*na esterm A4arta, krcurjurat-rde gotdsni
epinl din epoEeeaMda uraa, ftr sdrDit de jurtndntul pl{cii d€ E
cerecr+rl Afrma sc rnordficl pennu !€ rn6.dncatn cin$.e reilogAccesrs
s intraAr gr4i €luiSl v. SIa obFnq eFteq pq!'efleh Fq{,eStC al AraEqq
de la *etta affif, m€gic[ ln cr6ngfi simt *l utrmului cgrc..tc rudbilll{rit ln
relicfului, Arjune rtE lntr-un picior ertairdienf,, In vftrneelui Narasimh*
6vnd +uele pinn-o prb$[ Fec*Te l*hrrnsnL un rercrwr # rp[ in*rsh(
o formes:5cu m*i lc, Al{turi dr cL dce*uptatctcfirlui pcnnitearpei r{ sr
sFqreShivs,isr, nreid@rn, un scurgflpnn crlp5htrecc reprcacntf,
ternplutnchinrr lui \lirhnu, Re*tul CEruElEpenfiu n uimi mulfimeade
'6ttn.i er4s In+.Itpfl rEdtdrd, lalerlni (€te ri"itr l€cul.
snimele,Fi ll.l ltrul und. serJll lnterc$nte $uff li r|tdd,4a, F+r.aile
cllpdturs csrc s fist dDlositlpeRtru {dplte cu fincfie de ttrlpt€, Mhrra}ra
a teptrrenm G*ngele,apotpeletini mandapaarc mai multe perrcuri,
ceft 6. oclrD5c! rilualul ${ftriJd Itttt-unul sev€.le\46hnuir hrcaftarca
rmrdfranch oooaru llwiului raqu. 5afl mistrclul lAraha; tfl cel de
Parmadreapma reliefuluibilfixcs?d shturi, sre€s{idiviAitffe seodi}uregte
elcfanli +irulmute, li sealltracolo pe un pat de *rFii h altul tunt fiBuri

trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc lo27ol

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
l a271l

l-

I
I
j
.r:

* *'r, - +l**

!' rr

r. - -?E 1-dc

h-

I
la272l

:!i

!f,.!r'c x1-i!ruirrfuHL[,i Jirr!!tiri


l-',rilirr S nrhrvisluLl5i+-frLrL]l
,.i
iulurrrr. ltlrll:rJraI t6nCf.lt\l
( il mi ir r no r r i str tpnr r r LLlir r
h{irhi 'irlil'uirnr rL 1r'.1(irl
l"lalri'hrrrirr Jl,irLrrrriqJrla r,
r qr fuiir fi 1r l r tr ih:lr :r ita l) r r g:r
i::r ' r r qir r Jun.l,:r r r nrr r L;p Jc hir ,'t,
1r air+!,r.rtrir,ir rllr.'iinrrrr rL'
r .,i,,r tr ( ' irtiBl xr li: !ilt Dr r ! tir r r .
sllnr iLr r :r r f{ ,r yr nfl it.i tIi Kr ir hrr r
iL +..r r r lcr Lr LLlur . ,Lfii,:L:r Lrur i i r ,r
' r
],) r ii nr r :L+[' ir r :r rr r fi; ,a .r r !i!' , ,r c r - ,r r

fLir Ir ridn) fr h n' ,r olir ,ir i, kr r lEr:,r f;


ra .hLrn'i. tjhiffn, I ) hr:nr-.u,rj,r,
S.r kLLr s.rSr lr r tcr r ..1tur r tr r tL
lanlari crD:dhr \Iirir,rrllrlr'ri.r- ii
n,r j;ri,r r :' r r u:r nn ! lr iut:,kh R,:lir l i Lnt.,
ir or Je. nr xtufr tulxr ldr , ,Lr nu au
tir r oi.i{ !i1xr iii:is.tr
i L'F,'
. l.r t:ilJin
{ :i1U;il i Nir r r i$fr i! \l r l l .
lllr .r r lriur
Super tr r Jl.npl,r r t Flr ;t " e
r ritnt:rr c.itrc n rrt. Irthtu rr trri
Shiuir oi L''r;t r[.i'rrt iii-r,.Li,
r etr .:' nr .:lfr f:r ' .r t ,,lr iir il 1 nr !e,
|r lhr r . tr ar L la.r i r r r inll!.nir t rr r i
JirrLL*iti L:h,'IL,T,:r:LfiuL.r trrr
{ ,r r jJr r u,L ir r r *r Lhr l r l \' 11- 1.d,
in t:nr ;r : J, :r r r r +rJLr\r r r ;*i:r lr ' r
\,r r r .r ' r r r l IIIcl]. r i ,r j,,!r ticur ,.iiir :r i
Jrgf\r i1 .lLr !r r itar r il:iL r lr :Lr r l:r r i tr j l ,1r
r r L r ir tLr Lr r ltir lui LlL,rJr, .r lunr ui
*' ,,' Lr l,' :rl) iLr ir tnriii nr ) r r t
".r 1.:r r ,t.i
lr ir(i rhr tnsL rL:nlnl: rlnnrri
':riiflL!
;r ,,r .tLn.1,r :il:. i,, r ,n:L,itr ,,..
car ir r lr ! r I' !r { l itidL, d L' chiFi
w .habi ta r e s . c o . c c lo273l

Arruce- Listasiturilor
I llca-$rhr0ftr hf -lEri Lrlrf f, Nuolar^S^ 5 Ttrofl -DflrGi
I l"qr -LalqHrerr z .E@E'I+fiEeErIuBn!c* & h, AiJ 5llrts r-E DF"
SEIL Pht k nffJr -*.ErEfi
I l.E|t - T,,unrf ,4{rft.E
I ItAr* -Ya|tEn 6EItfti -,crsfl
r l,qa- elEr
Z Effir - r,{Etrl|d$ }hEtffiqr St, I *r-u|r -Tb6rn ?A|GrftE - MrII^?I6|ft
F8drmr DEtr fiEa Pix,f.Ll DAlgrr t Tlfl|ru-0rEEm{

E bs usI w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c lo274l

Africa

nmcind o pririrt asupra descoFrritdoo'ta n]cprrrentei umsne lat


siturilor arheologiceaFrcanede pe Lirtr vechi de f,O 000de anl Putin mai
Psfiim$nruluiUnrvffrrl si bc.rcand !5 aproapcdc al+h noesnc,ara dc la
lnFled diversetelumi atf,t de df€rite Tamilidir Afutria qi Acacusdin Litiq
ale contirmuului negru,epi tentat coflffmr! feotul c! Sehrrcnu a f,r6r
3I te lntrcbr E.re Aftieai dmqopdeauns inqndereade niaiF
Msi lntal, fteburc sll pftcirffn e5 p€ crle o ltd€ft isrlii,
Aftica eite finutul ln csl€ evolufia fte dr milggduir, ton4i, cl
qr llul s-aseptr* deceaa p{ineler qrhEolo8issftrcaAd$i-aarhs cea
pdmat aidopomorff(.e. ldec6nd marh€ls erpte$ie
h l/alra Nilului,
duFdcelemei recentede$coF€riri undefi{' fl€ntele msiestuooleele
paleo-arxrcpoloeice din dc{€rt civiliz*tieiEciFtr ur Anth $aftrtind pc
GadtrlDi,E(+lparlnainte eetr pc.ibil rralunleflu"iului. lncepanddin nqd,
ssti avu loc lntr-o tr4lio€dl rupdruE dcla Mcrptq rtrtrlr r*cropoledc
Intre scuJnqapte$i cinci milionne la Sdqqsr si Hrhut Eipimmidrle
de afli, dar ralitateaai ftaBilit*tes fueonilor din n potradnra*tie,
ptotcl:r ln rtsanblu impredicl cmtinuLrd rpte sud,prin Tete, a dura
sndiilc g iroriile liingG*. cjrpllEb6 Frlt i nnnlnAndcu rcrnplcle
Cu tqii rm aurit de Lucy magnifueconrmrite& R-emscs sl II-l€r.
(AlalFdlafdrEc|(f ifdltr$rsl , ca't a triit Dc.s lunsul cmsteide nord a
cu ffei militxnE ti iurnlBte de aoi A.fricii,underuineleccdflor
tr urmt ti |:sreE fosrdescop€rjtldc Cartsgine,t:lrefl4, Lept|! Magnp{i
Dc'naldlohanson+icolcgiisfrih l9?4 Tmgad pennu * da numaicllt€vs
in veleaAwarh din EtioFia.In ultinrele nunc - lncl s€mai rdd, athmlogie
detrnii, ln Alrrcr dEE+tfin mpd afrkartr s-acolrmpr!cu +caeurcpeanl
denctbit,ln riiiul efticsn) gi forAliica li cDistorieciviliati.i fl.dit.r5n ttre,
de Sud,o serieexEeordina|{de dominerude splendmreanrinclor
de*ope.ld a ficur pcibtli, cel pugin cdoniil,x romane.
ps4ial t+coft rtrdr€-.rrvotrfci omuld Mult roei rutrntic africanr foct
b uliiruri trei rfiilio€nede ani AFri, regatulAlaum, c*e a irJlxit ln
UNESCOa hoHret sd msi sdsute doul Etiopialncrp€ndcu rcrolul I p6na
+ituri de ilterer suplimentarc(pe tftu5 ln secolulal XIII-lea d.Hr. pi a ldsat
locul und+a fr:*t dcrcop+ridtLucr) pc ln urnr5capodos*rcJrulptufll+ io6rt+
Lists Pafrimo'niuluiUniversal valts soffsti.ate.fugstul e fost ssociat
Omo din Etiopiaqi an*amblulde resmeidm Sheb€ti, h tinpul
la SrdJonte ln. SwanLraruai cluEiril uJtDElor ace$eidomntodre
Kromdrsaidin Aliica dESud. lcgtodart, Catl Maucha descnpenr
Apoi" or€ie].irt{ scesAliks, le$g{n drn trt8mplareMorer Zimbsb*e,o
al lui Hnrmo sapimrgi el prirnelcrsale cctatefortificad cerea prmperet
cxF€rtn ntEcu rjla figurrrivil, duFl intre secolelea.lXl.lea pi al XIV-ha.
cum scpoatevedmtr pictunh rup€sirt Smguflrlansamblumonumcnt*lla $rd
de h Tsodilodin Eoowrna,de h d€ Sshsre,estenrott€nireec€emei
Eurgmeadeternlui klahan, undeg-au enignarictr{ civiliia ilo! afrkane,

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
s I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l o275l

Sabratha
LIBIA
D|srRtcrulZ{Et-\
ANULlr,TE$tsfiAfi : !982
Crm* : C (rrrl

eri ltalo Balt+, fl fta v{nefEtS ca pmtectoarr a


Eul,emarorulirelianelLibi?i din enii marirurilor Altele er:ruO4lrr'L m,
r+6 'Z{, nu i intlit ln isroliepeffifu Sihrtuarullui S€raFis, Temphlbber
rabntul siD (a rtlateg militar saucs Pstat+icl ireanumirdMausoleul B.
sdministrelot, orir:ine iuheqtepen(}ade De sletlrenearerDn$ruit de
anricf ti va f! recuno8cdror Frnrtu arheoloEriitali€ni,ar€stult1m
cI a readurteatruldin Sabrarhala msflumeniFrelintil un acoperiF
spl$dotrea satrecutd.incintst de piremidalsrelenenrearhiecrurgle
trumrrseqearuinthrt, Bollxr s.a folnsit compo.litr,punia,e, eglprme,elmistice
din plin de cuferelecu brni Eleltatulul pi romane.Cu tctul remarcahile
itrlian Fentru F $ponsorirsopeEtiunile $uflrdec('IeFunilein akorcliefde pe
de dtcopertare ii restaurare. rnetlc, rndrginitede lci careruBlin
Arheologri dircomo Gusn 1i frguri masculinetndtc *r trri metri.
(;iacofro Caputorruprimir fi*iunea Ded multestatuiti mcraicuriau fr-rst
dc a reconrtruiconformoriginelului d;truff squtranFferate in muzeuldin
ael ms1msrc reurruilin Aiiica, +F!eq apropiererrohei*hrol(idrce, cledirile
fust ndicatln anul 109d.Hr penrru publice.cumestefarumul,Cunid
lmpiratul Commodu3. Cu a +itrei ar|"iamblurl
elegant€de bEi,
scentlungf de FeFte40 da merfi, lnci lnarp,oardo aurede mArelie.
alrlitorirrn*l puter primr 5 Il)0 de
sFecterori {t mlsuri peirt 90 de mern
lun8rroe.Fundalulsceneiera o
urm4oarr frn: rcmne compusi din
trei niF: srmicirculdr€Ii trei nivele
fomratedin 108colols* corintice
din malrnurFdiferitcoloratl cu
el*horateiltcorrgrunipe capiteluri
De asrmeneE,aveaum5rriie
almreliefurilednr nije cqre
reprEzentau 5aenede dani, fuuri
nutdogrrr ti $SrbErmriale8oric€ale
relatiilordintrc R.rmati Sa[reEha
Cu ttnte acetea, tearul nu ttIr
sirguraminunide din Srrhrethe.
A(eRctArr'tirH:-F$rr din TiiTolirrnia
rom.qnll fondrti dt tolonqtri ptrnici
ln recolulal ]V,leaiHr - s.e
bucurat de o mire hi8Efie tr,fie 138
li !10 d.Hr rlatoritr spc'rtului dr
Enimaleii fiLleqcHlreRdrr|a.Id dmpul
strolului de aur,Sabrethaa benehciar
de constlu:tia.lddiBlor moDumentqle
din m*mufl li grcsie.u stucaturA.
Una dintre acesrea,ajtratd lntr'o
lmalie magnificecu vederela nrsrc,
cH ttmplul Eeil€ilsi6,al .irei cult s€
rlrpeLjldrst din Egiprin rerjllih romane

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
l a276l

TI I
ilr
q fr
(-
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10277
|

Ltclinul Romeidin secolulal lll-lea


d.Hr.e marcatFideclinulcetiti
Sltltmrh,rsre r maifost]osittlsi
de un curemurin anqlJ6l. Ceratee
r tebuit sXaFl+rc*proapedod}
secolelnarnrcde a revenila o
oaftcare im]Xn!:mtil sub tlitrndr .
cenJs'suc{rnstruit lidurilede Rp[rare
ii ruFertEbarilicta lui luiEfltrn.
Dt fapr,Sahrathraveadeiao
tscitci iFrrerinu i Fern?ivtuldeqat
funde ile), rerc fli*sc n rribunsl
g rn Iocdecult al impdralilar
nrmeniln secoluiI d.Ht, iltainte
198 de s fi trsnsforrnata,]00 Je ani m"i
drziu,inrr.o birericicrettilld.
In 158d.Hr, rdiliciula fostmartor
+l llnu ernenimenl (area rvur un hrB
rbsunrrin ftrrrtegelumerom$nll.
Acoloa avurlq: pnxesulfiloarfului
Apulciu*,aru:atde a 6 fologitputeti
nrrgicepentrua seduce o b+t.t.b
vlduFi bo8arica sb-imo{ruri:l]sce
rlv€rca-Autorul Mdgdrui&ided,.r
i.e rl}lmt sinSlr:prcrenrare{ {:riului
rIu * Juretperu rile,dup{ cares
[o+teronerat. Aceirti calxdopern de
oraroti+, riEns4aisfniai tardll, nu
n|.lmaicf, i'a aduso roire fiitne
auBrrului,ci rimtnc o sursl pfttiossl
pentr'uint.legereavietii obi{nuit. din
Sabrarhrdin secotulgl Iilce d Hr

ffilljlurlfir$cr4etun
Mt&l lr JnrF.ri'd .nd

{ia tuI sdrJH d ll-kd a


tr PrE din eff!&bj*'tj

E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s , c o , c c
l a278l

l,r!

*r_l
r"
.J {;

v
P ^l L
-'J
,TJ
il
'l

.+,'
',i l :
lo27sl

inc

t 'lr .
I
102801

ir ! j. ' i . r,r !1 .

Ll l
EbsLrs co cc
Ir,vww.habitares 1 0 2 8| 1

Leptis
Magna """t.\
L IBIA
DisrxrcruL AL-Krror!1!
AtuulftIFIC
ISTF^rtt: I98!
CnTF,lDr {rl (trl(u)

rl
:l
!
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc lo282l

r-r
H
.l l"l ,}tlFl f:lmitil dr o.q din Tripdihnia, isr rnaidEiu di.n
c$rnerciaqihrgsti de originepunid, tffite pmviAciaA[i;A. DBft*it! portulu
LucdlsScFtimiusSeDeru,1, rfrrcur tn ii ir.u$intei.6rftrcimtitr . rli, llFriE e-a
cetqteaL+Ftir in anul 146d.Ht, e ftdr tuah4fiFt rua fftde+,ebeno6, sc]cvi+i
rrlmisla $'rdii h Romalr o r€rgtd aninnle *lbarice penuuloc"ril" dtt l0J
fosrtc l;sgcdr. In ateavr€rne,ers un circuti Continueerdndar. r ch€iulihf
,pftrcanadevdrat"ni vorhcaprostlimba +ia piefe.lcrr efl egd.$nd€ co{tsuctia
lrtir1l. Cu taateacertca,lnfi-o pcrioadlt uno'rediEciireLqbaseti civile din ,:e
de cgFvaBft, lrrc5Ffttnsreasr, tl cernFiimF(esion€tlteA(Eitea
cfiaeitrnrl culalJsd etr€intaau atr'f,s trau Snanrattdt bmilirk cla.sei
etenliaasuFrtrlui la curteaiEFEriatl. eotxrcialgil* catere aflautr
Su{Eesul+eua fo€ttEpld1i l-a dus&cpt
h vfif, d€vmind htrFSratlh 191.A
afteptetleae eni pAn[ rd re tfitoatEl
BEasd h Leprir, carea primrta$del
rirlul dr nqgnsin cir6rta la. A fscur
boccai'a $tdtlt Frneft penGue nrlri
crtattc. A construitmagniffculflrc de
tnumf careit poerttrnumh, la i.ftrt e
ln nrai lrconjular de FstrulAfftni
dccoratecu coloancEibamrelkfurl
Apai a rtconstruit port{l tr t$regr4e
+il { unit cu ,-ntul ,:ra,+ului ptltnt-d
colcaadl impresiorunt5,fl iraugurrt
un elcggntnyr4fiaermti a di*u+
construirtaunui uri$ foruminconiurrt
dc o pEdurEde col(EneF d€t'r,ratcu
capcrerePrezendndMedurECrs
msi remEreahil[coosEuqie,tDtu{i
trir6t t€lilice (lerminlrl de dul slu
Caracslh),,:arf dicprnesde o sdf
Friirisdlr lnelt5 & lO d€ D!€di.
dccorail cu €]egEnrcrclrefurieu
nimfe.ftun:e de acanl ciorchini
de+Fuguriti rcdil
Dacl ar fi sesFun+rn adevlnrl,
l-eporeradeiaun orq magniffc,Awe
80 0J0de lwuitori d eracuno+cutln
trlt brpffir-rlthepr Ati(ii". Ls ,El
"peda
cumva ftrtlnrplat cu Septinrius $vtfls,
orssulq brJktrittr mornentulln car€a ,;oftpctiti4,ifilpongrd cer ftri frumodEl 36Jtu ld.Jdrllfrnsd
intrar lo tor,tactcu RornaFr:allardr mElmur6qicd rn8ipric.eputicrti{ti *nmtErlnur d**e
fe cieniidiAT"'rtirnpde recr:'h6:sese Fi decoratod. Do$tul Ha"ni!61 oiEpli Drddri{nrdld
subfffirtrDlul ca.'taginerikEdsr qcea{m TaS€Flu$ fufui d-a uifidt d}ncet5Ftrii 4EMEreltr.t!tu{
dl td S$dnld SffirJ d
steredr fuDts-slrrc}€htln l,16l-Hr EFrrr*rdlAndsrnitru+ia teatrului-
cSrnd rornanii*-ru lrf$+r ovplul tmporlobitcu ataru!.a fmt trd,abil
iJt(rticde perta mErE$l iu luar oratulh bijuteriaolaiului - Eia pietrL.art fi7nHrJF cI.hriTn*4
uxcsiune. A del'r.nit cel mei imDtrtant dilErrEe # &ul chio$uri irctosorule i09-llldHr
'{iid,n

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
102831
l a284l

t, i
It
{E *
r r 3!
i

I
lI
a-
tl'

{+ .T

fi
102851

! ior ir r ti :fi t,r l enr i !Ei i L t\{tr i r r ,


Jr ur tr c r pnr c ur r r ti i r f,x i ni . tr r f i .
i J i ir ({ltrriLrnit u*tlaiii i1l),Jriul(i
( lr e r ei r l rfr c r r r i i L r n!i or :r i i r i N qLr
ll .rrui Lx: Lhi:rr irr rrrmrntul ir ciLrc
Lrfti! ij nrc-{L[r Lrn mrt rniit(
jFletll l ,]fl frs i i L,ni r er ( t: j n) n.J eti i n
a.dl nkln)tnr a!:.r{r,rFE in4r.rt:$rihili.
incLinar ea t;r l anqeii., j ur uLunuL,r i
li0, u i l .r tr rc r s l r i r r r r uIJ :r r r r i r i Lr r i
Alrxanriru Sevtn:s ir-a T'ierjut re$ede
Frerrig'ul, jir rchiDlhrrrL{rrm.rcifl h
*u scl:ut. SiErlrrJ a vtn,r hr i65 (:nJ.
nIdr ur idr r ]l r 'r ) r ns eJ i r r l i i t'nl i l r ni r , ;F+j
l-!jfri! R ltrr Jisr ir Llei[] {.rrrrcrnl!r
rc6 Suh fl i ul eti r n :L( l ,nr tr ntr l .,'r r r r I
sc t..rt| rl tnii ii slur rr rrritlt lrlin'
Irullrr idi{iFr|j J( sfir!!t. C[ t\!irrr
ircrsre.3,friatf Ii(rtnr ? .li n rfrr
;r er iml i r e: unui 'l tr a'tr u. ui r tr Lr fi d t
inqr,lrut lft r'fC Jr murn.{r Lr.-rprs
'{c
r'r!rt. in ri$+\'l Jo|In ri l(j (irqitF rrir
, i ll.-! iih Il..{ ,llq r i r i r tgl i l , N .1\t r i :r r r r x a,r !f
ce:r nrni DrirL alcrirlrft';rL nurDi:rr,riicn
Jifl Frri!lLrJi ifiruri ,4!{l: rLrJrr
nr1!D,:Cr: ,!{|1rc\FUte alirLrriJ( ilri
r ' ,nr ) r: i n nr u:r t'lJ c l i nt; ti 'In'r ''r l
\ rrr rrrhcal';rc rlt 1rrL+1,nsltq;nLr

n
t
f'
I
j
{
102861
10287|

.q

I- .

,;' .*

\rj
0288
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c l 028sl

Tan RA RTA cncus


LIBIA
t_
F[zz,\x
.A.t4,.I.
INRIGb'TM|UI;1985
CxlTrEr C { ti

llr}lJl Itn dliffic

ld |]oC& &I dp#&nb

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
.habi ta r e s . c o . c c l02s0l

I"**** urreiadinrre ln muB[ii A€{cuE,fncl sesflsu lndnse 5lI d'r@ 16 9li*cl


rareleglli[c (putut in catt $ edun:l eFa mre, ifi difirnrele diftra ele 5t Frrcru Jl l
# plo'ale)depecmsulVhdi Sugh4 ec+Fri cI[a!c. Dc fapt,tn ecrartt
arcUnrctrtre siAuoEitifihmunD.lor Fcfiqqdl s nqcculf dr€pt "a cslului"
A.$cue,re slle de poqd a (Eiftnii dcrtnau # imirsu prtrupede
"stai+ Itl 6m (rlJ lErird
salurei". fr'te un F+tti debaalt rxterit +i lituli urnsre,deseoriln prlrpr riSld€
de ltflturi pc caregen ratii d* tuangi tr drulE cu a5pictciudat cu mE e
prarrJaflcmmrde din acelt deqerqau nril?firlc irtktirf.
la6stmeEsjepcntrucsrdvanelevtttoatt Anrerhr scEsreiperiode, rimp dc n'ltllrdrndlro ehr
ee urmausI trcact p: rroln Unclc { tJ00rle ani ci"iliratia d,n $ahataffg dord as d@rd h
'rlE
d*4 ,cl d f&d ratd'
dintre m.sajcau ftEt ftrutc cu cret+ iat & op p€stoiil +ipdrliats.d.nttr!.
altelt au ftst inciratccu o pi.6[ de m€trl. D$airdld ftcute h Feri]*ls sce{g'darE
Uneledinre re$ea suntvectrl& doea & tirnp cmu ffe cif,itr folooinJu-* .lllpr DonrfF€,
cAtevaale. aLelesesfli rcqladc s€orl€. topmre.cirxan,fu Flctatectr ocru
dar logie $ nt 6(ri!t tr librqh vtriEBta rolu, odd rL ficr +i altesut+tanle
icri$f a adndridq,liftfie tutrft8ilo[ mincralecrre erauffxrlt cu albusde
Acesstd,EtsfiEde Fa{6" repreEmr|l{) ou +i uring.Turmelede vite FiEriipudle
inuaducerch istorh cqFrcnilotac.$tei uflsnc ceaFrr tfl i8ragitriata$tto
.egrutrl,caraatc rnai mult de l0 000de
efit $i ertr povestrt[de multe picturi si
grsvurirupesrre
gd,site
ln diferie druri
dh Ta&an Acarn* lddr5rr A.acuscste
un langmunror (f.ntfiru rrr{,cu!'tntu}
todrarrcsrepluralulde * cdrnr,care
fi$e.arnn[muntc] .arErt tlllrde pe
o disrendd€ Z,l0de ldlometritr
rud-v€ltul LibrclFanAh grnita cu
Algeria.Peradoxafcelelnai rrcetrtt
unneale mnuluiFr sl fie cclc mil
plrfh r.frmte, dr p..r{[ icnsibilit€tea
p€ m55ltrgrr€
ff slnbfu,
'rtudc|r
dirnetul s deveuittot rrEi incdtatcr.
In a&ra de hieroglifele@t4fr, ceiemai
resentepictufi li incitii dtt erl ils *utn
2 000.3{H0 dc sni dinn-o Deriocd{
&numid de erye4i ,a clmileL'
datoritr preponderenFidrotudcekrt ftr
e p{cutc.ln acraweme.Sshr!tr
pro,labi]a lost o:aimult rau maipulm
sdel cumsepG€rintdast5ri un labldnr
d. stenetftgtd ll vdi adEici tririp.EEc
in ca't vtalaet.dfffirtc {rer, tr ciuds
pcieejUlur.
frumr.rselii
d.,[ bislt"fln. @d in Frioada anleriodrtaccatela,
ecumI 00S{ 0O0dc anr"dcacrtiftcarta
sr dfld dcla fu!$'un stddiu avsnrat, del

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
1 0 2 e| 1

! i:k:r r:r ::rJlrll'i.lti :


. . rrr:rrrr l .::rt'r:i r,
I rrur .r $frr:i: rrfi
. r I r'rrrirul(\i. lr

- lf,r -.ri: .,.i:,f :r,t.,riit:


\ir,n rlnril .liI { rt,il
i I.n,,ir-tf;rrl,1 iittnr
,:Lri'rrl..r.,'.r., ri rrtr
.lr r:fr J.r:. i , r .fi I
l nri rLrr('.rfi,r:,'rrr r :
r ,'1f :itri rit![r,r .ir.L

,ii :r1,,'::i l . ,1,.,:r,'r,,


|lrr(rfrcr:iri, rlr.'r r
'
. r:f ,:rl irt,,r,.' ;,.:
-
Jn 1,r:{.[|.li. ':r ir
i',.:':L'i L ,; !:,rrr: ::, I'i
: tU:Llr' t:f rtrrri r,l
I r: . ,rr ti: r., \.rL.,ri
,,1+r.r'i rnr,., ' rrrtr,
'
.l.rL: rrLrLrlr .,rli i.
Lr.lrr rriar r u,rli. t!r'
ir rr!,r rr:1 Il,ilf I fr:tr
r citLrltr ti rr: r ri r ,
,i .iL t,,,, .1i\rr,l, i :\
.i r:rr , rr.f:rtl i !.rf
: !,,,flf,lr lL \\rr l:r

.l'.rLi i rh'rrr.L,r
i :r'
.r i Ir 1 :, r ! Mf,i :,i , i

t. .11r ri .i h.,i | (-i


:fii:( ,: rt,rr !:r .rr frl
r !.ri:ri:hrrrlrtlrr ! r:r ,
'.i,
fi Ltr rlr.rirtr trrr
trLr: .l +.::: r ,i r I I
. t\ l rr :.l i r. rrr. :Lf.
r i. ]l ]]..rT i ' L i \l l f.t.'

n i l ,'i , *.. .l n i I l
. i r rr',rt:i i :r ,, i rr.,rr.l ::
I Iri :,:i rh l L rt,, i :r ,
1: iir'r.rr!.Lrr.i irrltrr ll
:rrii:r.|\ Jf iar, Lrl n

-[.. i\.,ri .r:,,rj: :j


, 1,'r!L:i .:{t.rrJr!rc j'.
rL\ rari lU rr!i lilt t.,rt
r.||.:rrr. ] |:!:tl:.|
la2e2l

.L.. b-

'i..
E bsus w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c l 02e3l

Cirene
LIBIA
DIsrxtcrlrlGHEBET,{x}rDAl
A\L'LlN*[GrsrtAfttt: l9S!
CRtrEr,u:
C {rJIrrl {rrtl

lr4
FrimitedeIa
ireneafofioftumossa c(mforminstructrunilor lI{ llq r lJ+JfJ Sircl
ti grrfioa$Arumfa a p{durii c! un pyhia,oracrrtulIui Apollodin thlphi.
temTreraruent avmtutr:s, da htliet, Priftl pirul din tenrFlullui Apr lo -
intr-o zi,AFolloa v!:rlt-o lupttlndu,se careseffflEirr cmtrul a .ee! ce urina
cu r:n leu,s'a lndrdgrxtitde ea cAdel.ina c€l mai imF(rrtffii o.ai diD
nehuneste $ra rlplt-o, fugindin F€nraFnlirul!rL\ - s fost rrFElBiS tn
A.fircaintr-un crr de aur; acolo anul6J I l-Hr, Battus,conducitcrtul
ru lbndnrun or$ cu numeleei expedifiei.a devenitregeii e f(x1(15r
Dinrolo de mrtologr.,ii Fovert€a dinarlia.ar€-i F+rrtf umeleFicsre
fondtdi.rre[i Ciren€n'ansmisb de urma sd aibtr opt monarhi (ala cum a
Herodorl-a irnplirnt p+Aprllo ce prc:isoracolul),Dnastia a luar sibrfit
per$mli pnhctpal F rmosul t$torit Itr anul.14OiHn cind a f(rst iitsiiluitb
$ec aretl cl ora$ a fa6rfundatde un o d.mocBti€ duptrmodel a[cniBn.
grupde cotronifiiErecidin 'Iira iactuale Sacolullrl lV-legLHr a coincir cu
inrulE$antarinif,carr au vehitlri Lihia Ferioadrrde glarie a oralului Cirene,
cind a prosSxratdin puncr de vedcrc
economiqdar(ril5 exportorilotde
FroduscegdcolecIfte Grecia.flra+ul a
,i devenitcelebruFidetonrillre$erii
cailor {i culEvErii de C,r.'i1rys/tnrJ.r,:err,
qplanttr sSlbeti.ilcaft creFteadin Il" tsirlrt itrFrEru

p. Flarodledin aproFiere
rbundent{
$i eralendutf, cu un pfi[ ce echivalacu rr,,L,Ldr d*l! drnd lr(0!
gleufateaei in rur p€nttu pntuprrstle
cu puterimagiceg mum*rrrtgice.in
actrrif pcrioadf,de suc{es,in care
oralLrls-qdi+tin+prin hoaatesavia{d
cultumle,Ffirm{nirtaJc cttf,tcnii
sai faimoqi,ca Slomlirl Aristipp{s,
asrronomul ThardorusFimatematici.ldul
$i fuicianulEratostene, r,au crrr$t it
numeroar€nvmumetlrcsrhit{crurgle Ansamblul racrrreradotatcu o
rna.numitEFtuplfutun gtaact (ifffafta
Templul lui Apotl+ inigial, a fir* monumrnralE a templuluD, bflirermale
o simFii EsFlan+dl, inchi!5 ilc dour: ti un reatru.Importanfa Cireneiera
rinduri de qa* colomt Ft larurile datl tr aceape.ioadade conitructia
hiri {i ullrp|fir.r, p€ cele iunfii remplului tui Zr:ur,crre artfuicsft unul
faDntonl.ll dir carenll s-FuFIFtmr rlinne ftle mgi frumoa,iEmonumente
dffat ftagmentc,€ra sculFulttcu din vastulsit arhenlo8ic, Incepurin
hasreli€furi r.prcrt nrllnd-o pe Cirtne semlulal V.leai.Hr.,err maimaru
ucigSndIrul cu mAinihgoalr. In fata deciLtParthenonul ti tuprindeao
rempluluisc aflarltit.ul monumntal, 5irtuicrnofinl a lui Zeusdupemodeh]l
o stnrctrrrlde tatcar lungl i[' l] dc dleritde o sraftrieRlui ftdiasFenrru
mrrri lmLrdi:iiriau m$flflrrr5 tenrplullui Zeusdc la Olrmpr.r.

E bsus w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
l 02e4l

Frrrr * f, !r:fr.r:: r x
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l 02e5l

,.r!!,,+i:-=*_eg+-1{q''

[r ]]l i,Hr, r:ra$ul a fixucucerit


.tr6 deAlexandnL celivlue tr. l.rcrrlrr+u
imFeriul!iliu, a fo$tFreluar de
,.linrsrisltrilemeitor care
inin n!d. F,F li niii.d
domneaasLLpra EBiprului
In sectrlul al III-le;:l.lln, a frrsr
h+,iF q'a f@r o{fr, ir comtrurti \t maregj-nr]t1lton.
lrsnsfirrmlrrtr msi ril ju inrr-r:n firrrrnt
irchinfti celanlor.lupnsosirr!
nlmenilor Sklrote.care rrcLt:epdn
$mn jr.m,iira srrnJaFrin{iFili n
ota+ ui. Un setul mdi tiEiu, ngora
mnr]um€rtalf,Ji-a primit lorftrt
rlefin:ti$E.Ar.eape pdrti renrplul
cirolat al Jivinititih.r Demerraii
CLrt*([trsciirnrr)1i un monunent
urm or ridicstln citr5(eB ufti ri(Rrrri
navale.Cr:Frindea+ staruies llctorLer
{rstiii i]|j$idcrnpiiatil,eleEarrtel€ €i
fcrrmtlenrirrincpcrfrrr rtuLptrrte
in mnrmurtrrru itrctrvitillilc),
l:aR-sr inaLtacr iiEurade lE Fror5.
Ctmrr::frl lui Buttusr* rfls in
sPste[ritLesrt|1 fl(]numcRi,
R{mranirau cuLrlrirCin:rretn
96 i-Hr.,iJ,rr;u rerpectatorrirl grec
ti r-su rrdrptatrrJiiilor $le- tiu r-arl
pRrdus odlficftripin5ln l1? J.Hr,
,::indo nljolrl s ftlm|lniretii tvrei$ti r
pnrJurpaguh struure n!,lt$r clfidiri
implrrtul Hadriana incercat+t-i
r+dr'aorf,Strltrim+nlrm{'ntcp('trivitL
Rnguhrirl{r pre{tr ti ca-rel xoi}sc
tipic roronc dr.omte cu moifricuri
$Fl+nd id,.--(il'rtributiilc lui, tohrii,
eu fost transflrrnr:rre tn pultcrc r.le
cunemurulrlerasnuos din lSl d Hr
$i .rstfclor.r{r'lCirrllr, ajun:iaJonr Lr
rmbri a Lerit Le iu!(rr Ldar5,J f(l:i!
tecons(nritca o aiefile cre$hn:l,
iflIin!r dr :r dispAreilprntru
totdeaunxJuFl sosirerarEhrlor.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
l02e6l

Jl 6JJ7 DaMld

ll?

E bsus w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
ils
.habi ta r e s . c o . c c l 02e8l

t
uhl.ry*ffi g1fld! * l7
dldE'ts hi!ru lqqt ri4' fj
,l&{4@r!e i FFci! &L

ie {a lEddJmn{M dt

tdE M4ri d lnEi tai sr

ll9rrc hlnrfl pRldki

sJ'Ia hddlild {rlh


r+rli!flrl rrd n rr , ih$l]+n

llFJI' tj rdft r dlll-l! iffi,.i.ar cll{M

't

:c0.cc
"r:
s
I
II
I
/

1
I

.' ' !

I
.\

b "..
0300

Ei-

a--'

:;

t\
\

$i.',;*.
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 1 0 3 0| 1

ginecropola
Memphis sa,
piramidele
delaGizeh
laDahshu
EGIPT
CLt\'trt"A-t'L\-|.'1(L
GitH
ANUL !!.ftt6151ft,\nt,,
]9i9
CnEn:::C(rJl:rrJir rl

li0 a lncepur.a fuarlnhr"l j tn lucrlrilc lor Urm+lt molrme lle


:au,,eiduri alhe'icerepmbebil sereftres grandotiisalepe l6qgdcelectreva
la felulin carearatapalatulforttlicat, ruLne aleoraiuluidecoFertate dela Mrt
drtifia doaro prrrua crdlir carr Rahinaqi Saqqar.rhrc vsil r'ncnr:rmdc
probebil sealloltr:onercunrocupsrl ftecroprlcc{' s* tftifld peo JisLa|ltE
de
deoraiulAhusir. Ulterior,numelea forr l0 dekilom€trila ffarsneadeiertuhd
schiEbarin H a-Ia-!ri drrFEunadLntre pemaluldevesta!Nilulur.In plus,sunt
l,'nprelmuinle templel:4de |.l cre a lmr prrumulele rlela Helwan,Dahrhur,
derivatnumeleerecesc Aj$pa$, st, Se41ereh, Ahusi6Ze*1rrel.Artan,Abl
inn-unlinal,verriunermodemd F*rFt. Rr1lFehg. desieurGireh.C+nformlui
Cu toateacertea, celmaipotivit rlrme \flilhamMatthe*FltndenPrtne,un
pureafi A;'Jr-mu.1,crtc malmult sar rrhl$loghitenir din lrddluld XlXJcr,
nrsi prrFftfusefina.]ocul careunr{re Memphispr,.rbabLl nrlsuriurr$pr{-,c{e
dou6;inuturi"-Situat*in partea kilometnlungrnre pelasekilometri
superirurr a deltei Nilului, h conlluenp lifime ii era rtezotin tuml templuluiIu;
Ptahin a:nt rrroutuide i?i Mrt Rahins.
Ftaherr principaladirirurarea orasului
lAlncep$rulp+ris$deldinastice. Fosibil
chiarmai dew€nE,iar primul templu
c(mltrurrin numirlesiu tr)r$ ?acc
arcrns$ubc,rlinanumirilKomeLFakhry
Din templulrnri rrcent, constnritin
tjmFuldornni€ilui Rrmsernl ll-lea,r-a
delopertlt ntrrui prrrrd Je rrst, cam
errr fomlerldinft,u[ arbelk{
fiasi!.+io
inceFerehiForili. Ruin+leirndafiiler
din ap(rpjere indrcdp4rentir unui
tcurplu antrior eribuit lui Tutmts a1
IVlea{Dinastia
XVI|l, l+l!.1186i Hr.J
Gr:ndoarra
Memphi:ului incepesF
rutelm ttmetiale careun€tu Rariritul d4ini liihil. puln mai la vest,rctilrr in.linrte, qi to c{rmpundin &rdt incrtlenr
cu Apr.r*ul,vr*.hiulora$esrcnraihure rLndrsr afl5pirarnr,lchd* la Dashurili cimera fu|rr"ftrd Fi o cspclf,,ln acesr.*
cLuro*Lrta,.(A:idreFrMemph.is, careesre c,rllLLl
Llesudal necr+gulei Un p'rncrde erauiluRrFlre prinlesele[ri, Khmnrt.
derirat dln ,\'lernefer, numele Fir+midei re{.rihfitesteJii.Fhidnhri -5n.Eu.tatll lli*ert ii .Sitherhut,rdiltefiicelehri
crxutruirede farermulhpl I. ltknrufrr a fondattr el celeide.aparrdJin;rilii.are Amenemhatal ll.lea,aldturide ahi
foctrrl isformfi ln cutinrul copr,\{rn/e, e {rxt fqruonlnrre ldj0-ld06iHr. rl r nreffhra*1 [rmiliilor fsraofldor dln
iar aporhr grecescul MonPrhis. (l LrJoNlrc E arcatrranridadt la Orrrtrstis XIL [1ai la nonCde Saqqarah,
Me Fhira toEiftteJintt rettsl:iti piranridelein uepteh constnrctiile cu intreirtEirio r e Ve.hiului[giFr 5EFoare
caprrala Egrptului in timpulpcnoadci supralelencteJe.L,r Dahshurlaraonrl rclhLlintr-Unsin8ursit. Acuprr|1F'l.nonda
proro-dlmsrice 5ra VrlJhldluifugdr L)inlstiu X1l, Atrtnenhar rl ll-Lu. de L0Frirlr ndlldld Jm ctrrilmidA De0rs[
6100,118{LHcJri, pentrucelpuqin AmenemharalIII,lea ii Sesortris al a lui Merar. faraonullegcndaral
,l{e dsuem enii,a tos(unuldinrrecele III-lei r a.onslnri{Fltelr€i Frramide Frimaidinftflii conriderntfondstlnut
fll||l Flpu[trc ri l|lal |jrinnrrse .trLlreJin Lingn rrrrnrintelemg.ir se.rfh douE McrnphisuhL, plnl l: lrcnorJa
reBlune. itur-eder'&Herrrriot"Strabon grDpuri,lemoffrilrrr n'::biliftr.nunire grrlco-m anI. l!{omrinrrlefemillilor
ri Djd'rr drnSiciliai-arrrlesciirmirclia nwr.rbn.5 nr re,ir,tnFtl+rc. cu feteleurrjr rei".rlenr:}.'jliii inalti ,lemnitanar

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
103021

,)l! "
.i{
_ ,i
.

Ji

|u : . r . L L l \'.'. .rtrr:i ,L:.,: r: :,rri r::, , H+


r p l . : r r r:r:i -l ri rr:r i rrl .r-r.1 q rrrt'rr t
. 1 , ' : Ir . r :1 J{ 1 'r:,:rr-l .r
i r L :t1 :Lr
r , ir i
Ilr..*.r cr r:r:ir:.lrr Jrrrr, r'L, ni
Ii r .!!.r r rrii.lr:rf.rJr.:i.rt.,..rn!r. u i1 r 'l '
, ,, ,', ,
1 'rL rr r1i ,i rL,r. Irl uLrl -\I\l t . , , it l. ,, ., , ,,
! i..:.nturr-i:lf 'r rll ; : l,l,:: :;rr'11:, ! tr.:,, !r"'n
: -.r:rr r,,r: i Lrt.,l n,l.:.rr i ,,S' , 1 , 1 rl,r .
:r.tit,l;, rltr I i fir,ro:i,i.
'r 'Ll iut:ll
a !.rr- lr r. i r'1 :f ( rjr:ii:rtLr'.J,rrirj
rur:trr lr LuL .r.ri n:kL
l.riirrn:r ,| r l-r:r:. ,n.rllll L*1".ri,-.,i
i. :, ,' r: hrt i.lirrr. iiLL\' :i \ .. r.r.1::i
. I\l\ ( i t tr 1.:!r i l Ir L:.,lrirl i l.
,4.rt:rr:.rr:r i llI LI I:r ir Ii,r,l:r;l
103031

i';,i$
'j'u['3'fl

J
":,'l
.t
I ,i
{'
lr

/.1
il'l
tl
\":=-'l
,rT-

'.''

'.t',
t i
\
0304
103051

114
:rh fl 1 :rl Ji ::rrl i i rr.r 1 r,,1,.1r . r h,.r r .:r if lir:!r!lt r;r,.jj i,il.r:,tr :xi.,,,rri j i ,i: r:.rfli
r n r:n i :i L : i rrrrrrr!;1 fl ur ,\:t;ir . .l::r ;rni lr :r r rr t tfi :iur Lri :r .r ..
l l ri ,:c!'rn . l .rn ,. .: ! r , ( flr Dr .:inr .r :r il.: I ii .lr |' lt: :. I r r :r r L ,r
n:r:ir::i n :,'i i rtr 'i .Ltl i .n tr .,ft1, l:Lrr ,r i. !1n1li i.!' .iniili :u.l: li r :r ,r .l J
i-.,i rrt,i i .i t, ,r,r ri rr::,r r .]i:r r L.r i :i t+ :1:l. n ,,' r i.,{ .tL.r i,r f.rlnri .r .r i i .
t,t,l:Lr Li .irr rrr r.r. rLiitfL.k':(n j r r ir r :::r ,L liir \l( r jr fi|| tr t r ;ilL .r i ,r Lr L
r\-i.11:; i. l\:i(d i iir r !r' iir ir ,r, ir ,:i L.r r r .r L:L:r r otLL r i;in.lla . ii.r i r L;i f( I,j
it!. | ((lr ':ir;.ir :Lri:rru:jrt,: l:r:rri: ,1.:,*-,r .{ r ' + !;r r !. ' r ,r :l, t!:r r rr l i ::1'r r Ll
'r
r ,rrr -:r n ri h f .l N ri i i rri r ( ..r :.r flr i:( r t, r ..l.ir .i r ' r i,i.i ijr ntlr ., ij:r :r ..i
|:r i \,j .1 ::i fi l :ri ri l . K rxl .rri( ll.J:( i r i r ii.r ;ir r n.fn*:i Ir ' ifr i ,1 tlc :,Li r{i
\1 i [(r ..' i 1 1 (r:l .L r:rj rl . ..ai r L!- .{ i,l,r l:11,::l1,,r ! ( :( 1j .i L
:ri t rlri iJf ir f,lr.r Jir:.rjli: r.|rc .r L,\l]:{r! r i{ tr ir ir r ttr r L :.r ir .itu:r ii1. fi r r r .
',
t l :q r:rj ;1 rn r:l .r!,,: rrt,.l u .lX\i: ;r r r r I.:,' r l .r , r l ! ( :ir :r r :.1:rr t| r x f.i l i r .i
: H : F r I,r1 t.[l x:,!ri li ;r:r i. ir :i]r { .nlr .:Lr .[.I- i .Li. nur r lr Jr tj.r r :r .r .r
i .: If Jr :rL r:n!r ri i !. .l (( ir riir :r fr :rr i li;r i:r ti :.ir .) .jr :.:r il r lr r r r Lr r r i i
.1r ,::r.ir .t 1ri'.Llrr cjra r i!:trrrir! rh 1 . r iri,:,!,rt,ciJ iic nrr.F { i.. f. L.
\ tr r:i t i rr;..+l L n t:'l ,.i r.r r tol' Lr t' :L J n,L,ir .L,r r .r :r i* lrr Ltr l
i r-;, .l rr t.u : ',.1 l |n , ] r ,l,L;1 r nr ir .r r :I1:rr . ,r r r r r r lr Aiii ir rr .,'i nx Er i
'..1:,i
i ri !l ,i rr:,.,1 .'ti .,i .tr+.i I ci tir r ' r l .4.ii) lr i:r :lir if :,1r :r .r r ;r i r :r r r r L. *
nN'rrn: llfir rf!,1.( iLt litl:r: i|;l nirt llrirr. r ,t r ir .. br r r l .r r r ;.lr ,1Lrr r r Lr r l l L:
L [L rt. I i I'rrri t:r t i rx]:tr r l lLi iir tl] ,r i1.,,1".l(L'ti'.,rir- r r :rn r r.nrun...nr l
JL r;,: l i .r.r.r:: .::,:i .r :,1r .,;r L,:,lL:: r ir r :r .ir 1.,t:rH.i.r 1.,:r ,l !:r .,:r i l ntLr :i t| ,
r r r,.,,!:ri i i L n i .rr,:riJr :i ,r :r lr f:i:r ii \!:,' ,:r ,r : iJ,,i r . r r r r i r L.l i L:rr :i
. rr:i i r1 I i ,I ||.,],'1 rir: .: L:r :.. r : r r .ln .j ir tr iiL:r ,rr .:,r lr lr ,' j fi r 1r
L i i - ,: :Lr :r :i,
l n i ti r rrr: ,r i r rl t rr,r.1 . !ii ,*.n: r j r r L .i: t,:!r i$r r l+ 1 J,j r :r L.:n

.L
:-i
rr{
5t +

qB \}
103071

il6
I
" - , f' f '

1
t I
*

rl
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc l030el

Teba
anticfi
si t

necropola
sa
EGIPT
GL"l'EirfJe{I{&lL QF{
Ai,lrl NrEcsrflrx: 1979
CrIrrMrC {r){ul [v|)

il8
a aproximativ6?5de desffr$Taba- ifld5erp€t|rtue8tpEfii- de Kamat prina.o lungecalede
hk'm*r; d+Qao, acoloundeNilul drept un orsgal minunilor,ssdel acceipavad, FentruFrc.esiuni
lac€o aotitdrll st1ift[ +i rste hilrginit inair locuitorii nui boga6de pe crlelalt (drErrur,ftrBr!sct), m5r8irur!de
de un lenl muntcsnu prre thElq nri$ilul $nn tl MediteianeiFaarenturau *fincgl In fap templulut s{ mai FG{€
nu esteo noutatt sr Drci dorinF lrr Egit pentru a adrtin tcmpleh l'edeaii este?io Foriur|e din accase.
ircprtslbilA a flriralorilff de altrraun magnifue, spcctaculoar+le statui Dcnumi! mrodardf Jraremulde sud
senrnal aeceriilor pcla nmmum*nreh coloele de Ia h{emnond nrffirritele al Iu Amon", a fostltn+pur de
Frlufftuite& srtd.in'IiSa - cltitrls nttropole dtn VeieaRegilor.in opinia Amcnlntep al lll,lce, der e fort
dltust{itotegpttre din tirnpul lu.rDiodot: nu 1*ru teminar de Famresalllleq,
"rnormmtclc
p,rGtcritdtilpo{ibilitata de E
pruducecevemai frumof.
AstSri,L{*or, orglsl carf $eaf}l pe
mald stafl€al NilultuiFeI'xul c{pitalei
enticc,lntr,o ron5 locuidl de c€l
puFtr ?50SS de ani, esiece.lmai
cxttetrdturarmugeuin aerliber dia
lume. La ce!i'.'r kloftftri hordd+
orazulmodernseaflEtemplullui
Anon-Ra de la Kamat, Endrinatreului
srxre,una dinrtt celetul {rapoftante
divrnitlti ale fuiptului Entk. Co'nstruir
in jurul anului 1900tllr de cetre
Strottir I, un frraon al Dinqftiei X[l
tn timpul Regatuluide Miiloc, flu r
incetat s[ seextindasi sdr€ schimb*
pdni h recolulal lV'lea d]h Fiecsre
ftraon doteesI"Filare amFrenta
deosftcetamplul ll1iA$rdr-Rarellst*
concepiiafinticAEcgipt€nilor€6dprd
lumii- $rqul erasuucturatpe douA
Nor.ui Re$t, btre l5?Gl0?0tHr. ara a:rade la est la resr careurlneTea
$riielirurik uri+tilor au d€venitpiese treiectori*$lrftlui, simbol11rahrrii
Etorrce.PdmiicEleEulreqq lnin diyine a luclurilo4 isJ ara de la nord
ac€6telocuri au ftr6rcdlltqdi greci$i la +ud,nergealn paralelce apcle
romaniln perioadaProlemeilorf au Nilului +i *t tcfetcala tcdroriu +i
L5*r tn urm{ a.elFuqn 2 000de frsfiti frrE{lis $uvffanuhi, pri$ carefaraorrl
scriiditepe petepimvtrunlorleraoitcr reprerrntafi,r:iuneadintrc tot {E era
drr Vslt€ fugilor Pcltngl rccrtea, diviE$ omene6c.d a cA i exEtent{
Feefleneecjeln fenkisnE,dFrlolt, Bsigulslnoapedtstea tteatului.
liciltr:, rrptl qi altelimbi. Toateacestea Mai la rurl,furvatraerrlulur
suhadin'rds cll rtrl€fie EgiFtului€6 pe stdngal Nilului seafll
'mlul
dejaleeen&rehainte de sri cleFtifli, ternplull,'lr:ror,conitruir ln timpul
Srriitoniantici$eci PausqnrsE domnieilur Arneahorepa-llfiJea
Sftston sl Diod'r'rdi$ Sirllia au (l3S6.1349 LHr.)ti cart rm legar

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103101

i lJ9
ConfolmmErtuliilordln Fallru+un,
cultullui Amon din M:rreteTemFlt lui &sw d Jl.iPos ndicl t
dE 1r Kdrnik iuJl nici fir:ri mult, d.i
marputinde l0 000deprcoti.Odati l]8lB I,iru sij,5+rd&
pean,cu ocaziaiErhatoriizeifeiLh€t,
pr€otiiscoteau ritatuialui Adiondhl tm+ ddrnb*iktu ld 4h&n
rl rarsi o Furtautntr.o procesiune t nrl.t 4 rrydfdC d 5 fit
la templuldin Luxorpe un fel de
barcddin lemnaurit.

Hr4.q!*{ s dl,r,tuftirF,*

ndJ6( d Nt&!i,ruLI

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
1 0 311|

1) uir :, ,,1:,it,tr .. L1 r r r ir r t:,r r i tr rir ' { r r r r r . .1r r :l+ r r :i !i !:,i r i ( ( i l i I


fr rlru i fiiiuLLr -L:-tiirrlr !.ifrrr | ,,r r ir r s l ,,l \D fnh,r i r r :,1l l l Li ,
t:rrff:nil:i lt 1rrLr,r1frrr 1! L_ifnl,ri;l ir r r llL, l c l j .l c :l r tr : " i i r ;r r l r t.r t,:
,i^ g n , rrl, l, iriL rr[ | ] r1 r ri' r(ir . f { i' .ri :n Li i t ,r r ni L r l r Li :Ir r :r Lr r t
,trrrji f r, , ! : rr. --\ I t f : r, t . : 1 r lll-lu :iLlir i:r rL" r Ir :r ftt k ,r r t'!Lr ;rr t,!r i :
'r.:r L , ' r' r : I . , ; rL L :. llir. L , . rr' ( ' r r ;i:r r l .r ti tr r .l .,tl r tuL
.\i c r l r F r : r
tLx $ r rr r t r r, n i, | : r, r{ : i f . L ( irl 1.,,:.,lL.:it,:l:,,
,1.c,Li.,,,r
rr. r,rLl,::r
.ri . r t , , f rlif iru r ir r. l. rr. i h , r, !l- llr l,'" ." n, :1atl r pr r uuhi
tr i;il: Lrt rtr.t r.:i.irr:trJur r r nr f r : r nni fi r | r ,,i tj ' .r i 1 :t:l ;tl r f
'itr
l!rir1 . I r. r\ r ir, : t rL l' jt L irir ! ' lil . i,.r r u r j 'L i fr r r fl r nr r :l l r l r ,1. l Lni '
'1Lt
nr n ! ! r I ' i. a . 1i' { rllriir. i: r iL . rr. li Ar r ' tr r .L r t tr ;r pJ r 1;nr r r ;r r l t
i 1, r :+ i r r r ,,fi r .:r r l t| ,11R r nr ( .
;';rJ u rI I u |I r (' : : " ' rJ rri . L ' n r r II ) t::r .'\Ir r r nhr r ip :r l IJ .L:Lr ;r
..r :I r, , , l : r rr: ri: ,| . i, i r. . i . i t u rl: u Sr : i I tLr t:r rr r r r r - i r r r r r .i LLi 1',:
.:{* i ti r . r r r ,r ' rn lr r i.1" r ,' r lr - irr f i L l . . i : n : , l i , { L r1 r \ l r r r F . r j t f
'
j ,ri r r r irr :1 ..rr :Lr Lr r ,:r iLr i' r : :r " lii : r: : ri r L ' r { r i , r \ r , r ,i : , 1 1 ! li , ! ( i I
'
u , Lr r :r lr ir : r r . \l lf:r ti t:r r r x.. .: frr.i: \i iii irint::] rinri
:r4 ia:, ' I tlLr :l r r :.1 r r ,r r r r r r r . irt ' . iJ r i t r r L .Jr i i , r r : , . r n i il , , i
r.l :i:nir :cr r i\ r l t,: r , r .,,i,1,: r : i r
, p ;.1:ir r r . ,r .1r ::r .lr :r t:: r .:,t r r r ,!:
l r r ir r r r:,.' t.r r r .,r :,i..:r ir .r ii
.rr :l .l 1r ' 1r ' f f.r :1,,1
I i,r ,:i r r ul,.L. ,: til:.!,,,,:,
u i i 'LLr r li, ,r tli .t r tr !r r ,i r Llu,L,
'r

!.
.!-,p
r+\ .
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103121

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc 103131

J42

Cr.ltoate Ecestea, Est5ri,la fel


€ ln Antichitare, fuimeTebeis€
dEt€'reafi,rn FnnciFsl,Veii fugilor
ii, htr,o maimrd{mi.ruri,Vfti
Re8ixelol,cc]c doudnecroFdl€
Itrcllilsie de ,:erlalrdpsrre a derlului,
Intte telt drruEselntind necropolele
civik, incorufl dcfiumite
"Erormintele
nobililor", Acestacstern ansamtlude
500de mormintecaresepor distrnge
de monnintelcrrgalgF4Rarhitect[r9
lor pi prin decorafunile modeste,
Valeafuginelor cupr*le lntre ?5
FiE0de ftrrd-rninte ah dinartiilor XVlfi,
XH gi XX ln c*e sealll nu numai
soliile.ci +icopri saumrmbnrfimrbei
fara,rarului, Ac*te irclud merrmnele
regineiTi.i din Dinairia XIL tEn[lul
Khsem$,es., sI FAtruleafiu cl1ui F. nres
al ll-lea ri Amenhilhopeshelfiul lui
Ramreral lll,lea. Totuli, .el mli f*ifirls
gi cc*rsrderat unul dinrrecelemai
liumm* din tot EgiptulAntic erte,
h$ ftdoialg,rel el lui Nefer$4 EoFa
firunirEa lui Ramreral ll,ka. Rfttii si
pleknul cerrruluisuntcompletacoperigi
cu scenein qrrercginir uctamai
liumoarl dintre toelt'', fnvqmSmat!
ln elh Fipufiando (0rcanl de aur
lrnpodobitlt. u penEde rrrltur, esr€
ft$otitEde divlflidd eBiptene.
3+tJr.J tiidrjir

dt$ LFJ & nimdiid8

ll{Mu kTIl[ Jdr*4d s ,h,{""{.t,* *1"" h


"0d

E bsus l w w w .habi ta r e s . c o . c c
| 0314|

?r
ii.r
r' lE$
il

i+i
'i
l*la
l!'--

l*iI
|u rl
t-+l
rfi l

'".' f:li:rlr

=
",i
L
.i
.{.

!l !
I
I
i-.'
. r l: . 1' .t

?i'
103151

;'rl'!

tli
ttrllflti, s
l.tr'l$!
\'l ;, r R.Lil,. L'tui . L! . : ir rJ , i! r. r
,l:rr nuLrti: ft,:rlL.rr,l. i lL . . r. u rn lf
! iL LrrNr:iii 6: .lE ri\,,,1 . \ 1 , lrr
i, rnt, r!,1.',!it( f .lniirf.cii rl.
nrr,r,u: q. .irr r:(i' rLr rt, t f iiriL jr
nrnIr Jrrrrt m r,r! un.L r ru r: r jin rf ] L
frtrrruirrtrt,fL.lrrt io*rif i F rin i I
r,rr:x,rr.i,:r
J ir,,tirurrr:ir.'rrrir: ir
crrrp,lr,: i'r'r ;r,rl.,rlril lLr:LrLc"
LI l ,uL:nL:rlI .li i j j r' l i l 5 l l, : r t , . ir : rL
llinrrriiriX\ lll, tL liLr.irJ\l : Lr
r.r rr\: a,f,i. JL,f,i l,'nrL : ln iL rI
riL r
unirr:r,:rl :,1 r:r 5r rrl l t c * rL L . rt L .

t':
r1
fl
\l
'ri

".i
1 :trr, rL Jt i :d r[l u : S i r,r :1i,.
1,,tr .,,
n rir,! r:r,. l;irLrrr-lniii!
r' itt lt n . rr: rL f t rl" :
i rri H .rtrc i rr
t r: Trr:,.. r lt : lr . i, : : r [ i
I : lrllr;r:L.rr;Ltl.iir: r.:n nrl nt, r,,1,..-
Pl:rnL I ,lc ,.r!fLrrrrirrL nr,nrDrrl.:r
+tr thf.,'r::t",[:r; ir rcrcrrL.irrriLr,lL
"
i r r ri .,!n L L ,rn l ,r.L L .,l .,,r i:: I r r .r r L
: . r Jti L ri ri .n rrL . L rrrrri n r r lt' r r r r r r .
u r , L rr q .i i r {r L {:li i i tl l (r i jLr r t:,r i r r :
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103161

srrcr#nsul&Pr}nulut.in acralt} sccoluluigl XYIIl-lea de c[ue rElqglrul i:Eurruun prolt fri:rl pri$ {offrshsndtr
.amer[, o]tlform ftlqre1drnE8ipt l reruit Claude Flcard, r€ir a sorfuaici lI1 ctl obiecteantice-
Antic regrl€st trrrnlformetntr,o l?36. Llnul dintre primiierroFenicere DeFimrrlredinFe comorileVIii
rndraredi{nit. Rre!{i erauFcoFerilcu F desenn!lmn8minleTeheia trjst ReErlerau fe5rtrldale, invlrHlii
fiaueliefuri multrcolon reprerentnml artistotdanerFrederihLrdwig Nonlen, eu ptni [u todtdbuk deci$ivllr
uieF de sFoi+icllf,rorixpr cer€o urmetde fucherdFococke. cerer descifrareahieroglifelorli la stFtturile
intreprindea farironul penfru a ajungcln rchftaro harH detBliatEa VNiiRegikn din capicalaegipteanirlin.5aqolele *l
agatul lui Osiris In secolulal XIX-lea,p mrsurr ce XlXlea +i rl XX-lea.in slhrlit,ln l9?1,
ifl c"lmea glotiu sale,Ttha ,,s!il 'cglplerfl $ndcFirdcrlAnluiEln dupll rece,ni de mlrncdasidul.
repftrenra t umJulpurerii eglptenr Europa.nrL:nuurentelr de la Tcba Howard(Ian* a de*operit ultimul
iar pentrugeci ti mmani em un lrc al atr{geauarheolagi,invi[ai ca Pros!€r mormint, flrl ind<ialaunul rjintre cele
minundtiilor,Jar,dlph cucerirea!trrii Joil:is 9i EdouanJr1eVillie$, arthti ca rnri lasaintrnte
i turi hi{trff}rse, d1n
de cirrf aribi B c&ur h uiHre.A {(Jst David Rober*, filrl lmi mrndonr] VsleaRegilor,momr5ntullui
redesco!f,ritIdo,rrls tn{epLft[ muhi vi:rtstorilqsifi de s4mpulecare Tutankamon,fareonulcopil

.r+{.i15tueiire

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 103171

trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc
I
i I
{

t#.ffiffi
il+l*';

I
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l031el

Monumentele
nubiene
dela
qiPhilae
AbuSimbel
EG I PT
Gr,.rrrir,lrtrlNTllA5waN
A uL lN*Ecrsrr{Bul9l9
Cffift ; C ll) (1 l (!|}

l4$ A r*,n"no*
* Lrl o (listantade Zi]Sdenletn
doudle'ridesni p€nff s remlrna de rlnFla.\dmrntui orieinal.
cempania lansard
de UNESOCln1960 Pcntruaceasrd opfl-allune
l)tnttu lr stlv, fiegnifi.€le temple+lela cofrFlexA,ilu flst reiate15 000de
Abu Sirnbel. Construitc pe malulrr:tng ronede piare in I 036 de hlL:curi
aJNiluluiln urmocu pesteI l-50de numerotlrecu griil, irJ ln dcauft,ul
ani decitrt Ramses al ll-leaii in Frdr€suluis au lnJfFarrar100000 dc
lntri:gim(,srulprririn:idul de pierri, tone de piatre.AFoi stnLcturileau
templele sendnla ?81de Lilomem {rxt rear"rmhl+re,reconsrruindu - re
la sudde Aswan,Liarnu desrulde 9i inelul mufirorr{irliurul templelrrr.
deprnedeLxul under.a urnstruit Aceea+isoertlt a aeur,o 'li remplul
mrreleLar.rjrle pe Nil. Femesurl mni prrfin faimos,dar h fel de
ceapclccrettcdtrln $patele Ll€ului, important,de la Phrlae,situat
Lmrryn i'sd{ (}t{?idn h
devenea din ce in ce mxiclarcl Abu intre mardt h.rrai1i h:rraiul Aswm,
Simbcl cr.i itl Feri(r . S-x holi$!, fi rernFlele
Frecum del* Gef
deti. stc;itnan'rr trmplelor, Hursein,
Dakka,Amada, Den,
delaranlbla rerr lor ti ret,lnsftuifte Kalatsha,Qar ihrahimf \9adi
ls'Sabua,inidal cunoscut*tb
uumele,le lui AmLrn'
-C*sa
Llrliftdin coFsiderntiehnirl ci
fuiptul.r Jcnat mai muhe remple J+r l-{9 EhIc}J&h
minorc unor tllrl in semnde
mul;umirepennu aiurrrrulncordat
in cadrulopraTiunii de salvare,estr
[mpcr! cArde muir aceapcrlradl de
do[il:cci de rni a mr ific$rEcdgrafia
rcchii Nuhia,Ttmplul de la Dehrd.
&inrt SFaniiji,Frumserfl! I!
Madrid; ttnplul de lrr Denduru
aflI la MarmpolilafiMu$rurl {lin
Ne*- York templulde la El-Lrssiya
s afll in Mu:eul tgipteanrlin Ttrrinoi
pornr talnplrrluiJe la Kalrhsh*a ale fluviulrri, dind na.ttereunei
plecntln Mureul Egiptenndin Berlinr civiiirad!dcsruldr sofbticare.
intre
iar temphrlde la TalTaeeafle la snii ?0C0.1559i.Hr..ftgiunm ers
Rilksnuseunrvrin uJheden Euvefifttider€gatullcrma dirl
din L('idcn,Olands. upropiere,dar e8iFieflii U inceF r
lsr+rir Nqbiei !Rsr?lrgiune $ll si elercirc influentspesreo
detErticl dr-a lun$rl Nilulri, care pattedin Nubir de Ia inceputul
ffupil RErtI F!fte:: de lud a Egiprului mileniuluiel ll,lea l.Hr gi,practic.
gi o psrtedio Sudan are sFfirspe su domirur-oin lrrul anului
iasemii de ani. LrEuirearesiuniir I l0O t.Hr Regiuneai-a im{:rcsrrpe
in€eFuiin jurul anuh .1800i Hr. femonidintl-o seriede motive,drt
Jc cltre populap scmrnrmadecorc cel mqr imF,rtanf lucru, era bagaftr
trepte!s-a! ssez:rtF€ malutilefrrtile ln nlft'lr pretidas€$i Firtdl d€

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
103201

Fi
lf.
.1 ;

*,
*

, IF\
]
t

. ': ; r.. [: L l.,,t., r,:*;


'Lr
: : : 1 : , . , . r.. ,:..',..1 .'" r ,:, ,,
r . t : i r r I i . rL :'::
' l : r r i f 'r!: r: i . I l .:.'.. !., ,,.. :1. r r
r l ' r , . : , i i .r ':1.,. ' r'.rr'r.' ,lr ,
,, l .r' \rl ri .,, l:r .
l r r : r r , tL r; .:rr,:rt r,;' 1 ,, r r ,
i r L . . a : r l tr r . .'1 .: :" r f r r l
.t,,. rt ,,;.,t r:r.rrr,ti .,:r
. \ . r i | \' r '1 ,.1 r' ! :,r 'i rrr:rf:,l
ir i'r-rr. ri :, r,' r..r',:.:r. l
. l ' ; r r r r',' i : Ir:i r., . J.'-',i r 'r..,!:
Itril: r.iir ! - r !.,rf.r:!-,: r!
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 103211

in ciudahngu seleistorii 9i a cu ufl alt templutna1ftic irrchln t lui


leEEFrilarputtmic€ tle regiunii Nc6rtil1 ti *ifei Hathrx,Rfada im+nrl
cu ffitul famonilor,aprmpetoere a tmrplului principaltAiardin rtiff{ re
dinc'e celemsr imFortentetempledm ndicula 30 de nesi in:l+inE 3reo
Nutne aDfd6trrjtllttuite tn perio€dl Itrlimede 16 de mcrd;rste decara!cu
Nlllllld Rtgrr,ln nmdd€{6ehirin paaustaruir:rtmalelrraltcde !0 de
perir'sdadinartiilorXVIII li XIX nretr" r€prEeNfuduJpe Rnlrl$es sftd
(15{8-l186l.Hr). Dferip faraoni pe ron +ipunlnd cr:noona dGlE a
au coht.lbuir Ie cofistrircfh loEdEr fuptului deSuss deJoc.Sr$uik mei
Fer{e4lun€aafiisticAfl fas! stinsi rub csrcsiaula picbsrele]ui Ramses h
'1|1ci
Rafisesal ll-lea, csre a ddmnit lffite ftprerinrl p€ mernhii c€inr3i aFaopiifi
l??9-lZl2 i.Hi .l5rud decelecinEiori ai farniliq.frraonului.Unul dintre
xse soriialcsah,unadinue acestea ffind EceFEa ffe nls5ruil€ lui Nef.rtariL
faifloassNefe(ari lbate templele# iff ttlelalre frgurilt eprezintt Femarna
la DerEC'erfHlus€inii '$adi aJ.S€bua, lui Ramss.,relerei flice Brrei d,:i fii
]50 toate au 6rt conrtmic la o'rdinullui B€"iareliefunle deFe t1onrtprerintl
Ramreseausl demmmrilorsd! FgEtele+ipdFoershcucrritet' riffpul
C,clmaiimFesio{ranteste,df,6iguri csflpqnllor milt{le ale hr*oflulut
o !il's Ehm dhon 60 remglulextraodinarde la Atu S'rnbel, DearuFramiitaculuiinE_{rnlfl
conjmrir ln aelde'rl Ereirtsigi pstnrlEa templu,sealh inregifierEdlui Ra
l Eldamniei sak ill45i.Hr) lnpreund cu capdr g,rimrau Ra-Haralhn,*ul

* flSlJlii,tu,4nE{h:rl!r

l:idn4llIjlli hixflrefli

dp !t'* otsai la$,1&

trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc
la322l

'\-

t
ta

* L.
10323
,I
i

:
\.', I

t,t'

rl

,li1

i)
/,
E bsus l o324l

loan. Pecomirjniur*n,).rrr a fupJci, v: Tirnp rlc rt++le.Ahu Sinrhcl


aflE2l de smtuinprr:r:mtlndl,.r'hrinr a f(rstuitit pina {ind, irLftlsflie
ih inr('nor,rmediardrFtriestihul. 1810,tuF,i.rrs!l rllsto.li explorntor
seefll,J irnenslselt hiFortila,rrldnutl tlr.qi;rn lohann LudwrgBrrrcherdt
de oFt etalFi.rFilleni,.nre duct lRtno a descoperi{acestLr, Dotr tr rn
u Jouash hiF{r$ilitrnA1mit6. iar aFoi .rn inaintr, BuncharJrrrdescripertse
cerepr€cedr6clld.
un lrl ddilcx r.a$rihul P.tra ill Ionleniu.catiral+legrndari
Aici, p+ un r4i{ 4hiri seaflnustaturlc ;r nahtienLlor.l-e Ahu Simh€I.rfu$i,
celormai imFrtrnti p.rtmai n Burchardtnr: a Futut delil stradnrlre
eprrcr:Ftrh rlin Mrrnphtu,,:rreevee f:rg.r.hnronumcnrrhdin cxtcrior.
l..'Etrtur;.hr*Carulm{rlilor, Amon-Ra dcrurccr rntrsr.-rela hllrciltAde nilif

iin'Ii-ka si Ra'Hir?khri Jin Hel'orolis Lh'i ffi mai rfrrriu,un alt rilar r,
(AflAnJ(ri:ei s(nrei ii Ran*s inru+i, rnrirarul elrgle.WillianrJohn Bank,
ft:rLriiri re ;rrihui o rieineJiliutl- ins+lr de irlhnnul Lilov*nDrFrnsri.
Rrlirin ELniplutui.tio$ irtfel {ahulatl a roqit sil nrtrr ln rnitul tenrplu
cl de d,;uilori pe at il ;rrii :ilehndc idchirur lui N"cfertAflA mai f(.6t
l0 lrb.uarie|i lll ictomhric- ra:clc trc!.oi+de doi nni. Fnrn l t llueusr
so.rrehri, Jivinitart aJ.rrntirL babLrrni, lB Lr",cimJ u .r1t*plrtrrrtor italian.
r!: FErrurulfirr sali celrrr;rLil
r cJifrrirLlui (iirEanni BrLoni. (;rre l|.l.reF€niru
FaniI[r .rjlh +rsAltminc?estntr lc clnsulul enf;legHenrySirh,a rcr-rrit
ftraonrhri ii ikr ?rillr.Srrare,{nrorr.Ra ri lndeparte+e nisipultdtu bld{r
ii Rr-HnraLhti Statuiului Praher,l irtr.ro., ilupt o lunl Jr munce
Jorr uror rrrins"lde lurnirl siflrclui, .qreu.{i r tlihrtar murunfrtrilede la
drr nicir\dxrA':omFler luminlrtil. Abu Sir*btl dhr ,inchisoarer'lor

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 103251

Volubilis
MAROC
MouL,tYlDxlt5ZtRjt('uN
A![rL lNdE6rs-r[1{fi I 997
c (n)lr! (l!l {u)
CRrTsRfi:

II
Yol"hil'-r aflela a
"e
altitu&ne de 4 Coode merri treo
cempittriunBhiulara mtuginitfde
r54 douAcursuritorenfialede aTq,
uerlulFerussa pi udul Khonane,
Eerberiiti ryunOualili,dupefloarer
viu colcrEtA carecrettepe campurile
din jurul 3.i€!rrii. Ac€srpeisaihuaiic
9r{err rtrteeplmtnrului protattl
i.a irprlit pe romani6$,I asasineft
Ferege,Ptolerneu,{i $t cucateasct
ces+rea in +nul40i.Hr.
Cu tdstr cI VolubdGfttr
fsimoastpf,naruruimle ssleromsne
(defi,Fenrrua,rrea{$nfurie,arabii
i-aurFurKrar Fharoun,
"Pala+ul
Fs.ronului", drrdrittrmHre+fu
i
monumentclorsale), a f*r, de
{"pt,fondatadecerreo popuhfiedin
Marritaniain ssolul rl III-leaLHt,
cu mult l$ainte ca r{lmanii sb
trceqp[ cr.rcerireanondului Afn(ii
Dn perioada celor pestedor:a aecole
ln Edrea [o$r indeF€ndenti au rimas
pulift luffuri, cu excepliscfi(oryr
frs*mente ale temFlelor de cllt punic
Fi a unui misterilrr rumu!ue. Romanii
ru inreR€nitch15rarupn pe$sjului

tlcofliutAror, dohorendcop€crpenrru dur Algens.AcenstserEllnpatrtEln


a faceloc p€ntru ceeaceaveas* doD[ rone, una de apuscu {apita]s
dEvinE re8iuneacea mai de velt la'fingr (ari,Tan€Edri aftade risari!
a imensuhli gt{nfi al Romei subcEnducererreet'Iri CaeisJs,
I[tr-.o scunl perioedEde timp, ]fulubilis, cerq a ijum sl rihl o
lmFllarul Cleudiusa extinsdominelia FoFLetie de ?0 000 de locuialri,
Ronei a:uprauneivarterrgiunrcinr fomattr rhn nrmeni, cartaginrar,siieni,
crpnndeaMarrrculdr astlri lio F*tre tflheri Fi€vrei, r fosr ddhrt! ls mn€u1

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
w .habi ta r e s . c o . c c 103261

de rn nrc4u{m$, $n[ in anul


:85 d.Hr,a cres'rrrt
exFonenFal,
de e:$rvrrc,lu tnftpul
Opera+iunile ti5
in Mirroc.in Feriorlds ptolc.ro$tului
fixm€. $i conttrut ii estlli. In Fre:enr,
sipdiurilcau sco+la i$eill rnii muh de
j$mltfttr dia cele40 dc hrcttrc pe [ir,:,
ad*ta,seinhndcaor:]+ul. Crle mri man
fl ili(tri aduseFlsNlui orait]hd
darcsil,lin secolulld.Hr, dnd au l'jst
PavatestrA?iti s-aucmslruitbel li
temr:leln 168-169d Hr,lrnpf,raflrl
MurcurAurr:liusa oolonatca trraFul
r[ fte doGt cu un ?jdde apd*rr. cu
opt Forli Cu tr).rtcr(rsretr,teh nr3i
imJxrnante cleJinpublices-au.+lrstrrtrt
in rir+ul Jffiastieil$iAleaandnl
Sererusll9l,ll5 d.Hr.l:forumulicr.t
Lrsuprahglde I ll0 ilc meri pl$qtr),
rF irderetrl $ baiihcr lhchinatAlui
lopitr, Iurrorlciqi !llinervei.Ca ler,m
darE
dereculroirinrtr deirrFnraru
I
Caracalla, pentruftFtulrE a atotdar
Iocuitorihr din \totubitlsrangul r:le
t(t5+enironrani.in Fnrtl2 I ? rlraiulr
comtruir rn arcde tnrmfin tnrrrrttrrss.
Z(En reziJentielS I r]rafuluiprelintl
numen:as+ cuproareJr pfine, prere
dc ulrr si csseluxoa*. Caselerle pe
decr{runuJrrdimr bEntii d aten[it
sprciall, in qecul Casrlui Ephebus.
c.rrearc un m+ll]ica[ lu Baffhus
tn$-dn car dr luFtatrasJe pantcf{,
CasaColrunelnr,denurnirdasdeldupi
srilundiu prnic -
coloanelein rhft:ritr.'
unclc sunt rpitalate piCaralui
Venus,carr a lost decomraru cclc
mii ele8intemolni{uli ditr orEF

t5J.J"rj[dril!
GB tuiJ iL HJul Ji iii i,r

Fdl'; rr rrl rflrr rl4' !

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
E bs us{ itares c0.cc l o327l

]56

Sprcdccsrtirc rlt malorit.rtea scurmp,:rir:,rdr,$ti:np cniul a ftxr


or*gtlorJin pn*incie,nx ftni AIiicB. .xpi$:li FrirnriJifl Lt5riimurulmnni:
!+lut"ilisnu a fustahandonat in din l{rrrr. subldnssI L;rm**tea
momrntulin cares.a prdhurirt imrcriul, a(estuia. liul strlrldrissal ll-lea,a
iar pupul4|,l,car'j u imbrlt4rr rnut,rt caprtatula Fez,irr prlriFjnlatr.l
ffetdnis rultn mssl tn J rul a ulurtd-T .flltii V.iubil.i' a llc*pur 5I Je.adI
a continuatsavorh€af{:llatinl pi'lI la niirH cind.lnrr- n liI]nl, a fost ptrr?,iirll
sr:urraanhil(rrin secalul;rl V .lea.O lfl FuIn ri$F duFi rDul 1000.

E bsus w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 103281

lt?

c0.cc
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc l032el

Timgad
AL GERIA
Fxovtr{d,tDd'rr.r
AIUI. DITIG|5IT,ASIi
1982
Cftrrnr,C{){d(rv)

rr
I
J58 In zilclenoasm,Tungrd
eFtenumeleulruim{runt sarde
pEstonc" doerrei $"rede s"llee,
r6ear pe plaro[l de6tric difl lnun+ii
Auresla o altirudinedc pt+retr0il0
demetri.Nimh din cesacesevede
istSli nu nui a.ai5 c{, LnAntichi6t€,
valestn carese Eqdgarulfirstr,eEdt
de fertih lnc6t sapermitglocEirodhr
6i ob+in5mari Ftoducldde Br&nesi
m5:lirx, din caresr otpirrceun ulei
foffte spFecistfurRornssnticd.
T'mp dr r€€oL, €ceipAstori s6umri
ilegrahl strlmo+riacestora- au tinut
srcrelEldcat|3cet5fiiThrrnugadi, un
rxal romsnpr iuln$tot€ln€nrFatde
nisipuflleSsharcipurrst. dc 1{rr.
in modiustiGcat, ow
"echrul
Timgedesrccon*iderer,,Frmpciul
algerienu- A foct fondetln aaul
100d.Hr de cdtrelmpiratul Traian
cu icopul de a primi drn Lqt4
"ereranti
?flk Ai.Bsrtd.MdtE vrcmea fo6tcal
rnai marErvanp{xt rcrDarln Numidi4
o regiunecucerfteln timFrl domniei
lui Cear 9i locuitl de nomazicare
nu FrcatrFlegcEu i! $c $uF$ll
obiff iu lor cuceritoril$. Canstruit
coform ptanului tradipiorialal int€riecthi aici seaflaun ftunr,R ln Fiada cErapaves!flstrSlilr
unui .nlrrum rmnan{r avandinqial o forumcorutruitFeo pladtrml cu in aFroFiereaForlilor arculuj.
supr€fuddc ll hectate,hr doarcllteva rm loc de trecetecu coloanecate, Rurlltle lui Serdur"$eaflr
"preFi
decmii s-aextinspe o euprrfolt de lndiegonald,duceedr le interseclie la o micf distrnlEde ricul de rriumf.
50 de hectarefl a deveniro bert de ls te€trul de 4 0C0de locuri.Csscle Decoaetf,cu motive cere rellectA
aF?l.are p.Ftllaril cu soldalilflr'un pqricienilorefrDcotEt.uitede-a economraoadtuluibazatdpc rornerf
rxq de 20 000 dc ]o€uiro'ri, cfro{ lungrrlclii 6'rnlur,toalt aeAndtn +i egricJFr{, pi.F era acoledrd, cu
ambttieera Edducevrsfs raffnatE hlE un ponic. Coles&flamnn*i svea o lrvu ccntrsl5 rectEnguiEr[
trpicl a unui ora+hfloritor de coloanede o parrcqi de alta +iducea irrconjuratdde reigfuleleprivtrlii.lor
oliundr tr prrlvinciil€romrnr ta anut de trium{ at lui Treian,ctl mai te fet ta nulte coloane care ao
tr{odelulE{difionsl cu cIi de Eraes rEbrefmo{r'lnrefi!rnd{. dirl Tinrgrd, susfi$urftoF{rbu.l Fl*FAi,nulte dinae
perpendiculare carcpomeadr la doud Arcul aveao faladdcu trei trecc cu pl5v5]ii suftttDceintacte,iar reLrfurile
6rr5ripdnctpsl€d€.!.fidr d ErduJ boll €{Utdtlcedrtpte, doudfere$Be produselorpe carele vindeausernai
prrr.ind o curioa$Evananti ls Timgad, falseii partu coloant corintice,dar Elt ,vedea pe ele,in apropitre,doud
drosreceacerteaseintersecteertLan flticul ce exirtise ()(latl drarupE dnrtre coloancb<rrrinriorah ftrladei
Fir€Bintenec+ie+i nu continui aFoi. sri:uiuia fostdisnuc.Urmelel6satE templuluiltrchinetlui ]upiter,lunonei
Centrul rxr6uiui sealla tn accastt rh rogih carelorre mai pot vedca ti MineF€iin : maistauln picioaE.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103301

i$JJq fal flrr-irllig.rar

I
It

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
1 0 3 3| 1

f-\

Lartaglna{_.,

T U NI S I A

, 1.'
habi ta r e s . c o . c c 103321

rI
I:r 1'.ri*rJrIIS.l |'r i.l'h-. rLin,iB.rrchrirl sarl{ruanrl hri ll'hri,
tiftd rl fcflrrrl rdrtqitu: Hn'rnihRl L":ul rr: e .c.ruk]cinhrmnri rt|unlL'.
ft fr:1!'cr5rrAllnr t,r 1a!r)rrrl urrdi 1r.'Lrrul ur r * rrflr tttnplLrlinrhrtrat rirrd tr:rili-frrrFLi. J6l
;rrtr::rre
Jc 18u'0Ctle rr'Llari.I 0rl0 ,ie Jitirrirlrilx |tnirknc Bq:rltiT$Ilir.{:r
crurlcn;ti1 .rpnr,,rpe40 rt+rlef,rnli. nlinRlF iri Ls{.n.fiFlf dji iniriti, eriu
I'[.rnul hi rrn ir': tlltrtc crmn t rital J satrificni trpii rri mrhlinrii .trftrijineie.
IniirniLlL{ !Iu. sl tuftriri,{l Ranni} Ji tltrrifir.rtc irr l9ll urrrrmrerr1tstlc,
silFrriir(onnolu !ledirrranci.Frhnelr <arcau f<rstrfu;rt4.arr,a$ *lnrribrririn
hitrlii !-ru J,f F( rinrlTrehhiir,lingat pot+ firirtct+g+rerohiceiurilr rlirrcp(rJ
Lrtul li.rsirrrtrrosi Lrl}mrur ii Fir.! stl Un hr;in Jnr epnpitru r nlrni, Ftr+innlri rrlniill nk@+r I JI
fir in i.1\'crL' irrirrcgiciILriHrrrni['.r|, h m,rJdr cet;rrr,csrr rrx ca it r:!firlrs
Jin
Lhr ile inJrra te a rtLrnslr Frrlrle ttle Jorra!nr;rriFxturi toLl:rcHl:i
t(rnrci ;r fLr*intir:i:rt Lir rfirr,rl;r nriliinr .rrL rLr,lnt nHrefk Cnn;r$nri.
rnniueir,rl(,ft:ftlctrul iiuril i;rpnrIt* L}i|l Lrlxrcrr
Rnftrrrii,rufli nlni nrflltrj
inanriLrI n ir!'u(1nr\.ri! ser('(!rg$ni:r':(: lutruri Jr rii: . cunr sLlntYsrri{iilc
a.rtfr:lcrnllicnrl r Errt.r'linnm). nnrtnrin nrirrilorbili nle ltri Alrtr]niDUe{onst ritr
tuiic,r. Lr r:Lrull0+. ,iupi cirlcisFrcrrcr: innc rrnii 1j{ ri 161 i.Hr. Ai'iri re
rru JL rIrl\i ncLrrirrupt,Sc$i{} $\rr{ r l:J,.:.rnurrnlihl:,i, r,ur{ tl nlrl
(firtLrI
Arricnnr:l,r ailur r nriLreirrftingtr* fcnrru irrdllkrilc .rrfLror k'r yL
cnrnrfiine:ilor la Zarnn,inr cetntca
eArtiunrcir fu$ fhhHltn snsclrtJt'a.
15roriiLjErrqinri rlrr, llr F.in.iFl,
fbrnrruslF{ntnr epl(r\h[ rind rrupele
sale r-au opLLrh.gsmonifi R,lmci ilr
rx'lrrLr 1f t i ril: l' o liE I r! n ic r. J rr
{rtit+a dirt4iiii {u ccl pudrt lrr!.c sut(
ile rur mriJerrrmr hr moJ.rflL:iir[.
Jin
rnul,614i.Hr L+gcn.hrpLnre Jerpre
tttLrt.i C.rrti*inLi c. .1li,st iirnJrLt,r Jc
DiiL,. cirrr ,, iLilfxr Jirr crErrcirlir
dufi cr lJrgutrlilln ftiLt,':lc ri. i x lrcir
solutncntru,r lrtlua tr,rnrl n F.Ft,
pn:l'rrf.il un sL p .lc txihri, Jupl Lr
tlftr t( (tLt irr lntr-rLJI lil frrii crtrl(d
iii tn lilti rr t n. i,l
ta n i ri rn l, nr i cor ) sr r uT ( r n{ } lr i!ir l!"ir a
ldJ iH". i{rt nl, r,* I}L (rlfirtx TunislcrJr:xrrlli
Irr tirt n'inr nL o'ri rllD'dsfrnDnri
ilin L'rrirrr Funi{i] r (jffrxgiD.'i; o}i
l.rhnrh !r's r r lrf ii inriii r t,rr tJnrurn Ji +iirr+(nniui.
idr rtlli. in oni1J.lnlihl: rlc .rrttu drrhi
trr i!tn' xrrLtlri ?ir0i.HL C(h mri
inreres+nrr
r n$s+{fur**tr JeJlulBitlrl.
rnLlescrlla mnrprh - h rer vr.nre
nrorrlrr:rrr $ rn riLl.Jear.1rx.. 5-ru
gi{Ji({i{{r'ir r[$nrintc. il.rr {urrririLr u
l':-irit|!r.r\,irfuitnrcir.n\rl,.lrnrnc.iiliri (
-rit}ii{irilt cu tanrcrtrprhli+.Uoelc

E bsus I w w w ,habi t a r e s , c o , c c
E bsus 103331

J,:J Tirci CJ'!i rurilf

\.

.-

al cuptrnn{or pcntru in*L aFacare Amfireattula fosrutrli:atFrntru urmc au ramardin iratrrl coHs!tuiide
rr.r tdmid{ in b:i l0 eraiLisLrprrinr,la spectac,iecrrgladlatt:ri1 luptcalr H*lrien saudin rernplele qi clidirile
rinrlul rirr srrsflnr:tde colrenecu r:n nnimalelflrrdhuticc.ErsfB|ln,rs in antlceip teri rnediterdneene-
drametrude LJoimetri lircaft rturtitihd lnrrr'rrFiluft|eft]manl ir era prranrAflt Dln {ericire.rfiintit*! ftbretki
?0 Jr trj.L. Ljtle rlinrr,:crirmrea {osr ca irild urLl dintrr {ele mni m n Lr$itfl $r pE$rrearE ln co[e(tiile
coD$rruiril ln finii DrairEcEntiFiRrEo anrliteatredin imJ*nu, Llurst5ri dbia nrureulul[aiion":l gardut de s;mtruff
lnildme de l5 metri, i.r hrlta spatiului c5reviril.il ptlntrr Fihi, LL:'rirrfrerele dcsPirer Bhur ce * alla alttun r.lr
irgrdan'un {errt tste in rrcrdstntt ti Innimuk. .lirnrcbldcurileJe piatfi crtedralaSlinr l-.uuucrrnsrruitil Jt
pnrL.rbil.rprrgc.rIs turdhiurc dt J0de arrftrt lurtr, de-r ]ungulerolekr, I lidnceriin 1890 \'lurcul r'letinevare,
':
metri L{ o mictrdi+rirnll:e efll herilica fotGitepentrueltecorotnrrlii Lr r,lrulFturi. hr$riDfii!i .eramicl
DamrLrel.Karit:r.numrlr ctrei.rEstr r:onl-r+ti1t *mlirr'rsLL,ge.r,{Eo serie descoFertein rimFUlsilptlunlnr;
prcrhafnlo frrrmr corupra B fffinu lrtinc rlc giganriceretnorre de apltcare ..esfur su ultif,rtlL'urfle ttnBlblleftle
litornusCharitari-.,unde.ltrtre199ti niigr|ri r princiF ir sullalJe :prl r ca]1ii Crt[rgind - prrni|]],mmanl sauarabl -
{tl. predta PrtafericitulArLgustin. r{jflrand toAftc $uthle :ii r'$(tqiileunui inlFrj+ Fierdut-
'iin FijrnLrd.r

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
103341

_:,:-n'

Ii

t.i
f l,;
i:

i;
i-
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103351

Dougga
TUN ISIA
Er-B
GLvERir'I}llsin]L
A{ul1i!RE6lr {Enr1997
CE EnI[C {rt {]xl

16+
D,o,*n , no,n*n,n ,u IrftrIirrarc:ilirriilerilru(rEse
Rrma.AJricr4cu trrr:r..cn olllnuluii i-n
acnrL{irtithl dr nr! r.rpr.ln(h Ltrtrr FlnrrLlFrmhitturrr or.r Lluiutt o
S€ptimiusSrr,crmin rrnulI05 J.Hr 6i ffflffrsrf slrqride cercrrer,tlrFdne E]Anl
qh$r unul rnuiFrestgiosde c$loni+ legafide {{l {.e ir firfr Fnm$l (.ire r-nad r
.n.riii.ii, in anul ?rll J.Fh, restr nu r glorie Pcntrupinr rlatr mentirma(de
un rdr.vlrar (rrx{r. rn,
flrst niriD,:lern Lllr'Llonrr Sicrilusftr {ri.r saBibliorfuu
SituatIa +'ahrtudinerle jiO ih nrcrri Hrsrr,rr*drtpt capiralarc$nrlui
Je.e{ri nivr'lulfi nrtrii, .e inrinCepc (} lihiano-trmicnumit Thukb in secolrrl al
suprrfutrJr J4 Jr htctue +i rrtn dui l\'.leei Hr, lea IScutintrzreein rtrfie
degrabicr un srt mrJirtr+ni;rl. PhnrLl J:rr(rridllu i ,rvli$$ids$fi{rFr$iimftiv
tipic srf. {+nrrarrneigrilel rnlri driri liN 149i Hr), rrmLlucrrorul 1rrtulirqiei
impenrl r frrstrlat ,ltopnrtein Frfil ren In qliii ngc rl N$miJici,cnn,ji-a
,rrlllr li5JH
Lt|reicompliL'rtl'rerrh d( dci,:u Lolllnuir !l,:rft)ufti rc;iJr:ift SLld*r
'linE+
l(r('.rinlcin;1lFiL'Jeo p:rrre+i J+ Llltrrft Lurxilrd !i ilq drnlr aslrus1r, Mrscinisslr-||
drLrmhri. .oLlstrLr ite i:stkl incfrTrii Jr3r'dltrt!ia Llevenit alirtulCart&Erftei $.
duFi.r r hrF.rrihRrride cnrragjne!i, in
SFllnur,imF{ttriunnr'rum:.h}r!r $cfiin$ur
ul)tua. l'ilr|lolla hdtSLeJri Lrilrlrlu dirl
101ilL {i,t.iFlrxde r{tnnnicu ajutmrl
r;+valeriei salea:nrrcatrfirFit$laftbifr o.
trprnsirmistcrlc cartqgntatorLlcri u
ldstun rJflrirrk RorEi, l,h$inisle
a frrsrniri nr+nrt L{eCartrlgrtli,itlrnci
rinLl a translirmntNunridiainrr-un
rcEtrltrur$rria fi c(rrurcr, A ij{dxr v*r*
(elituriiielilurtribili ii a inrr(\lustrhni(i
Funiceirtit in tnqnTil idminisfrarii
tercnuritlrr{At ii in cuttivurea grimk)r
ti lirtrlur:r*..xul.'iulfli.Inm.o$curri
FeriLlad:I, [l',iugtr].,rilrr pF]bshilnLntlra
t000JJe ltruit,:ri. seaflain centrul
inflonrrnrlur Xr.1rr-nr a[ turn*i-
Il+ntGr(Jr$$ol .Jre defitons.filllldr'
lrnrlt.leftrirlcrrtt,irr Frin1!| rind +i cu
rrar mri muh Ja E[trE(]l|s!llui Di(}nlsrr
ti Uhsr,rnh- ctr rtrfliu Llupl nrraicul
Lirc,l repre:ifttltr {:R[lar!ldin lrhma
irr+LrnjuraT {ie sirene.Asrlri, nro?ai(ul
prEt+- fi v5:ut la hlurcul Rdo Llin
Tunu.C.rs.r TriiriLrlri prn + li Lrt
|Lrrrlchrlorrlului, e+lputlDjldr{ind
tlupi stirturirJalLcn Llelir intrarr, cnrei!
ifi nrrft tnJ,]FhrtatiiLt rDtorirlfiir

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
103361

. '. :',, r::':


103371

f,
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103381

rd./'r ffihiir d Elrn

lunisierrpcntrua nu oiensa elcqflnttemplu.totuil n rc{tiDchin?t


sensibilirdtik
!i.rrarorilff usulnlani. l*nnr:ei (irlertis. o rersnne r$mmr.urtl
Cu t(Htc '.I,:crfijr, t(nlrtc intcrL'innt5 in .r iriEi lruni{| Tarlit
ptrvir4eurutului$re drgftrri eJ iriil]r Dnfiggai[c,1 irui !{srre+;i \nr l
FubtkereliEioiLse ,ji civile. Jrntrc foarterirrelenromrmentr
In cennuloratuluiw aflr PLatrRurei n umidicncpre.rom.rnt:rnau*'lcu
Vdnrurilff !.1cffr'i numepr+\'i dL'ls lihfi$o-Fuflir +l |.lnuiFrinl rumrl
relirii 1a rrei r€rcuri c{xra'itrrdce(lin AtrLriin.!)arar Fe la mijlrrcul*colului
Fe!'ejulde Fietit ce au grarrte numele al I[,]€r i.Hr. areo inihinre de ].1 de
celr douflslrerecevi:innrn.Drun:rnle metri, cu un a{opcnrFir:mrd:J!i cst*
dm rJrla merstnpi.rlrtt.rinru piaF. Jt.orrt cu L!$(rrulirfuricu hroti!c
ldi. rerrtFu.hit\}jrtx|l, .rcul de rriunf in ethaiccgrffe,iti egrFtelre- EFiraful
onoarea lL,iAler.andn,Ser.er rila celt bihngvde pe tauru in lihiirnil+i punic?l
dcui$lre;etetemple.Unuldintreecester a disp:trurra ftxt lndtpartatdt t]trc
tstc Lirflroiiwh, crrc a {oit c{}nstluirirrtn Sit ltom+s R+Nle,snlriululhriranicI
166-16? d.llcfue ctllaimhistdeun Tunisia.carel-a luat l+ Lonirfr pentru
lxirtic coriritlL careadap(\t.i|[ o ltrtui+ a s nntta Jesciiravrhea rricrc
a lui lupiter irdl$ dc flFe r'ntri ii d rr* lihisni, ,{ird;i, obicrt$l .futut"
lrHrd ]rl( luu(xrl'1si illur'irsti Ctl mai cr(lj rxlus l$ Eririrh[luleunr

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc l033el

Amfiteatrul
delaElDjem
TUNISIA
ELMTHDTa
AFWDtlEcrgrFturx
19?9
Cxrrrst|{
{tvl[H)

u:trrul. der meinstuosul pennu Ttsdtl'r5+i ora$uls-ar!6culat,


J6B amlirear!! r{rmancare le ridice !e Procrxuululnta$lui. Gordisnur,ln
cgmpiaremi.aridl difl inr*rtontl vfnt! cleoFt*ci Jc ani,ti'a luar
Tunirieide a:i poereli coffiderst titlrrl de lmptrratopun6nJu-stlui
fi€ o catdrah ln deFrL lic un Maxim;nus, dar domnialui a fcar
monumena al smbifisili deFertkiumi. uaa scund:rcvolta a fr6t th5bu$irA
*te fncoronet# un gtupinghesuit dc in sdnge,rerGordianuss,a sinucis
cas€E€refonpreuniifarmea:*El Diem, ptnrru a nu li du* la Rilrnr
dar lrecutul ec€sruisit berbercu ? 000 in lsnlud,
de lncrjinrri q fixt unul gllj,rio6,atestat Efemen:lirnperiuaiiicen s,rr.ft
ile ruinelemultor nobile {ar* n}rhanel pi.dur in neeurdetstsflei dactr
frecaredecoretBes [urraicuri elegenle, Gotdianusnu ar li L'rcaput,curend
coruEuiie pe ylemra cind localitate$ dupdproclsmErea ra caftnF5rrt,
6€lrcm€aT}Edrus, sd,:on6truia*5un cmntcfltru(nre
Foodatperbeo a6erareprmrcS tE nvalizerecu Cokreumul ca
pe vEEmes lui l$liu.$C,elarle mftelje fl mlrirne. Ediffriul elipric
lncruciFarea drumurdqrcare ar€un Fcflmetrude '12?d€ metri
pom+duclrre princiFal.lc pqrturi d erte mrurrtit Fe Eei rdveluridc
din pll]vincb A+ica, dupl cnul arcademrund+,pudrd Frimr15 mO
tl7 d.Hr.,cetaeae &senir un dc spaf,tat rri - un numBrmullmei
ccnttual cftnc4uhi cu uhi de maredtAr a foetrreodsE populifrg
din tnrregorapl Tysdru^r. Sutcolul
cralftplr+it is dou[ rdtfiuni
relen':rt€ghdiaumlor,deFEriElar
penfiu e{hiFdnrcntulde scmtr$i
cu$dlorpentru animrle;toate se
putertrtidiG la niv€lul$erreila
itrceputrrlsf.{racolului Frinr-un
sr4erllcomFlirEt& lcriFcli.
Extta{aganta amfitertului ln
termeniico6turil'r'rFimunciidepuse
eFresubliniartti de fBprulct piaE6
fL'lositeFentflr corutruttii eri s{aE$5
dinn'o carieracc sc*fla la 30 dr
*ilometri Je orai.
m.!$line.[rcultord s6i.* q4uF€u Dminta de a ridica un mrmument Farom;dist*cu populalrapennu
de schimturi comerciele+i elau de ;rcesttip lntr,osituaFede s le inenlineloialitatea.
proprietaii de rerrnlri de origine seriori5 inslabilitateFslitici Frt€[ \jicliftrll r uftrr el€nimtnt€
rolnaaefi afticafi{,(are acumulamril fl considcratbo grab4 dacl nu l:gtt fl deplteeu, C'd,rdirnusflu
rngri btl€bfii. Erau atdt de bogali akurdli totu$iell]iicatia stAtll a avut niciodaE Fxibiltatea
incarln $nul 238 d.Hr.,cltul Rdma drae(}stea fl emdrgiiid p€nmrluptele Fhurmdrersc!, de F€ plf, ofila
l cerEa5?lr€rdlveo crbi 6nBnei6r5, dintrrr gladiamrif ffdmEles5l$€dce uuperiald,mr mult de rece mii dc
lmFbrrlul MEximinE din TrEciaB cajeir unerrFe ruFuiiiimFdului spettacole, iar afirii4atrul nu s fost
drfls sll tlrirealae imfdritele lr I.)maILOrganilnrraunorjocuri niciodarn rerminat. Dup5 ,:e evqlta
acedstAFroYlrcie, AaeBrtas din te in ce mEic.udf Fer$irea a fmt potolitf, bunasfaresoragului
Lr|Eemnet o purorhlrlt loritt|rA Elltrerirstorilar55stabilcatrl o relatr 'Iytdrus a inceplt epede se diEpaA,

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
103401

169

iar cel maimaremonumrntal


lui ll'rdianus ar li ftut prcbabil
demolar, iar perreles:rle,de.u
lurlqul*colelor. lolositeca matrffrle
de urmeroEiveniti in ?onl. df,cll nu
r-a. li nts.ur legende lrr jrrnrl$Eu.
in sectiulal Vlt'[ta. ttatrul a frrr
cednrlre.iBtenfei rrceft€oryAniratll
dc lGhina,o eroini berbertr, care+
res$ir sl lmpi€dice invaria eraba,
bqri{idendu.s+l1'ldr('nn.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 1 0 3 4| 1

Aksum
ETIOPIA
,tra]rif;Rrcr\Tn4pI:
l9B0
CRlTEFrr C {]J(N}

Hn,, tPse. .ana un,ia celeZrcr Foruncidaredr Llumnereu Ssbe',deii, de fopr.egreun hrrin
Phillipron -
puhlicatcarte$3fl{Enr lrriL{oi*e.Astrri, sf FresLrprr|te
(t consrruirrJemina omuluip+ntn 3
'ir
Eilur{rr,rIEtioFie rrnt;.i1.{dfirle.le chrvotr:ls-;rr
sflBiu Akn:mintro colectapuliutr rFi d€ Floaieii trncI
isrL\nennricitRhiRdacl mcnimarr ciprLi micd,ridicsr[firtnjrele do a mri €stefolojit c, t{:renor al oratului.
rcgatulAlaum, iar irr exl*reLtirle dcsFre
bisericirte MaryamSion{Ftcrcua Ftrrl a rFrind€.eici s.ru oFnt
nr'+tileci'!'ili!atii.fticnne din mardr MariadrnSion),,Iep,erte de pr$cesiuniheFifanie.opn, Iinlirr.
mu:eerle lurnii.cukura niictl eriopianA Frilirea necredi ciot (jt La micAdr.rmntA iie hazinre ff{h
era lsarn5i intr- n clllt ll:Freicnrrfi \lrchenhirilice Mrfr'6n|Snn a forr cimitinrl regrlordin ALsrnr Kaleh
dcurdecitcrr m nede+icitrya pi6r colttruiti dc reBElE Fasiltrdertn anul d Getrr.Meskel,d+ul tavouri ca
deceranricd. eu roxte;lcesrer, ftrplu,ldc 1d55+i sealh in cenrrulorrr$uhd nii(e nrtr labirintuiiunderunr
h Mard E rtrfii.scnstr in *ecr:lulld,Hr Ai<sr:nrde a;i. In ciuda gnertirilor inn)flmieDtirfi hFmbrii hmiliilo,rrrgale.
df lrn i*tustflr grec,Ff,lvesr$tdopre ci ocrlul eire lmrlt n|aivrchi, Aksum s Ftetrr'uriFFestqilearisarcofagele, dtSr
Zoskales. durnnitrnrl unui vgsrrrrit{mu qvur p+.i(Edara de Elorieit|fi* rtco]ele accsttrrau fcst demultgolirede bagagii.
ore r,eiFtirdff dc la MareaRogirplna rrl ll-lea ni ill Vllea saoal VII-lea d.Hr C€rrmai gt,itoBredoyadtts
la mun[i care+i firca ripi|lla in O sermt de ruilteeu rupravietuitdin imFeFtantei olEguluiAksum estt i-rrrcul
rrcroluirsul de ia Aksum. acr'aprnoadi, mLdrcdinrc a{esreain Sttltlor cu imenseblocurrde gr:nit,
-liarliti.rlotalS su,rtinecHprimclc legltut{ Jierth cu legenda. Felrtul de pmbabilciop]itetn secoLrkal lll.lea f
arriri de le Aksurnsr rl'l"u pr dealul le Cnndout,cat* datearedin se{okle al lV-lea Dt frpt, r,rasulln sinr
&tE (ilrn8is, iar rfB]i L'gijnda rf, al Vl.lta pi al VilJta, parert li fdrt cupriEderute de lrele in diferiresrrdii
pierdt in F.festi'i epiff ale logaqiilor reltdinta unui nobil, desi,in m+C dc consen'are.Uneh dintte ele sunt
legenJarer1ertAatullrileFineidin SaLa, in{,rtcct, i s{ sFune,,hlarulrcEinei frurur,ssculptete,iar akelc:rr firt !asate
drn e cireir{ragosrcpentruSolrrmon din Saba".Cu ce[ 54 de turclF€nti c? niste c|)lljll$e refinisste, Ls un
il nvutdrelt nr?ulritrnalrfifa lui rcoperindo supnrfrtede ] 78I ncrri mnmentdar, firplr obeliicurigigj rrisr
Menelilc.Fonrl{tor l dinssrj{ineB+Filor pitfiafi,olerl fl Frcb5Dluiroarea dominauParcul,siru:rth gnlele
f,hFinieni,sr'pttguprnecl Menelik oriretiei rrr(ure fi or iu]ui, aare& dealulLriBetaCroE+,dar,asrtii! do r
sia ltitnt tRtf,lhr furtrrrlimii, erunci ftl6tinconjursrdr ?Idunsolide+i de una mai sttrln Fdrrer€.F.rtelnrlt5 de
.edil ! parlsit oratLrl,a furat Chir.otul un sirtemde canrlirffL uimitor. lJ metri fl a f'rdt ci{}p[ld in formq
Legtrllntului, din lemn suflarcr intr.un morl simil$r,gturFiide la May unui Eum+u noul elaiepi un cap de
xDr.rnre JeprcsuFunE cl ar con+ifie Shumi sc rFunc ,Biile regineiJin rnaimutf irl vi . Cea nral laltr stell,
cu 1l eteje.tn,hd de Jl de mefti, s-.
FrEbutifh piment, LegEndel.ii anibuie
disrrugerea ordinuluirc$nei Fiigine
Judith. d+t con{orm arhzulogllot,
aceaFtR B cirur din ca[?a.: ii liFse:r
lundafia.Deoareft,d{:crj$nd, s-flu
d.'JcoFcrit*ce mormlntela baralor
obeliscurilcsunt acumconsiderute
f, frts(nronunr:ntefunerate.
"
$i o altAitel{ dir par. areo isr$rie
r+nrffrrr'r:rri, Furntl dr minisftoi
iralianal cnloniilor;Aleisandruhs.${}nl,
penrrua fl Llariin Jar lui F.+niro
Mus.iolini,obeliscultncl st mai aflt la
Roma,unJc a rlmas rilnp {L 60 de rrni
in ciudaetordoluisemnet h 194?,.nrc
strFuleBeitesritulrcrsr EdoFiei.Recent,
.a r[sFrns h iFgrii+rar(nprivind
presLrpus, ti Jflgilitate,gLvernulitILen
a iEcut planuii pcntru n o da idr-

E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s , c o , c c
l0342l

i?r

.J

fl ,rl r s v u 'tttt.h aila


b ir:t i r,r
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 103431

tF

-*4
-tyle'-
J
Marea
Zimbabwe
ZIMBAB\flE
Z €axrE !€ srr!-\Tsr
Ax Lll,rxf,Gr5rr,lrx1qd6
CRlrErn:C {r) (u} {$)

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 103441

rI
In I8?1.CarlMrucLun bucuradr o proepcritate den6ebi6ta
tenerarentudergerm.n,a pomit r{ reeultatal mmertulurcu 6ldef{i e't
cetete1emrneleL8€ndat dc la Olir h schhGultunurilor din &iant tr
dr undr s€pftsuFunecll lEEinedin rnnuri ca$'f:la, drrrM'nsrnbic,
Sabaa fco€surul farla+i{ Fentlu Nu e6relimpededacecehtea,ale
conrtruireat.onului teBttui Solomon. cgreiruiner€ inti[d pe o suptahg5dc
Dc lndrt* ft , sosittr' inims Ahicil a aproape6{10de hecrare,a furr
aflerde mEretefuruine carc agarfirrcau cenltuit} de strfmo$i F+u]stiilar
uneiceEificare,,nuar fi putut ji shone,lembasauwnda. Eslt fonnarE
niciodatEcofErnritSd€ FoFrlafiile din trei EruFuride constru€Iai:MrreE
Iocale'.La 5 sepnrnbriel 8?L Mauch lmprelmrtre{caft tlb, de departe,cea
r fost primd eur,)peancarca pu+ nr'1imFttsiananr4,Anramblulde pe
piciorultn MareaZinbab*e, Deal+iAnsambluldm Vate.Pnmul
fomind de h le$fda lnrfttinurd de rrup, caree"tep*ih,l"5 fr fiBt o
15tT0dr@|€ exploratorulporn+herloso de Befto$ rEqedri{drtgelA,,r. o stmcftrg
eliptme"cu un p+rimeuude 24,1de
meei, iar ridurih cu o gredne de
5 metri5endic5prn[ l5 l0 meEi pqh m in inhrr{rJ,l dt
in5lime, ptnuu cares-aufirloaitun
milisr de blocunde grnnit-[a ft]ca
gitr carulaltor con+tructiidilr MEI€B
Zirnhatre, blocurilede piatrdsunt
FerlLcrt5ratesi ffn!+steudel tnrit
nu a fmt mvoie de mottar pentruEle
m€ntin€lmF(eunl Acerrr e$e,Flarc,
prhl cfllea sEft Ari.a(155t), Mauc,\s Eel lllai Frrpfln:{u}f a.spert,dffarece
coftifluflt sdfiradtr ci gi8anticele rlSddle au rgmasftschirnbce t!$p de
chdin sau relico-eale .egaFlli hitk al sccolefEree ff nevoie de rm materbl
reginri&d Sa[6.Cartesdf,lr.riaun forr cslf s{ meoFni blgquflle tnpr€un5"
conrnuit din hl(}curigignntirede plfltrd Anramblul dc pt Deal are o fo'rmA
care,spr.r.ren*rauxul, trebuie5bfl fol! .lvill iccre mlhrr€dl 100 de metri pe
Faltrtuldin Akum , caFltalar€gatului. 45 demeEi)+i cuFrindeFinrenide
in eF:<a& aur a cofixru]rsmrd{ri piatrhti mar€mri de BYanit. (}f, msi
eur:pccn,subinlltrenlapolitrcda lui mareserrcrrrtrcsteirnFtejrnuireede
Cccil Rhodes,fondatrrul Rholearei" la Apos,cu riduri hqhe dr pAni h I
s.aulEcutnentlErlrateihcerctri dc € metti pe care"inigial,re aflaurumuri si
dem]lrlrl{.A M'.€tr ZimbabwcrlE nvrnolitl, la diruqe mculare,Zidunle
oFetaunr. Frp{ledi mediteraneen€ ii, A$ernbluiui din Valec$ir gxrbil ${
as&l" cr* arrihuhfiferi ]ienilor srcctlot, ff lnchr+ln jur de 50de locuinge
iar alf,}t,roFan r:r.Doattn turii 19J0, careplobabilau aFarlinutcrlo* rnai
tn F6rsrr'Dtvid Rffrdell,Maclverii imponanrepersnanedin ora5,det
CertrudeCarsnThonuion au dedtrFc[ fiind lbptul c[ mR]orftatespopulatiei
Zimbabwe- maresoperEarhitecturall bcuialn rsscdechirpicicarenu au
din Africa Eub-$ahmiml- erEcel m5i supravi€lutpani ln dlel€ nmstre.
a'arrE.t+reftFlu al uneiciviliatli Arh'ealoglrsunt de scffd cd,ln
africane,crre, mai drrilL a di.sperut mtrmentulcelci mai mariFrosFerirld,
ftl aircumf tante histeriire. Mm€sZimhElve€trebuh BEA av$r
Cra matl'lg .slepc e igrtrrl sproximati' Z0 0S) de L:cuiklri ii cr q
sllrtim c[ Jimbabvrc"e$teun cuvFnt {<rt ahend.nritl beinte dt sccolulsl
dffivat drntr.oerFr€Eie f.io,litd de Xv.ler , lgrb nici un moriv sFcren(.
Frp{latia sbona(r"rntnt(xne a limbii Dtli populafile,de arl din rcgrurenu
tqnrsl, 9fir itn.9efinn5 de pieaA', pot clanfic+ini3tefll ln nici url fel +i
"cosele
d6r ultx €xpe{i preftr[ ft\tel€sul,Fai€ n|] 3+gfue$tenici EndocumentrcriB,
hudere"pentnre indicefie edifoiile estes(gurchMareaZi,mbaboe a fost
religiosre,6ere$dinFeLconduc*rxrlcn operaunei popula;riaiii. Adr d.
'ne.
Oxkereri fl eie{tr' MsresZirnbdhwe mare€stemendrii pdtind ace$t{
c$e tlft c{ 9 dlmEsdintr,o extreordinari cetate,furat, o dadl cu cfut(garca
c$ate con ndaeimre Fecohleal XII-les indep€$denfeiltr 1980,Fra a adoptet
qi al XIV.tea.Ae+ra r ixt o perioede numelecetafii,ltergindu-I, asdcL
in cbE icaist[ tcfiune rrFicen! se FeC,eilR-hodes dl:r r$roflssa.

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
E bsus.l w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c Lq3451

_.11_+"

Anannrcnr
- -ljl
Lista sihrrilor
I A!E*ra{A - Ol!v,{ fh l-.r5i.IA}6 DEr
vrl.r+ruahnt+,ls
harlrrr SrrJr E\ C.iflv,{tr
3 O$.1- Prrf, N^Trff Lft^PAl,ft,r
{ Ec|rr]r - fuErurL FIJTE ${spEITlru
Atcr,tl|tsl| Tt,!!tt tdj
5 llllr-CH^vut EEHu^!,'rax.
9 tEu-CtlAtlSl4N
5 TBU- MTCII|J
Prccliu
J h.u- G-d
J PEiJ - Ixfix $ ca!fl-EEl-ED6|N,{,!cA
6!IE4,^E!L Dtr IUH,{NA
6 Horfirur.$ -Sfiur u l|,$ rorCdPIN
? &rrrE I.f,-tdrl,
? GuAxsulrr- Pnlcull|IrEo.oeffDori}{frr,U,{
E }lEcc - T$ru$^c'\r{
I MEdc-MorrEAE
E LGF4 - Parg.{llrE
E LtEc UroiAr
B lftoc - OfifiEr IfIA g
ry'$IrE
9 8rfiEr UryTB- MESrt

EbsusI ww w.abi
h ta r e s
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 103461

Americile

JI5
,'.\
L-/onform rcneni Soga UNESC(Jsunt do{nnafl dr .t!*lra+ii
Itodl"nL{d, lE anul 1001,L.€if pre,columbime,careau inflo'rit din
Erilron fful lcgEndaruluiEnc tel MErdcFAndin PeIuirfie tutceFtrrql
Rotu iftotitorii Edieu pbsFiclorul efrfli .re+rlne+i seeolulatXvled.
pc un drim minunat.CuBurilede epd Arteci, meTr+i+i incr+i, n4i ru l-l$et
erauphnede slrnoqi, iar pidurite se u|lm ale trecef,iilor,c{re de{fiiu
lntindrsu ln toatedirecfulecarvedeDi evolulla$ocierelilorcomplexeqi bine
cu a{hii, Cu tost€ eccs!e5,d,rsrfur orgeni:at carr au de?vqltatsl.sterne
1960r-EEEFirdoEds unEia.:ertri de credinle rcligioa$, au prsdus
vilinge lo llArre aur Mcad,ru+,un r€t fofiDede srtHdehsltE cslitEte
h csFdrutFeninsnleiMerclui Nord ti chiarau aiunela re?uitate
de pe irwulaNewfoundlsnd,Totusi, semniff$ril'e in sFrdiulaltronomiel
rcei prini pionieri nu au reugitEA Ora+elemsgnificacon$truit€de Ece$tc
c.risnilee noul conrintnt, 6la c! pcFulatiiindud Tikal, Chichen.Ita +i
pefltnr europenid$roperir€aAnredcii hhnrpe (cetSpi rnalagei,Teotihuecen
continu{ $diie mrBiderst[ a ff avut loc (a:tert) g centrul *tcmmral, mEi
la 12 octombrie1491.,cAndcaravelele modc,5t,dar nu nlai putrn ftom{}i,dr
srcduEedc Crislt)forColumba adls la MaehuPicchu,conetruitde hca1i.
coestaSanSslvsdarul$i. ln plu+,Ame*c+iaruri*e hudi cu
De fapt,Hmnos,rlri,rrxa aiunsln un FatriftroniurnigmaricrftrlBsds
Am.rica cu ccl pulin J0 0C0dEeni le ciYilire(s fosrt€!'€ch€d€ lE
hainltc pe*repodulde ptmlnt lung de Ti*anaku, culEuiaChayinde Husnmr
pcrte I ,100dc irilometri careftaler$a FiFopulaFilc(4Ie au creariraaAini
sEemtoarEe Berin&leggndSiheris colorelecunoscrrtcdnfr liniiL Narca.
de Al*la. fuea rrarcnare, precum Mult msi pulin a rfimasdc la
$i douf migradi uhftioerc, au du$ F:pula+iilecsreau locurtin Anlerics
la *ebibrea unot populalrifoane de Nord, Aptodpctoatr Eibudte
dlyersiffcatepe aproflpetosdi suprgfafff indienilornon1.r.'ncriraniflcu
c,;fi1nantului,Cd pu+iocan{orm remi-nomade, caretr[iau ftrtr.un
reffiil'rc affodii6tE,Totuli, dekoFeriri cortact p€Tmanent cu naturaln
rccentetr situl br€rilhn dc ls Sefl'adE loaumfct€rnporarecoflnruile din
Capinara,caredate+* de sprc,spe materiabperisabrle. Grce cunoaStere
50 000d+ eni, au tevoluliorar r€orjile a culturii lor eatcprodusula ceea
prrvindprrcodele rempe'r'arc in care ce !-e pAltrarln tradiliile orElEale
au ptlllrnr populatijleh Amerkr. Futindo'r grupunc+reeu supravielulr
Cu cxctp/a sitului Sen-ada s,l6iriieuropcnilor,cu ex.eFti6s doui
CaFrva.ra +i e mai recatlrulu !i! situri: praHode la Mere \Erde +idin
dercoperitla Cucvadc hs Manos Cha.n CultEraN"tionsl Hjstaru
ftr Argenrine,locurilede inrerts Perk,ronstruitr lntre sttolele al
srfuoloErcde pe eonnnentlub egida IX-lea si sl Xl l.les.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
14341
103481
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l034sl

delasManos
Cueva din
valea
RioPinturas
ARGENTINA
FnovlxfiA Srrffa C*Lt?"ParaGal,tA
A),[]L lrirfisTr lR[: 1999
C*rrml.C (r[J

l?8
a incetutul rcolului
al XIX,ha. cdnd t sositprimii
e{ oni{d ertraF+nipentr'l a Folula
Plrtdgdnia, tmutul din capEtuldr sudal
Iumii era loruir clepppulafiilenomade
ale aborigenilor trlruLl*. Pennu
mepoa,impaerula fosrfatal Cri
cetr au suFravieldifmaaacrelor nu au
FuportEt cafliFaniil*da ,civilitare"crl
forqa.Cei care au sctrparde rnaladiile
adu$€de eurcIEni ti.a$ lrucf,t ln
alcorJdrznddejdeade a-ii vedesfurat
Fipustiit p*rfnrLrl pc careil tocuiserl
de mai mu]t de I0 000 de ani
Sntmoiii ior erau Hornomp-rnr
pdmitM tare aiuns€serl in TLcrhrdal
Fugo si Para8anr*Je nord trauersind
.etdmioe[eaEeringdh Asi!, {;nd 1r
s.iErlrul Pleterocenului9i ijrcepurul
Holmerului, in timpul ultimeiere
glaciere.e [o$ cr€rdt intre cele douA
(anlinenreo punte de uKat datorita
reFageniap,elol'Doud Fupuri ale
erdstciF+ulalii primitive s-auafflsr
pe insule +i, respccti\ pr ctmtinenr,
undepnmul gruppescura,"r srdngea
molulte, iar cel de-al dotlca Ftacucq
lllnEtoareB. Au rlrnaE aFrfelldn: la
s.]3irea eumpenilo!, onoeretse.ilr 18?7,a dEscrirpicturile v.rde - $i, tn gEtrEl Ble mainii sif,ngi,
Vanaton-cul€gltontimp de hilenii, rupestrepe care le de*npenre in iar unek dittt artstee iodud d o perte
Fopulatiar€h clcfu e lrser omului Flb mrineh rtdncoasede,a lungul rdunJor din *nrebral.M6rnilesunt at6t dc
tfit:irnenf un vaf( teriroriu $i th aFnrFierede lago Argentrra. Cele berbap6i ftmei, *dulpisauadolescmd,
"pdn
primordial, care la furc+ut nu pEefl Fe mai {runroase rlin*e acerteaau fosr cArii chhr dr cdpii.in afaraace$ora,
6e locuit.Spiritelelor rrncrstraltl sesite in Cfiar,rrde lrr! Mdnos,+ Fetqela se aflf, forme gexlrneurct9i scenede
sllStlurluin g!$ele rsereaj+unseln din rariionul Rio Pintuns. Fupuri care vane{re gvard{o {&ufid
caftiome sproapeinrces,brk pentru In acert mic spa;iuipegterr gurrrrrr:tp),lama a cAreitame $5 la bsra
majoritatesoemtnilor;aiungeauacolo m{so.1rllspflrximsriv 24 Fe 15 raerri r{grmuluiali1r1*hrrr al poFulatiilor
dqar qei inrgin{i de o cunoritarr dr esteinaldi de aFmximadvl0 merri, tehuelchesi al srlmo*lor acestora.
nestnptrnit.O +tfel de lire cuiioBrEa a.eEai int:lime ca la intrrre), r€ rfll [\'ar pe miil,rcu] snilor 1900s lost
rvut-o Ffiftcisad PaBEasio Moreno, al 890 dt prqrunrupestre.Dupl cum prxibil ri sc strbileasctfopttl cl
ctrrrrinume Bvr$sEdrvinf Frimosdupe sugereirilnuin€le.mairfitatea$!nt picturile din Ckeru de lrr l!{drri dar€e?t
ce ftmafiunea naturglAceamar amnrenteEleftAinilor':rrit tnind in din preistorie.Frl+ontolc'8ii argEntinieni
uimltodftdin Pata€onia, EheFruLR'ritir sine.cit Ficont$rul,in cfiloridilcrite au efecturt tertr barrrtepe drarce ru
Moreno,I fosrdcn$miri e$fel in ro$u,ocru,galben,viqilet,alh,negruti tarLh 14,denrifi{tnd rucceslrmile

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
E bsus w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 103501

r.*

rtratiErafuecarele-auF€Emis s[ Chiardacl acums{:ine cAnd$i


dttmg5, ln prersumadrn Patagonia, cums'auflcut Ficturiledin Cue0a
de
fas€perioadcdisrinftr hru nivrluri lar Mrrtur, incl nu este sigurde a
culturale)cert eu existatlntrcll C0C ltrllm$ii Fr€ilkrricidi populrtfiLrr
$ ?5000de ar$ia urnre.Srudiul rfu€hlE audorirs[.$ilssei[tiplrire
drafra8matlcal rlilentelorstratunde 1leperetiide pifrfr1Rmprenta miinilor
piFnenlifolod+illt picruriau ,r5tar Putc faceapartediotr-unriturl de
mcdulin careaufostpreparate inilieie, dar c.catnai iht(i{sahtl rcorir
toknile.PrFenFi eraucomlu{idin r:te legardde simtolismulabisalel
{elcff, ur€od em+stecelctr argili care Inainii in elolrifia sperieiumane
{ontineauo}id de fierin diferire L)atorirtrmtinii, ofiul r Futut rl
roncentrafiicerace oiireacol+ralii produci unelft tr str.sic1]nlolidare
divilfs{, ti trneori cu pulberi c|} putereaasupraIucrurilorti a crlorlalte
rdrbunesaumangirn Culnareaasdel {:iinge;
mina a devenitartfel unealta
olrginurderaapoicalcinarfEsdellncfrr prin crre omul r purur Frindtr'
"s6
rd ad.ft de Feret€le
de Fiatrt- {on$tiintadr s|ne

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 1 0 3 5| 1

Sena
daCapivara
B RA ZIL I A
SrArur.FHLII
ANUI-ixfircrsT[-{[[:l99l
CnlT[xr !Clr

i80
C*"0 n*o*,,u*u,
sr Lrr 1950.*hralUt l hr.rrilianNiedc
Guidr:na plrcr intno c,lliLrmcinrr-o
:on;l rrtgrnndrn sudulmic[]ui srit
Fiaui,sirumin nord-$rul Br,irilfui,!u
rc Btr€Ftare xcEn$ta strtia rna!$rrlr
Lle.iit{r scurlk Jr pl5Eere- Cuiirn
!i!ii, ?rxu FentEtr-Srl,]tisfe{r:
ruriq?irateapnvind lrrrtstirile F(
cae le aLLri*dcrFrereflete+irEi
l$ma+iuniler1ER]LEuimjr(llrc din
.Scn*drrCa$ntrra Vrtrtatir rsrL:
Fdrtedin cddd\{d,n Fidurr LscitTtr
ptimorLlirllqlirrcurenu irt! nui r?tnlirr
rlec0tuneJeos:e irr irnens liJid
+ridftcrlnr)rclrriisrb unrrlr dr send{:.
CuLLion nu lve+ nici (r iJrjerf,
J'JrrstitcAHrarric urrn0sil.i lrhinlhd
l inta:{xFhrEnL{cidioxrrelerlnr Srnq
oL,(-4lE.rt". n ilescopr niire Fi.ruri
rulr$ttc cxrr.t{trJinireC+cace le lirra
a(1irLft uirnit(tittc,n$l citlr inrlrisedilr
star[,nr rr: d(\:trIniiertri&au caE irrl
hl$ de$enrr€niri utilirrrer treivitjrr
g.rrnede cr l+ri n:inerale.r:i mGrerrrl
dari:ilndiri lX rioirln ind('pt arj
in t.rrt rte'steniu fo$r.!enl+ d+
rt toFrrlillir la {el ft nri5rcnonsl
ln rrDrlr(rfl Jrnrf,r{LiJr $i
CuiL rn j coleHrisiri r1r(crcefurfiecarc
c<ntinrriIUtli r{! i. rrtaLrginJ J.ti
Je siltriJr inreres rrhcolo*ic, rliosdir, fuirrtl'nrcllr rrlrciifl rat
Jir ro .ire l4(,1c(mftncau un r,n;rl.{t prrcdLrJljxu;rleinclurir cel+
aFrrrfrr .ll r.'100 Jc pirrrrrirulrrrrre- cunrscurrsuh nurneLr{c ,,mar.e
Slrt dnrrehrreJr' situri rinrilarciLn rotund;i', +n lcl ,1,:orglccRrcroplicA
Amenci.jiEunrlir,cclt Jin Scrr da nufir'rr(|nrchgrrriirl ititLritlrulunui
L.:p11nrrL,nrtili$u in }}lilniFrrld{.r+llf reri prrirahrlavftndun iil Je
(u.,q{ncni.nrFtd{'gra|l'1 detdt uinrle !tnrniiidrtirrh".liri1
ii chirr crindanirnalcle$unrFrc:rnrpj cu rrrn(4acfstfit rrfre;cnnrilc de
dc f.rcFarrcJin scenrJr viinf,k}Jrc ;rfinrilc, Jejj mai FUrinttrj+nuit(,ru
saude ItFIi ilr t rlr inn Lrsrr t'(rt .dru i-r+(Fcrnrishn (jrriJon
':dL'
intotdl.intu pi.rB\quniflrl l l[ctc s! ,llnhr)re:a (i tcor€ revolDti(nnrft
,lrntrcr_elrDxi areL-reIre sccnrJunt rsuFrdo.iEiniioil'lrni[r]r in .cle J.uii
ttlc.nR: iJ4$Lrru dnnstti Ji.in nnrd rr)nfttreDre a.Lreri$tnrPr iirltil actfii

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103521

&

"d#

din 5ih€rii Fert€stremrlrarciBrnr1q


rFro:dmaiivncunrlC OCO dr ani
s a prAhuprr. in,rccl rimp, .rnimalele
reprelentat€in FicturilirruFtlrrr
din,Senrrdl Copn',rraeraudrj:
pc trh dr Jbptrritiedin {au:i
rehitnblrililrcLrnJidilr clinutite carc
transitDrmirser{ seiuodin!r..1FbJtrn
tnryrcalilintr-r:nr de ia i urcard fu de
rlrl pertc,in momentuldEpartieiloc
ultim0rFd+itglccirrr urill{ rd finl,
iar p,:rdulatcdc ftrcf, nu st fornrasc
L)etarmcu carhona daf un rr*puns
Jeiinitic ln rhii i970, Picturileau
,: vechimedc 48 000 Jt ani g, in
consecir4r,S+rrurt (irph$nr I
i!i-:rciiiti:r( dis$nctir de a li crl t
mili iDrcftsirnrlii mni urmiror
ik ?rhe(rlogiL- dc pr ronH|lenr.
In 19?9.s-ainstinrirun parc
naFonulcl]rcnc{rFern o itlFrrlhlf,
de nprorrpelJ5 t-r00ri: krlmetn
Fttrati. A3!l!i, vi?itnlrij lU luie
!n intrL numni inF{J[iride uDghid.
lnrcrtsanteleiifmatinni de I'iRTrilil
lonelt r&nn*tr pot fi \ilitrtr rlilturi
d+ t!ei!+cide si!L'rt9A{r mai nuhr r.}!r
5i feJinemari, Llesenelt pltriltl rFlril erintll Ii.trtri r!pEstre,ALcstcff
cnrr l1 Jlspirut inci din perioadele cele irrcluJTir:r da &xlmnro Jr P;e,lra
flrii inJepilrtq!cde lllriFftrrici lFlne, Furarla,o sdn.tr inr ttr Je tFt('aFr
taftr.lilieri, FlseriFlga $i c*i!.r.. 6l Llenretriru o aLlinciturtrln cenru
rrri+e. Ernrrac€steea mrle feorelriar, tu ur dirmdru dc l5 ruetricarea
rril$cut.J1nrro$noti? omul+i .ftrcnit situl .,pitoresc"al p.rrcrrhri"
DreistoriclSeL,duFt .um cndea La inrrafta ln lufla FrortiarA,l]jnlrl
nrhe()lol1rl, osnreniicaff:te-Aupicrrit, riltul Sxd RainundoNonRtll.$eifli!
pFrLti.,tr;iau ir Anrerki iD itcels+i J{urtu &r HomemAmericano,care
timp cLrclcl DaL. a doualit a$erra prerinlAe:(pnn{tr nlcniresAq(m! re
ird+!5ra(d,*(unci tt+rir u nil,ersil Frdb€lecaft' sustinlcdri|]nr€rniii p.ste
a..epra{i!ci umul x ro$jtpt torrrincntul .rrrimtrtareaBeringcu reruLarrlr
rrrrcricxntrrlrniod Fdul Lleptrninr tl+scupcrinhrr lur Nitde Grridou

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 103531

Parcul
National
RapaNui
CHIL E
lNsul,,,PaftLUl
TI Arrla lNxeG|FT rJtr1995
In 1947,coflvir1scAPohhelid CxrrEflxC (flIifll hl J8?.ra' Ift*d
a fust F{rFularl de nevi8Etoli cu.ejo+i
dm.dmeflcf,de Sudcgreerru caF*bili * unorndrnnehim,J€sele
staruide
lat sl ajungl ln iffuhle lfidtpnftEtr F€insulda aabtatcaacea$ta
furere
din oc€enulPaciffccf,Lltorindin poFllartl eFrdiimedv din enul
crnilareatiuni lrimitive, e*ploratorul +i J80d.Hr:,cu cel putino mie de;rni & nM h f'tu& !.J ar
erhcotrogulnoruegianTlur Heiedahl nai devremedecit secredeaTra.Iitia lt r,rll&r hftdi ff{{d id
a orgrnirato cxpedidcindrSlnea!5-L* lotuitrtdlol totDti, fustinea cI iFdrRo+ii
b,:rdullui lfun Tiki, o anrbarcatiune lor sosistrbdin fttrrrnul Orienr in
din l€mnde halsaaseiTErretoare celor timp, snalizad€tnirat[ r arheoloflei,
folosir€dc FoliNrieni, a poftit $[ antroFokEiei fi?iceii geneticii Fopuhtiei iL
acaperecEiI000 de kilolnetr1cff€ a aritat cl Heyerdah.lgreg*. Insulei i
separd qoastaperuvisnfde olul s'n dst numeh de cgtrr mannanll Jacob
Raroiadin atripelagulTuamotu. Ro8gcre€n,pcntru r{ lirses€pdmul sI
lncuraiatde suceesulexpcdipei, o vadl inn o ri de Paptiin anul l?ll. ar li fort terminrtl, ln iur de 16Od*
opt Eninrai drliu s vrut sll demonsEe?e NurnaimulF ani duFt Eceea,ln 186.1, lane. Teoriaceanlai s$edilarl +$recd
c: aelaFilucrus€int6mplase cn Insula a frrdtdenumilA RapENui dr dn grup ayeaud vakErerelr€ic€Fb des€rece
Pagelut,formapuneavulcanid soliran de marined tahitieni crre crederu cll lbtnrchiF tr ftfid, ipiritili strenroFilor,
c+teseafll h J 8tl0 de LilarrrerriJe c+a artro cFRaFi ln, o mici insuladin mn{orm aaditiri polinrd€nc.Rffru
maiaprcpiatea5erareumanE.Hi:yddrrht Ptiineda farcezS. Peneu poputapie unii expeqr,rctu+i,scestea s{nr
gi echiFalui a declantato exFlorere lffels, itxula ffe T. FilDO t l{enuq Biinf,oludale auionDeliialei ieligio€se,
arheotqgrclt Grsuhi,derc(rperind cil cart lrutamnd Nera Lum:i cgEsi Folitiff. $)ci€tar€a din R pa Nui
|}lacl e fclstrclr$fiicl d. pldun, ca.e Polinerienii au fixt, de acemenea, a Fospfiat timp de rtrljle, dar o dstl
fuse8er{(EElsIerdelii{ete d€ cerre cei cc aEc(}lofii.al Ituul:r Pagrelui,in cu ttestereapoFulallei s-ainttalalun
kxuit<*ii iruulei, Datareacu cartron secolulal Vlea. oculrurl complex5{ declininexorabil. LaapoEeu, insula
eniglnaticl a trcEput s[ se dezvo]teaici, s suut 10000de locui6n,dsrr€Esr
avind ca rcr,ultat fiorgmongr,singura numdrrra Fresmsrep€fiftucei I l{
limbd $cr1rldin Oc$nia. Peiflsul5r"au [i]ometripStra;idetcren.Ptinre({ ul
gast r$ai Inulte in{cripfiiFe roai $i ruinE al XV-lee,ftrgrlul ec,rerrrem era sF eqt*
ah unor case,lHcaiuride cult, sculpturi completdistrus;nu mairxlsrirucoFici
dl]r temn, v4minte dia coajl de cotrac pentru e seconstruiaenrte,d8taa€c€
{tapalsi Froduscaruranale.Tinurr, ultrmulfuses€ tlirt pentrua re hce
Rapa Nui esremai faimrl$lrftru rtuxi, r':re.nirgncirl.A i?bucnito riElitare
ceFereleEigenticecloplirein pietrl- ibtre clEnuriceft r ddsle o Frlbu$ire
Orltt[, tel puFn ZgB.+,teauverricalpe a $ructurii r}ciBle,bHttrliipe rcad lrlcf,
hare nutite rrhr, tate :ru crmsForrdenre s\ ir ultilndirl.rtaqft,la c"nibalism.
in cultula Folineliani.AFmap 150de So$ireaeuropenilornu e ficut dectt rd
fl!(.r2riocoRjo€r* insula pc maryine, in inr$utflfeBE(d situatin.AccstiaEuadus
timp ce :fte 640, in diJeriteutadii de bolt +i multi locuitoridin RapoNui au
Froduclic, suff Inrpri$r16rcpe cda$d foct dcForta+iori vandutica !.lavi.
g lAnd vulcanul RartoRara.[u,undr ln l8??,populalias.aredusIa ll I
+eaflt carierelein careerausculptate. locuitori (sstlLli.a crescutdin nou ls
llaioritat{a axtcutateihrrt anii Z frJ0 de loruitori, multrdintre ei sunt
l0i0-1650, au o turrlpnede maximuIn dc ortsinec(mtEEntall) Deti ceeaa
I 0 meui cu o g*utate de aproapr8Ode fos(mEi riu ir tJer!t, evehimentrle
tone. Una djntre aceatea, aotuti Farlial violenre +i irelfisihik din istoria ineulci
rlrrlucatl din pau-rlslu de pistrS, estede eu ftcut ca Rape Nui se ffe c,}rlsiderer
dolll ori mLliftrre si ar fi .:ln!Arit, dactr ut| sidrboltl un i .et?lrrfe ecologrce.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 103551

politic$ispiritual
Centrul al
culturii
Tiwanaku
BOLIVIA
PFo\rxcL{lBGr\,! D$rffcrul l-a Paz
,AnL!-N$crxflt$r: 20dl
gBnERr C {!r) {rv]

lo)

P*,t" S*,.luiinro..*
nwftrmental5itr oraiul Tiwattaku,a fixt
tliat: dintr,un rillgdr hlrrcdr andait
rare (gntitr€+te1C0de tonc. Pertee
$updl<lariesaedrcora6 cu un lxrorelief
..u {8 dr lieud co aripi pe ner regrirre,
dinirecare3l au fe[eum{be,irr
l6 de condon,eleiintiFifiinlc
"apete
imaginare-in rmtru, se:rfla. dirinirate
i cdreifa!trlmptlttEe$re tolarein tmte
dtuectlile.{lbrslii li suntft}Ucrimst!
un sinbol al ploii, iar'in mdini {ine doa.l5
obiff tc stili:st€, rimbolurileruDerului
li fulEEruluLltntru indimii il.rnrra,
6rupuletnic dominsnrde pe malurile
laculuiTiticaca,iigurad reprelintdpe
Vir&ochs, drvinrrrreecar€a apIrur din
lac la lncep{trrl tinrpurtl'r}rpenrrua .reF
saareh,cerul,srelele,Floaieli liinlel+
umans.Dqrl aceea, a colindrt
ptmf,ntulti ufl certctoncivilnand
ormeniirudimente decilihzrfic,iminte
da { dhFdrealn imEnsuloceonPscilic,
Aymarasunt rmvirqr cETr*anaku
elte ,buritul Lnh€rsu1ui", locul ,rnde
strdlnoFiilor $.aunffcu! scumniii ll mii
& ani.Totull lerdndhgmdeledco
Fafte,5the(iqgiinu au reu{t lnaAsA
lie de ;xonl asupraperioadeiin carea
aperut mbieriossacirdnsfrepre-inc4E crviliaaliaTi*enelu a etinsmomenrulde dectxete cu hrrsorrlieiri. Mai depade
Unii $un cAs-alntRmplatin urmllcu l{rf +lrI .rralule ajunbFAffe abendonflt se afli A.kapana,,,nrr:neh sacrude
I0 Off)de ari, caun rcn pemalullecului, iir junrlenuluiI t00,cdndausrir la'llo"nal:u", o phsftuddlnnlrl dr
luind ln corur|letsreLnianelntrerund inira$ii$ ctEdece,h Frilcadade ipror(iErativ 15 merri cu o bara Fd[atA
dedepunerialhe6i de urlderuCalhen5 +plendoare maxim5,oraEulscopefta cire nrErr()ErE3Eile metri Fefiecarr
depe pietreledin apropier€a sitului cer€, rrsupalap de aprupe | 5 kilometri laturA, FiraffidE e5tcconE(ruid din
suslinacegrla,rdkt nivelll lE|lul{ti F[nsd $i eracaFitaldunei..ixnunitdli hlocudde andedtcarectfilr€sc cel
Titicmatn a.t€ u?me. Altri preGrEo de l0000-40000delxuitori. Trrruli puqin l00Je tone si, cl mai pr,*abit,
dadtintr€eniillm,l600 i.Hri i*r lihii, din pricirn lipeeifandunlolsepetulile iuhid + un templu suheran. Zoaa
brrEndu-tiiFq(ereleFeFrobemarenrrle, s-aua.r'Elcrnrdt,lh Fttic4:sl,a-rlruaa imediaH arr terels pcntru cercmi]lix de
susdn.ITiNanaku a f(5t tndat in anul ceff ft Inub6bila frxr centrulpdrtic, fonna lirerd I undes,augAsitohi€rre
4iJ0i.Ht p+meluriler3ulu TiMn'Lu, admrnistraov +ide c4.remonlal orB+6lur, drtr obsiJun, aranu g argrnt,remdfle
.I}mFlul
cs.esevrtsdln lsc 14Lil(nn6d maij{]E. KalasesalaseaiII ln al€ lrmeLrr &rcrificlltc $rii8uri dr
Cu t Ete aceatea speciRli+tiirunrde acrrnl qFfirFiertsRlrFi g)areluiiesteun ceremicfi,cEreF]ste au repffilrrilt
cuteorir ct, lmtd anil 50{:19ff1d.Hr, edificiusacrulmprejm|lircu mLlaftr memhn ai rlirei polirice +i religicare.

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
103561

i r . r.r.r : rr, r$.r:rli .i,\, ittr r' li\i, ,t, ,, t., ,:(Li -ril,l L.'rL'
' . rL
:( , :,,., r..r..,ri Jr.i:rir!llL L fr , rrii, , ri rr !i rir r,'t!:! .li::rr, l., I n | , [,,
. n . . ' p :i rr r., l r ,r.,,,:,!. 1,I- r i ,i l'tr :, r.iri '- !r:r! l!r''i r!1 r r' r,
! l f . r r i , !r, ,.l n :ri i l r i rrl l L
r - r r r , ' L uri. rr,l i rr n r i .t.: l i N '. ir : L rL r ' ,r ' , ,:1r f ii.r .,ll
' ,1 "' : '
L:, . L.r r,., rtr L : i,tll. i.Lfl i LIJ (r i Jf .r r : ' ir i r ..,i i, 1,' J" . r r , i I
'
nrl!hrrf ! r r!!!( !rr11r'riir:r. 'rrr( 1 l f:lu $l r ( rj:t r.r' i r r rt:.rl:
"l'lf
| ,rrL .,Lr I i,f , r.,r ! | ti: r'r,,1,' , , . , 1 : L . rjn : L ri. r : r: . : r r . | r
':. iri. :..f .\Lr:r: i I :rllitjF;Lfiilfr. i] :i . :
r: F , r, , l rr: ! irr' , , ilir. r
r I l'. i,l :, :1r L. :r , :r r., iLi t..il :ri . , rr' rirrrli . \ : i' . . i: , r , rL ri
.,rl,ir.lL Lrmr.lr: r'r:r r;':, rft: r.,Lir:ri'l( rr. u . . r' i' L rL rirL jrt r r, t l
Jr r.rfi, I: irxtli1.r iL::rlt- ..,',1t, i' . , rrr! -. i r, l, L iL irrr, r: r r, rr! r \ l
'l|l
. r r L r : rl l ,L .h .l r ,.rI:L r;:.::rr.
.iL t.r L . ii , . t : f L r: : . : , : , lr rr rr , t
-{ fL'1l.1, r::,rir,r'. i'.':,iiLi:-n,: n, rrrlL : ' : rr, , , r: , : t -ri: , L : r, . :
rL u: L.lrr J L:Lr.i.r. - :r :r: t . i, : ri: i r. rt rr r: 1 r i . | r t i. i, i: l
'
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103571

deHufntar
Chavin
PERU s
DEPA*r MrNrLiLAxc,rsfr
Ai'rL:L , t985
ltRr6tsrft.qefl
CArrxfi C (u0
t.
HUANTi(.
fl

J9.l rnr{:rrtoFspin'r 41aF:r ln mrtlcuLr1lti.rnrrlde anrropolcgi.


din #eu terenul.{itul ,iirfid Flugului $i aftenlrrFledin (tFirala F+r!rianE.
i:-a blocatintr-rrnbolrnqnenorrn E-ste un oEicctemblemirticpentru
Stpinil in iudl lui du ajutd.uldltm ccea tc u nurntltt ocultur:r Chrvin".
drani rrdi:s(oprrirci Er'ri 'r lunganr Drsi xsfliii uu risredecetun mic
de doi metri.irr pe el era ciuplirun satdr$ Calle3(rn LleConchucos.
rnonn caFde felina.Cu ani in ulmh.in virleaintrstil firre seafli DeDartea
l8?J, Tifix)ll$ a iflvirrt un xrin€$.irr r[!5riftuni n muntil(JrCordilL'rlBlanca,
lrecAndprin Lima ir mllrurdndcu mtlDa lnrru.rnilI500-J{0t.Hr:,ChssrnJt
suprafutajoafAa meseide buc;rArie,a l{uantar sinrarlao altitudine
ileF€rte
descoprit ci era sculptatlcu reliefuri. rrei mii Je Ererri,ln Jumttatead:rtanqei
P1mde m$nJne,EranuI r riJic:lr dlnrrr Fildun-.ulrmuronil}lrati cAmF$
Fiarta$i i-, ,r5r -alvliirrrdrului.Asrtrri, dt t{'rsltr rrr lodul ufld .i'iili?.1tir
raimondi"(n||mitl dupl acrl infloriloer€cire a influenla!toete
"stela
grmgo,Anionin Rrim{rndi l:i!e Fi-r Eulrurilerrhen{rrredin ftr'i rnctusiv
pctnrut vidfaexpl{rrindPtru in numlr rta incrln. O artran rrgricohJtstul
uaiversiriliidi.r Lima) F)ir li.dftirerE Jt 6rrpnlrta,Chnvinconrroh rorde
comcrciirl'c*re duceaudt ln coartE
.ttre rntenor Ji cele .ere trEeatr
prstr rmliilzzu ilt L nonl lr rud.
htc pnrblbi[cr lirnplol Vachi,
ceffrulpurerii ti autontel|lleliEioffe,se
li ffft c(mstnritintre anii 1J00.1000 i,Hr.
Acerta rrle o l,ladrrml G ftrrmalirr"ni
U deschistr cE*eesr,c'.ro currela millx
Cea mai importantl sr{fiune a sRera un
lebirintde canrertii coridoftre sub!€rlne
.ur{: {:rru fl'lo6u{ ca d{polire. p+ntru
pracri.areadtuafurilorrcU€ioase, si care
s€thlarest fi lL! lcrcuitlle un mi( gruF
de oirmenicarcareau$tl de templu.
L'hirr ift ceftrulTimplDlui\t.hi 1, rirualuri.De$ierenrxirm.e - ldcxlnidii
inieEe.lh Jintte d.luI tuneluri i\q ste, sFundll,,afilh -erhitrchrra nu e$te
s-flgilsit5tatuiRLanrFn,o reFe?enlarr unirimtrerronrntil,firnd,pur 5rrimplu,
cr rn corp umani loiii de felinl. un vrt hlrr rtcrangulartu rhrudanpr,
Li}nfoft .rcdiotcllrr dhr rrceaperl$*de, smitufu i lrldreptflte (frtre ]esirit. A.ielir
proutiipuR:suss !e fiBr$lomrein jagufrri hr hlr TrmpluluiNou cu trei treFternei
iLrghilmjsubstante heluciturgene. S'eu jrr. + rfl,i Phrr HunJiJa,a rnl Je lste
Elrir mlli muttepiulitr, pistituri,uhelte$i 1..10d* meri FirrAii cu c6rr o phrf(rnra
s.r:oicidc rnlrc pr..rforrt,:urilLate drepr drcpturlghiularf,de {ietare parte Acrtla
insffumentemu*ca[e;(oatea(rliis( seirdlEetrpelennd{aft, seprestrpum.
asociatec|t aerernonir religr(};rsc, veneaul.r (h:r'in penrrua FnrticiFrtr
Tr-'mFIul Nou imFSrf':a o $mtrnuiuttr ritualunrr:ligrorut.Prap,Jc *tnrenca,
{untqrmLrlt<u lin,plul !+chr,folosrr era lc{ul !nde s.aglisiTot'eli:aulJillo,
afi€rti cuLHt FiindeFli.ind acel€aii numir duFi nrh€ologul carc,pentru

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103581

lf,l s [iCsrilia d

d ftf Jiri6c,t'tl{ trr'rr{ksa

rH,nficlarrlf df dfji',f
irI&MrFftl}!]rPdr,e

i9t

.trgl *

&

prima datf,, t strlliat litul. Esteo fofiele celeste,iar j(qu*ul, de trxE:


cap,-doperildr arts ligutadv[ ln g nir, [h.icunr a kEi, arta de
Fiin1anter!,c.1.
cae Jxute,de asernenea. strtir ultul laChrnn ingnry.:t in 1945rJeo
lrirr'un ftujtu din Limr. ahnt.trt JL'pfimirttFirlstrusrhn nou
Icr:n4qafir Je la L'lurnn a lugerat de un cirr.e.nurriolentin l9?C- tsic
arhedo'grlor(A ftei divmirftr tirm qsr.4En:nti de un ni',EleEtri{rr{inxr
panteonr:l ora5uiu
i antir: Lun-r, LI: ib5tr&tmr, in .uc Etleantnrile
rt"prezEntrttJ,rintr,un Fr€:IteSorrele, animsldot $i rtllnenikrr rutt stlllrrtr ru
pictar$ubfffnA unui r,ultu!fi .1 hniLbrne,.lefinrreVo lind d"^Jfreot.$,
divinitare!rearmrt, jaBlrrrul.Fitr:rn' Prhlo Pias remann, ,,Dintrf f+a(e
di!inic,rteem leEEtE Je lrn ni\el cukutilt rntict p* c:rrele edmt llurr.in
drstllKt iln c Enxr8rmirdc la CIL+',in: eJ!+{+i {arE Ini surFrltrJctclrnai rnult.
esrehgarde spLrtiul de ruh (ja rit sprrnrderlruL, a [rg L]ullpltElie
Festele
supr,rfir;a plmArrnrlLri;
vukLrnrl, dr plntrs bDltr 'lintr€ hrcgrilEmele"-

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
1,i : 1,!i: !! '. " i,r .: I l035sl

Chan
Chan
PERU
D .l ,r t1 !r|\ I - I 1 L hlr tr ) P' ( i r r r r IEr | ......,
D$T rrt,l Hfah.cHrcr)
AtiL:ri\REtiuiTE,\kt!; ]91{6
lliltRl! PELltf,{ ri ftnftlx|l]tr I o\naL
i r r !r lHua( ) r1986:
( - t:TTr i:ir
li,' { !!l

J9n

cta'
i,F: !_ Fi

'\ I.-E

a*'-;fr-*
\:.; +
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 103601

Mrtulc: ChanChrn Jc lrrcuitoriin intenorrrlhrnguluinrJ


'r
fost [nrJ,:rt de creatorul Strerehrii al lnrprcjmuh+r, rc aileuccl pudrr;rcr
Lunii, un dmgsrnnp--:cntat. in riredele,hecarecorr+auntr Jupitun
mod tradilronel,c* lln a|.Lfabh{:u, Flan trrF.:didd Froteintdf, lidr Ti
simtxrlulqetii rj r$ergiri colmice, irrattt *ce nrctri ri :sr';nc dr
'lt
eglt In r:orrtinu:feFreLlarin laolile Pst.umttri, cu drumuri largidc grprre
dir Trujillr, L).ii ra |ril: ra accrt metri caresdparicirall€hle unelede
ertriordinar orat din chirFici rln'lc. Clifilirilee€u c nsrruiredin
Iti,;n &{r!,iir.luhu d!
{celmri maredin lume,c+nfofln chirpri (Llramiii ncarlcJinrr-un
publicrtici Crrim,trs &:oh o/ turm&) anlestecde Faie F5fiinr) $j rFrn
r io,,:tcapitalasratuluiChimu, acrlFrrilecu arHill.
r.{iginea!r1}['ulatiei estr neslgurf. Ft'rlrtli FErdil fi f'-r,ir\.i u col()rafi
A ayut o siru.liieinflnrit.rareintre sau,ln rhdhilt t+lt nr::iirnFrrrnfu,
;rnh I 100 cdnd r lnlt:cuir civrli?aFa a(oFeritecu foifl dr er r Un sh lnir
moche $i l+?0; s f|}r! Lesmrt irsFne ct perrlr{r{irmuitfiii chinu
avar!*jlr,crYili:aliein pri!hr{s
rehnok)${:r r't ! Fn}grerulrriitiinlifir
din ltru. Uniitxprrsirre,l chLar
€: chimueraucolon4li malir
{jtrr-'FErf,!ii:i*ralir'leFic l.
Chur si +a, r*nneniichrrnr au
avut o orgad;:rR&{i:rl:l Ii |rlliti.i
foirte (omFlexf,li srFiri carf,.Er$u
inHincritalenlaficer+roncE!r r
sirtcnr:d.'lrigrfii K i!ti.ai! Fi eveau
0 (unrraflereprofrndl ii rt['tr]urgi{i,
Din puncr rlt vrdcre arrirrLcrc
FAri: a3 nu rrru nqte h;rfl cit(tfri
pr,"'fr:rlrrJu u[+nlureutilit:rra.
in conserinfi,obiectelcpe curc
le produceirrr irdluriv .crnnitJ
nee$!, tcrl urild ii i)hi€{rrldiin e[ r
er;t , in pri|nultl|r{], futlcdl]nnlc.
Chan Chan,de asurrrma, prrrtsi
li {oit o.aFirali funLtionirll,can-,
cdrmu r n la8.uc€ Fr)rnea.{ingrllirl
GLLalaqrLrI dirr mrnl p;trnn1agrdita
.r {hile, de astlli, irr rud.
Lirnsrnntin Jif+rile F+rieodc,
CtrarrChrrna(rpcreao suprr{rF ds
l8 kilolrlttriFtrra Ji, Lr in{+utul
rrcotuluial XV-l+a,num{rn 6l C0{

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
1 0 3 6| 1

.\
\'

I
D

E r, u:.lriii !,, t.li,"l,: ii.riu : irL . ljr !r r r .r I tti - lld.: r r r r ' r nr


ial r l i. rrrrxl. trrrirl,!r,l ;nr .l ,r r i!if iir ,.r ,i:r r ili i{ rl r i
(iit.r,ttLrii:r if.r :u ri t.r Lrr, d . L rf r r r r : l.:nr ,1,iflrr r Nr ir ir ,.:r r i r
J r i !1 1 l rfl 1 i l l ( .i Li L i l L ,l :| : !.l i I' l r:!i l Ll t;6i i+ ;L' ,,iut,r ( r i.r Jccr i l :i
r . . 1 ,1 rl i l ri F rfi :i f,r:1 !:j r rn.(i ( r h r nir ir ( :::lL lr .itul,r rLr cl:uur
Ei'rJ.l r t*:t'u.l:, r i! tr Lll!i ini:ir r t) il Lni.r ji{ r I rr 'r r rr i i i
JL'Fi i.i :lr 'rLrrr i'. : rrr:. . r. 1
L'111:ri ,L.I4' r L 111' 11.,' ..\fr r - tii lr i :: r
r.. r Jr.rrrr frLrrrr1tI rrrLtL,r:L I i i h.r r ( lhr r ill,,u, Jf lnr nri l j
*r .:,,1
, .ri:rlIII'1.:..l .: :r l L r r r j:11.r. i.,L L} Lr :.r r ,i:r [ !' ,1.. .r r
( .rlrli,lirnl.l..i ni.:1:. rirr, , iI I lf r nfr ir tir ii lir r ]ir r L,r!f,r x nlil r :r
LtLirr':rirnriirrtrr.r rirli L ir f rt ri! . 1 . hr .,,f.:!r f. hr r r fi. ! :r r f.;i. r .11'
Li<tarnot .rLiii;rr l,rLrL; urro p u ri IIir . r ir n,r ,lf 1.,tar,,r l r Iir .l u!
i r f: r:li r( Lir:):!!. Lr lrjJrr lL,.ir l:rL,I in{ r i.. L ( lr ii :iL, Lr t,, l
r ,r,,1,urt. ,\turtr ,lu.r I r, ' , , I u r !!r r ' r r r 1f. r r i' ,nrr ir r r i.r .r r r (
Lr rtL ir t.,rr rr rli ttc L rt , L ir i!ir t nr Lr f r . nr l .
' { ir ifr .lnr 1l..
:r i,,i: r,n cf\,rfnt l.,: n J! (, \ L -(rjf r .r r liLr !r cu ,r r r ir r r r r;
lr r ,{ ,r r :L::|f lr .
r :rt,r! Ihfi :rfe.r!r \r in li ln.Luir r r i,r r Lr r Ll ,r lu' r r r Lr [r :i
. r:rom, Lr!.r rit. 1r! rlt ri 1.r "u..,r ,, ;r :r l. ll\Ft( r l , ,, , .r
rrr("linrrirJrnr':In'i1.,r' in d]trti i:r .ir r r lifl i fL' : l!r li:fr :r r llni r l r i
.:lr':rrr rl rLl' i'Lrrri,
:rlirrLr rlr L ( r inLr i ir r Ir { r r t,t,
' tlr
l .tl.ir rr frf ! r. i 1rr ilerir rrri{ , . i( !r r !t.r r +.,r iLi:,1rl:,, 'r r,
nrer:Iir lL]rr tr icL(,(irrf ilh:ir 1{ ' ::, f,.r r r i,i,' r :rIr. . ir r
'li: i: " rf n : ; l
(i rl1irrsl;rrtf Jirrrrr lIfrr.:ti r !,.ftr ir iL ,lL r { 1l:ll:r r ft ir r nr
I) r.rrrrrl r:rrr.t.rr t,," l rtlit . , . ii,r lrrt:r Llt it i:tli!!r$ LLf.ri
kr;l|n .:r!!:l , i. r'l* fllr! . lc f rl !lir i r !1r .1 Ln 1' cr ir il ir nqr r r...
Ji,ltljH, LtirL .1,:ru'Lr,rc , r: i jr r Lr r ntflr
,i: r r x.r n)nk. r r r
.ir r!,fu 1;r.rrlrnrr rnr rrrlr rlc rrrt . frt;j fLLnrl irr ,:trr f!' i'l
L, .iL rl :rlk' I rrrJf r. r ir it ' r ' lJ.,tir[.i ]]i::. r ,

---rE.|irs+
,"-+*

L-
! trt' - la
lr

t" -. 1."
103621

,t'"
|
:-;i
-fi--

.L- ..i ,. h ttt'


trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 103631

Picchu
Machu
PERU
PRovlNo.dU&'Bj"[4!a"
DxtAF.TMtNrut Cuz,t0
AxLl hrxlcrsra.lxtr1983
cntlEtt c ir) {ujiN {I) ftfl]

,t00
n rntmdrudrnvare Par€o exagertrestrst co$idere
anului1988a fdcutravagiikl pEdurea st+plarhcologrc de lq Machu
dm iutul vechiuluiorq Machu Pirchrlrm ebmentfundamental rl
Pkchu"dirtruslnd peste4 Odl de ecodistemului toautiEumuseles
hecarede vegerarie+i pun{nd sub nrinelor careFeridrcl dtasupta
remnpllntretSni prsviefuLea Fbduriirropicde frcr pert€inrelrantt
multm spcciilocalede anirnale, din FEis4,lnrr-adeviri prerent!
rr:And Ie rnarginearuinelor nuntrlor,a apeir6uluiUrubrmba
Con+iderarcel msft derssru e{ologic Fianimalele, r{}etesuff r€le{sre eu
drtrisiodr Perdlui.E s€ravit situatia det€rmiiar fondsrerracestuifabqloF
d€jeptecedie ecftistemulli din orEl. Hpulsfia irica$ credeati
magniff+nl'ale Urubrmba,r$mintst PachaMams (MamaPEinlnt} .rt
de preriunea tr+stindl a turhmului o fiind ctr Fur.risuprEnaturdle,
in derdltrre fursceesuronl {i de rar Marhu fuchu era locul
lipssdc fondud $i de conFal drir sacruundc senfi*cuselunrea.
parteaguvefiruluiperuvian, C,onstruitintreanii 146tr14?0
sub&rmnia regelurPac,\acun
Indr Yupoflqut.ent|ui pentru
ccremruriide la MachuPtcchu
sveasproxrmativI I00 de lcsuitori.
Di rc ace+t1d, mrjoritateE€rau
fernd crre hr€serl alt.€ sI 6e
vestslerrleZculHiSoqrelili(dupr
cumeudemnsrnt celt l?5 dt
$umii, didur crft 8046erru
fen,inine).Celelqlte!0
aparfifieauunor FreoFqi .dpii.
Zon-aarh.rrlogi.Ec,xrst$
din 200d€ .lrdifl; maioriralea
etru fie ic'cuinte"lie deF-te,
construitedin granitairfelincetsl
,imbr:tiiere"rdncileti strexplostere
moriio$r terenulur,Inrerile eBU
tap*oidale, iar acoperigurilterau
din paie.Caele cu doudnivele
elBucon3nuire ln grupuridErite
rrrPtn iurul uneicurli petrat€ti
ereulegated€ rrreziingurre$i
frasarele-Zoneh Fenuu urimalele
donesti.e li ttrffide Fe cEre
inteFii cultil'ru porumb ti carEfi
s+allau lff mard+ea fltului.
Celemi impotrantt edificii
refiC1oase erallcollrtruitetrni$rul unor

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c
c0.cc 103641

1llI
s I w w w .n a 0 tl ar es.c0.cc 103651
tr D SU S I WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 103661

'ln s eiulg &+Hri preTepcffru cerelrlorur:aceS[eR etau ru!€,e$tedeco$t cu baroreliefurl,lar


Templul$oarelui,o coftnuclie ln flillr( ere ur ftasi1'uon dc Fiatrd.
circulrr: ca un tum cu liumcase Chrsr+i axttui,Iocuimriidin ?onf
basrreLefu{ tmglui ,relarTrei aducporumb,tutun d fturur de
Veduw, asa-numitulTcmpluprimipal coca(a oftand€penEuztul munElui
g Tenplul F-egrJ" Deeiac.*d uldmi CendlF€ftolii Eo'rdqi dr P1rlaro
d[dte chi.srs fostfolositaptrrru au ss6itla Cuzmtn 1532.audistrur
sdtd&.di{ ru+ ii }tu
rervicii divm€. iar tr rntaricfinu s,nu completimFeriulincaa dar nicindat!
Bbritmo'nnlfte, Fi"rFirtrit nunele de nu etl allarde exiltenle mE+ului
{0t.+}.1 linu*J SftI,dfl' h FaEqrsr+ firijo$4 de ps.lEiar fr MachuPicchu.Cu cnci anrftri
/qn odsiosl4 6E $tdr
fixt r6lee
"spidtuaE'
de f,c.e6c3tte lnsint€, o epidemiede ciumi bubordce 403
l.*nt *dd rsibi4ril. inime ftunt€ld. InrihuatEnaelte rm duese lR nr]artega jumftele din
{a&inanr morurhtsculptarh {ata Fs+iFap(pulaFqilrrcaJ4,iat, ln
druia pr€otii tlc.iu seariliciiin roftarinlH, munt€k $ECJU e fost
Fi,h hilddd{it&! cifftee ZeuluiSoErclui.ls solstiuul ebendonet.TimSde {€cole,numei

de ism[ (vrre pentlu cci le sud dr calivelocuitoridin valeaUrubumba


{cualor}, lEmplul L{nii re qftdpe auFriurder+iErentE sttulqt,pAni Ia
t C{'}-l+?C
deHr. reEek
Huayru Prcchu,acelsplendidmunte 24ruta 191l,r*nd a fo6tftdftcoplnt
ln formll dc cofi, ceft doftifl{ rit'il. de erhrologulemerkenFLrem
Templul,f,$ersrtrtr.o pe$rerl Bucham. inrre rimp,fugeFecomFle(
rL.nd hd@Io El*&&i
natulaldln cflre au 6)EtslFte cinci lr'Ehitit de pddut.

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 103671

Cuzco
PERU
DrPAtrMEt\TLrL
Cll]pfl
Ar"uLINTIG|ITEIfIf 1983
(llr](lV]
Cisrnnu:C
o.lformmitului iffrs,
M:rnm Cspacsi sorers MamaOcllo,
p€rsonaj€le divine caresu aptrut dm
adincurile hculut Titicacaln
eFreFiEre5 irEulelorSosrdui ti a
, {!:1 l.lnii, au fondat oratul Curcoln anul
1lCS.Itrecheaceuteun loc uode
+econstrurasqA I (+piF+lE,
aeafiui
l;umddal pr c,re lafire s cunos.ut,o
riftodetH +i, se sFune,emplasamentul
a fmt alcr dupd ce Ma+co Capac
+i-ain4pt tqs'rorlutde aur ln pEmAnt,iEr
er{sta,tu nlodmirsculoJ,a foatlrehitit
dcpfunfrnL hrnrs piatrEa nouluiora+
e fo6tpr.4eexactin acelp{rilt. Din
acestrnttiv omgula fir+td+nurnitCu.rc(t
sauftroq'o, ceraceln limta quechua,
lnEe rurlt nburiculuniveH uf'.
De {apt, s-augbsitpruhctare
d)vedesae:(istentaunei sF€rdri
Anterjoarecelei mErtionatede mitul
incas.AFrarea furelt lmui6 din
secolulal VIII-leadeo populopie ct
serrcupade agneukure, kiliki,cart
davdtese o remercabil[cepacirete
de r prelucrapiana durEde odgine
vulcanicd, andeatul.C" $alr e(ist 4
a fodtftvoie dr mri mult de doul
secolelnalntecaorsFulCrlrco st
devinl csprtalamaSpficdFiptrternicl
din fugerrdE. in r4]8, Pichacuti-
:rl oFr|rbr d€scendenr El di$stiei
care1r.alnceput domniao dat5
cu MancoC+pac- a lrrceFur$
exlind5 lElp€riul LrcaF.Adesraa

drcis cdGtruireaEftbfiosului $i
monurnmtaluluirrr-a+ care,pdni
atunci,nu fusese decit un sat.A
canaliratrlurilc SaFhili Iirllunayo $i a
comtruit Curcope {€1iadintre Bcestea
Noul ora6a fixt mnceputitr
formaunei pume,animalultacru al
incal-ilor.Secsayhurman
.Enfiu religiosFi,dup[ csr, citade]a
t{ fortiffcstlt, reFrezenaa caFulpumei
Pumacchupen, punctul unde ceh
drrul rAuns++]tberaude slbtalor
I€hrt * 5ff0 Driil*d
ertifu iell. lormecroda- Coricenchr

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103681

t' t
T
r

(TlmplulSosrelulicrasprtele,rar
HuencaFAte, pinla.lecerenronii
i+a!emaimull FsumniFutm
umnreahniilepednnttuLui pietn
$peniolde m:ri reEiu, Ph:e d€
Aitnr$1,simboli!ainimaarumilul+i.
Din piag. drumurileplec* ln
t<nteto\urile impetiului. in linal,
Pachacuti a emenaiar panrele
bconiurltoarealevaiiin rcr?s€
pentnra incrrrdjaatrrcultx rd.
in urmitcrul sctol.Curcosi
bogAfla saaucrercutexponeqial, iar
(5nd FranciicoPi{arron ajunsai.i
1aI noiembrie 1535,a {rct fermrcat
dn oreg.Zulunlecu4ii templului
Canicanahr rrau RcoFerite cu fuile
de err, iar gr:djna din miikrcavei
repreaenttnde plamerle prrumb
din rur Ii drginrlncru$rft€ cu pietre
prcfoesc.Pditind de lugele
dinastice caremtrcinau imperiul
in.a+, FiEro a reuFit,ptih !i,:hnit,
6' preirhogatiilcdnr$ului
+ir lEset
acolo88 LiecoloniltidrngEofflcrii5ii

brrroccarerL$tsd,
hc din C$rcocel
mai jiumororaodin ArnericnLatinn.
lglesiade Santo Ll}lnlngo s. tulic
Jrsprctuitu;rrrdel$uptsretulului
CorichancaDin GmplulSoarehri
nl| fl Inai raF.rasJer:it un Fiat rid diD
blocunde :rnderit,{imarc cindtirvi tn
;ur Jc 160rlc tone Singlra partec*re
a supraviefuitdin Sacsa!hrraman este
+lrr: r:r:rLr,cnl prrgir pe hlnir, suprFii o mi,:i Eectiune din c€er ce { arl a
nDuluidotnnitor-mRrionete, Manco list un *nsambludc nharc,cmple
Incr. Aceasti rimularea tinut trei ,j1foftdica{ii Rlhrele lnce rdrgnific€
ani, pan* r;ind Meflt.l htr a ale metererelorsunt reprr:entate
Fr*EtLito *rm+rf,{are +les rl irEer(e de n lid in ?igrrg(arc imrt5din+tl
rE-i al nge pe sI'3nioli. De.!i fr {fff IF
un pasde succes, planulsdua r'guat {lced ce spanioliinu au reuiit,
ii a ftrar{rbhgatsd fuCEln indepfttsfirl !oru$i,fi f{r€riil de?rildi.inere
orrg Mhabembaascunsitr Sdure. strAlechfa.!fturil in.d+tr.A rtapArui
Lrbafls{ acfioFe?e dupdhunul ple. ir Bliltrlunic (numi! ridsaroirl
ad 4r|Ilid tsdru eddri
rpaniotrii au jefuir mrmumtnrele FicrurilorcolonraleFipe lelrle
ur$ulur sr,lolosindu.se de aurulhcal mmenil':'rdi" C".co, di"u. ."*'
au cons*uit uimitoarebisaricrin shl 90 iii au otigiber th Afui.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
l036sl

Liniileqigeoglifele
dela
NazcagipampasulJumana
PERU

r\ r. L L : riF ! 6! r' ri : I99.1


Cr, rT ik r:| [ I iI j ir\ I

+LrI

]
inelesrstemtlordt mul6 pricepere.iar execuFagrof,rbil
iri8adeconsaruitede lorelnicii dit| a nec€sl(etr]f| efttt enorm,de{srece
iss.ri5FnncdseForvedeade+ lungul nu cxisrtrprobecEs'au {oftr$iralrtunak
dcFcttunlotdt pe coasrelehrului. de p,rvarEsi decisepresuFuneca
ln 1941,hul Kr:eok,un rtFen ln mrula lbetlucratmsnual.
AmErics L"c{inl Frecolumbirnd"le Dr-u lur*r.rl anilc,qau apAruto tede
studialn r'rleaRio Nacca- unul dintre dc ipotert pnvir,rJl$rlesul liniiloq
nfluenfi lui Rirr Crmde - cind dat inqlusivunrie idei hsrsrdareimpLcSnd
'
pegtr ceeace pErcail [i o uria+l pnrdrc extralere4lriiinspiratede o similsritate
$ilizatadesenare pe putIdnt, lungf,de va6ra gcogl'fElorcu F{stelede eeri:an
F€ste]0 de herli. Fdreacd desenula sle unui eeroporr$i de tehrEk4iile
f,xt tlasii ln mod intrnlionat eldet incredibildc evansatedervokete
inctura frevrribildesus. de etdlilalii enriee,der fourile de
Dup{{r a dkcutatcu coleEii
seide lENarcl iu ramai un rilster. I,inile
la Univer$itarei din Ll$a, Ko6ot a cflet din prmprsul]umgnefi multr eltek
cu eraumai multe frguri de acesr{el de-alunEulctssrelorperuqeneh
+ictrin urml cu lrei ani uft sFcdalt$t rard, dc+irrlaiputin Epectaculoas€, bi
peruvian puHicaeeun articol ln cr*c evt{u or'€itlra ln cc6 ce s numeFte
susfinesilotezg c[ lccaqeaerru imagini ,Eivilllslia NErt€".o civilirsfic
cu un caracterrimalic rqate dt rt p{e€olwnbiand (ire a ihJloritinlre
civilire!ie Fr€t:olumbien$n€cdnoscutH. st.ddtealll-leai.Hi ti alVl-ha d-Hr.
PErrEin +<elmomenr,prerenF lor Acestfapt a fr:srdorerlir cu riutnrul id.kadHr.
fu$eseln mEft prftr rgnorard,cu
exceFfievreunei noaeoce'ionslc e
cronkrilor rFenirrliin iurul snuluj
16O0g r s,;hilelot derenatede
srheoloeulJr io Telloln 19!.6,
Dupd o misiunede reunorgme
serianain caft a reutit si identiffce
numti(tEsr figuri, KGok a pdrisil Peru
cu idecar{ clau linii antice dc orienrare
legatede obeeruere**stmnohic4 F-s
€xplicatteo{ir matematicisnuluisi
ssE$nomrlul germin Meria Rcrche,
cnre lircuia la Linrs- l)m f,c+l ftomen!,
fuich€ {i-f, dedkatFanulccide ani
penFu a srudialiniile de la Na:.E +i
rr aluru lrr dc$opcdrea li+rer [r* +i a
celDrcaft lt,eL {onc+ut, prtcutn +rL o
e$Fhcsliepliueibile Fri\'"indexisrenls li$,
O lum[rae de recolmai tiEiu, mai
bim de urir&i de ihrgini atr f(ar
identiffcsie ln pamFasulfuIvada s:ru cEFmicii d€rcopeiiie ln am€lrt:u rliftll
Jumsas,qinuturiinalte cu o suprafsll mEi prierfio$sl din regiun€,ecolo
mai marude 480de tilomeli pdttnli unde, protabd, k*urau cri cEreiu hEur
dessuprE viii fuo Naria. Un€l€ Fre?rnti figurile, ri al iia€rmrtel,r'!, e5siteth
camcteristici uma$erau animflle,lar .d'nr Rr(' Narta. UBe[e dercoFeriTis nt
tkele sont plantestilirRte Exijtg ti decorEtecu nroti$e (e au q renarqabili
iftr8gimleimoarrde plsdri,o maimut[, as€m5narecu unele dinEe figurile
un pAiRnien Fio or€d,d{r m5i sun! +i desenate,Munca neobositl e Mrrriei
modeleEEometdce,lh mod dcosebir Reirhe r cmrfir:ner c5 ffgunle
trapcroidale ii rectanguhrclungi de geomrrdc4 ,u iurff 0n d imlorlrnt
aproep€dor kilon*ff , crrei apErenlrnu in nlar+fileaurll}' evenimente
0u nicio s€Innificrtie.TrhnLs rdliidti #&i|t'l! ft,tl h
calmdaristtce imporrante. cum
Fentru a le coosrui rra simphl; Pur sunt solst+iul pi ciqlul arcrimpuriloE
ri +tmplu, F€indEFEr(auFiecele de D*torii[ c]iftei ncobbnuit de aridE
o culoaft mffi:,nie crre a.{i?eteau din pamparuiJumana9i ahrngei
supra{"fa pempesdd, ll.dnd se id !-rdd ercIiunii slului ptovocate ile rdnr.
pelrele de o culosrernai deschr$E. ln liniile de la N rtca au sugravitluit intr-o
clrda $ifipli.it5fii rn4t$dei $ecrrea rtare ptrfrcH pdnf ln rdcle lro6sne.

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 1 0 3 7| 1

Situlmaya
delaCopfn
HONDURAS
I
Horaur-{s
Ar,rull:*rcrs_lR,{Irir;
Igtlj
C ('!l l!')
CFI1t:t,r:

'1-.
'r.
rI
40s L;r I rnurrrcti?6, LInr ftrlu, CoFirnric Jhtnur' rr! rnult
Lliegoti.rrci.rck Falar'r1,.
urrr:rrenrLrtr FrLn|irdl .1t(]rirprin Mhiteflhrl
al tribunrlulurre;'aldnrCuaremrl,r. Nr m;lnrlderculFturi ii delteleJm
u tnmis o scnsoorercgelur Spanier, oresthr csteimpre* nant ru fust
Fllip el U.ltrr, Fnrru b.l i[r{,rlna tn numlrfir' 4 5Llqdr Ltifi.ii, Jirrrr. carc
ttri! irur dcsdF:tririi unlli ruirrernirlun$t 1450 rt .rll-ll1tto sqalag Je !1 .{e
care,in prs?nlt, se ;ll3 i. Hondutar lrilLmetnptrtq;liiq junrl rn'cle(!tur
5i runt numirr rlc hrrlnici (irpin. are+ui sit.{ir rinci ernt imJrrnrme
Nurn*h1,o.ne ptovcnide le curirrul Jin punct Je vedue erheolLrgic, ruest
nahratl,:r,Frnrtl.
tare inreamnE ,,Fr'j" gruparhecrL4ic curtral acrgerl o r+ni
T'rtuti,inirrmraTialui Palacioou a rle 40 de hectareti tste o intindere
crfat val,ra,irr lumffi Extrnoars nu i Jcxhira ronrrrurrafo[xinJ nr.tirnuIt
cuno*rrror6ul p$nl ln I839,rind dc 700it-r dc nrcrricr-rhidc Finenr.
john Ll,-rvJ
Stephens,un diplomat ln pnr:rul rinJ eslcacrotrrla'crre
american. ii iovari+nlsii|| dr ci]irnne, esteirrpirlitA in do||:irT!€iiimarir
hrrtaniculFmJenck(irr her.nrnl, PrrlefuJr L rrtrusri Jt la rili:l . Zo,rx
ftuinci.put![ c.rFlorr:+lljtrs. Citilu ,:uprir.[eclou[ternplr{runplelell qi
*ni nraitirlirL. Srephensa pLhlicar 16l sl rrnaltar Tenrpr I ll reFrelenia
Inorlelrs rf Trurtl in r,te Yurutan
ll,r.iml,Lrri dt, cr;lirm in Yrcur.rn). n',lE! ru p'r,liL Hrnlxl
ln rrrir cr:rudr's':risrrrrrflch.{r ]s
Gl,'iin, n airrteexc+lenriius[Iati
de Cnthemor .
ShJiu[ lisrrmrticrl rr luluiJetl1tro n illahil!,,as.
dEna,
ulrii dlrlrtc cei l'Ir+irln$(}ttanti ckperli
in risili:atiile precrfirmbiene 'llrni\trtr l) nrllrF J
.+El L[" l,i'{{ ri rni:iq:
er fiicutlxxihilt o mai hnni "
rir d"+ ir 4ai }lqnlL4r
cun{.rFt{rL' a civiliratiri mrr-.I. nx-lr HEnir, Iti$d{
SpreileL,sehire Jr Tikrl,
hlefq!e tt nltaaleriiri
jnu,ortJntcdin ud.Isuli tl(riu

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l o372l

.rr"liny $d!i'i
'".q4

409

pLlnrie.llrle L|m+1d€ diDrolo. inr irornsnxn1iixcoFcfltl,lc ltlrh[ Frulnrfltn ln jurul sr'colr,lui;:l V-lea.so(ietaie.
remphrl 16, care a {irt clmtnit nr5tr ru sri:lt !i ikr e. Srclehgi prrnrrLr' c,rrcI.{Lrii in CoFanatinserecet mai
iiclr urui oli{itiu tnl'-'ril}r,$ dfl* edificiiLlin.riJ au fDsriohEirr dftFr inalt nir.tl rle d*vulurc. {-ir;r+ulera
ilrr.eceledouiFiele-Alrarul+ra Fundter+ referintiiFeniru{}h,sl'r!!!i.1 ciinnui!de u|| rrj8c,Lei m+iimFortanU
inchinatcinrrit<mtcr dc ltr t]rlin ii {5trrru'mirtr,Cu tor}Ir ntrstL'n.Lelcm i ftritrni lu-uil in cis€ Je .lirimidi.
cuprinde Fortreteleacestr:ra.[{ai rxirti sptttaculrrarrsituti .{irrCc4rlnsuruflrl inr F r}dt|ctiede ulreltf,ti ceramica
run(jluric*le au o lunHrft iorili dr i[dr]iala teren+lde j+( (.ummger- rl lpnse.v: [r: un nn"clnJtclt de cali{ste
4*re trei kilometripr suhacropoltr 1i doileace ninnrr LlrrAmenca(lentrala trluritI 11 l.r lrrrtpurulrecohrluial
dFteFridin Frinirdele hmpurii ale Fi<rri Jcoprnrl ru hirtuglift. A r t le Vll,ha. rvol lir continuere,iar oruul
hrui i rmri. L]{'ilpr C,rp,tna frxt Forl'l,r {.rr4\ll{i, sfnrArrte6J dr'lrcF{+ a arinsEFrEelrl sl,len,lorinrhite{Gtrir
crBlrruirifl FrjrioxdilrlBsiLittr i in arit FresrcJtcLllirtii[u I 5Lt Jc glifecare. ri aj srulpturiisalc Jtvmfti.| prldtt.
irrrresrctiele el III-leirsi al {X.learl Hr Je nrultr vreme ru .trar at€nti. rtl mai imponanrorrrl,lin imperiul
CrLroare.restea.,. aie::!rerhiar mai speciaLiltilor. Or:lrnai lunl rcxr rd mula,I;ru$i.in $curttimf J|!Fi B(eea,
tnnpurn a qllr.rmhrr Jin:onl, cur{.s.ru crrih:'Jti4rrrrirla(irre a iuprir!iE!rri( Orpin r foq, hrusc,rhrndonat Ultinn
bucurrrrrL' p+;igL*a.,*nrijoaj:l;t iLelot fini artisi, teln(eiraktrj.ii ,lin.stiEi sliia r iort strlptrrrltin rnul 800, ier
tertnLtrifertilede,a h:nFu nraluriln Rir: regrlerle h (ipirn. Ihn neiericrn,:r rpoi rirrmlritllrl5ilu.preuTii:i
(:oFArr.dnten:i djn Fnnrulrnilenlri.Hr. riiflurso inrrrLarc fll{ rgspuns,de$Hrece crtAl+Driau ple|-at,lasind in ormi .e,
Ui! rilt Frnct dc itrrl'rr\ L\rt rturrr'r + FarrcLlinscartrs ft Fr:busit,f:lcind nii inattriexFrrsiBrrtiriicd In r ft n
pirti dirr FrrreeJe nlrrda orelului,o nlelnj[| comFletir esciliehil. ;rjunsvrfl )datrEivilEi4i.rrflar.B

E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s , c o , c c
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc 103731

Tikal
GUA T E M A L A
PEolrNcIt[r PETEI
ANULfurrclsrf,l: ]+?q
C (r)(u] {rv)r
CtrIrBr: N ([] {$t

T
I n ompulpregtrrrlor peruru
filmrlRatbotul9!fleh,r,scrmgafri au fost
nel,rifi sdftcurgl inrenBivls inlsEin-edr
penmrr ereasFecraculoerele locun
penEucarea #renit cehhu 6lmul.
Tixu$i, nu pfte in'daI luff +!ie cI ffrr
msi rnarepanes pei{€ielordin Erlaxis
ln,xre rc des{A}wapotutea din ndr[onl
$eiebrau ft6t coplatedupl lt+uri rcale
$icd bElant'elilor {,}rd|4i de prinfesa
Leiiaerao re,:orutituirea oraluluiTikal,
Trtbuh +ur ci aceastdretatabrll
a4ararefiraya$!,cons'rruft{ln ad*ncunl*
iungleidm Gurtemala" estenolume
aparte'.Unul dintrecomplexele rale
monumenulechiar a forr hurnit M fi&
H&la ilume! prrftlutr), datoritd
strocturLi$ll€, atat de labirinticeFide
i!ale!€,lncet inarl ln concurent!cu '-,',!.
iunglc dmffretur
Orlinioar5,nrflrlr|l8Erelepimfiide x'qateF ll.l!&& h Ttul.
din gftrie BlevechfuluiffE$ {crr€

E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 103741

ddld frr rffi LHr

{Il
teFrelllnl muntri difl carc a f+Ft.FduJ Cel maiuluirot dinne ediAci[e
Fi]lunrbul, hrane FAarnpefttd mdtsil reiieioaEeah cetidi a fast'ridic€t tn
erau ac(F€rirEcu rtlrr Fict{ ln culori secolul VIIL Estecunoecut subnumele
rluitoaru, tifiti#nd scenedirl nrwlun deTemplulI sauTemplulMarelui
religioeie Ea$iiind vapsite.dnsht in Jrguer,i, fort constluitin cinstea]ui
nr+u.De pildi, st€leledin Pialr Mttt Ah Crcau{681-714}, celde.aldouu:tci
erau rofii, pt Elc ffind g'avate portretele I pseleadomruor al T'rkalului,Acest
celoi 26 de regi cE€ au domnit in TtLal templur, dr fapt,o piramidl de,l4 dc
Culorile, deja iterse de Floile (iiule de-i nEtri hEltinle, cu un ssn.lusr li v6r{
lungul *colelo+ eraui&ntirt ftle alc unft sesflapelrcmurio arhitrav{Fe
Fenelorde psFso-il.de tucBnsaude careere$rulptxtilo reprezmtarea
cohbn cre, in rilele noaitre, iir fac .rlor tl lq)arifiidin Faradlrul rn414.
cuiburi in crnpttunl€ ?rdurilcxrmplelc'r. In interiorulmrrrummtului* fixr
Proleja! acum intr4]n parc nstioDEl desEoperit mortn5r1rul sdwrtnului $i,
rle 16ilDdc hectarc,Trkrl era unul o dad ctrel, accesoriifunerare din jad,
dinue .ck mai imFntante oreFedin
Mesoamerica,A fixr intemeiat in
secotulal Vl.lea i.Hr, pc un loc lnalt.
togat in artori cu ftucte mmestibile, in
Irmn de bunl calimre precum cel rle
TdPEfe, potriwrtpenttu ctlrlxtrucfii, +i In
cremene,Fe cdr|JFopoafelestrHvechi
il folo*au h confrcfionana armelor
gi a unelteha 'Iikal era deja un rrra6
impotrant in anut f,J0 d,Hr., atl.rrci
cind Yax.Mrxh'Xoc s urcat pe rron +i
a pus bA?eleunei ilinastii carEa!-eas?t
domneasce,int€rmiient, FinI tn stcolul
al XJea,cind ora.pl a {ostplrlsrt ln
m<d m*teri.x. In trmpul indeluqgatei
Bdl}F.il}rde de glorie, Tiliul ? aiuns
sA$ilr Finl ]E lm.0l0 de hEuirori,sE
fFcdnegol.u |:etfli tndrpArtat.,plecum
Teqcfiurcen dfi Menic, ti si,$ extindil
dominaffl pene in rentoriul in care se
aflitin alele noartrestatulfuhzt.
Aprorimativ 1.000 dt palate,pirrrmide,
srli de fesrivitti $ichlsrbeircrmale
u hal r+c& ]fl rlr nxm au rdmEs,lntimp,dreptrnirtunea
n*iegtriei arhitertoftice ti rftiltiae,
dar qi a origrnalirSgiicotxrluciorilcr lor,

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 103751

ll?.41, b$id I, h
C'SrI0 c jbc @r*E! e
{rd*l& a'sqtd#cFt Ci.,"r I! 4h/.t4 FdE d.,rqldtrtH!
.&' rh & drd.oLiffi

F I):HIEo$Tf * F tllEd{
l{ dddrd d4f,FbJ

4ll.did $dindrnl
od1@l n ltr&Eal
dtr!' G& s&znldBn {13cfter s rd@L
FD6'6,l.F$xa* *!* AI $iE,iirEEFda'afu l&itoddfu'rarh|.*
Cde li ,ru'r,r 4i.j !i.. deaF.nFiedidlL .iEq@&idJrMi
rLllrrR & ld It$ CftEi ffir{'/iqll4 !&r{
412 d* r'$nr cm".rdiorF* ffinKllri'iftnldl h,mJ 550dJlr Tiod
*@Udvl++ nt ***i***+rCqd

aBt p€rler,rs6r,uhat cDdilenl€ modete


si htro8lG FighrmFidr Frrdmac
firtoci$Ia firgulrile riLtua]e,
De asermrca.de mgreinterc6+untsi
Fielahdr 6tr ptarndet +ia lerlplul|tl
F{ecumfi Eruambhld€ clddiriclnorcut
s{b nunlflc dc Acropole.Nu se6tk
frrci +igwdqa{ace'q eraun ca{r|Fhar
dr r$edug rcgale
ori uncrne" dr
fff,emofliiseusdminirEstiuE crrnpusdin
aprordlnsriv o sud delnriperl diBpuEe
irtr.o rnarrier6aF€IeftaibiEard,danrrtd
d*raului may*5ilrrdea cdffiui pr6tc
$mrcruriFrcfxi8rc e. $le tEaiveali
poaliunidrnAcrcgrle auf,xt ridxatelrr
iurulsnului400l.Hr,pecEd rreme
i:ncnselctcresedin 6p eomptc*ului.
tonpatobitedin betug cu mf$ti dE
iq€mri,FerFcu F€ned c{ sltEsnimale
ralre alemay+iloqdetcerSdirr Fed€oda
[:r Ah (}cgu, crnduc{torulc{re a avut
radrtributiaccf,msi fnpo{tanulla crEr es
torfelitlriirnclufilenule a oft+ului.
Numrle dcegftrisuvErEn,ln
traduerc, estefoartaiMdiu: .Re€ele
Cirrnlete". Torusi,ene le tsl dc
rdevlrat ci mErariiau iBveNarde{enul
frvorit il lumil. MNimdlt chiar tot erau
ft6t Frimii rsle eu tlrcrput sltmttt€a
secretiilearlrcreluide cirkle,*rlmoeul
gtrmeide rnegttcatdin ?ilelenoartre.

trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc
E bsus I r,v w w .hab it acroe,sc c 103761
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103771

Parcul delaQuiriguf
arheologic
G UAT EM AL A
DrF,rrrMEX.ruL [z^3rr
Aliql lNFrcrsrRl*ulgEl
C TEHT C l!) lx) lN]

itlrat irt ftrE]a \?te a rle sublugan in care sr afla oraijut si sI fenru d inftlirri *rturer tirEis5 a
.Auhi Mdt gua,lntr-o )t1{crre e [$t rontmleretrensportul dejrrdli ot,$klian ploilor frbundente, no l strle al fost
Ixuii[ turcn
din se,]olul
alll,les I tlr , nra(erisle
e,rtr8s€
din {+riereledin Frolejafecu ni$teacoFerifrinii itau
{l + Quirigud a lort un oraqmalade muntii careilinconjurau ii sele ldndi ,dEptc" ra hi-tk sahtihtle cdre p5itq:
imForErnld rEdle .dre a tHit din tu un merepm6t oragelotmala de pe cree rf,, :r fl]6rpiefemsreA
'rdEtll,
schimburicom*c.ralc$i ceredcpindc* ioldBEi+i a p,}mit
rorsti. $i'a ftlErnraE orsErui, A+easttr pia{dnEloari 100
grlrta de putemkul*u vecinCapan cltre Capan,l-aluFtlrironierperegele pe &0de metri f ue io centruo piard
Totufi,in anul?J?d.Hi, anhiF,xrrl acestuia,(htspne(e lepun,+i]-a i1dmidlZodrrorfC. AceesraerB
carmuisrLlerCauaci?Zl.?84)a decryirat.DupEcr a dncnit probahlmonument,rl funeraral lui
hotadr $5puntrcap{r nepldcutelslrusfii urdependrnt.Quingu6s'a bucuratde Cer Cauac,demrecebasorrlieirrrile
o marepr*Feritate,iarCerCauaca ;i aholelielunh il prezinrdF+rcsr
fondaro drnarticcarea cc'ntinuatcu cu ub[turi dei:r8uarsi cu capullui
fful+mCerXul si neFotullnrt C5ine.s Optsprerece lepuntrtre dinti.Cap{rul
cdrrrrdomnierrf,r6tuiurp|ti de Cerde de nord al Fietci,unde le aflt acropoia,
Jadin anui810-QririEut a $+rarieiuit elte preilllt Eu altt Firtft catt porrtll
Fani la mrjloculsrc{iului ElXIX-les, imaginiroomcrfe{uneledintre cele
olnd a frst abandonrrt, probabilln urma maidemncertante din lumeamala),
unutc tr€mur$lolent. Acrc'Frlaerteacumo rumt, darinca
Cunoftinlelenoarrredin eFocede Ellli esreun rfisamblEeleB rrde
aura oraqului Quirigud*untposibrlt clfrdfi ,rire fiiatl lnco4 urarr palatele
driorit5 steleloidr Bresieneegrltpe lui C€r Ceuac+i Crr de JedTi chiet
carcCerCauac+isuccesodi saik-au cuprindeauo seriede h{i {Lamrd}r).
ridicatincepdnd cu anul754la l3ngI lrcmFoll st efle un teren pentru
de cih.i ani (numire,torfl),
inret.'.ale il+ul cu mingea,
inchrs cu un lid
Strlele sunrgravatepe lateraleEipe decorat cu imatinralereuluimaya
spatecu hieroglifecarelnregrstreari al S€arelui,Kinich Ahau
evenirnenteFalithe ii m iHre ceau Verhiulotra+Quirigu6a rnnss
avurloc in pericrdaftr caurtr.Ehmtntr aproepe uitatln Iniiloculplduriipine
caEctenstice careseregAsesc stetin in 1841cdnd,dupi nle demerF
ciriliratii]€Quiinaga.cit +iGlFan, obrxitot,amedt.rnulJohnLlofd
stelelefuncjurnearlcr un ful de afip; Sephrns i englcrulFrcdericL
aLpreclsmitiiorreBElc. Fatapietrelor Carhcrwoodl-au de*caperit.Un
.ra impodobirf,cu simbolurireliEi,Rr€ indrsEnstit d€ culturamala,Stephens
fi incoDjurerecu imegmide lei Fi a lnc€rcfi EEcumFerede ls un F{';]rr
ntlimdle sacrc"o irrdro8rilic cslr srrl'c, lamafir crre $€Eflauruinelers sA
Ir legirimrr€epD1.riidivirr a ftgelui. Fratit sc,r€testelelefi sele Fimitl la
ln aialt& eootuutul lslonc,sclele liew Yark.Ddr pr$prlerirula .etur
de la Quiri*u6 srrntadrrrirabilepcntn o sumAerorbhrllr5$inu s-eejuruI5
inirim{a krr ti prKizia cu ttre au lddt nlci un rtug.In 1910,Unit€d Fruit
sculptste,(ha [rai msaeesteSrelaE, un Companydin StareleUnile Breu:li!si
@lEri&IdmekQ|E$E
nronolir riatdnnd peste60 de tone I cumpereterenulFia ttecut la defiiprtte.r
LrEdd,frE4.sul +k#i
* h ri"and,wc, hi l]r k +JtrEld d tr4 lirwid inalt de !e*te recemetri din careun r}rtti prntt! r Flanaab€naniffi. De
Oa rillJSaJ &! 6,F, fle$u e,1ei4roFdr ln FEmrnqsretse sse$enea,a ffn{$trt sdFdrulile din
!a_E!!l hlllrbJ d tEEFx !
dffffati cu minr1r|sftlEsor$liefunpgoe acett {anner co.duse de atheolog,
ataal ldl};bbjd f,l,lk4 la o hlltune de oFt metri Fe de altt de la Rnroytvania Stare Uniwritl.
0rltu 4rtr|r@ J, ft! drE panr, unele dhae celemai ralirnte Trftnul E rcvcnir tn lropriefittea
pw,l!nrornnc*mrr
s o dtrtini ddi lllrwid sculprunde pe Stda D ru frxr trpnrduse starului
Guatemals
turaniil9?0;
F nr,rnedaEuatemalezfde rececerur:or. aEtt?i, QuiEiEud este un F€tr nafi(hal

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
103781
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l037sl

Teotihuacan
M EXI C
D$rRrcTUL ilfxi c
r$ruLIi,_B[CrSrRl Rt[198?
C {rl lrr}{ r}in Jh'r}
CEr!r:nrr

+16 TI
In Iv99,pc c rLlcr.rfr:arrr ffNriaolcA cunoscuro (relrerr iilidil
Frinscu ex(avArile tr ora+ul intre:ecolel*V +iVII d I {r, filind'!{,:
TeonhracanarheoJ €uJj{xrner Sahura cu ryro,rpr 21O.000Jt kruitori in
Su;rvrn:,r r.r,lrtp,tsrtun :n<:rmitnt rHnpulnF,iBcului fi lrciel s5tc.AIL\,
txrraorrhn*.int'o r'elJu subrtrurrS, ifi anul ?5CJ.Hr, a incrtar sf,,:xirtc,
ellatl in aFroFierra Pir.{midri
l-unii, fiin.l pe,iemne dirtrrrsLleintrrlannii
Srrgrtrm+ [ Jei,;{rJrrlnr
un rchcler,le ,lin onr-rulCucsxdasaui]cvasurtdc rt
b:rhat rdult, intonjurat Jr aptu{irutiv rTiJunlc rin pur $i sutlplurrtand,:rnrrr
150dr olriLnJrfunrrarc.lnrrecrrc diDciu:a ero:iurliiriiFidca terenului
flguiin€$ rtlreltedhriid Nrdln ob+idran, din jur Cilr{ in u{rre vrenrede rnse
rUlintrlJn pinti!, s.orci Frrlmirittle lraruri, n hlt Brlestrftrit dr:EtL'cLirr
"
dfl r.ulturi i dL)ij:rgutri,tar pn#ahil rrcrFtlr.i}$il|iti de nllreiir ari1rl:ldr
ci aufosrhuropalidr r'1rDatt fiind sale.l-au numit 'locul u:rdeoamcrrLi ar:
,:ttrrlentaaccer:riilrr 6rnerare dercnit rei", erpresiecarcin limhr
rrh*,logrl a aiunr 1r tcncluir cr atla ruiJrurse nrilure ce T*lrih,rucrt
tra rnormintul unui clrmuiror, Fnmr Apro*pr 1.fi10de cl;{diriau (snras
cript{ Je acrstfcldhrre celeI lt,r0pe pe sLrpralafa de l5C de kilometritatraF
anrele !*sisepini ahrnaiin cetatc, Zrwr de e,liliciim.rnuo:entabff intiftL
Lletiau irst dE!(oFeri!{rilrnl{i!(k Ft Ca[e dr ]ru Mrrtnos {Srr. e
LrrLrr rrge.speculit{iiinci nu por Ildrtilori, $ srraJi iD.AltatItr lirgf ide
saoierr inlornrat riqure.ci nuruit fapt,o iniinrirede Fiateteufite Frin
i6:te:r desprenaltere;r.*Je;lrrlran;r ii'rdrm Jr rrFr,ri mlrBini!dJL rlldiri
Ir IJtrinrurcrlFi Te(Itihuuun.Sr crede Irlrscfi Hmplc,rrtl:nrtrstrintulllflL{
LAftcestor.1l,celmai marcJLcel fiai in4'arnrlvi;ual al Firarri,lelor$urthri
hnportantiirr Mfr+amefl(a,a f{}rt fl LunLIprncitrvel€le rdifid.iirelisrrydld.
innmeu( in r€+0tulul lll-lei i Hr. Sift !l ertr intcls{stuttrin un8hruri
Je o uniuncdr mici .omunitnti Jk-Fri:dL'srrit.lulr.*re ilu. sFt,l

r'

E bsus I w w w ,habi t a r e s , c o , c c
103801

.l ;

'44*

*{D- -.-.-
*fr

e.
rb
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 103811

+JE,s drd1?iiE&ltlj 418@*I Ajdr$rlEdrl!


rndfter !t i,n i{rt'id&i
ft.qd,red 6r, dufl! ff
Per .d' &'faHre fl !+!E

&@1dI,rdfu$ih&6d

districrelercridenriah+ide Sat luan,


rlul careEGceInin ceoEulorEfului{i
cqreg (Jqt qpnaligt in aqafel lncet sd
nL tulhurep€rf€ctasimede a Flanului
urhEnisDc al eetlfii.
InE-un eslqt al Sfi&ii Mo4ilcE
re alll Ctud*drta (Ciudela), ennul
f,dmiriEtrstivsl TmdhueEafttui
Acea+t*e o pialEs+ufind.ar4sprecsre
da Templullui Q rusLmd {denumit
ardtl drronirl tcolFttriilorln re]ie{care
lrfiiiJtarl capul$6rpeluicu lryle cct
#nt) +isge ctfiln'le c$retarr, polahl,
cae ale prtolilot In c+lr.laltcspft d
rtrS:ii tt ritlicn PiramidaL{nii +i,re
st8nga,Pelstullui Quetralpapeto,
tnpod,$r din t€l+rgcu fi$c{ {i reli&ri
ce reFlezindp5!fui Sifluturi +ic ea
fo6r,pesemne,rqedifl F domniborului.
Cel mai remarcabilmooumeotdin
Tcoqihugcen erte PtamrdaSoarelut
cRlEe+ a{A pe lajutd{tttea Str{tii
Mortil' Acfrste t3tc o con5Eucira
piftretfl, cu letndle hngi& Zl5 lEern
si cu o hAldnre de 6J df mdfti
Confonn e$timlrilol, lE c,xrstnE ie
saaudo+tfuIosiiedouemilioc+e oemeniloa ffind tobdatd gi po4r cghE
si j unrltate de tone dc platl.l, lumta & dincclo dc nronninc
lrsnsFortateln o$$ frrl sll s€ reculgg -IiJtu{, chie! Fi icEst argumtnt e$te
la vehiculecrrroti sauls snimahde q purn iFoterd.PAn[ fi pLamida,ln
Frvartr.In ctntrul Firami#i Soat"tui fonna ln cart poate ff qdmirat5 ?stlzl
se sJ'][o grotA t] folrD5de Eiloi €ste o reconrFuctie c€ lru rarp€,{:tll
_m+ru
cEr€reDl€linti sdflE|rlr{orclm|lJns totul tu€'$rlql. Cs ti r:nutAtorii
Gotihuacrrnrlui. Dnr cAtere crede, de cornmi ascunre,arhmLrgul
aeesrae {mr {i motiwl pentru cm s-a Leopoldo B*ttes n-s avur nici un fel
crx$imii ceaeteaF acrEttcr€n, din de rcrupul sdderrmte?E structurE,
moment ce, ln religt* din Mesoemerice, in ahul t908. Din ptuBte, nenrdele
eecoFsiderac?lgrcteft sunt lrcurile in i.aupustr rnare
raledubioase
r$rc s,su nllcui sElmoqii reilff s ai s5i.
lncurEdtulEpe EucceEeaal

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
103821
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103831

Monte
Alban
MEXIC
{Jixica
STATr,l,
AtturlNnFl;rsrR{B[:19]7
r
"\
it) (l+{rrl (rvl
C]rrEETT:C

rcuurmidm Oexaca- a,ll dtmonstrect{Errtateaqe


{10 rrnuldinrresrsrelerntxicanccu ctl ? stlFAnin3tura,
mai marepro.entaj de poFul*tic Cu toate acertea,nunu:lc
inLll8{n5 $usin ct runt delaendenfii dt4ului d idnEs ndcuKrrcrrt
rlm nori*. Denumirea Cireva hieroglifemenponea:aun
"poFouhLi
e3teuna romanticll,Jff lti g.fueFre loc numit DaLrynerch, ,,muntele
jusrificareiir fnFIul(d ?aFor+cii, Fietrehlrsacre",iar mixtecii,car€
rqhc polulatir carea dominar l.au ar:upatin jurul annlui ?50J Hr.
regiuneerimp dr postr un mileniu, i-au sposYucucui,,,munteleverde".
fi-iru {-on8Iruiroraful F{ lln munt€ l)e:!'oltareaistorice,rrhrtcrturdltrqi
la o iniltime rje perre t 500 dc nrrrri $rlcialia oratuluia fostirnpE4itl
aunot.ul in peftBda {r'4}lrstsi in cincl pen(E& ia FrimaFerioade
+Fqniole(a M(mrc Alban. (50S-100t Hr), Monte Alhun a
Pinl aici. ninrl( nu rr pan'E fostcapitalarnruistlt crre lnrrtrFrrr
irtitilin comun rl+cdnu er s$cr5r{le drn rrle. In a dauap+rioadlt
pl.nform.rmisurlnd 741de merri (l0O t.Hi-l00.l.Hrl. a capittat
pe t4? de metrl pr carer+ ufu inff,qiptre mdnurnenrallpe trre
ora+uli cnrr fl [is( nivclarl o are ti arfErisi s fosrimFlicar

I
manu:rl.ln anul 500t.Hr.,un proiccr in crmpanii militareiq'lr$iv8 #&+ll tuql|l| itli,iJ
dc o rstmsneedimensirme a fxt dus Fopul.r+iilor cu carescinger:ina.
la bunsfdrgrr
cu c'cnormlfarg5ds In a $eir pcfi)aJr (J00-?50],
lucnr.De asenrenea,droarcccnn rxipLrlaliaoratrhd a riunssf,sc ridirc
rrlu i?vo€rein aFr(rFiere. oiftmii la l0 0$0 de |,.{!itod ii sa sflt lntr o
erru ncu{ili xn-ti FI1EFreila ei strinJ5hgiturA cu Jhrtihuacan,
ln51$.cilr6nrl-r', ln hurJuforidin cel mai ifi{rornrn! rfi{ Jfi Amenci
Fi€l€de caFrt de [i tl rerl:diludt5 Central+In peritcrdele a crncer
din Ele Apa +ra irt)oipf,str*rfrifl ri a rasea(?50-15101:aptrteciiau
r.tsr urirle rlin lut ars.ijehunir ahcrndonor orn5u[,prohcFilin rrrma
de e calrsirlrirn (xa$intFun iBtfel cid.rt oratuluiTeotihukun+rac$tr,
de l(r{ ncp$tivit sep$arcjusrificr pnrgresit4 e fosttr.rrpetde mirrtfci rrrc
nDnEilrin v{infR rapotecilorde l-nu frrhxuca lrc Fe:rtrrinmormintlri-

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103841

+l l

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
103851

*,1 i,++ipi
"t
w"

:ffll :;;:. ' r-l-"}-u{3l


ffiffiii'.: iil',t:i1:q.r+.
1::1.+i,
,..: ,, :;:{;
i$g; :.,i. ;l :,,;riif i. ..

FeDrn!r rifirtl.rrlii r irrtllir, Nlonlr'


ilha. .\tc mri nritrlr !lirir{itil
ltLLrii ir.{!.rIl1r rr (lilJiriLrr r;r inrr{r:
i hc l i t tu r r \r ., r i 'ns r r u'.l uur J l v l Ll ur r tc
lr .ir!li rf,1.fh.:+r Fnieitr. da
Rifrir|Inrii. {irlc fi{r'1]rrr Jrr rir tlLrlt
pl'nt|L u ti nr.uLfir crrnr I:Llrcn!]rirrrl
i r;ilt[' r,rlr lrrrnc ir':o]r(rit ru 5r(.
i r l {tl L:n,.j r . tr l nr c r l - 1l l tii !r ;r nr i i fi r ]j r i !
(h un tcrcn FL'nru j*iLrl ,:r: l]',urr:e'n
Is t l r r t r i l i r r r ul tr fu r pLr ttr i k ,r
Ittr ( n( n! fr i r unr .n fr nn t&r i l i l i u
nrLIrlic) iir Jrti]ri4f dltCif , rlrili|(r,t{i!
ru un tap rctmonl r1 Flrtirmr ,tr
norJ, Lr rrr{ rL 4untr II r .rrr.i, Lr,r
ti
locrI rrnJr:s+ill;r rnsrr[.]ul rrlig"r
prnrqipnl ic rentrulticrfi :L.itli:u
r o ttmplu lltgat Jr rlttlt prirrrr-nn
hhirinLrmrcrJr crrtiJ,:rrcc;rrr
r r J I l i { 5i ,r p+Ili ( l - uIr
fer nr l tei r |pr
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103861

4ll .

mod nea;teptetg minculx)


ti o cl5d;(ecalea fostnumirt
lJhen Etirfll, dt+i nu exisrd nici d
dov*dect laFoteciiavenu+una,;tin!e
de astftmomie. Ctr trnte d.estea,
{ra mri inaeresEnlf
LDrurruclieesre
ccapt asre.rFenioliiau numit-o Los
f)anrantes.5e numeFte artfeldaronrit
*elelor aliniate de-r lungul gateriei.
A.cesrcaeunrdeaorare{.ubisoreliefuri
tnfiti$andffgu uaraneln porifii
contorF4rnate Firucu memt{el+tdiate.
{-rl.{li ll Rd.Eninlj Lirn{rrrm rmor experfi, +cc$reimagini
$on! simboluriqle orlselord,rIninqre
de !{Frreri; al+iicreda[ tunt un fel
de imtat€ rnedi.al€,in ime8ini' pe
{t*ne dlqi*]}!rmr Ex'd hgla fxprului ct, pnnrrc rcplt:rntitul!
st slll scenaunei rnsteri-
Mai josde erplanad:,re afla
uneh maminqe alemixre+ilar.
ih dc s-a! Bisit mEimulft dbi.cre
dr o meremlorre" cum runt o
ElinunfrtE mi*ci funerad de iid ii
un pandantivdt aur cu imaginta lui
Micrllrntruhtli, divinirrtr* Moriii.
Astlri ace+reapot fi a,.imirateln
ruueeuldin Oaxaci!,in minunatul
cai teu tare a fist irocrisra sit
al pauimoniuluiuniversalta fcl ca
Molte Alban

w .habi ta r e s . c o . c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 103871

Palenque
M EXIC
SrarurCH|APAS
A-NULbrr[cr$nlnft:19*7
cftnl*u:c l) ( l(ul0v)

.84

TI
In cEldura su{ocante, cu
e kqhl lEell{aiibr Flndiaro.rnFa.L11norit & inr€cte,
efortulde'BsdFr,u! on nuhai (!r
mainileFotejate Liem5nuii, rSteva
ore Fezi luni '|n d4 esteexterurarit.
Apoi msi sunrierFii, +el msi
F€ricuLrddinrre ei, B rlrur
mu|cltur, t€ postcomof lntr-o ofl,
FPhi x4n {615-6&Il
s foqrdenumtttiatr'ial(4de cetre
,u+{lt P&bEeriidl
des':mdenliipopuledeimal'a"Toru+i.
{U fla I'}ql* ff #
toates<estee ru lostuirere,celFu]in
c.rnformrehterilor arheologului
meritan Alberm Rur, cdndla
csFAr l unri srld ihEu$te$-aEEEit
o intrare triunghiulari caredidea
intr-o calnenice rllmesese serretll
timF d€ !€cole.Eralnvlluitl lnr'o may*riisp*tustt*, Foatef,t}mindde
ftfl|tr rubt|regi aidraca o Feflerd la numeleunui setde lr marginca
cu lerefi deghesfn,cu sralagmire fi ruinelolBahlsmKin. fuFulalismsta,
Etala(tite strilu.ind .a nilte cnstale. totng,ii sputrea
lakam Ha rau,Ape
L]c tn&EAce oahii i r.au acomdder Marcn, cett drscrie pelfett alerarea-
c1Iftirunericul Rur r gfuir, le Situarefti lElea Rio Usunrscinla,rona
podeE,capEculde FiaftI frxfiloj (u celemai mari c{de de ploarrdin
*ulptat al unui sarcofag. tot Mexicul,Falenquese afldlnn'-o
PrrE ar fi fo.rro sc.enidin fflmul pf,duredrastrcr mult* rascedc,Apa
lndr,fldi}'ur Jr.dlnftdn Arca pirdrte, din abundenfs si fertiliratessoluluir-au
daEFltcric.sff, s,f,thrtmplet;tn 195?, FEmi! ora{ullli sAsedea$he {i $I
dupdpatruani des5paturi,Rura devini hEat. D€fi i5Rrriaora$ului
destoF{it prjmul civou pfamidal din sco'perIl$trea8ap+rioadl cl++t(tdinlre
Afierici, locuintrreelhicSa lui Patal, snii J00-900d-Hr, rulneltcs.€selld
legcndaruldonni(or din Pelenquc. a:tizi datea:5numaidin pcriorded€
Ast5?.i,ableclelenemaip,xnenitde spoEtrra o.a{ului, care+ svut lo+in
frumoas+ctrt ii Erobilaurnormenrul secolut Bl VIl,ltrr tn timpuldtrmniilor
inclrrsivo marci dr jad neFretuiri - lui Pakalfi e nului s[u Chan,Baftlum.
I({ fr admiratein muleHlorr]gului Palal,riunqFe tlon ls vtlsts
Mexico,darminunataFifirl tombalf de 1l anisi mortla apnnpe80dr
st Biltrdin conhnuar€in camen aru,e fosrun fel de Cerol ctl Mare
sub$ran[ din inimsllrnplutui al AmericiiCentralr.Un om
In*ripgiilor, ceamei spect+culoo$ cu un maretaleqt Frlitic +i
FdrEmdE din Palenl{u€. edmiflistrEtiv, rcgel€ r ldruEjar
Numck Palenqrra (rst datsitului dewoltarea rrhirs:tureld
arhcologicla mult timp dup* ct vtthi [i artisticaa oraFului.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I 103881

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l038sl

416

in aFar!Je tmplul lnrcripgiilor- in linplul )flll, careseadrlao micl


o pinmrdetrulru de 15 demem dlsrEnlSde TemplulLnscflpldlar,s-:r
lmperdtA ln optnivelecuun altrr desdTerit,h tr|fltr ar {*tiv8 sni,rmr:ou
in €r( fiumosdecoratcufrgundin similarceluial lui hkal Co{qin€eo s€ri'e
mirolog1anrap palatulregalsealla deab'ecte+' t5'i dejpd ii de okidian
intr-o staft excelrntl de con*rmro. cffe Frohabildd4inset5 rnlicrre $i
AcesaE eBteun ens€mblude cl[diri bluturl pcnt c str{ia cltre Xihrlb*,
rezrdenFale +i adminrErmnve lumeamayade dinc,rln& m'xmf,nt.
eprodpein inl]€giln! ec.lp€nte cu Semai aflauscheleeleunui bdrbar
hrmreliefu ri elalorare,De asemeIres, $id douEfemei,unedinlteetelB(l ls
deun mareintererrunrTEmplul vErstaadoles,Eenfei. A-+reologiicrrd c[
Sqareluii TLmplul(iucii, amb€le aceetcavouerteal mo{feqimrului lui
aFrorpel||EroFite subliane, De P:rkal,Chan-B:rhlum.Gnfirmarea
formaunor piramide,au ln vtrf un Fe!,upusri .clrfii dE6milh dintmcei
altardin grenelmpodobitc reliefuri doi domnitoridepindedeR?ultatele aldtt Gaftd ,rnl
iniifi+and ritualurite religioaft ii, unorcomFlicatete$t€de latorahrr
pr u)ienoi st dltr fllrgmenrede c:]rc, in prelent, lnEearci $5
hescrsuperbe- ncfirJt(uiascA ADN-ul crlor dccedaF.

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
E bsus I r,v w w .hab it acroe,sc c l03e0l
0391
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l03e2l

Uxmal un simpluguvematorConform
cmnicilorma1e,accstrdtscindea
diiert din rd. Fortrtrdlslu €ri
MEXIC scdptrnFe inEcreapdmipsll a
lalatulu i ii fl reprerinrda+eratpe
tron,adrat d€Joi {erpi$iprlrtdnd
ST.{TtrL
YuotTAN !€ rsp pen+al€pis5rii sscreftr{rlal,
Aflrr t{rEcrsrl.{flx 1996 Chditea arc l0 de camcrc+i
C*lrEEr(') (iri (0Il m*sonrhpe+te100de merri lungifle,
Ji dEmEtriltHll]e Fi15 de fteffi
ln{lgimc.Sc allHpc o platform[
coErstflritE din 5m 000de t lne de
piaEedin caredouAtr€imi au fost
Bculperacu d€coraTruni nmloli:And
T)
H
divtr{t{res puteriire8Al€.Dintre
IublicarI in IB,t]. acestca,I l0 r€prelind fala lui Chac,
lnri.lmtr of Tnficl in l&ildrr'r lPerihdFi lenl ploii; liec€reesleformatil din
dms ,ttffn Pnn14{ffmnja fosr I 9 btocunde pnto min"+Irsci6plkc.
caracteriaatb drepl"ceaEraihunecarte cohsrfirir lflrfe enii 900.915,pelatul
dc cblbtorii$crbl vrcddarb".Autorul, e$recel nrairemlrcabilmonument
JohnLloydSrqhrnr, explorrtor din Uxmnl.Arheologi runt unanim
diplomatFiscriitorarncricarl, !€Fecus€ de arrd ri inrrg ore;ul tst{ ccl ftri
doi ani in Feninrula arsbdes{)ore din trftnar exemplude arhitec$rn maya,
C,r*ibc ru*ind cu lnfrigurre tot ce de+iChichfn ltra erte maimare.
rtdea. Ruinelecivrlizalreimayall Urmal {rxt un cenro lnJlodrm
"
vrfiileerd,pur ti simplu,iarvechiulora5 intre$ec{t{leal Vlll.lea g sl Xlv.lea
Uxmalil imp €snnase maimuhdccAt si avea15 000 de locuitori. ln rcchca
odcffe altul,l.{ corrForgtm6retiscrJa limbamaTa,numeleslu inaemra
T€briegiprene $ia stato vremeacolo, *nhscutde rrei o{i", de cledlrih
ln Palaciodel Goberrndor(Pahtul orE+ului- consrruiteln str.lulPuuc au
Guvema+orului), o chdite careflsese fort termiorte{n s6colulsl X-lea+i nu
,EtI€ldanumitl dt .Jtre sprrnidi. existl doveriale unor ahe perimde
Dc fapt,regeleChan-Chsk-Kal de conslruclie.Srngu l monument
rfcr +J7O nal Ahaw - pnmul .egecarea Lx.'t recoilirrult de cin ori e3tePirsmida
in palat- a frxt rnult nai muk decdt Magiciendui,.Dnformun€i Faditii

t
( o1,

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
tr D SU S I WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC l03s3l

{4fl! Urd|c

+30sfrEriECltlil!{

410

{de+icomunetuftror planidelor din +D4ifluld de fagtul c[ aldrud de


lunea mya), templul trehuia uuuuit r€ atli ln teren pentu
"mdohtire{
dctsupta unrie antedtr le .sFfirul jocul a rning{*, ff tveniflmt
fuc!rui,ciclu caernic"dc 5l de ani. ceft monial tEditioorl ffr€ cr.rlmlns
Sprr rleosehirerh alte piramrd+mala, cu eacri$careaechipei c€re pienlea,
PtamldsMrc{clenululale un Flin Ain .ltdid dih Unnalcare
eliptic.lo v{r[ templularr o fapdE fi|crit5 itantia $ur!lPilamidr
bogatdecolatacu o inEsle csJe Bgndrxi, postecel m4i!€chi
reprezintbguradeschiEia zeuluiCfrac, monumentd orEiului,CtruFodel *rfcld- dff,lJr€r{
ln fagapinmidci scalln o altt Cementerb(GrupulCimitirului), cu
.rpodcpfi5: Cradrsngulode lar o serh de altaresru$ote cu t€ribile
Monias(PatrulatetulMoo.ahiilirl), crsnii umane,si Camde lasTortugEs
rm nuroesugeret:paniotilorde forme (ft:a ft'l}4telo,r fesaroei, inchirutl
eonrtrcpel. Cel* ?8 d+ln+ipeli ale aninululEi leg+rde nrltul etes+leila
tole, dilrflhuite tru. .€lc patru clSdiri FoFul4iarn6ys.CHdir€errc o 6lad5
serEretecsre o fDrrnee!fi.sed€sc]'rd dc Frstr5scukn I FcntruEptree cI

c{re o cune,Ia fel {a infi-o mtEfulirE. e$e fuImattrdinF.untir EftAns


de {J&+]l Fafllrrad
Cuneaestede aremener bocat coioanein8urte-tnw-unfel,CEra
d.romtj| tu mt)tiss de flilri Btilirat€. Brua{lrtor T.lrl€a+ ftFterincl fffiI
ngufi fl.ofiretri lc $i imagiBials i{ului cafe uneftc v{ch{a F(Fularic
Chec.&a, probabil,ce rul puterii mslq cu urmr$iihr sctusli. Exi$rf,
adminirtrativedin Uxmateau.c,onfom o ?a€mrnaresurpritrrdt@re'mtre
uftn exFe4i locul fn csrecei slrti arhit.ctura safi umilck calibe
pentru mcriffcaretpi petErce ultiDrele de bambuscam ar v[d a*d.riln
Iuru de via![. Aceastaipot ra errE sateledin Y$atarr

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
l03e4l
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc l03s5l

Chichdnltzh
M EXI C
S1,{rua YurA'rrx
Axrr|-INxE€ttTRfun:
l9E8
cRnErn: Ctr)(flIiu)

4l? I
I olrffii ri sEteciiti
spunee"Quetzalcmtl dar pentru
FoFulatiarleya €!i H $icin. ,,garp€le
cu FeneleplEEriiQueresl"(mducerea
nunelui) era protectorulprtodlc'r
SisuvetanilorFiEtEpenul cunoa+terii
qi al vAnturilo,rin pantcooulmaya.
populatcu divinitlF lns€tile (h
rlnge, Quctralmatl.Kukulcdncerca
credinc(4rlntpnmr sacriiicii$rpi,
glslri $rflutud +r!c c.redeB cAtn(r-o
ai uImEsil rlin{ pentlr r rmffforrtra
plrn6oaullntr-un paradrs.D€t'rtitf
sctstui uldrn a.pecr,refrle artec
Monttrumr rl ll'lee l-e Fimit pe
Hem{n Cr>nercu bGteledeschise,
aJeza4dci eEteun ftu.
in stqrlul al IXJea,cu mulrlruinte
de Er+ireaspaniolilor,divinul rEBe
trltec Quetzaleo€tl a cui*rit celfiai
bogatora+mala din Yucr En.C€l
Fulin ais sFuneusa dinrF leeEndele
Chich€nltra. Fondatln *colul al V.lea,
a inllorit in Frioads clElhd,a€or,ln
iutut anului850,a fostcuceritdc
oltecr - rarl, ct:rofcnnr r.rrorerTc4i -
de cdfte pop0lalir iu6, inrudirEcu
roiaecii.AceesrEiFoterEftre st|ltifiutf,
de numeleomguiui,cerelnseemrE
fdntlhii iEa". Chiu d a+s.
"marBinea
ce esie€xceFliorulla Chich€n
'rera
ftsAerle frEiunesssFedecltrlffr{
culntrlc mayapi tolteci. care*
ohsefl/filn ,rhlrecturd, sculpturA
FiFrctu!fr+i de s*{+metr{a, ld.eea
eegtirnderpreobiceiurile locului.
A.€*t Emeflec? $upraviefuitpanl
tn l4l)0, clnd oralul a fort
abandonstlt: modmiitriot +JJlji B C6dll+
Arthzi se pEreclt acestsit e$e
trpi4it ln doul. Petea meivmhe,
C1rich€nVrejo,r:onstl din cladin
datdnd,lnprincipal,din pedceda
clr$ia5.Cealaha&cfiune,Chrh+n

Ebu
s s I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l03e6l

Nuevo, corutE dln cofir$ucFi


fiIaoufteftil. . Pi$midr tldta de 55
dc rr{rd (sre seafldsici ershchinsB
rtului Quetrelmatl-Kulelcdt. NumitS
de rpanioli El Cartillo (Cmtetr,t),
ff€care&E rrc o siaJdabruptl cu
9l dc trcpte.Daci sunradunatecu
plsdoffra de la inna'e, totatuta:I 165
de t!€pt€ d, deci,reFrertnttrun fel
de calendetEl Caraml,o cl*dtr
sublbrml de rooic4,carefuncFon+
cs un fel de obFen'ato[esteFlo
dovadt a curoqtinldor osttrrromrce
ale lacuitotiL'EO sltd indicalierst
drtl de ceF€telcd€ isrpes€ulFretein
Fiarttifor.apArul deio6elsaEnldr
principalede l* El Cast lrr, careIa

JJJj(} C*n*
idiLtutdH Cd{ilsrl+ + ArlQrtMjq|.irhi Ia
hd4!4&J5&rEni ,F,ttri (dEr drd R n*
Add ]tElig islrEril
Fidtur ErL lhhA'i #
anqair anlc ftlma

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
10397

\{n

|-fr'-
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc l03s8l

4puri+Iprdiecteedumbreleparu Fe tteceaumrngeaFentm a ft8ice


v*rfill t€mpluluiFenftu! creaurr pl{rcte, inca semai afl[ in ffecsre
mcdelsinuossimbclLlnd zml. capir el cu4ii. Nu saFtiurtu+lte
Pirrmirlslui QueEalmstl.Kukulcsn desprejoc $i lncb msi sunt dilculii
_mf,untr\r
ed{igte$e un ternplucalf arr dace,ls rlbr{rtul rneciului"
un tror dc pteft!, tndnGtatcu jad, de eradecapitatdechip€lavinseori
forEa unui iaguar,Fclinacr+simtolul cEFiiaffrl.ifi{FAi .e#g&o6re, in
{larf,i r5iboinieilorroleci, isr o'ricr cu, e3tcelar cd i:cul cta c+l
r.preaent5dlee{erteiAsepot, de Eraiimpoltsnt rDomentdin riFrslurile
arcmcnea,v*ler ftr T*rnliul reliEida6€,Ih @ 144,ndtul €reatiei
R-arboinicilaTemplulCelor O Mie dc le mrya,erojid$rnr provoac!
Cokraoe(amindouasea[16tr mnree delnoniis{ irace iocul cDmuEea.
plad toltecd),li .|tnplul Jrguaritu, Cu aceastlocarie,eraln i,lc
Tosterccsterdiffcii rufi decoratc vntolll ioEeBripoFularii.
cu bssorelicfuridetslistr de luprl(or!
pr€oti, metri e !,€uluiptoii Chec,
vu.hun,qfrpi cu lene fi scuhturi
de jaguaflm*t|tsnd fiimi de om.
Chich6nItlC plt irt} ctll mai
4rareti 'reamai elsborsi! curre
pe tu Fcul cu mitrSeadin America
Crftrr]l; lunei de lS d. t|letri, erte
ftrchiFdau aduri de{oratecu
bamrelbfuricarereprezintEunul
dintt c+h mei ftumese eremde
de artd maya.Un ba.sorelie{ atad
decapit{resunui iucltor hr pre?enfr
celorlaltriuciton.Ineluldc FiaE{
ln formi de 9arpe,prin careluclrorii

4;irr MirlE dJ.iF&!


r difoi! ridir Otrua

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c l 03esl

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 104001

r: :

E b sL rsI v,rtvtv,h a bitar es.co


cc
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc 104011

Mesa
Verde
S TATEL E UNITE
Co&xrnd
.trul b\rDflsrflr|* 1978
CnIrI8I:C {ru)

T't
I totesorull. S. Ne*berrv le'a adltErireeace,BrE hdoiFl[, erao
a fostpnmul carr a vmbtt d*grr crmstrucfieF€vffsrnt, cffe r1catrmci
4J8 MesaVerde,SetntEmplatnt859, E-anumit Caffi cu DoudNivelede pc
iar gmlogulscriaun rapcrt asupra VetlBrrt.Din actsrmoment,tona s
unei exFedifdlntreprinFeifl Srelele lnceF r s:ltfe'telrf mult! curiozitaE.
Unite, DeecriqrrnvastFlatcucare Un an mai tfuriu. un alt cvftorarm
aiungeala o atitudinedt pc*e i 500 trimr+de glvem a desmperirCasa
de meFi h Fqneade suds s$rului c*lot $alspterece Vldure, iar,la scurt
&torado. I-a rpusMeoaVerde,ln timp, dupdaeee Casacu Belcoer
*paniolf,.masavctdc'. La 18decembrie 1888,ln uop
Au rrecut [5 sni p€n6{.trd urr c€ aiuta ni{le yite carc scrd-rl€lisar$
fotemf de la U.5. GeologhalSul'ey, de cireadS,Richard\Yetherillqi
\U H. Jftl$on, e deecofedtpnmul c(ul}nstulr5u ChstlesMarah au ejunB
adEposide pialrtre*crjrisrfuFerelii la ceeace astbrisenumc$trFunctul
acestuimiracolnafural,Acer roor drn Screlui, undeau ggsitnumerrrssa
Colilndo Fdreasefu de interesF€ntru ad6Fostuftrrnuldtqrc E+.e*ea era
inds$rriamincrirului ti cefi ingined Palatuld€ pe vrrsnt. O capadoper[
specialiSE tn pfixp€rFunr l-au insoli! e erhirecturiiprecolunhene,Paledi
pe Jack+onln canionulMsficor, unde d. peVeGarteetecon*truitdin
dfidmbi rudimenBre deEtE$h{i
qrg tr l r-o lrria+5nilE a r+rrantului
+i constituh unEdintre cclepcstc?00
dt locuintre. SemaiallAacrrlolJ de
corlstrutliicu cataater relidior
(numitefdwl, dorftirodre$l mreEcii
xnmr recoltg,ConjormspecisLstilor
din cadrulptoiectuluiartreologic
Mrslr Verde,€areeu slpat aici diJl
1959pturl ln 197?,tulatul dc pc
Veriant s 6sr corutruit pc h sftr$i l
setoluluial Xlt.lea{ putea
adnporu?0tJ-250de pers(tre.
lndigeniicfl,rrd{i{rermenna!f,io
FenBu,,ceivechf') s-atta{+!sl Eici
hr stcolul al Vl-lea, locuind-ur
retlinesauh ,dAposlurllecotutruite cu maimulte nivelun,cuntxa.rtesub
pe pla[oul slerurarvelsantului. nunrelede tsrelh, un temtrr [6[xit
Acestlaculti*-auporumb$ farole si FcntIIrdenumiEaFopulaliei
pe supefrgaplati a plamuluiMem pennu s o dllhngEde FqF]l*+iile
\y'erde(declatatporcnagonaltn indig€ne.are locuiaufo|c.)rt d.
1906)+i v3naucurcanisglbarici. Penemai mult dr o nrte de aru,
Comunft?lealor num,hracetevamii din motiw necunaJ+ule, FJErulafiB
dt lecuirori p era hmeproteiard a atrendonatMesrrVrrde psntnr
de intrusi, dtosreeeera&licrl se a construiFtebli'smri la 3dd,ln
te apropiide teritoriul lor Do*r regruneaRio Grande.
i.nsrcolut a1Xl.lca au inceput ln lur de I 90Ode situri
cgc{Jnsrruiarclclldiri de Fieqre arheologkede rr|Alt Inretes€u

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t ar es . c o . c c lo4o2l

""f-

.li9

fo!( idenriffcate
FeFlar+ulMesir e*{ unul dinrrc crh cercla puncte prinfr-Lrntermen m.i gmerit
Verdelmainrrrltrle60t-r,lintr dr dc lnrcrr'sifl cares d Ssit dovadaa ,,vr.hilr poFulaFiI'rldblo',motiv
suntkrunrqeallattsubsrtuti. In dorrf,ocupln s0(cerivri ac€l'ria sir iiind cr pc lingB ruvrjo. altr l3 de
afirrircchlrdejamcrrliona(e,cele Un F im ndnFastiimFlu r tir* rribu $usfintrAEuntdeF(endente
nrai uiDlifoffra5uBtCitrFI rlqgal conrrruitin setotu[.rl VIl-tea,iar ale s$uctunl$rdt p+
'ror.strr|ctori]{|r
(a douacr miriruei iiCusr Mot lutui gror3i$ ceree fdstronstftLita fost Me.r;rV€rdE.Accxrrginclud rriburile
(l trria {r mdrhfi{},airr('r l,}ir afif{l ()cuFattr de un lnahl,?ln inEeFrrrul urc, hopidin Arizona$i toate
J( mitx de cifir dercrrFedr\rrii s*i :ecoluhriel Xtll-lea. Rmcnt, t1.puhliilealetrlrLrrstrtrmoiiau
ln 1888d[FI Urin +rtrr€ t.i.t .ukrfitiilik du drtis sil nu mei locuir in Ftehrrrdm New Mcx o.
'1 'Ii*uii, nrcrunul Jinre rrcesteo
dEunuldintrc Flimii exFlornKxi uriliBffc r{rm,}nularuJl{f pentru? nu
$i litului. Cj.Isu
tr trljprcr!tc. de Llescrie populatiilerere au hruit :r xrinsnivelulm{milic el crk}r
asemenea. re11!
arcabila,dmarf,ar M€saVerd., ci sasr tutclt la 3cr:s(e{ {onstruitepe Me5+VErde.

f l , l r r s l v r ! r f rh abi l a ir :r rl ,c
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 104031

r ,.i

df '1, .;
Y*-\ -+
r"I *'I
110 \.ri ;

flii'.

Ausrnette - Listasiturilor
I AttdrtdrA - Pafcr[ Narrrflfl K4ta{DU

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 104041

Australia

TI 441
In culturarbrxisenilor Conformtnnr rrhmlo6.i,roairea
dmABetralir,rxirtEuq ritutl numit osmenilorlh Austrg]raa iDcellut,
Ccnmorde \,'isului dt Plorie, tsre Bc probehit,in urmt or ?0 000 +auchiar
dc$flltrar! tn smetul instruInenn ui 100000 dc *nii uhlilorrs unor critedi
drrteridoo,Ace+tirutrumcnt de rullat djfcntc dc datsredDcela mtri l"4riaFi
erte {ecut dinn-un mmctl llng de eruncic$nderte vorhede perirxde
rucalbt aare,ln ifiElioq r loat gfiudt arerde lndepe4ar+.Cu roateEcEst'es,
dEtt'mitei aeeltacEtedecoiir,culdt{t nu ertlt[ {rdordi (5 Hoft} flJierll
d decoratcu imsgfii din mholocta lncrpus€mloni:srEEcontjnenruluicu
rbongEnila,E Ir sffrrit, ftu+tiucul ttlai mult de ,10000de qFiln urm5,
calr crruit cu <."r[ de Elbinc. iar sffrerile antedotlt ff Ii f'r6t at8t
Cuvtft tul diigerld@c6te de di$petsara +ide rftfttrr, indt nu
pro'nuntareao€cideftaldgrepida alr mai rElt}E$umlede imlo'trnf5
un€iedmEe celep€3teclnciraci arhmlogicr-
& &Fundn pe cffe i l€,su drt in oricr ca, c"lt"nle ,*ottgane
inihudrentului papuhliile aborig€ne. nu au dczroltatnrcirxlat o citrit:ffFe
lnsmrmentulseutilirea:g& cel cStEs{ construis$c[monuErente ssu
pulin 15000 de aai dut{ cuortratlt r.nstuctii dc aricefcl €aF€bilaal
imaginih gravati p. pi.ttcb dtl suFre,vialuiald!'r€rii milefliilof a$€
PerculNagionalKo}adudin nordul cum c-glndmphr pc alte cofitinente.
Aussaliei+i,cnnformLNESCO cart Obkaurile acesrorpopulaFiau
a inclusmu?icaalrorigenltn c.itcpt ramerncschimhatr,ln erenP, pdn5
sade ltrud(,ltffadiFonalEdin rostl ls Eaoirea eurafen ar ln larolul sl
lum*" rumtui enigmaticqi unk Xv[l"lce. Nomsrio4EDEstiln mici
s[ rc€stuiinrtrumerta rhma* romInt]qi de etn]ton,culegliori,
nerchimbuttimp de,l0 000de arri abori€Eniimnrinuaqri la{ulgrcn
sar.r, ir afte cuvintc, dur peric'oda LemFd(ate
Itr a,JtrIxrs.tui saucdlibe
inrdiat urmlto0res,l6iriip{pulafiei lnad.it€ ditl melerieleFerirehile.
pe amtinenrul austnlion. Nu au cunoacutniciodqt{ aeftulture
in Pleistocen,nivelul mrni ffs cu p nici nu au sqrt un lftnbsj ffris.
recl ile mefti fllf,i JG decAt€steaxtdri. Din Furct Jc rtrlere :rtheologic,
PmbebilAustrslieers legatl de tot ce a dmas dc la populaliile
NouaGlinee prinnaln bEEtilgus!de ausceliene,ln afareunui exraordlnir
p6rnant,ln affla+, Gl in ca.€ intulel. repenoriuculruraltransrnisotal
dtn Asla dc S"d,&t cr:rulegetcde din generafieln gcnflaic, crte pegine
corrtincnt,foflngrd o rawe penitlJuli. de GwrrerrF ezentstddc picturile
FgtrstntustAde marecare$€!€ta ruFtstrrdin ParculNafiorulKahdu,
A-siade Australia- RuInii mtrt dff mr eite sig:Jrc: ar:ettervor ff de
dc 65 de Liotutri - emuror de mareajumr pentflrs lrdeFfttl l$lul
uaverear& primii locuimri il€ rirt€r cerctnconic'artristorir
si rloului tcntoriu. orlrullti Feecrstmntinent,

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 104051

Parcul
national
Kakadu G*---- -r

AUST RAL I A ,rt -'t*;q

TEmotlur DENocD
1gEl
Axw beEqsrB,{rnr
EhNDEfl: lqB?, l99q
C {r}(r4i N {ul {r"}(rv}
CtuTE":

T'r
I drnii it(r'fi'r6i ai C.cell€i
clre au Fktrt inEginilc de F€ srlnci
su for[ nin|, spiirele Fturirede
U/aitAmuflur'Bundi,"Ma0raP|lnlnf .
Frgurifunde|n€nrsledin c.cmoepois
ahxigentrberatEpe Vremea\firului
(VremesCre*fiei), mrrnii-f,rrinvaFt
artr Flcturii pt unii, iat aldi au iirvllat
de h ei. La ffnrld .Sbtorici loq udi
itr$Ec$i si Clcsfi€r.Si.BupictEt
Fntretelc Fc Ffletii dGFiah{, .rEend
dFag {locuri rlc \Aluluil 1i dlnf
arrdlrmr (locuri raere9i pedculoar+
*le Mcului!. Accestrlla ultimeleera
*trict rtzen'at brgclegilorcdmunitlFi.
it retr..e*i g"oetoll ,"orta *s."
odgin a piqturile'rrrrp€sFcFnrru
sboriEcrliigEgudiudin Kshdu,
rururecareeste[s rfrndulsfu, pmb€bil,

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 104061

o FIqDU$sIegte$itls nunstEi
Ir)FutageiPbtudleruDtrlr€tu$lite
pe rot terirsrtulXakdu,ln speciclin
prvrrni+i din tinlnn Artrlrcnrd ee
€{mi4CmJ.qih plsmtl ftlvr{irut d rimpb rluvirnffS"
,H-rFr C!'d' lJrIl8cs flntru artrologi,careau
fl$ir& nc llgrk *ituJ d&
dEi n+ft {fr?ri!f. r:r1E h iur de 5 000de iiui.i h acssd
6r+s& *i n|E, +ei EF ari4 * 4tr} tr. q|ll regiunetnd€ptnEt5drrrno(d l
AusEslieisl cglecctiffiErS*ltr l0 m
cerEu'Inl€czf!a & dttcopclire, cele ?00
& h{tu h d,ffrEidendficsreh K,skqdu
N@f'r8i Rod{!frt.i'rd
sunto umaltAvdloroe$A
Jtrrltu +
d€rermimclr Fd€ciricll|ommtul
h csrc.q,'.lxtrslb
s Sr€tlqFular!.
PAb[ de curard, rehnhib de
dstsr€cu cerhr{1dtimsu all 1Qna 441
ers trocuiriscumsprospe15 000de
ani, dat tn 1990,ft'lorind mctode
r€nr$tuft{ti!ceflre, arheologulBalet
RhysJcncsa dcs<,r4tritcl unelttle
gsBitthtr'un sit dr.nNsuq,alsbrla, fn
rF€cial,ftEtmentede,rcnr utilirate tn
prcturl, putsru [i dalatcundeq frrtre
53 000 9i 59 000 dc ani tn urmt.
Un sEp€ctskdDt sigursl ot€i
ruFltre din Kslodu estcrI sutiectele
phtEtesjull l.aderermin4Ea$rssi la't
deor€ct m'irc repr(Gintlanimaiegrr
eu dirFfirutde F ca'ntimrt fi, dcii,
$ebuiesi ff fu$ Ficrete]EFufin limp
duld di$peri*alc'r raulnlnrte de
afltifi€fir, fasra{ 3F.r1;
La fel catn orice{mrnl de an5"
eeteposibilcdseoh€rve elElufis
$onnelot+ta rubrectekrrdin pict{rs
abor(gentrln non1,ic g!:ttc rnule inaoduceree ccriide albine,pigmcnfii
rubiectenaturaliste,fortimp c* fursud ltilEait penhuculalileceleraat
teErelepreporiderEnte EUntrelgir'sse oh4nultc av€f,u,tEtr, o orlgine
pi legate& Creejie.Stilul pre-emarin Drinere]I,cum astehemrtirul, o pirtr5
foloGirhltr'o FrirEd[ .|rFiruf bogatt in fier din ccJes€ob n+r
ftrm anii 50 000 oi 8 000t,Hr. r$nd plSmentl rc$L Altt pitmenli utilizsti
nivelul ndrii cI" foar'{€sclzutsi .ren lmonihd fi g'r€fhiFladin care
clknae'4 rnatu.tcart- prerinr{ seobgineaculoarergalb+nEsau
amprtnrcpqrtrhe ale ponocalie;ccrul pcnnu dderire
"imFrimerril,
plqilor corputui,p€ p€fttii dr Fiflrl, m4hts & raqrr,portoca{iuFitalbeni
Ptecumgi ff8trri eniflrsle+i umfrnE, caolin pentrualt ; gi ffr o:riddc
cum sunt ms8nenu,fu cUrburcpaflmr fle€ru.
"figur;ledinamice"-in
ti|rlpul Fe.iirddsi€rtudift., ftift€ $ m0 Prnnu sborigeriiaurr€lieni,
I 500de ani h urml, c€ndapelc pi.turE rup6!.5 a rfuaarc€r mai
ocEanuluiau tnceputl{ le liiice fi sA iot€trtfltl fumn dc sfl4 chier{ draf
F{ruftfil F+!{i ftlcrp i[ aF6ri ':ontactul
cu euraFnii. UnEdintrc
repruenrdri de pe4ti& mare$ a fost celeftai imporEntecol€Eliide pi.nJrl
introdu+Eutililsrcs cerii de alhine din K-aLadu 3EallEh adipocrurilede
F€ftru fiodele simple{r ffgud umanc. pirtrf llbift O pi.hrd ruprrdi1E D.1
Inccp8ndde acum t 500de ani, se FtbFrt$nd p€ntet'hi, cIrlEF[ fi
'xn
stsbilercsfa numitcleluEr5nh cirme,cu meinilein b{rfrare,In
"iFlul
rar€X'. tlcf,rE f'nnrelcumEncsi thnpcr dn alt dn db, cu o p4'ein
aninatc sunt prezentatecu sanrcturitre gur[ d cu rnAinitcln {nld ,ne d}
lor intcme la ved+tc.lnainte de o{diff, no{d, st{rigcrdkE, tutumE .

trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
E bsus w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 104071

Index
C4ln, !86, lEl, lli9
IEbrlul S+*i llll+. t$c 99 ChsEIim kln ftuE!! *
os Llu !i{i l9{e l9r. rpB
At{SbLL l*J.lilc, },t€,lia. ,tft.lir t'l.
Lrdul F. i50,JtoG,lln Ch*.B*,tF, +l{ 4ld. +Er
TrldulMi., !+k 1l{ l5ft,11L chr.ctELf,lk rEt lI*. rl9
,4au, J lo, Jroc. I, 1l lr lll,llJ* Aa;ubI.lt19, !k,J]q l1lh. !8, {t,19,51,J+. Ch4rLr! l!6
]|.l|Hqq\ lqr*,'lllF, 111,ltts llJ d']: | 19.ltl. t4t
ChEEls,.Ld![ i8], !84
ngE|ld, tl.80 ChrGdE l{uln{ ll5.l9+, lst
I{drtr Simt Er{ rLE ql fr. l+
T4tlrl Dr*uita lFq Sl
TGndulftflml.i8S.8ft
&!dul hi H.ek 8l tl. &edt dj,vdtrhi lt, ltr Cfir.hr..rt rt1, 4?q.+)0.{l&, +l l. {}Jc
Trrd'l lvi },ffirr l.+qd. tl, Bl( Frft Ssndd\ ll, lL
\&h+ |!nr|chr 00.81.{1. MlllrriE l|llmhnE, 41lc
Ah Cs$, +l l, arI +rL
oeEl.ro|1,Y,,!ir.$, d'4tr lqi tEt c*81+t,
Arm, ?91,!?0, l? l. {}0c. li L u lq {J:}
ilbfr,Mshl, rdriF6h l"L llo TcFdxl l*Bnq a.!tc ajlc, +11
444 A|I$+ F*+l+{h I!,ltl,lla r+ }{+ r+5.1+5c
44. Fd+h n*seft]n l,i llp &!dc alc o oL iL ale*, +l]q +}]
T.!d,l Rrrrrt!*rhr +iiL + q 4]l
Aqffry5, si rrft,dr, ft
utsfr Pl'a M{rnl+t fr+i. !]la
uql Ilm lldndEi, lllc ljl
ClarFH, 5t].31,| | i Ir5E llft
Uhl llUB Si $Ei ?l?, UL
w' rrErEliEi. ?l+, l1*. e!?, il74

l@u{r tsi."!F siAm $ijrhd, l€, lals t CaM+f, 116,ll9, 11ft


A!+*dru Fl MG. td,I'k,86c S?,lC€,l4&. &rlld llt, ltl, ttL, Itt 1tt<
ll?, 118.1{1,l{?, 15616+l?5r. l.rrl.r74. T.ndul lli L<.i!+ 1l'1, l t{. gdiHB. r_11 _.
Tcrddlui l"Dik! ltl, I ., tta. $J. lJir
CarsntuFd.lJ, 14,l51. 1J&
,{l+t*!dd Faw, r51,l6rq l4T Etut$, dtuIniftr dir Il{ Ec+{r }G*i. S.i'4 r5a |trr
rihsd@ Is{r. aJ.+5{. U5. rsl Jft. &$<td, tdl, tt!. 1?t c.+ia 9 l6d.16lr. !61. !6rr, J65.365.
,t|oda r@kd. tl l].15 MrH Maiftl I m, r?l
,{Fd. Eldul+ b, J.16,:l-19< Tsdd lrFtutlor J6k
Cqd,lEn Brdd, fi6. J6?r

*nsn{x!€ U }+r, J{te Hac


rtrErll@ , I18, l !ft. !|q t4ft h4bc 1r?,r01,?m
Arlnls4 lV/AlJEndl, l4!. (:lpE& l'! I'|!H l?8, l?F, J?&
B.h@ Strgn ldd.le JJrq .]JJ qlMLrdeG &sdE 'T5.ra_t
,\n{t a ll?,11e, 1{9,l{], ltk, !.H, H?E
AnrlrT|I4 r{0, t+t" ttti i1{c Cu#,llt ]?d,tld<,i??
Ardd thr. tla lllt, z,F, r1o., l{ l+, C:dlrlgxl'., lti, ltt lllr
SsytuM,r,lta, 1fi, tfii
lmr.{l 5F, !lO.lfl, i*! 1+tc BeEGi{rrq 4rh1+ E, lto Ci!.u 11,rld I!+,111,1?6
r]ft,l9l, tl+ lI+ ll!.ll6.ll6cluq ilk
rl* hi I.m I'hEE )l?G ]li{

tuikdn, d€rd & b, t6!r Tefrdd ld.{r(,{li| J l{. !1,k. lllc i lft,
bornlllE l1?.Ltq r5o.ltld, l5]c.it',ltlc Jl?GI 19.
r.r$ld + h &ntuC+( $L lrlq ltr, lttE tud DdaGi d ol$fti 116
&JiEnRa5h!tn$|L l)+ T.dl'd [i z.q 1i{ ]ts,c
MMh*rlIhi/|dld!,|fi D
Met$r. di tN Ud$, ItI Dr Nsa, I{6, l,lk
A|miru hs, li, jd., Itl, Itlr, l6a+,16l,xl.. Bo{ilLqrL flErls,Ennh, Ufl
Eo$* dul dwLi U. l+ D.!C'ur l9l, J!0,1ll.
hL}'' t.Edr! dr &,3|€,1+S.
AtrbdsFn , t8+ 16+,r8t.53ld.1AlUE
IrrMMffi D +( lEj.l0tc tuhltE, @Elul d! h. lrt, ll5c
guril]ledL J;s Lrd*ic, ld6 ltl h'416 fic 1?{,llti, tll, l??r,Il8r, Ut.
ScFEEt DEFrt&I{5
Tlu,p&'m Dir+q 185
AFdlldtorth! D|drtf 4t
Apgl{r Clildn PdcEa61 c
t6d' |d rllnh.p.n ryo.
T.ddul |l| rftr,Gi\rD, ).14
T.ddll h lutls lI1,]{'l
oipti rt {&,90 tl 9l{, !u

SfttudlAisElrw490r
clHr'L tl- t?d i]lt. Itc lt5-101-lotcltt-}t'.
a FI], IF+.lll.lllr llL ltL l?{
q{os,E lt6 r91 l0l. lqft . !d0, }61,l6te, }61. 16l
IcErtuLhr nIo&, {9, I L{.
Elq* tui Aitaidnu+l6iL, 16l, lttk, Idi.
Eslxr |I Drru * MsiF, 16l
TEml lu' llii"u, 16l,J6Ic &thi tlt
A r.E , ll.9X .9?.9r*,ll5.ttl. t ? ? , 1 l* MuEulEdlrC. .i6lL.Jd! D i L s ,1 ! "1 1 1 , l l l , l 1 t . l I 8
tuFFL l I F,l,95.97c,S!.. 99 5c@FlluiTootn, t6t Ciddir lu ErDllllYd, I I q
-iftFb Mrul,9t{ lxa c:GdEb 5&u tdi{ J{l €s ltur.d.rdli I la.
clsl'i llirlE Ilk, 116(
Od.sul lu AglR 9*
CsEt SnfAnx.&r t!. 10.
Earh Eh gte 97c.99 Cdh.rft.d hdkt, {08
ld@l NBriffil d. AdEdft Lok, ll|, tl7. l}rn'$nda.b,6.d.L, ]71
P!.dwi 9k, 9,, t <. 96,99,]tl,ll{. r lor TsEIt I'i AFJI$ t tJ. J I9c
Tslifu Ii r;(6!- t|5

E bsus w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc 104081

TlHplqlH.rd,ll5 l 16.
ClFphEto lltq Ji+1]{t, l]{ li{{
D.dq breu .!I h. lae Etdmlq l!?, ltt, 166,16?,I6ft, tIS{ 1td,!?r,
Dra Esdul dr h, l-13.1t0 H Ill.,l7{.rl+
T'lFili Ch:hlU:eI llt
Ir.qqtF Tq t8{, l$k tldrim, lJ, !i,{0,4J,t!.5F 50(.ilt }0t,J+{.116. TnrsH XsldriE M#s 16l
.lll. ]l*. 361.l6ir, 16+ Tdis}jll*hlM. l6L i6?a a{&, ftg.
Utle l4l TmrH l',b|'LY, 167.l67s
Di<hrir^ l l, 14,dt,8t.8t. rl9.l(E Tdlr,l P$h'q, r?!q
Oi'dNr :nqdu, 164,lj0, ]Ji, J64 Cl*ofl,lllr. J!{l}+i, J16,ft
DrsrrlE llewhr€u, 9€. H3Dd.ll?. Itd. ltl. l8?c, rei, lsEc
iaTurrrrr, *hFl'J & lr, t{4r
Diw iJl,l lt,lt1<
t# lt!hrL,,!86c,!+?,l8?{
Tsphl & h lkulAk$ l8E
Tq"eld & b Vth.h l8dc, tg{, lfl&
DdrEr, 16l,l6tL )dk 16&.16l,ltl.
Ard d. EiDlrfrl hi ALaEr,i.i S.hN l&I.l Hffiitdl TrFErictutr$ 101,L6 Kii,hft D{€tu|',Ildr It
ktuhft I R*h'6l"rd- ?33
H# 4 lr7 , l7 ! , ll{ k , I ? t q l? 1 ,l? t ll. : {
c€€ hi D;oir.i Uli*. X{. ft+( Tmftl{k k $EmFh 1ll, lTL, lI1c,l?1,llk
Gs Tritoi'Jui, ]dl, 165t Fxl ,lra h*!!x d. tq I4d, l,l&
Trd!&n ldsli Crdllur 16l, J6?.
DrohuE fi!, lok. !01 tlHifltyo 116117 L
fldxrdE, Itl, ltSq J5J
D 445
E(.1t{0
lfmlI@ 54,6'11 6l.6lc |-3sw, F@-L .h h, lJ, 16,rl, ltu
C:d.ksndal rrll'srli rft, 6lc
El I.h 1'18 i6!i tsE lui fkldh d AFrliffi. ,ft L.da, Hrl
Bi lduHul rrtrOudhd&r, !.d
El t!Glr., EE hl * Lr Jta ln l.158. lt9 160,ld{c
Hlnrl $rtu+ 8€.,tl !6< L.tar M.tsu. IgJ.nk, $!. l0+. l4{r, t)6, }Il6c.lolc,
H. o ' l. r ll9 . I lf t , lt 6 , llk ll& . J I L } ld 1 l0 ,
ELM,5r,r+t Arrl & mni.l his.pddtr S{a.ant , $J, fiL
t&h. r.d lh6B i.ft. 9r '4rd i* atofrf3l ldTEaru loL
El(llr.i?F.ii+ ABI * fti{l |lh Tlaiff', J0l*
qlcli. BmbGL
di l4 IriJ, ,I8k Uir*dii.ltos+lEh lial, l+1,1tlE Boilhi, lm, 1q*, llk
sdftMnd tu Nhdtr lah FndEUlrheni t1iA.Ennd S.w, n rd. tO!.

l l i l {,l1 6 ,l lt{ Honr, 8J,101| 16 | 19,I I5, I 16 LEhNn,


&ddlEda l1r,llk
f€mErul lu E*d$. 1$. rl?r UoDQ!F.l,16
Hn+.1i. Ebdul' !4., ll! Uqr
Uqd, -195
EdIt,8S H!!r!'I$s lll
ttu L]lE Msh FE 4ll.
t[t*, l,ll, ltoc Hy!f,n& X!
LtadSEslxB,lolr +!9,{l + +16
T Ldrre 6l Cl. Fte lC4,ll4 l.?t J6?
t i.u[ M*uil} 91..Ci, 9](. !lt, U,k, :t67
Enriiudh C.EIE, lt5 ldis l.116 Utu$ { Alb.n, M'ftd, ll9
l*qF+a.'LndE+ h. lrl lld.llft llc llk,lI+

IdV :(]rtrSl.6dtrL 216.,ll?d

hl{si lll
glla
IiEid.ll6 J l,ehESddE l16

LB!E. 116.119,ll0
tlton+ ?lE
FFvsmrn Vll. l+/.lal., l,ll.
j.lli!& IJ tEE moLJ Jelr 1l8,llk.l{rl
h.i.E! E drMi tDdt R!i.) lt6 LnBElir. 156. Lt+. l?0
c(toit& ll|
l0.llc
Mdfu Frrhtr it], ,4CO,
{r}lc, {Cl c
CEI!., tu], l8& r90 r$li led,s flNiDa 1t9. ftd tulE hdhr. {dft, .'ll
Tdlclll (ihlFlv',,lojr
CEBifl din [hlnth ll laliscdsitt 11..lqrA.l5l, rt4 il$ ftA T.rtrrhl dEM, {al- ,loL
C.'f tnfli!, hdd d. L!,!,€ 150 lMiris, ?6, I tl, lS8, 10tu T.ddll ftLv rRj f.Bft. ,l'-il
ChidA rl,Gd Mshrdd, Uk, lEl
Ghr6 l$] x
MdiibdlFfr l1l,?q0 &2. rlt
rill}4 h.tqk, 16l $l r3'' ll5r urhqhad.eldai etr d.lr, l!tq:, l4.l
Krtrrdu.
r+l
BFldd! lu cl166, JJ4, ]!,k, 116 Hilr& Fdrd NI|IEI #l
Aiqiih l- qr<'a $,1 llle l,!6
ltEntdr t{i MwlFilB I }r, lj,4< l}6 Ud6 11,110. Uli.lll l1l.
TaEilt d. !5 BuFt+a Lto
tll*h4 Edlld! !& 3{€. ll€{ T€rsll{ d! b tb*r Qiq I m ll*
T.nsid,i! b tl|l tulFi. Uq lSlc
T.nduld. h MtlllE, 1t0, l!k
Cs,r, ll0, 111.,i!k fulld. k Id S{I' l!0
Tftplrld. h CkrtrdF, u0, llL
XldL JJ8.lJ9. ll9(. ll4
oE A!*dE lrt 371., tutuFF, Edrdul h'i ! !8, ltC t'ft i,tuftD C+*" 40{, +0J,{otc
tl&r ]I]lrftndift, 1?1 1llr
'!i
Aebi$d d.rluh! l7],l?1.
M{. A9FCE t+, -l*;, t+ }C6c }}I
K6vFii, r.opt'!, 1l6c 1?? MaE$ LrFtiu ImtE, tlc
[,kr!' V,F$ib ,fdrlrf., t{ }1., !S, 41., 5d

E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
E bsus w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c l040el

Nlt &tuqulb J 16& lS.r9l


NEdc\ FEd.rid hdnr. !4t

MIlEsft, ti!.EL da J?S ]rui'i r, Jt*, It9, l+t #?.l67i


o PIi,i! .el EI r!in, lt t6., l+?

l'lrEr{a d.,lul * li, 136. hLdr@E rE4,l€8 Utg.l+1, lgrc


Gd Ydra 189.,1t0c,191
o{y!'}€- Ii,Il,1r , l0}, J ll
l'lrinntu.lh ltub, 163 Nlarb r.*lr ttt$rjrH. l4$c,lr I
Mr!SrlE sbrr. * lr, l?F, lfl< tGphl dh &.hi, Melua t90.
lhri ra UI. IJJ. ! )J( vronq., 188i,19I, l9lr
'LdFbl E Ei lole tl]! FrtythB.dTrd, I l4 rrdr
'IidFhn hi ?s.ll, 100ld!., l]a
FFsae lll. rer@ld lu 14l.
FrnFi, toi, tJ,5+,t+, Jft. 5frJ?Gt9,6r,
VibluiLrdEl]'e,6t
ll@@ *m& cds:L !h lr, q . c. J l{h Uld lbfpodiSrbrE,{l nl.
q!@rE+lqr'! EE h, ,ltFL,+r+,11rr Crn eiFnj ft tu6 lft
Umrh+ lm ttl Cu t{Drldl'trN ftr
IErnrL ?9
M?npi, rukn!|, !,16,1,19.
OBrq l{r., t'lt, ttl
4+6 Ir!€dh, 1t. ]t, l{., li, to,r aI.
AE dNLI Ld Mtl{lor' lft
M|{a+ N*la.C {+ tutE Frirm { l.
P
TMlrDt Disd, {O.{6r B.rd.{F llkr TlF.lqqi -{0, l}t<. i+1.+15
F|stlh lh.id$qi ?I, 7k, ft,15 PEd$ola | !r 14&r5o.lJlr
IdnFlul lElf, ldclxrir I'r !F'E lulw' c$d $ne $l2hrha !49E l! lE
EHr rtudqt?l414 419.
MlEul H.rml!+ ,trh.nlorq t+ PbLhy, U5, lfi
Pdrll* F EtM( l?t" ljgr 'Tcrdnlh,iGr ?tE,It
trfldull& NFFa lJ. ?lr PlHrll cffillrlvt FJh. t+
C*r *lfl r5rr+*+ Y$r'r, J75 h,{.'idnul *Hlilnrodld. ?L. I5
Cs mLldutuLajt 4Jk
CEr urulll Dc@ 4l9t
hhri}, dn t!rr. 6|di dr. {A
Iflchl flisAl'i llt, l16{
a
Qh.l?k
htftir, l?5, {l{, {t L, ,l!6, +tar, {CA
Midut:hdcdliniru lll 118,l19t Gf, lkd, ardul dr ]€, lll
TE"dqlCn(. +l'5,41{+ Qh 5h tlslsdl I!Mb! hlt rc€, !09
Lnd!l hEriaiih. tl ir, ll6 r t,l
Q1,l3yr.
udlFo.|e*l+ +h ll?, IAL n]k,3D, Alt I0?. LEdut mtd, {!6, ,P?.

tllnin, lfi lirk,lat r{5., t.ll Ia8(,I{9.151.,


M6te Abrn. 4!0. 4I0c 411c.{11 +lk 15r QrErr'Atr4 l6il, 161lnlr
Atul {k rudl lui s@innu 5.rB l+ft
hsb lui Di*lrrih, 149 f,
I.Edll!u' E"rl.$EdE 1t5.,Urc l+9
LllFlll lui Ec, | {t<. | {?c. | '19
Fi'u ]I, t{5, Jlq !1c.. 110.,l,lb. !]l&, }lr
[,ld!L l?0 110.,U!. t?]E !!t.i i.tGrn*hr r49 4r.. !{+:116.J+eqlJo,Itft. ItJ. :5k

Frddt t(€drq D,er4l?r


tlr !fl, sIrsffil,L lr 1116
Fipa Nli.l8l, JSk
l,rird ri5 r,ri, rri. tr& r{rk mtsftr I lS9,191,lgk M'rd,l8l
qxrl. t4"li. lqt, l0ts l18r ?ari69, 19,!18, l{k !+k
(ntu UAE!5,ll& Mud. Crima l+lq l/t5r
Momlbdl Cnffii I l€

N ftFEio Mm, Fr@e.q ]?$

tluftd .naddIt, 5lt t6

I'ra ?16llft erd r. .rJOlJ I


T.ndd d. t! CEnFi 116
Trnlld + h BttuLu.rl U6
T.Fplsl & k T6d!d+l1ft, 16'+
T.nplul&hY*sld.'rU?.
Ndsulllr \bffi t. ?tO.19Jc Pr*Flr ll{ 1?'t, lt1,l?&,Itl!
N{sht{i,k mnL 1Sf Alrdm, 1?,1,1t5., Lt?,lltr, lift, 180.
hb llui Aftxru lll. r?l
NaE, !ll, td6,106., +0t 40?r ?lhmldld,. ldr & e{sb. lT?
N6 &dr!+ u+. lrt, tl6, tr6+,llt+
triorlnq 1?6{.lII, 1e{h
C& hi ll!h, l!4 ll6c RFm, U, la, 14<,lt, 19,JT,'U, {t .ft, .6. 4S.4t,
adr lui bifli!. l14 rt6r u!c!1.ltl r+. 50 5&,tlslc,1116. rL,l€ €4,rlt. tl6c,
EiI, l:!?,l!1, 16416?,16t,l{9r, lt} lj*c. l|j. ll5, l4l I t9. 164.lll. tl6, lqlic, $6.
JoJ lt{ }t& JGl.J61,l6&.16{.t69(
N.tut{ri, ?4L J+IE,lrj., ItC, 150.,luE Khdftl €l.Enr 164.t6te lfir 16? Fntull hi A!r8., {8q 4}
+F cl Eid F*h 166.liti HEMt.ul h! Ar&q, +sa .t9
tu!i., u'ilhs Urtdx. flind.E. 1J0 EdLll.l h r,rehda {i ,19!
Ndq tr tlq +r 6l(, I :+ ]Ol,$6 Ei.lDs,9t t6 99 lm, ll +
ffrnut lui C.s! l{&, .19
CrdbliG MuDl. +5,+tr
I'i€a!.l]ta M@ul. l 18 BdibI'n Cn#lL trr, tL
F'li, n, E{< Sl,4td qq+'* 1.1r4tu4,tl, lA
N.,.s"rsc. td, tft, lt, llc Cdl'iw hi M{. Au.in'k, +9t
Colffim, 46,+?r,196, 163,l6tr
N&qllc! llt Phild&nuEdinrhdaE,6 t Afli & hbnJ il lut cM*nd^ ,14.
Nu,ll'd\d +i, 16?,!+t. lJo ii4 lid, ft! trb$ r!E* 51,:!q. tk
lrh6,10, llc

E bsus w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 104101

Mrrlhnil li tl3dd,n,J{, t{{


In rdd ld f,I.fu, +&. i9 Tfllih,195
Stlibo,J:!0,Jl€ l$ 16l
hrii.$ V@ddii ltu
ft.rnn Rr|@ lt(,1€
T.Elid lr &H{i!s r tuFiri, rft
Tr*i,l rvi q*r!,i Po0u,t?c Ms! E dl raL, t64,lddc
Lrdd llnM'ftLlkn+ {l
T.Rdul lui rnas Crhre, tE
slirn lls. t!9
oiutur It Trtm, +t 4l*
fmml turTE&uLt8., r9, {tc sn.trenrunl!- 21ft rl0, ?+tc,1+l
tsrn! hil \tlf./4 +9 It ,?, lt6, tl]., lot, t06t ldl
sqEt,l.l I U
Siiriqrr8, r+r, |-H,tlq
'51
T U.i{itd raui dHh{ $lt:- {O}
I T ' s t mMmr. ll. , I I 5 Uftl, {?9, {!S:- ljo, {tQr
Eih"dE I9i, !9{<, I97d.l!6. IgE,r9n , 1g*, 'm
qar dr Ur Tqrusr {l!t,,1}0 +l+
Cardrrruh d. hJ!tuDa {!l Flbnrl
rlgc.a}4+r+
Mall Aih!.LaiE,lt6r, tFl ( Crupl LLLQ*nEl4 u0
B{dl&r lui lHdnnh, 198 I'.b.E dd riotsnrd.{i ll9, ,{19., {J&
c{iblLJ t9d,1!ft tnddr lt'ts tunlui al9, tl9,r {
M$r+td &, 196Jqk Tiiu,110
s{Etchl tui Sdxri, t96
TallDl tui liL!,I9l rff.
Trlirill'i, d|@E ,ria ! Iq, tJ l. ll t{ 44?
TMll]n Lri€rFrft !9+

Slsi-l€lrlq+, l!S, 111


T*{rilis Pri*lh 46 11.

T{.ihFsc l15.+lr, +16,+l6c {18 +lk. {10,{,I},


E L{a lI' flt
LLtul Li QEEtrFdd, +t6{.11?r+td
Itrri"rr l.{ru 41641&.118
I Ehi& 5r4h4 | 19.
T.trdo' & l} l*sA 4l ?l
ft mi{rllurQ;ix!.d. lt6 4l&
E[& 19'.]l& HL l4k,lal.l+ft.l.ld.,l+i
tulEdu. trmlnft'l lul, l,l6d
s.ruEdFfl dsnnrnrrl lci l+f{
\4lF R!rn* ll& t{or. !{L l+Id,
1l+ 14t l4t \&trhb, rJ4,ltt, lsiq I 16.I54q ltI.
JaftrC. slatmh, HrRliN, :]t E:dlki luljreie( tuffiid MiNi l5l
.H BaiMd! N{'E@ 3St
AEtrtdrdiuEi d t'rC.hHdh.:t:. !rl.
sffiEl| rot J !0. i]1, jl lr !)k
ItrllF{+o,mlrhl hi, ljk
S{Hi@ lrdEtr[ 105.,0t . I l& Csr ltri \tns, 15d,$6r
5i!h' lt, $., !?, }I. Iurm L It w
|!6{ +5qhn, kmdrdd. 14lN, l4t{. l5o
*furEq.rad.r7?
selrtrdr Fh lt h ll4, tl 5.lIt
Tib.dq 19,t{. {oc, }lk
$nr dt CsrE Jlt llF. !El.llk
Tda$ t{444$da PitiE tu'd: l|l
-lit+ l?t, 40d,410
4ro:4ll,+11..+lL drrs rditrFr db:. Il{

&& l. rro.r+ta q.''' l'.,r__


_w9
Hu Chfl Md li'se Mdim td.{l7r
Muid. hrdah 4l I. \l+rul, nnr}ll4lr lL5.
wln IC@t Ldx Edfl, !!
hdniBs+wM.l+1. lti lm iclc !01,101, \!lt!*tr t[ dr NE4 tt
lo+. tolr,105( 164 nrr{ri, !]t, !t8,1t9 lt9t 1|t ltHis, t t6,I rL. I rsc
stuM.lol'rft Cddiild lI Aft{l & diftfuI M TEis, ltqt V'ldFu, &rllrl|+ &! ?]q
TffidLI hr lddra hdE' !i
s*rsl![u rroddrH',l li] x
stul{ l{.{,291,}?0.J?r nft*9 b&1.{}+ ls1. }}! Xr'$,109,Ill. Ilf
shd.!u.116,!r r. Iildi,l1, l'lt
SEtEb! U8\ tllg.]LSt vft hi H!&b!. {J. $4 ,|J,{tu
li.n li4. l}? trEld turr'd!* +1 4]{ I
sidd$dhi Cctsaa l]l. 1]/. 113,l?]
TaF.hr llt tgI, t91d
'91,
It!{n DE[i, tl Tne IE l0. iL,|{,4l, li!, {9 {rr, 5,t.rl5,Iti,
lt9e t0k, ltl Itd I6{,rl0
Tn Kku Itd Iq.J_rd
crrc.N +r++r+:+rtc
th$a*. 1*1.,1. t lll, 110,!!0.,?:Ilr

.r,rde|lql:ui DslEtEr| 8] $L
z
Erlc $r, 8Et!6 eJ
EbFJ ui Oi*LEu, ill &i&drr Sr Mxir lcn T+i ]d l,b!t!. T[d-rEh UC, lltr

S;rlsl4lB{.l8+. t$t 1115.


t88
sRlq$n4{F!, !0r,ls'i

T+.liqb,lq{, }0},}$6 EhwlaDdEG@tade b llr


thnlhe.'lr ll,l0<. ll. llc U. ll0

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 10411l

PATRIMONIUL UNIVERSAL
CULTURAL UFIESCO

Colectiile Cotidianul.

CI 'ANTICE

HDrruRA
lf ur-rrurns

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l o412l

foto
Credite
Vor-urnrulI - Eunopl - Surore.. ITALLA

P{, l,t A'rLhft tJci/.tuti* q'hir.Srs P*. 16 rth|l CrBrie l4dE / tfii€ trl'hf sar
FT.+Sltiqhb +ftE lA'hirqqftie $nr ft& l5 tuupo P*itlt w*i lCo rt lq:ntr*o
Ils. 0 l*,n H*'4ffi/ C{ts I cnmeto t*. l&J? ,4nhnioAttrn!/ ArhiE\l4 E Sdr
P.&t0tl Anldoft l-rc lAt'M Whitr56 tr&l7A AniRi Anh" Whi{.SlI
'rflioA$ErI n'h$r r*hl
P.s.l8 .trnm,r I SrF
IIJ*OPA Prr.lLlt Gcl OqrraSlrgdI Art*ltlt xl / Coffiso
P+ tl Eti*Rr fimr! LAlii*i V'hiitSnr fit l9 rc Gi*iflE Lrp'ri I Adu'i 91nr Str
F.&19d!tr Afteio Adni I tuhin vtiE sff
$m& t|g. J9&rF ,4rr!.ldD Ank'i I Aifihs q/hiFSE
Plg lt AIS.{ Flg 40ic nflffiF A$in JA#$ I'|,k Sbr
lT, t+ltA|SA I{. {0 or'd ,Anoni{Aninil irhhr *]un Sur
64 Pr* 15*'4 Af;,{ }k 10id AjMio AninLJAduld9lR Srx
h& tt &E c AISA t & 4O+1Airth TondniI nrd Tm
Prs lS ifl|drlrAls{ Prs.lt AISA
Pr9 15fodrylr{}lftar'o l4rb L{fiiE W}riESle
Lkli Idlh
L*. 16N AS t+ 41GOHim t4n /ftiin WhilFsra
P+ t6ts AISq. P|p 42d|!f Oid,! VrEi I Aiih qftil. SF
lt. t6,ll AnrnioAftrii,Arh'n
\t4iir.Sis De 4?dr$Gul!' V.fsi i i6iE UtF kr
It3. l7 fl! S$fro! w /f?]rbb/C0rnI{0 t|s. +.tlM E Ib EcnEstiJAn'!9 C4in Ssr
P$ l?bGi|li F hFra j Ariin rfthr $ar Ire 1, iM nlo ftfliftai / Ar[iYrV]r. $s
TrB..tl js OiulidV.Ei I A#iE trftiD S|!
I+ 4t B{tt.[ fiF
&t4{l tht U li&ituI
&& 18e $dD'l lmmrl C4*r / Orulm he 15s ciog Gulnvecrll !NgSaSB
rrs. lEcElmMsiDrl,r{l:liiAiF. Crhile k!' I|& 45 drt{n Gi'ib VrFr / Arii{ Ctir S{t
Pi& 10Jr.Ssr&oVeihi I Cdlii I ftndo fte t5 '|ll
lodHEli r' ,{!i! S[.ds
rr9 t9 Jamtbulir I ftdu / C€nrso P+ 16ra ruhi$ ALirlrd
tts. 46b nl|F Gui'ol'€i i A6'r" WhjRsrff
b 19&gIEClsttsnor,.e.mJ tutira VJhm
5rll
Pr&45ir *q.. l'ltr.lh B.niNL / A+nElt4liE Star
L& I0 ks H.$ts I CG|E/ Cdnbl
Plt" I0 i.Crbrhia Lr4drhI AtttiB Wbit Std P!e.4?lt+rEelto Lnindli / AttliE q41iEIr
Flc ll trA|sA fie t? ro"G"ti.r t asri. i A+uEUliG Stlr
r+ hF 1Enr ctuf, GulioYqsi I tuhilr ghilt Sir
io.Al$A Pts,18||s &e{E lt{a,$ro,) E]rt}i I Ainr Eilur Sn
Fe ll Ai€$ lfrhlr / Cdts/ rlnffi
la, D-21A&bvdl*E f G{ti' I Chnffio hr. 4944l&ftlh Bdiidi / Ar[u Btrrr 5or
&* lJ !t&?,{15{ P+ ,19e GnlF V.{d / A'ftiB *tn! 5*
h& B &Erh A$A Frs.19.dtE M{ctlo &dnrd / A'lin miresd
he19i:{M ie) I'xd'i/n'fi'n Whictu
k 50c t {eitu &.thi JA+!* ru'it( $er
}l* 4 ru Oldhvrgil Ati*" vhi& ${.r Prt t0 ** CiuloVqsi I Arfiirt \llirc Snr
lt* ra i|\'Mi ArtuE/(hi! I c0Er0 F.&50 l I Msr€lh Bstiretri/ tulxu Mrr. Ss
Iis I+r5 flSA P|E5l CFIFVeEiI A,i'iE Wrik Sc
Fl*. $ nli C$ri;dioL4ab f ,{r}@ Wllil.S|q he 5l 'd!f
@ l,&mlL) ftrru'.'riituhrrWhnrsur
lig 15F| tdry Ciuh Vfli / AfiFq lt4rift SE F,9 11qlFFflS oiriF V.fsi / ,alllrar&tre k{t
It*. 15jor{t.|{s,{en VmnE /ft$ / ftr"ri*) Flg.5l fl' &!Tq Ninilltlrfi / ACKI'uc'*
P+.5! .str MrmUo&dnm / Arlm q4rrele
t& 5! 16.Alhno ru,ni / Anld / crnisd
lrs. 16sI@mClEin /Cqm lw/ OnEfu Ee 5!,t1 t{rr..lh &dr dri /,{'l'in $tr't{ Slr
rry 16kk'r.0r fllrrfii (}Ilvta hri'. I Centuro ll& 5r jor Alhft t\E ii / Ca'ti' i Ornos0
lq& ld-lt l..i.i. (J"ftr I fttrxm hs* / CmE5t,} t*. 5t AEltoDr l,l(a L4nll.| q+rR Sir
Pl+ l? lll Ah4ytnatg Prc,5+tt Almh AlriniJAA h Elft *rr
h& l7;nn rtrEmloltiriCnItM r+ JJ i{l .dd# C'ufEvcsi I ,{fi*r qtrrr SEI
Pr, IE $tiF Otdl}r l4{dr I i'[,rl q41ite $$r hs. 55s dES $ulo VsBsi / ArhiEBt,t 5B
Fqs.l d4N* WllctgjGllis /r:ntrm Its 5t.dftr turflrioAnit lA,||ilr M$r S*rt
PT. 1&:9 Anto{rio Atu,4ii Arillrr Sh[e Str tr" 5t ia dry Gdh' VrErI AhilE ffIIte 5E
Iie ll AI|InmAm|ul,th'r.r Ctur.gir Pa. 55i* dap Cri*hnolxF'fi I tuhin ltirE S$r
'I
PT, l9 ic.{lmio AEL!tr /AituU4ir€ Ss rr. 56n" tum Ccn*ry
/ tutugrWhtr!Star
P+ ]0 An}lrt! A'thj i Whi. $tit ft& 56is ClulioYrsEi/ A'[i€ Sf iG Sm
P*. J&.rl Wdl.l BE ^J|litr P4' 5e5?Errchtlrlill* I Cmuldllt
fq. I t !{I C'i*iurotrFli! I ArhrBVh[" Sur I+ 5?C",1. V*i / frtt* S'l'itt $u
fte 1l J{*}IlxLll3rkrl h, 58adl ioArnd / A'triLeg$i. SlI
Pr.l1 E Anhi. Arin' l,tdrir" Whi|.Sir P.s.5&59AFtL D. LEr / AniE CfriESg
P+ l2 iF Arlhio ,{hai I A'lM Ufiie S't I+ 5!l,tmdo tudn /,4rlin lttriE SB
hr. .11-13 kim tuniE | ,{lttiB WhiESrd P+ d0d'*r Livjo&ui@ / tuliw Wb|r Se
Pr, 1l res Bo?i,.[r*ri I rhtir / &{ur*r l+ 60J-'ro oiuli" vcsi / Arhq wtic Sm
P+ ll lft+ Orns* 14{. /.1 rin qrhtc$ru ft{. Sdt hnrrtHnE*airi (hi' I Ccolrso
PT, 61N ltb Buton J,titulr CSiF5r
P+ 6t i* Ciull' V.*i / A*dE S]Iiii.Sr
hn
P$ ]4 N6 Crtuim li46ib/ AiritaUl'in Slrr ry 6r s ,{trl{no Attni / tufiiu S'$ne5s
F+ i.l flr.$ AlSfr ft+ 6l+Eft.d4r,4rilt e Lxi I ArhirEStlrs SE
h+ 6l {rEtr dft# &Jdo & ll|cr / lfiitl Blin 5{r
Fr- l+]t ,{l5A ?+ 6l j.B AFUdD lr' I Al|liE VIfr. SH
P+.15,{tS.{ P+ 6'}AEI,. & i.,r$/.A'ii!i uth'rrkr

d.dt Fdum RFdrtr FinE g{Ji€d]]l ceLrspe rL lu{rtu{ "[nYXS{X}


&Eterit Ci!l]t|a6oor'

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 104131

foto
Credite
Volur,rul II ErJRopA- ITAUA-CTFRU
Itrlk h{, lwl01 Yffi AnlrrFdrEdl,&iiat]nBm
h+ 7?Guli,\ts!A,tu"?sl{c kc. Prl r$l 1d4r Afio Cld{t'qrAhivrWLirrSsr
Fi* ?tl3 BiliLonujtUrBAHS phol{ 1rT l$l &erp$ AlfioC{IlrEirtuhilqc11i{.Sn'
*e ?] s Lq to[rtmr.AdrFllhi{ Strf h ls! Itrh rEmpe'Erb]
ft+ 7l cor'" E'" o F-h l+8.*15rt'to Es l$l"l0l,4fb cdbk!.ArhM Btft tut
Pr!. 7] jc Oi|im LlFriahrhd, ftlhc Srd P.E101 t'lfioCdng .tuhq q4ir€$trr
hq, ?4oiovEurhli ftd Prel0] &EF ntEJftndiidhirr glit 9it
's|EB
E* ?+75|L'!si&di{}ti Plg I0{ surCriiEr})l4oriirAhiiE EtiE &
[l9 15CiLExruu Da]ift, ftF lfi l+!u FlflrdlHs,ftIe*ra
tr& ?65tu6&AlfioCotrdArhq shnc s'hr h& 105 i ,{XCh*r*
h& 16da.F AlfiJCEnEl,ldl& $+ft str fu. lot j{s ArhMsr'h
P4. l&?l An0&roso'Arfil! \tft"e S{Nr P'&llx lur (iiutii lEg ,,\ti|g Whtt Srs
FrF??nF BirF tHir G$qiituhlln slt iE 5|g PlE.105e@ rd!e. Ls &r#dtut'iE Uftir ftr
r18 h+ 7?d d.r+ll C$rErull+enr'tutm Sftik SrNr fte 106.milt|dIt?(itrLiur.I(1ultrdAnrin!frte 5or
R? 105jd cire Gdn \hrr,$hE Wftc 9Er
fu ??it nalu .qituG|lMAhin wlft€ sEr
tur 7?iE lriqg AlAaGredA'fiiq m,E $!". Eg 106ld i[q.r l-dh N.,rtdh'ArhiclUrhftSor
Pal tg A18o Gma!,{rtin lThieStr P.* nri AFr tirllmhdriH TtiE S@
ft$ ?&r9Ind, ti$Elsl]rcLo o At. uE riif Gn sni *{L tir
F? 19{a!rt nlio GnE}tu[iE Srlit I&r fia $t *trltr Gt+rl'ri Ih€li Olti
h+ ?t errr*i EndtE {irst{]lnri3{l) Grbi\hdnnr'\€ufr* $tel
Pr, 10&109
P* 80Guln lgcEil\+N*gtrc Stir Fr& lt9 dlrF AsEd L{e fti.iltini
hE E0A1 lioo.rannArtrrrUrhiic$$r fo. I{S dn4ocBmi D4li Oni
P4 tl s A8oCd'rrt4,tnr W}Ie Srs P{,1rcCns! !3L+Foarfins lltit. srs
Prs 8l .rnm Altot'?r!narfi1r'!rc$ te$lir fo. 1lsl1l Ydn turhu.&rrrl,&+Bf.hltM
hg. 8l F dig ASoCoftdArhn q1rnrStn h+ 1l I $r Mrnelh&nuERitlftin Vhkr tor
bs 8l F esda Crm l4onaiAnM Ulxr.sor na tll eolrs tuh,r Sad!
R& Ill dros Hajtdlc,knlllru,rAlltli q'ls S{ll
E+ I I t i! 4Errr Alfm|4redArlrir il{it Sta,
h& Er Eurl.JDsdrii
FAtlta'bi${fln$rc *+ lu C |EM Lufffiq#dhih $[ir $Er
F& H b' JoflRth'l8lflr,taftr{C{.tleh E+ lrLI 13Yl|YlArdrE-tsrE$,thbLq'[ma{t$
hE SldI Anmnn&nlrladL,rB Uftiri Srar h; ll] s!' FdoFAtli,G ,rd,#r'i'! stnEsFr
*& 8] BBAISA ft* lll !E dta|l Al$oiillmr,{JhiE'#[iE StE
ftE El F6 &rTtF Cfttidr] tlprwtulfti t'fiie Srr A+ lll ld G.€mi tradillr
Pr..l,]iI Mre[o li.&'tuiiq \r4lLm 9n E* lll cirF AnrFioArftri,rturns vlit. $q
'.br E . ll4 &@ Aflr, Cddxrtuld* SXilr5fl
Eulgij he. t1+llJ Aor,x!,)AninilAdlr:Uftir€sEr
P+ 84AlS4 hg. I l5 s .4rt@sAltlalttiE E hr. St'
Pr6'e5s,4n h* 115iF All;0ir@ituhm Wbft SEr
Hs, l16s rd4. Antdb AFni'Aftiu nrhiEStdr
P€ E5j{Eeudr*r tlF|rldtutLiril|ftiE So' fts 116eEdlt!'n Ali{i CaE# AiltM U+i.5e,
h+ l16i{* reF Anr$loA{i^i'tuhi,,!Urhieker
{,fra hp tr6 i* neeflr AfroGriqo,hnin whrle5l3r
Prg 86ru Cimi Srd tturCetia&rnos{o hs l16 LlL&llno Artinir'Arhirl U'fiil.S|lr
P|$ Ef {smr Clvshruud; oni hI. I t'] iddgrAlllim irtidAfirr U,luesGt
t+ 86ic ldEr CfttlaF L+diartuInr glit Stg R& ll? &sFraAnhnioAniilA]i q Stlre gT
Ers tdi* dnsE fln t;lr,Eo"Artilr ffhftr Srlr h+ llfl ruOntipL'L+rtftu in llitt So
&s. 86.87.4[€ Celto'A.$ rs UlutsSEr Prr tlt rdd8lAninrr.]Anjnilllltyr *hiri SHI
Frs l?sud;, Xnie+l$rdMl E | 1S&sdtr AlfioGBsrtrhs ulIE Stlr
F& 88sEa. CrnrimLrFrldtui!. $ hft€Str ft& t 1&I t9 im ArdE,ErtEdd't$b€,enr!!.t)
ftF er &t+E AElnl& rtrr liG t 19G I'inoraosJtutiE U4deStr
Frs t&t9YNMAldHrkrcsad,CsnEi:,m{F,rro Ile 119l$ Ant.]fli('A$htAdirs U[ir! Srrl
hs rlt BeF AtoGKso/tulu$
ulite 5F
h* r,9!u dnra Grli., tlai,Afttr,r 5rd b{rltr
Pa Sri e14t' GblDliedtuhM Vlrn 'ehk 50r E{, t:t$s &l4te t*h laoerlntl*o
Rr, 90A?rrHo D( rlJlr Pis tl$.driu hd Alriar!.1if!|tsEmruro
Re SO-SlTm AnleBdlml.'tHii{mrd0 [rs'' E[ rs kulAliDq]tdrtbfmtr&r!
P+ $1slis CiUj$\AssiAfLilqlhfie 5r.' EE u4,lz1,Uin Vtrlitr{}*hClrmo
ft* 91e!ryE Gd oV$il{lllH Vh'. S€r he Ul {li !dr8r Ubj'* B['T
ht *t lft:h k!.ia,{;rtiir$k trg lJl rars4!cpq HeIn* tuft Slxdtr
P{, Cr.9}Ci$aruikdi tki EF ul ts6Oltisflr l{Fr'd/ArltiE trtite 5B.r
?*" crdelslE,fth (Eir+qntu. P'g.ill e H:a Grs tudlcobrflnroo
I+ tl er4(r frid rx$ilscrffrur'j he lil F r6{Er F ffl \t{bttra'}4crtu
fts. t+ l'{aridh&rtir+ttu]{fin [ht.5$r Er. I.II r* dc+r I*h l.+-ii&Gdrri.tio
hs.9"+a5A160 tuum'Ailm {rh*c Sri' Fre lJt'tl1 Hrtlrifl Arff ft$lin
14' Ct3.tut1Cr$m LpsruJArlm$TIiF50r Pr&lrl ru Mrli
h, It dffi{{ ft{ SriislrMwFm e!- rB .m,{,}jn ru*rcrturrnmb
I!9. t5 dn ilto tudirAid IAin Sd PrE.t]:l ir llenrier,{m SrErlin
I+ 96.irdr Ciuliol4sglrArhiur Ufhlr strl
P+' S6jd trbd CLidaefthl ! ktlc IrkE! Cbd!
he 9+91Alfrocn0alid+i'i Wlitf Sar F|i ll+ ru' L'r'$moLlTcmr,{dr|n\tl,ltr Sr''
h,97 Altut]olrarAnrlr Crlm Srar Pb&l!+iEburdRRhi
h,9E flr,{lli{ ft,uE$rA r! lhtc i+! h{.llglti l"!* Rmhr
t{. 9EJ,! AIE{CetuEdtuhifltrftheSrit *& l?5 flu t1iry Uah!.| tJEhir,*\ic-."k{la.'r.Jo
h& t&sg Ciulhrdsa.h'hrEshLlc5{a! Plg. l!t N [l+E S..p]An C,bn\'OtlG,GilEo
hr. 99ffr,{li GruBlAftn! r&l.,nsni hE lt5 F6LUGE r,{tu
hi CS{tnml,!h &tu 4iA'INe qlu sEr k lln AISA
k& 99j6 !l*ar ,{[F (aedAdrna [rliF :ir.r k r!d.] Als4
hF 99iB *tryE l,&'GruiArhiw l+hik Sid PrG.lI? !6 Dalelkrmffirilriitdrtrl.
h€. Im llltGtrixLo tllpidlAd rr UhitrSnl ftE. l??F6 diry Rjchid Llr,{ift1,lfntutu
bs. l|J0rlilF Rwrh lSni,ft*irftrtrri Pie l:?idr equ M!!eiln0i.tr{rorilq'Sir
,Br!r Ldrh EFEdfir E ilouE pcrl+ dr ek !cs{. rh Lrrni .l,:{Isl]O Ai(ErI Cifi lrofi{nc"

E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 104141

foto
Credite
VOLUMUL
III - AsrA- Tunqa-Sm LaNK{
ASl.{ fte I6ljqd.e$ MasimB'di'Aihiq slm SE
h, 116ElEtrrc temroArtr. q1ft 56 Eu. 165lnsim Emhtfulnr lt/hc is
HB,t6t lB Cnnin l-{Fr',/.ains {hr. Srsr
F0R, l't6 rtinF Gulialesl,rtuhMIthiR Sm
hr ll&119 M6im lonhnArhl. grlift Srd P|e 165&t@ G,rib \tstft$iB Wift Srd
k ll9 saCri{im Lno$!'lArhihUfriFS! ftsr lf+t5? ftuh \txri'A+m WhlteS$r
hF. ll9 rflEu H!$imo&dx'tuiirr !ftiE tor fiI, 16?!u6GuLb\ftggi'tuhiqr u'hir Shr
Fre | 39ire rdl8r Mu!h$ Bor{hi,ttulEE W}neSt{ fte 16?i{ l-ti'iin\[fri,,nlhi|r IXi'e Stcr
h+ llf i*&ee ltl {rtr|$B0(rhl',{rli"iul'n $hr Prr 166 Mxsirno &miitArlllrr t'he Smr
ft+ l.l$ $r M".!im0 Bar i,ittrllT wtureSrit Fia t66ix 'l5 Gu[avrgeiituhi"rlilues{rr
ht t'16lo. MlElirDr &'(hriAJhi.r $fiir. Sur fui l6&fte llaJirs Enhi'i\'ttu Slil. SEr
Fs t40l,l I AISA Et 169{iw oNlD\tsrArld* ullre St3r
fu l{1 lffrr$) Lrpi'ii,Arlrrr Urhitesnr hr, 169{c4lr Gubo\4Egittulivr'ftur 5or
Pie t{} '|lt
.{rb|r Mirillbn$rrctrqiArtirll
S},k SriI
l9l h* t41rs J'ileim Brhrtfrhs Mne $ur Inl
Prr.t?0s N'l Vhehdtlrtoclllr'n*
sd P+. t?0ld tLri FAft $lislh
h* 1{l tu5Hcuiti Am Sin'lil ft*,! l?el?l N.l Wheh|]a'tnlldrrlfro
ftd 14!F3j.lD Et lllflrrh Plmr IDrat' P{. 1?lsCinimLupeiai{rlile SlrF SE
PrEl4lK:P,ft{bt i tt Ul {toF l'fl SEnl.,rdh EMr hrF
th! 141'FCrlrlrF LuIElnAdrrE \rhik Srsr It& 171dl'|* lrm tu{cn{1I-flr.lffhr r lma€!
Pr! 1{ s!ry CiltiuB Lr{ilis$rfii|! WLjr|S[!r Pt, I?l tkftri ii AJ$*kiellir
k t4{Jm* Hmi I Aru $titrln h.r | ?rl l] Hmd{i AnncSdrdh
her l{+l+t 4SA P|r. 1?1str }ftnnri Anr|rftfflul
P.s l+t ni HrM li AJdES&din h; 1?1di{r H.Miti AnntS.idid
EE 1+l @Er }|tM liAllE S'.dir fo. 1?t&+* Nil wrE{lE,(rdr+CnnhF i
P|r'1,{tiF AS,{
F4 ],16m! Hedri!i 3nx Strbr
P4 lldi! ldrtr tlcm rLAw Sti.rln h{. 1t{ M C{!{iw tuFri.Ark€ q+ia Srar
P4. 146j$ d!.qts Hirn rrArG ltldrn H{, tl+ Edtm[brel Bs
Frpr 1q6.147 HrnflI Arv13
tonlit hs ll+i*l*urEn{mb
Frp l+7!!. liqrifl Airr SdslF R& 1?+I?tA|SA
It[. 147jG flsi t .l@ Shdn R+ I?l F!AISA
Hr. l+CJ,iidqF HEtri&Am SrElu ft+ llt dq'i vttt* &q3
S S l l 8 l !e q b Hr m pAmFshfin R& 1?6!@ u'bjEkhrq
ftE I l&149Hmi li Arw Sderlin R+l?6er+ AISA
Pa. r+rlG rttEr t{ttuj$ Am $irlin ** ftsr7?AJs{
Prg.| {9 ea &p,giaHen ri .{I]re$ eiin ftg l?l !$ HeM5iAruxScein
FE l49t{6Hrrtri!iAff*Sirrlrn h+ l??sc'lduAISA
Rc 150s! lohntlh ll.'rale{!lL,*r l.Esj S+ l??i! llffi t AnG$dslo
ft? 150iErfiFi:']qnllo LuFdrrAD'r lliiE 5{a! It+ 178Sqlftbs$
fte l5dkEdft4o Ans$ To||lmi'R|cld 1l c E*, l?&r?9tltnn $ ,{ndrSdtdn
Ri! r5&ltl K.L{.Utle'rrrl'(]lrfiiE@lEn1 E* 179s fLid iiArw ln'litr
ftf l5l r Al||l1),lnlsr E+ 179qt! ss Htr $ Am St.do
hs ljl iE h'rla F rhr P+ l?9llffi F t{.tujri AnP slt*n
h*' 179iq xbit* 3!F
E . 180s Ctikr Bs
P+ lll !1tufrEs Addrd{ P!S.180lnWb& hc
P+ IJI 16r.+rr(iliEd a, t{Fde'.{rhH V}ih Sra' Fr* l8l c{ stikl &$l
Es Ite &sro &rer *i{dl]stii[off6ti PrE.lEl il| rqler Vtir*+Baid
Pl,' t51ltrldnUltrlaiC&,h! Pt'!oLbaa tii,,CdhLyCnl]m s€' l$ i* etdF q*+* Ss
Fc. 15+tu omrn R6driJn&tld)nrdtd
hc lt4 k tulmdd. AEflix.!
P.'3 t5+ ttt il||m flldonlq,|ddi\Cdrmb P*. lEl diaicf.ldlhd LlF iu l'td\r I4utt irr
ta l5l Anrcr: Atonr, Arlt.a1!htc 5tr: fte 181&E€rq( r &,x**(h.(rntnie,
hi, tn Rc+rutoac**rnmsm tlg l8l.tfi I K{r Brlrdclc.)ibic'trnrrIr0
Prsr U5.tt? ftmrn [-qd$nio'!]odi€m||!ur Es. lE'l tut trlc ln*rcnfiitmftrtu
*q. 157!6iF kd: B\i$rtir&bFrj!' Pr*.l8]iE,{hf,ilftB+
fte lJ?$! dEq.r G$rFml-l4{!]ltuhi'rVrhiksHr
Frg lJ?iE dltTtrtrmrff nedadJftrhr'tiv'nrru S'iL{h
P.s.l8d s AH,4
tnel Prg l8l 6nu Jft m}Hrru('llrhacirBD
PrE l5dr$ Hiterlo 8flinflil{rldri EtiR S$r E* le'| F &[ $,da{,*t} HNr lmi6
Ee I tBi$ Cdslr3m Ll{er&Arhiq qftc $Er P.s.l8+l8t AjSA
Prs.rU&ltc IDWI6 l€r!'tuhMut'R 5'r ft!. 185s $snm LnFlrEArtdlrWliE SEr
Pre l5+dq..toCi Affiiftrdt;ldrs Ptr,h Sb, Bs 185ia(Jnntm! O,hm'acLr+&1lfrb4r
fu, lt9rs &EF AntlIh tutdrArhEMiieSn' Pre lE6Ca|nlrmarlil.{ufft
Rafl(li
P.s.I tlir st&rr.inrmi0 Anid!tuhF,e wllilr 5'd ?4.18&18?AISA
Prg l5$ld 3d.tnAnrsid{turrArhivr\lltrFSrd Pry l0?ir5 {ilF C*rEro t4.ria'$rn: uftrtr sflr
he lf,0 r$ Mrnel,i .Be{tindrdtuhh qftnr $nr he l8?Fl! dflr{n Al5A
P.* 160He+ sua. ,CnmioAurt|{'tuB ![iR SEt fu. l8?rtntruAl1{
P" lflIdhr drda A.hs Arrni.tuhieWhicSrr hx-l0?io.Al5{
hx. 160is qftlrio qftift A!ftiri vitir!:tir hs I'18sd.{r CrEriul+ h{ljiarAhjr.i shiR sur
Prg 16l,lt[{||a AlrinirAri!r rn$rcSrrf ht l8E&crru lfldny l'{iHi4|lrttlr fl *lar+c
P,s.18&16+Glltxm limlilh0nf irt}ftldo
B$ lig * AisA
trp 16l ru Cr$drnoLlFria'ArhinShtr Srit ht l8griititJdtthy H,rtr*r *tn0'n'ratu
Fe I{l io' lEc H.m i Aln Srjtrlh BE,189ir!6.nq lknm.:dtft"nturo
PrE 16lis +apE l.h EIIllt'Lh.h FlatrnIdEs Es lso d4r AISA
Prsr t6lndt Inn,{Idr|E.&Rnnlc{rtiqtnn$HJ H& lso dinptabdisy H*Lr4,Ii,lc,tidtub
hE Id] tu*ErtHo!@q{h,i:nrtrsdr PrFlgGlgl AllA
Pl& ll$ rs GuL lissr"tuhN*1!+iGsur Pi& I9l s AndtsBtm|villl*r'lr Flrm ldl{6
Ag I64iB slbg ltisnF Br|Er4 rrUttisrd hs lgt ti$ ItulEelFetua'I]rtqci1lm
A{e rlrlNnre|]tesrtaelrEiep€rrcdd rde:sBe {Lelwftil "UNESI]O,tnch|trclvllna{ooN'

E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 104151

foto
Credite
VoLUMUL
IV - Asbr - CHn*r,c-INDoNLZIA
hs, !SI0i: ftlNF i frtr Im{.' r TnELrq P|r.r'0 €I! AjSA
frilr Pr| !J{ d.|!E AN,{
fs rm 5drF Radry.Fetrstir|}{@F fu,l)&tJl ALs,{
ft? IiU dc+d Ou{irno tryla'?tbivr$tlr sur P.{,tjl s DaBol.rsr ftsDt,cn|6q$ir*h
R* r0l.J CJtld Febsrubstrs HM h&:JI iF AISA
ftC.In] &tuF frq OJ@hlfslF,Cqwr,o
Rc.r[4 tu ]im {h&hbdcotirCrrnxin ilql
Pie r$ lfi P'€!ftCdbdrhtcdhl&ftrsln he. 1}l *.Cli** W,l*pt"
I|c !04.10t
ArSA fts #l ifl Bs|nclt*flr; Ir€lrtiutsr'tfihrftdrlar
I!e. Zlt dFar. PftR Oinr|tl,Cdlacmtnft R+ 14$ ALimlgdENF,cdt*,cfr1'1M
h6. Alt itr AISA P'T ?]l rilFcEtim LuFriEtuliq Sliie Sq
hs l[6 Frtlr.Cdofth[Cflinc{nEil{o B? ?1ret4e Ali$f, q'ftrts?

r56 h* l0e107 PqreCdmhl,l}rtkfinm:to


&E iol ru Pttft 0iElhl,fatiJfar n$o n:ilru&
Prr.4l trnEt Pi.racdlal#,Cflh#(antniir Prg114tu CdtuiE hPqi LVqiftwtr'c Srir
Pic ?tx hmOulo'hl./Oitnlhrsro Pl+?X .t6ltl dr$ Uv$!.!*r!'tufiiE ntE StNr
Frs !t* ro AEIIdh h.qrtJhni U hlr Srlr fu lH (r r dftrya Linr Snli'nlituIiB ttik i;rr
PrE'!0*i* C'i!it*r b-F$q*drir: t[}!'e Stcr Pr&114i! Lflo B(ldld A*ilE Wtu S{n
Iis :0tld9 Altld{ft l,$(ilfthnr Stir€ srlj P|e1H i{* 'tLi.
&+ Urb XaltdlA;iis [htc St!
Ee, :Loiru AnllloDehdtuhnr Vhft srd Fe llt IJlb El}rb(f!&t!$ Uft!,, S'*
ftr :ir}] ,}!rFqAratdr& L{rrAj+ri$lIhiR 9!r k&116thbR hdnA{iE q,rLir+ S{4
Br. rosiB Aa & Di tu{&''fii$ *hrr Sir R& ?.1?r ! rdirr UlAJX,:dt.Jo*+i''i qlNrrSEr
Er* ilo AEI& ft Lucdtulw l[6tc st$ h& B? FA&rrro l,rft Bolrbo,rAlhnr qrhir slrr
Pr! 1I I A4l& tr LutJArlis Ifrir. 5rl' He i17 i.r ltirs. f !B Bodfo!,{d'iE SLk Str
Prt. 2rI sE r. nfrIi) D. tdaidhs PliE SE! ks i}? is e€# kylr rsi*ar,r'&$! SrriESEr
F4 :l I dftS turu. ft hcntuhlri thr! Sis!
P4.lrl sd.fr iallo D+Luta'tr]rr gqu Sd celo&
hr rl I dr$ AFt(!}ft LHrfthis VJhIFSE! h*:]E s.! L rmBxd kfiirr ffiiE SEr
ft+ il+'n! tunxfllaSrr{h Ps+$0 c6le! Li"e BclJrSodAnw" tr|{e frlI
hs. Il +it &slslafi {rhrl:am'to h* Eg ic Lift hrrbqr/tulnu wlm 5or
h& llt ldhn&mh*tbtn"h P&odlmue' h+ 4&r$tihstu{ lI','tullneI'lir? Sel
Prr.ilt ift C$r|'!,r L,acrb'Arhil1Vftil. $ P+ II9 Oiais h4flrarAd,rs[':!G 5rrl
Pr&JrEru Crbdin)h0{idrttur! U+n Stlr ftc !10E Lw boftFr,rA'lnsvlne Sr
h&:16ti)r Al]ltt !r'416 hg 4d 16+r Lirio[G;o€dAtua lulnf Srsr
Fr{.2l&lr? &in A.UlEr}d}'till]blfu Iie 240dn#e tnir B6!*F6JA;dr? $tir. $r
ft$.?l? lr.hErhEnA\'*ff1&r.fadiafcntfrr,J hr. l4fit1l lni) frfftuVAlt ri EBIES|lr
P4. ll? eerAr ht|n A.\r *r,Ca:drs,Gl1lri'ro h. 41 bB B.mhhlAhirdr}l,lF to!
fu llB ra€a Sqildbf,s'tBm I1r I4r !r $$ e$ oiJMdH gll{t Strr
h& i | &r 19vilfuu K"iLer(h iq{i.r'nnJt'l h& *l lr{E Liri,}Eodbinftfr,r{$ihr. Sir!
kF lltlB ilEll ! |Ca$E&{crlxr,tlaqnado Ii+ lar j.r byb Blrt{.,rAr}Nr gla{ sdr
hs lltnr dft+ \t{:liltui l(4hlF,{:d}qgnrrb I{. l-ite{3 U"DXolli{rilAni'r gRE Sd
Frs lr$!,* Lftl! Carahorlccmd?qr ft& l+t fiE Lffi EfiAod,ttuYrItiu 5r$
grp IIS !u Pl|}m''r tud Ii& t4l &eS lnn Ba'.l4rA'Iiq BXr $E
[r$ tlo ir* lcrrr ctjRf [|A. ftl 14{LiE lflt6tr Arhiv& q+ite&ir
fts. U0 jc lEpr, Am Cnlmtol'ftiRcDru ?i! l++t4l U'io XflrrtuA'hli Sihff Sw
Pr{.ell rdr4r tun tlrB€r adsfttlFl{o ft+ 145ft LsDBoA{nttriin Xluh 56
hg llt dqe ff v'olipq tkdds$crt'jr,C,rnE.ero ft* ],l5 qlE{ U'io B@fuBrtutiqrt4riteSE
H* llt &!'xb a!o! Utr1te t hF Ds 4i i* UqoE:{riflrhrh$.rvh,t€sru
fu l]t iG C*rib) l,,Fr.qAt+'i"r
U4nE$Fr
B& tlr !@. {rihaa Xrhhtrrxl6'tlEifu
P4 ffl etrlu $dfept*Ki.UartrdqCdnui'to *+ r+5iM Mi.he Frlrmo,rknC,riaa,.o
fu. tll-!13 Dernc.isgir,ibr'Sdffi }t{. .r+6ir64FMrb*L IidnEr,,t:r{iarcrnrrEto
ht rll s Fb,rlmr SE! I+ t{+lA? M*hrtlEnod,a0n[c{{ Eio
AF rrl itr i,FA hs r+?d.Gi lilk+ddIt@ \CodiiilaoiG6lo
I|s &? dnr$! Cr$d!d,,6L,rolriirtuIi${.'}in Sur
C,mr& $ud
F|r X+ rddr.AISA
Prs::+{e*t A.EA I!& :-{t !I! I$#! frn{nel.r0Nr6d,fadn-rir
hs :i+ dft4h O$i"n t{Fharldt$ *lbrE Srdr Pr&fi8 (rftr lind$r Hrttd{'SrtEE 5lrll3H,
hB.ll+il5 AISA ft& l-i8 t6 BemrdN'! Plmdlriae!
hE :lt ll$A 'iir,t&d1 Pline'lnrs:
P!&;4rl:4+E"FordN!{din&'Lrd)rt
Its 149dtooCrur*+l4rdtubm $1u.S(
hr :+9 dE@ Seel'mFCdsmi,ffiii,rilnme@
eF X6 ,4154 hs Jto s{ Ls*q }kftrd,t.,N.bllcaflsa*)
P+. ?16'rjrgd
ll|t+E ,!lSA ft* 150noFr 8rft d ladu*L{{dr lbnerl$a.l
Pri, it&tj? Mirh#ttantiihlatfi,!,CmrEso h* lto b rdnrr AjSA
P+. tl6 ru tumm L46iiaAAi€ [ild 56 h* iu i$ decqtrtrll&.y tt*1ffd,{cri$J]-,]{L!5{0
h, lzl dl4r kr|ti Gftdloorh Plftr lEu{ei A* IJ|].iJl A|SA
Es $? tuirtr tu*l+l hg ItI di{e [,G@lhEqrr*{r]|'lw lItlt. Star
hg ::N AISA h& 151&# Crqbnlll|'Fru, A'ii!.arllutQ$$!
k,]flnrdm j AIc-,:rtj.r,tff'rs,n
Fr l-t&]?e Adchtui!' g€. IJI,!5J MftdL* &rtinrt!!tuhise9lit Shr
AE.49ul{i|}Fft*i LoL||Fn tutil?EhItsrlf FrgE' $n Ar'*ddTrrtjhiftr.u T.am
Ple,#9 tu! &dfl! AISA $s 1Ji lB tra.loTJnlrd,ftrsTs
P+, l?Ci.dro ,rJSA E& t54 !ir!.l t'GRto Bqtu$srrAdi$Wliic Slr
P& ::gin Sdlitls Plm R.ffil Lh.ihjHtcoDrcrt! h9 $1 ir Mftr[o ftniid'i&hi{r Sfhd.SEr
h. 1l+!55 l'la*rilo Btrimuttuhi'r Slllir Su
P.r ]Jt &rr!b Marlk) P*ntrtd#r|nri Whe Srd
fts ?J) I(i4. CrLltiml4{!ii AdrrBTtrE Sor hs tit iE ltlffdto ftnur.ra'd+itr SXIietur
A4{ Focrlnl, r !i L? !€rre din r.t 6r!a. .lr h-.rl i! ,11\lll'll AMft- a r liali.n{
'dum

E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc 104161

foto
Credite
VoLuIlruI V " AsT* - INnLc AFRICA- LIBIA
to* I++.16JG,llit ,{*t! l,*F* trf l9l j$ Ai$tu? ,{&ir!A!illB s't iE ler
'ifiF ADrudrAliiriirArh a $titt Sc!
tE, !+l iq ldry.
hdic Ptg lSl s .qn6nioAFrnn4lhiEmik Slsr
Pr!.!C6ss CntEiu LLasdargnn x s'He Str frB. t9e nitlF i4r,,x[r &ml{ iAAiE WiE iF
Frs 156r.!tr'slrl.niin0BonlLAairr Ehrr shr Frr. :SI.:91 AnnntuArsirAfii!r rifiie Srs
E{" !6er67 M:lftr !fttttr',tfii!1 ffilE Stir hs :91 $! Ar"fltd Anriritrhri YtiR 5mr
Fr+ !6? Bqltir*rMsft BfthilAitib 'llTlir!Stt Frg.l9] @nu inmio,ilrinirtuiiw liftitE S|sr
h+ !6? ru &ero ldq m exthi.rr'll{r Wl"c Srir hi lgJre*t'n"E dmr'iltM! FrrFto'
Fr+ t6?jft !6r. l'{sim ld]titu]irr S'ha 5u
Pi+ 16?is dr{Is llllliElr &r.chlAilivr VLic Ssr r\If,-tca
R+ 2{8!d!s MsLtu kfthirtuhlH Srhft.nlt P+ 19+Skrb{{! F{dr!,}Ai$! ffiftr S$l
F& ldd &laB M#$miEiNhilAlht.,u'lritr star
fto rfe!6i ltbsm Erdin*lp \lhtt Sar
},+ 169s Mr!6m BF}[l'4dur|$furs5D' le ICd!6 AF dr D+Iruftniu [lliE Sbr
l?0 P.* I59 €tru Msir f"ndurdha \l hitl 5b!
E ua 15 hLram Bddh'Aihtrzmrft Sid h ?.96@h ,{ql,ltr ll. h(aArf,i€ \!hit Sbr
l+ IC6lc ArJdo tu t natuhira Uftin Std
nry.?mli$ }] nff(hi'Arniri|rJhiFSnr ft* I9+r9?Anlk,ft l-lrdAhiLnctnr $rr
te 171* HrdnrRt<<[ir.{llurrV tutetut
li*, 1?l flolrll i!4F MJrt0'c}+l(.hl'trftri qt rTSI3r h l9TCdEN lrF{iir&fi\t lfi+,teSHt
fts lS ,{rild$h t{(&hrht!" $tin sl3r
frg !.71qE!4soe MsdFi tiEliErl H W[ l. Slr hs ;S ir 'llr #np inrtr'loft Lmtufiin $titr Stu
l+. 11| F .dier }tul8m Elihirlrnrq rftft 5d e{ iCEi" e.*6 AnHoIh Ls'AlttE $tF 5or
trg .l?l i* &ee$ lt{$iflr{ En(h'Arhi'q1ihrtcStu' Ef. t9&199Ardd,l& L'.litAftu! iltut{ Srsr
hs l?:l nEdiF Gi{E.r tu!€tt/,{iltg Whik$ir
Fl&1?1 ! dft# l'ft!!im0E$RhlrArhil* whiFltar fu.:.19 d!*E Hrdtlr &ffi6'r{rkiE Wh&SEr
hs i99 dn{pb Anl(b Dr l-lxilAdrr?WhiHtor
fts J?r in .rhE' I&B h fic'tltu*tdA#rrSlitc Str P,s m s dncr,{nl,$ [h ]-Fitrlii,! *hrtr:iur
h*. .l?l Fi &e4{l MircdL0 S{rorxo,'AdrtE Y'ldG5r,r toF ff,e &.# ArtIh fL LlaArbs Whn.5d
he I?l-l7l lrLesimExchLr{lhin$ h'te5t{ RB.100crr A,-iltuft trxrrthirr wUE 5or
h* r?r * Msm Hrhr,ArfLw$tln Sto fts. l00ix Anl{o ft Lu{:{'tu+'nt Slsc Sb
Pr&I?l toe i1,:i!n hftlttAAir'nVtirr Smr Prf,.3[G]01.qr![dn[k ILrartuIL$rHriRSnt
Sr. lfl f,4 U|!4irE,EothrA+rBwtr st{ ft& l0l AriHdfE LuQt\'hrriwhrhskr
hs l?4.r'fl rdllrurdirm Ed{ rArtl|.aUftirr 5o' he l0! * CErEmlxrEUls'tri$ SIL'! $I
Pis l qtn &€{o l'lsm EEt!,{d"! Shit" Sr- FJr.l0tjd R€lL]&mern,'ifui's Wlnrpsbr
ft& l?{ F {:n6. MrdLDE dlrtd,Aifnn U}Lrr.Ss' shtt .qs
P*. 30'$.] Aftt{ntr4 L1!!",.4rh!*
Prc 4 fs dft& MN no &Khi,tu}iE whitestfl ft!, 101s AnH. ft LmdAlhr Wlic Sitr
PE t r IGFim &kddArhiEU hiESr* P+ l6t .rEEl Anilo ft tr(irArtj!! Ift're sl'l
P+ l?5 ff Crlllilr0Islnrttuhirr nlliE Srsr
E+ 1?5ix HFliEr Bf([4t\+i* vl,,k s's fu JoJjo Aol& l]. Luoi{nrnr Wh* Sur
E*, l0{ *x $r,ld,:ft lucrttuh$r Fl:m Scu
F.&lrelrl l'{a'rx, $$thiriAr$i'rT4ilt rjlu P.s"lol {ftEt A'alh ft tm/Al$ir" {hih Shr
b9l?? fl! uiis ]tlsm &TclurftlilN$'lrit{St{
fu. J0{ r<+ .rullo BdrHdiAAna Vfft 5d
fhE.J77lErtEtb ltuBnnldl,'xrl !NV[lt Sd Pr+J0+105AIIH.]& L$i, Adtq \trhitsStiir
A!.l?? *ntu MNlm BmtlirAti'! qJhR:s! R$ $5 tc+ltiry 'anLd,) h l-t:qelAiltru+rt. 9rr
Fre l?1ir !ftirnE B,rtcHn*ur\ftn{ ijtir ldi jc dE4|r Adl'ld ft l!.atui!'! Uft,ieSrir
&& r?8lelz!$jr!]kcldtuhrn Uftin JEr fu
Fr* 116rucAmiitnD€hsrArim Uftf€ tE'
EE l?&!;! Melffi Xnftlrl\im \rtd.,St& ni :nOir {1ryIlEU! q L-{rAt*, U'}'" S"
Rc l?9,B MEim X"rd!tuhi$ S1 . Srst fr& l{6 in &E!r. A.rH. I)elr4tutE Y"ftne Srtr
S!. l?9 io HNm hnlrrArfilrt 1Ih GS0' Mirccl. Urlft lil
ft& l)f]{fi Rvu'ct'lAils
Frt { ru| Mcdinlo &EhA+}a Wlat Srs ft+ l0? iol ldnF M:!.ee,P*nintti'ArlnvlWhiESrNt
P+. 0.ttEu f.lridBrh{rlirAr}'rs mrr Srir c'lnt€sttr
ftr, 10?J'x*Eqo AnlS lle Lrr{a,ArMr
lre. { im lr{asnFBxihii,{dn'rsh E S.r, ft& l!8 A$ldo0e l@ tuhiu tthl! Sts
Sa lx+Isl $s tu &rdt.tuhila Wlitestlr ft+ lrl9 Anlh DelEd&tiq Etl@*ar
+l!' Iil tl*m Bnhir^rhrrq$ft 5€! F+ :ll0 r{ECriiti*r,o LlFisr,rrh$ ['hrc $nr
h6 l$l s Crirti.mLqgi&lvhin Sl,i. SEr 110 Ci$d' s,l Tiri* Ie],liEEiAniE {rhiesfl
Ec l8l l,l6ib kfthir.{rlirB}tu. S€r ft+ i*
W[ftc5r F+ t lfill I Cenr|iil|:l TEEnihliiEcrxiftiin qh e Sn!
Pr* IAi drF L!ffiim Bc.chi/Arhin WILieSHi
fti lSJ *r JEr(r Mdsir BorrhiA*ir! Vhre Sur fu .lt I u ltirp Girnnud fixu ldlsldirbrr
Ps*.]l I d #F+b Gendbl TudnaEllliis.. tuhiE \ltir. 5!rl
Frs t$i ix d&{r hhinmol,rnl ,t6 $' 91*,shl P.E.:]11mtBci,noj nrdIEi.F SsldnslJA.lE {4itcslg
fts lll i| &srb l'lsim E'ithiA*iE Sliii Srir
F,s.181dItl Mamo lorch!\lhNr r liR StE lts ]11ir6 $,lmi dd n'm kldmiAri'itE {rbie sid
Pii. lll !rl| llbir GilndmdTutl'll Bg:li:r$4Arliqru hneSIlr
Prs IJ-l &t{t| M$rittrl&Eh/Arlivr W[it ftu h* lU 1|J5 dcr+FGunr sd tdfr &llEsadrhi$ g'Ii!,: Srir
hE l8+r8l M${tr Rfthurhnr WbreSrd h& ]MlJ AnA&ara
Frg ldt $r $rltqirh h[niur ]ll s Gfltu &d Trmmt4ldEndArftiq whit! 5t r
Pi,g.
Ea t€t .dtu !c All[ E6L,f,tdi{bi\C{ntr-*it0 fts ]ll i$ ftmru anrlT:tst blJ@jAdtn" Btnp 5r
Pri l8t ffin1lr,* Ui:diftrX{rchi,trhjrr qft h sHr Prr ]I4 s Anld{ h Lu(irkhi{r s'lF k{
E& I8tirMffiim tud ririn UhltrSt
E*. 186rdnfr [ tulm txFnai{rhr r s'hF 5E! P4,Jll iJl AlrIJoIhr|j. irhrrwIjE!E
&{. Jl1.Jl t Adl*, trElu.uri$lli T'tuESls
P{ lE6ihe lns Sat"trftArhiq \!hrc sff
Es. ]{6rE? tn' Lnt{l\ndft \ttrie tor hs Jl5 t r diry CtEnanr LlprnaituhmctMr 5{r'
&s. jl5 ru @b,{r,ld,r h Uqtufn! g4itr S'r
h9 t8?fl! L1vi0[,!ulon'Adrn! U hir€Star HE ll5 t! B'her Ahl'loDptdJtuhsa lihr l!.1
&e l8I F Lti" &,",bftliArhraetuF sGr Pis 115i{ de{rh A0rf,loI} LL'rll+hnnwtuft stil
Prs l88 ru l.lvtu$ouinArlris \lhte $ar P's-J16*,i{srdlo krtidcttirtu\i'!VtuttSHt
h$ I6Erc|m rtl4r L,tu luftt tuAdir?*lic S€r P'91l6nrc Mendtr&mffGiiArhr!!u'liic A'ir
P!8,116ir,4Fllo DeLE&Arhirr Slitc S|g
ke lE* (*tEl| terlB trF( Edurl]til.')\rhiva
$hlR srfl
hr. I | &Jl ? AFLlaft Lm,{d!$ UlDeSra
&{. BSi" rdos $10 X{lrktAti\a Uhitd5'r' RE i l? ru ABlloth LHi/tuIid \Iltk Sr{
hr. ldtiE lr4d LiHrB$rrtr{L,ituhFi vfri$ sHl
A{.117 JFau l'lftdl. &dmnlAr{uh S'hF Sor
P"{,}t'SL'PnErurladA,iirrS'IitcSta!
P+ Ut iB A|u]fu turrirdlnz llTnDS€r Prs ]tE i* leEr MlHdi$krrinrdArhi,x ultft !fi|
h& .i 18ii5 &r{{o Anldi fl, trlqllAl+|ri3 trtuk $tu
ft* 190js Anrcnio Atin{A'hi'*'I+,ie ,s'-
Ps+rln'rgt Alrhid Arid!'lAihn r Vlia:ird Pae] lpl t9 ,tuaLlo ft l[tirtutr'ra SIDEStir
Pa&il9rE MorcLlol{riRtri*rtur qt a SFr
Pic ltl r @r Anlorlli.{nini'Afirlr $ihil€Strr
Iis i le r|itrrr F. IeiAftE U htuSr
Pa+l9l l!* &sst C;'t',"* L"prre,'tuIivrB}itr Sur ^riu.
tue* wlum rcFeinra a citud Fdrk din ..h $pG its lurdrii , t NWCAArcknt LtsluIlrLnnf

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc lo417l

Credite
foto
Volur'+urVI - AFRICA- Ecrrr-Zrrrannnwt
A.l!fi.RICI E - ARGENTINA-BMZrL|A
er. }]t,lrj ir;,[i ,.ktu.*14r1!r?
whk 5$r FG 158..er t rrr {.hd,ft&lft(ffi{a
h9 156i\r MITOl}iridr,Cotirf$rr'o
Efu Fi? ]5&1t*OElks!iJee La:u
F+. ]10 [{.r.]h &m{artuina \}1m Smr Pie J59!u fr*F o LurltrLr'Arllrl!
{'bnps'$
tr*, ]IL]]I v,G b &flinlni'/'rftirE{tn{ Sw PNr159i$AISA
Pa. 11I E6[iirrlo &dirueArhn' Sftir 9d
h9 ]l I c{r|{ , F{sli Eelh&'linestA!tur!\llliF :{!r
F+. ]11 ct6lriH,ili.yfrtu &ntuEirtulli Srhi+$r!t hC 160i$Cn'hrn L+€@rA iyr tlttlc srtr
EF ]t I ior Llu|t3lloLlJrrna,ltuhFrutue SBt h., 360jG lieek &nind{ir,tutiti EliE SFr
tr& 111!'! r'jry Anll'ft l4ltuLB S:ft nr h. 160-}61t li r (islri+1rtutl,.ruftiR SH,
PlF ]11u &etr Aelh h Lsrtu{m utuF Sor E?l6t* i!e|.{idcsFEjlrAdlrrwhreStir
t84 P+. ]11Jn Ablh h kaA'hi." Blir Sb{ P+ 161filtdr#Alir Grodrfttm W[Lt.tlar
P.r. lJ.l fr'llo k L@rArhiuwlrc SE! B* fil q'tu Vml]o &oMruArhls ShE 56
Rc. lH u Anldr& Lxa'A*in \lhirr Sdr Pt* 161!s l,tlrOcklcin+ttt'A'htu \ItjE Sr
fu ]l+iE MEmdh&rlh.nir,tuhi,.XtiR S€r P+ 361s ffo On@rtAiivr \ltLh Ssr
rlE. U+lls Gidb \t$! A,l:nr WL|t srtr h? 16l rEm lrtue Mir(rllr B$dxuirAftitrvhik SEr
PrF]lt io5{nrr ArrI& D+Lrhartuh\i9ti$ frar Bf, 161mE! dtEfo l'lGlo SsimtrJArStuShik Sd
F|& 115irf dlrltr AhHdft tralrhnE qllili nr t+ 16lJs iErg A16"G--q,AJ]]i* W[f. ${ar
PlF ]16 s lfl,lD ltssL'Anxqt[txt 5B P., 36: i{x edlt. Aln6Canrar{hiri Ulik SF
h& 116}s Hdtu edrturd,r'll|lir W[ir. Sir. qE 3trr {l1oGnrEd.dtilE\!hin sur
PlF lH l{riFltlohnrEttitufijs Vhh Sur P+ 15{n! n]I!} o$,+,i'/\'[.$ Etlx $hr
EE j3Ss .AlioGr6r.Ail'm Slif Sls F+ 16{jo64]frrC;r'riid&l'i|i F/hrcS{
ft& ] lEiqr Aimaio,AffiLrAftn-r \tftir{ Srrt Fr 16+l6t Ym turhu.Btnon'l,Oxhirrcrrm'{
Pr? J3&39 Hl'l:e8{eftrrfti,'rrr}i$ Vliik !{rr P+ l6J c |dB' MsJar{k' kmnhitilAft,i Uhr{ Srsr
P+ ]Ja dry l'{ffsh n+nir*ni.riCJhFi gtle SLii
I+ 365clt dft4tr Crlrrilmt -srlalAltir! UtiF Sr'l
Frr J14dqo Ciulii\ils',l.llfii $f itc$!r
Ps ll9 cg N Crrdrmhomr Afiu trlrft S{.r fo 165jo' dry MTREIo XeiixqirtuhlE ftilt 5(rr
h 165j6 &+ Mmdb toftiettutuhE *hF sre
P+ !0 * Alturl'*1u,* {,1",c$,- e+ li6 G.lmi tudi otu
FdFH+ii M4d o &trFt!tuIiri qtin SEr 9rr ]a4.]6?hlAoGmtArlun I'rrir Sm
Pr. lt$l4l MN$ &nffii,',{dih Wftir.shr ]n$e Snr
hs 16?s,r ,{tio G',rEr",tuhr"r
htr 341$$ oiul$ RTBiAftirlq$il| SIlf f.9 16?].rs#4E Al6DCiHdAdE, lnit Sts
Pii l4l .etrtr!MricelLskri'*r'i'!rhFr Wld. fts ft{' J5?F| &r4.r ASo6r']1s!Ad']!r W+dkS{at
ftc l4l iorAtri$Gr(E,rl4rluaclffi St3r
Pr&J+Jrdry AnLdDftL*nArhr: Stute5ur fo. ]fg e M.clh &nis't Aihiq wllil{ S'd
Pt!.I€ 1* Alii. l]uaEtA*i$ SGft Sfi'r
fu l1] *r{o &ftnl *reg'apk'1rth}s \tfiit. 5ol fte Jt& ,t li,ltl Anhq.&lt'r!iff$bric,tLt2!+'
P+ ]4l.l.{] Asl,L h ldA6ft \l,L,r SE!.
fto !41 $ ArsuoDRUq'ltuhiu q+iE Smr fr9 J6l F{ slry Cnt*uloLryrir AftrHVtBftSrar
PlGl+1 mlnr lnllo ft Lurai{ll'in VliE Sle l*. J6*S &EF.lh fEnsttulan B{iE Str
&€; l+J Fx f,riH,ltle Ln(r.r,{rni|!
mue Sor
P!6.! {4 ,L|!Ariid'}h tnra'A,iilr B+i|! Sll
kr.I0 rB krtl! Iin'iccC,rdn'l,fllth H ut lmirrr
PE 1+4in A'?ll',ft Lx&i$rilr uhF snr
Pt: 3++l,alA,ilt Nt !,.4,|t"* S'tit: Sr. Frgl?0 F rrtucEAIJA
Psel+5 5{ }gBb n(riBtfl'Arl$a ItF snr Its, Itt) !'. ,lEpt! FrftE LE+ Cihlid'l-e\' Hffi Ii$dF
T!e,l4t b AIJILrLk Lir{Ariir3 Sr',rrS'Er hF .l?l ru HlMi c' Am slxtlh
Fe ]{6 s ArsLl,[t tle'Alril* $tic Srd P|p 1?l jG {ridr lh,id ELi tltu+ phili ln'F!
nt' lld 6rm sdnr.Anttl tu Lrrtrur"" *n" t,o && lil rfl J|t{.| Gilfirm bFlril'Ad$n XtiE S€r
he J{6 c"cfirl{heftr He.(elkt{n!*rtir,thiH Xtire Srs
Prg 116I{ rdqg|.{rild0D*L!tt+$is q1ft. Silr Ztrtlatst
Pl? r{4 b d.reF Anll(l l-k t!|{a A,iiui u'himsflr Prp l;l zu Pdl ,{JWCrxtn Car'ns
P+ J+?nrdl' ft LucnAdis![]h*ESrr 4. l?1 ,06r{i|sr Cdriino hFerirArhlr Vtjt| v3t
Ps J{{ tu lti:EElh&mn!{Ir'A iq Tftft.snr 84 J?.Ii*e6F D+mJ.Iffi,LEh Pqr*,ltrtEn
fte ].{8is ,{flclln &Ed.rtul'$iW}ift S'ri Frs tfi'}?] H|T Odkru)nffltii0l( i*6
fts, ]+l.J{g ,Uue|o B€nindri,rAihu Wldr.$Er Fp lrl * 5t&s O{rn HslGi Cd&rr flm ll'd Lrd,ct $tonltM
h. }4+ ru drnrr CrnEM LqsarAAft {1urr Sk FrF J?l s &ql! Glin HFIiF; Cr& r Ptrot+ trhaq Ld,{-}rtisf}rm
hS l€ $f +HFr Anorio&rinillrhi!* $t in Sru tr& l?1F. &rLr tlL*d!]xlE,ur'lfu
h. 319FxAnfli'J ArttrrA ifi VH!. Stir
P'e ]5{ sn ri;'ralh &nirEcir,4rni*i Itirr 5or ,11$ cllJ
P+ JJtlix Gdr,:ltnill,firn UrhtrSrs EryI h Inlak{tl Rr'.ftr'Ar}rrrg+,i. St:r
ftE .I5O,l5lAnlmii,l$rul\*,it UrhleSd
Tl? JJI :{ry Cdl+ \tEi. Adrrr \I'ldnSr$
hF lll &.{t Amld$l} Lrqrfthiv. whni S€r PrE l;E D RcArtdFq|fi!
h. I tl tu"ldoD+LFr,{d{!* SllR shr hs i;E "ttc[lli$
ku HuhnS{rdki,dn'afrfilHitu
P*. !5-r,lil AEid' t-! Lucar,{+!" r$ff Snr FrgJI! l7t Huhn$e'Jlcr,$oG{ormo
Er. ]J} s AnlJoDELlB!\liiE qllliE S€r Rs l ?9CErFtu hpan4r,+tEaS1+k SrF
he ]$ir ,ValdrDct"r'tufii'r vllr $nr
&!i&
Er llS,G [*$l! AflErfrlE,lFas
Fc, JJ.+Anrm|}Armi,,{drrrYhR Srir hs J80Fdn$rd0 Arxa,hhr lEecfrd
h& tJ+JiJ AnknioAtu!.d+Fi'f,'hft Srtr hp lS.lS1 Exrr4rinrl.{:{nbufonmo
ftG ]Jt ro4r Almtr Amtltutdra[ttrE S€r P+,l8l sCruriFa LuFrii,.tulhrq'hiir toif
AC fil elalb CRjrird.l tnFlAAtia $ h'r{ k{ P+ 3Et{nt!r Riridanl]!rPdlx lnirF!
hG.156ru 4rroM AfrinAlM lflhk SE Fry 181b Ririr'jftA$Bn,Flbulna$sl
Fa. ]1,6.dtu,{tudi$ Aur A,lt'a Etirr $nr
f4. J56in Arr0r[r.+ni 'tunirr {ftjrd Sut chk
Et. l!&157 ,{'rMill tuiftutul'ilr V:hd.Sr* he J8?s ltioe Ytjek X{s
P|&]i? Ar'tonN ArttrlinlhrBfhilt sEr S+ $r 4 &tTFCtut'.nr LrF,r!,rAriiraffiitE 5r*
P+ lEl(nt|| X$n }hJq' xhlcrnrnl
Arrrir he l8.l rs G6rtrlrDl Finf ${xaoo
EE li* * *]Rd Uiufi]r\iq'omr.lrrl h$ l8.l [iJklnr tc]hri CdrtilCnnem
.l{Yrr r"rlu'n ,'*F.'jrnlr a sr-R !rrt+ dind.ll .erptrrlc lusarn {liEl(Ir (lritlrdl I Enttce-

E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc 104181

foto
Credite
V0LLIMULVII - A}trRtCILE - BoLIVIA-SUA
AUSTRAilA
P.8.188-l$9M6im B{hiiqjhis {}|ilt Sd TcG,tt6,|t? Yon Aitrr &rrs0d,Grlmfi{t'ado
}lc +1?G {&i AnMiDAdnl/nlhi€glirr 56
Bdtr; hG +11flls&nlo tur':air)turlll];tuihr ShE :uI
h& lq! tu AdnnnAtiaA nx ltrIuielhr L[ 41i ]s ArmDAftibl\rfin" WTun srd
RE lgx el'a a'ulru ddni,tuhs $fiik lrq ti,! +18r+r.turo(li'AridrArhirElhre S{.1
kt l9r iE AnMh !tm,/A'lu"! I9lu SFr h[ 418{alE !6 tutoD Artun',tuiech R 5w
RE lq!-34] nnmi;oArur!'Afii!! \trl@ SF rlf +18.tu F ,{nnEoalnnli&hiviEttu SrRr
E& l4! Amdu Aldlq$Iier \tla $rir
k. +lt F. i'*mi turiBi.r.rdi'5 Sftll Sr'
h€ +13-+i9rnor!! Arrmt,Adurr Wtlll.Sur
P!&l9l !u! *fi!# Mr$inr$ S.nrhiArfrit!E tureSlrl P.E+1! stlE Aidlo Asinirtuhi+& Wlik S'&
Ptg l0{ surdnrFi LFqE r Laa{qrtutuf!r}hrESlrl hF +I9d*:ptr,{Ilroiiotudri#rtLiY3 WIftr Stir
Ptel9l ocou l'lse, Brc|ltrlnrr Vtc Srrr [.s, +l+ ru C'Nim Lrasnatuhn*V'hne5d
hi Jeli{ M!$mi Sadl],itur'i Ixir, *r' B|g+10!6tEr tuNmoAninirAr}ira Etiri 5rs
Fi& .]9+195Ueqii B,ffhrtuhr.i\Itrh Srar P+ +lil {L.rFr ,l'tnn!' Artini,rdLiuSttu sEr
Fi*, l9J !p' M$'i'oi $onfuA'hnrWLft Srr tsE +ro.+rld]fuh Artud/AtirittuE .ir.
Pd{.l9l ffi Yid'" &rth[A']'"" W]ft Srr Ple 4I I s$ Ai['"fti$tunlrtuhitc ll+it. Si*
P"{.le5jm U,FE+ Fo-}i,A'l'i4 W!i! $of P\i +l I jis Ertis AhMrdAdiblArhn VXIESid
ftB J96CstiN l-ln$i*rtulirr tl'trrc SF! Prr.*Zl j6 eE!(..A,1mir Adni,)tuhivr $Lik Ss
Pla 3lEtyl OEd6{}HEe hmE,fsbiaferBro hF +l! Ml|ahFBor$lAr trrfitn! 5llr
Ar 39l !E DrE G HE',Cr+gcrntuh Prs.+l?4tl ttrmD AhhitAAiqXlElr snr
Prr-l9l.{tfu sim grrhlnJhtra ULi!. Srg fu. +rl ldftX'AMni. .{ni.iiAdilF \tti$ sIEr
F+ :]9?i{x vili ns krtli,i4'hM trhir{ Srn P+.lrl ldl ntl$r .4,arln6ftrnirArbB VhiE S|lr
Fi Jt6 $I' [tffiri tu(htuh'r'a ftjr! Slr] Prs{11F i*i€ erL
Fis 198ioi M dffi) elrdjrtuINr qrh'r.tur h. *1,1ltbfl MrsiidnX.irchr.'tularrllhnSrn
F+ l9&l9l hEC, lhHrcslE{]rhEro Fls {t{ dsFb lftsMj DadCrtr
ft* {00s Criniqr L|Fms./rrhirlt+ir! $hr
ftr/ t$ rd4, AnMiJ,{,mirAfitrsri'hir SrM h. ,l;l+4l5 Maqiml!(hirtufiiq [tlde Stu!
P+,lll rdqgrMnr'mo hxqfu,i4rhFr shR Stir
P+ l$.l01 .AjmioAdjnilArhllrg,hinSre
ftc 'l0l ltbs AtuFiatu6i/A!]li!. qfhh Sld Ft* ll5 lap|! irr.liF tuF{iiltul rs\r4iE St!!
P+ {01&EIi tutonirAEldrAdls SI Ser Pa.{16 !B MGifto&trhifthtu q+qt Srr
P|t. {0e,{i$iio ArriililfthFElltutr scr 'E hs #d ld. M'asisu, h"ctrlshrt $rhiEStr
Fts {01-10;Anftni0.4ftiniAriilr lfiluft S'n P{. |!d*? t{G!tu &klt A iE U}ft sre
F+ +t Anroru,)
turhrlrtuYa
Whin5rrr P|, fl? ro41lftleir$ IrnlUrAhiE shEr S|x
Et, {dJ AdlqDrArdniAdm$4utrStlr h.,El &sptl M&iNErcl ilfiq UftftrSD'
hr. {S+{+t AnFniiArtiriArftiEl[+t Sm n* {?EMi$itnrfrrTnirtuliigq}irr Sr*
Pa {0t s {iDs. Cdmm LwrhlA!fiiB I]iiR 5e A* #9 sa MrBh( lin$iA'har lvh's $trt
ta. ,{il5ru dr@ Stmio tuini'tutuit€Utia SE hc, |]9 cedh t'toF lvlrFm [EhArhe Mrt S|ar
P.!.{[5 mtra Aimio Ardii,'A*it gftit Stu Pr. €9 .dm dnrdi Hdli$ &nhi,tAdLi,: Vhm im
E|'. ,l{l ic AMi. turrdttuldsitriir. SE hc. +9 i{dOlrEndt"plri!,tul}r {'hhcS{tr
h9 {06 ! L,i,rirnotw irfuhh* \l+,iftsni P{, {:i} B :dNm B,F}/A't!r. U'lDe tE!
h, {06is sdry inrqu'rAninilAdlr?WhjRs(rr hf {}) rdry i'lr$irootKhi/Arhivrffffr Sl|r
Frs {i}5iE drarl A]lr"iiotur$irtu}NrSlr]RS$r h. {j0 &ry6. M6im &rclullir u Wite snr
hs {t6ad? AntuMArdniAdnnUtitl SlEr &* {id,lll l"ls'iF. erhi/A+irr Vri* Srir
EF 10t n6rF rl|l1@ Ariu'ArhM St'lr 5rr Pr! {31 Mlgli , &|.hiArhtrr Vf it. 9rl
Pa.+I &rre Aooniodftfi,,+dDEVlliE tor trc $l h$jftr B:rd&AtumWhicsl6r
P.e {3141} t'lcim &nhirAlnireV}ncSa
tl.)idr$
Plc {E Dr Cnticm:Iwn{.d+m lVtuicio tr& 411iu rdry t'{i$i!roBi!{hi'tuhi| Vtic Srir
&; 1{8 &r.s. Hei; &Ehir.trtiE ttn! sE, P.{.$1 iu dE +&C6l1m luFJrarArhuP[uR$ff
P.s.{08 cne! Uaim &{hir,Vfij,r Slii'. tur &I $r {EFu Mi$illxlEr.slfA itrlltic:(rf
P|&43 is sersrlhdm &(hiituhi{ Wlie Sid h* $] iE Mr*i@ $oEE,U$r std. Sra
Fr&41]8iI dcr'tr,\{min }flr,ftlih Wlir Sk F4. +.+ lffin to{hnfthilr u'tiE $tr.
E 4{9 ri.F J,{sid, eft[iAildE l!tn. S|!r g|&{}+43t Ndibro B{,+i$}Nr qXiks'i'
h&" 4{9 's
En|&qh lfr$inF to{chi,i{rlu$wh r SFr Prg#5 s idrE Hdffi X.Rtatuhi"rUAjGSdr
h& 4{9i6* !d.El Ui| iEroffiirtuhilr qthi[rSH! P.&$t !u d!H+oMsim EordUAiLiB UftkeS@
P|9 {i}+is n*{$ ffiirifl,) BoHlrrr,A,+ira
U'lic 5[rr ft+ {.it (elar Mafikmh1|tuAfii+'rstiG S$r
h*! {.}t jiE r,bsifr, S{]EitrltM \Ifttu t;hr
F{ $6 li$itu EdrlA*it! Whircftlr
Prs-4| 0 es oenni niE[ Ortr Pr{.al64j? MLitur &fthi#'rhLrrVhircSrq
h& ,{l I ir Cturm tiFn&'{!h ri q'h R S€r Pr. {}i ru VAlm &fth!r!dl!$ VJhitr Srs
ht'1r04Il MdiN &Hhituhis W}ie Sd Pr&$? iE Uu*LialoRliltultin {tilt S{3r
F .4lt s MBsiB'&fthi4rhin$'fiit SFr
kf 4l I Erd 1.4EffiErrlUAftirr Sti$ Srir
h& 4l I b Mixin!][.r'i'!',{d!$ miitr 5n'
F& {l I !u Hrq[uohychiLbhilr$'hiESur fu ${ rr tur}ltlt4.C,.'ck*(olrrcmr*to
Pre {JE nllil AntRr AninnhrirxeVfijte 5c!
hE arl ctirlll !G!$moAfthi,llrlnvi Y+l'i!.tur F,& tl8 tr thrai Mutuh rtirl-dEE*R,
hF 1l f iF lr;re Vdmi BG+qtuhMBlnc $ti'
E& 4| I ii lqFa M8$tu BoRluAduuUld eltir he at8.$9 Rfi{ Li*,b,'lf Fbni{ I"dF
F&,{ll41l MNm &r.luAihiqVtfteSB Prs.dj4 CrlrrlrmLFridtulitr SlLju 5B
Ite 113Bq EEntrMshs turhlArftni {kr SE
EE l ll !s eE4a ILBsid,hT{hit4rhLw V hiu$tEr tusTRtll{
p!s.!{l diehrir tomq,Ahm l[tie 5|{
P .1l+$! MiEi@h{ch{a'[iriWhirjtii
ft& 4| +iE }tn{im0[.rnfttAftltt XX R Srr
h9 tr+ lrks lh$imuEnchLliftirr urhk tur
hE tl +dftatr [b*]nd Exiit {rlDEWftilrS|lr Fa. {'+I ru Cridm Lls iarir+M V}jF SB
hs 4| * irr Crn rm Ls:ruirhrr SI t $trr Pie 'l+t ,xNrflftiir fti{hduuni.(ftk pl$fl lmalr
Pr{,'l4l FTrm Br.}frrrl.dFtu PrrF bIEe!
F+ l4l'l{} A|SA
Pa.l ld didrdArruri,rArfiiaius ltr'hirr!s, fu #] ru Jol'nl{n }kw t{;uh' SrsM dnn&no
RF 416drff r Cii'Ein0Lxgiriiri{li!i iuhlR$ir F+#r j.Bln &+li.Ltulr PliHrldiBca
ac6r $lus r$r+dntt ulime dincee :3Et4!6rtl nk lr|.ranl" ,ri6E(oflfllbntl rflkr

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l041el

Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c

You might also like