Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CIVILIZATII
Lrsrs sm,nnon
Vo[L,MuL I VolTIr{UL III 66 INDIA - MotiuMEi,'TELE!G La
HAMft
6? INDI^ - Mo$]U|'{EITILEDI L^
EURoPA ASL,4 hL{.H,{-B,1uPr-rRAM
I SuEDi^ - IJqqz|irl lN rtarai ffi Jl TLTctA NE ELT|D,AG! a _,.
r.t T^Nr,rM 3l TL,FctA Hutqrrf,us- pN, JKLIrr t1-hltlcA
I lar"{No - Mo.\uMEI{rEr..E 33 StFrA AIf,F 68 LrErA- Sa!,E-ATHA
MEGArrrrcEDE EEv IrA slurul 34 $rruA- PATHTEA 69 LrErA- ltl"fts M^,tNa
noYNE Ji SrRrA
- Ba$R{ 70 LtErA- Ta!* RTAtcrxus
] Rrc TuL Ur.llT At MAII| EBITA.TYII J6 LJhaN- BAALDTX ?l LrBtr- C|RE!!
- ?EU'Ltut HADRT,TN J? tueaN- nR
4 RagATuL UNIT ItI lr|,tBII B8IT6.4II J8ISRAEL MA5AEA Vo Jrtur- Yl
- Sro.i*uu.lor p Avraury J9 loB!,uJl{ QtrsAYR'A[qu
5 GEf,t.ANra- MoNarMElrIEE 40 IoBDANI,\- hrflA ?2Erru'r- ME\.rr,Hrs
$l I r'sNE(Rorous.
f,r)rft$\E DEL TBE*. 4l h"rfi - HATM Ft[\t{tDEE D{ L4 Ctz^ F,{Ni La
6 hAI.TA OEDTELE PtcfATEDE{ 4? IB,$ _ PEBsEruls D^HsuuR
V^lrJE DEL.r V6zhE 4l AFcri{NrsrAN - MD.r,4xtrrulN6LA 13 EctFI - TEBAANnci sl
? Ftr.A}.TA- TEATBT,If,${T,\ +I IAM NECRORII-AS/(
Arf,ll, E Tarulq De tA # SRILdNK{ GrATa{ $,+,'TA ?4 E6lI'r - MoitLrMFNr ENrlBtE}tE
DE
ORd{ca ANUR{H rtrM t-A ,4 1 Su.iiEt FA ,i LA PtxLAE
t Fn,1!.IA- Por,"rDu Ga[! 45 SruL$tKr - Srcts]]A ?5M^Roc- VoruE|Irs
9 FE,1Nr - Mol'n.rf,lxirlg"E 8oM^rrE {6 Sru L$rKi - PoLoNN.LBtrsA ?6 ArcEtu^ - TD!o^D
DE I,,^ A.TIJS 7? TLNtst^ - C-aRTAott{a
lO Sp NrA - hsTDf,.{ DELA VtJtL!ruL lV 78 TUMSIA- DI]JCGA
furu{xli 79 TuNrsra- AMFrrEATrurDELr EL
I I 5'p NrA - AFEUcTUL D! LA 4? CHrNA pEs-rElrrtrD€L"{MoaAo DEx
SE€OT'TA {E L}]NA MONHAbTILrut|I]'Uj 80 ETIOF11- AX$Llr,{
l! Sp Nta MontDixl\Tflx ll,tlAff,iT DINDINA5TAeIN gl ?|MpAEwE MaREAZMB,{Rq,E
-
Ro}|tuE DEl* MnEa 49 Ct tl^ _ MLFdTEIIMEI st .
1] lT.uA = vru.i ADftt ${A croANrt:r-rt-BuDDADElA AMERICILE
1{ lrarh - Rs{a arsnc,l LrsHAx
15 ITAUA - Po!,fDr, ltnBcr,r#sui{ 50 Crrft,rA- C*o.rELED€LALoNGMFN 6Z ARGENIINA CLTEVA DEL45
fl OFrcrrrrt 51 CHftiA - Cft:nr!_EE€LA yr,HonNo M,{xcc D{NvAr-xA Rlo HNT|EAS
5l CoRIETDr SLD CRoTA gJ CHlt} _pAlcLI l,raTk)\arR{pJt
VoLUMLL lI bEC(CLT^M5l TIM[tl]- NUI
BULcUKSA g4 Bf,Alttlt _SFxala C"lqv,r!]{
16 ITALLA OTE}{IO 5I VAIO DI 5] I^.POj'.!A- MON.'}E\|ITLT D[ L{
Di{}IO CU $ITUffIIX DE L{ NAX,T Voir-rDfUL VIt
PAl-flr-xr5rVEU\ 5.{ ]A}ohrA^I,TICA
- Voh--J|,c]rrt! Euoo sft
17 ITALTA
- Vr!-LdDEt"{ C/sAr-r $u REc.lbiEAHt$rj.J t -85 EcLMA - ftMtBur, Ftlrtnc $l
- VAL&A'm&ft.rrofl DEL{
I8 ITALTA 55 PAx]sr,\x M.ANA5TjR!A zuDt{sl"A sHRl,tlJALaL ct 11r flt TN!,ANr_ttl
ACIJCENTO EELT TAXHTI-BAHI $ RU{NEIX 86 PIRU - crIA\6I EGFTUiNTAI
19CRoATTACtwrRln I oftrcD€LA cET,inrS^]Il'-r-8^IlroL 8? PERU - etAf{ Olrrl
SPI|TS FAL{TII LUID,ir:rETlAN 56Nrp^L- I!M8|NL rOCf,rL D€ gg pERu M{CHUplroju
2SEuLcAf,L\- McR},t{NTlrLTlLA,:{c NAErrruier LritBcrooA g9 pERu-_ Cuzc.r}
DEt-\ KAz{l\aA( 57 TA|L4N0A- AruTrtl,{tA qCPERU UNltrEStcao{tuErr N
-
2l CRE(IA- YrRsP'rA 58 CFl'i6oDct{ - A}lclioR Nr?c{ sr FAMFASUTtiN }UMANA
]] CRf,c1A _ DILFHI 59 vtt-I\^u - SAI'rC'TLAR-LDDi My 9 | HL,i:|]tr[-o5 - SfiJL [r.ay, Dr L,l
2J CRtrciA AmoRlLxrE D{ LA SoN CoPl
.ATF;A 60 INmi,tEStA- CoMFtg\uLo{ TrutLE 9l GuaTEr.tiLA- TtE4r
2,l CRECIA OLIMTIA DEL{ PRAHB,{NAN 9J Gu^aE rrl-4 - P^RcLiL
25 CRxcIA _ MI,:TNE 61 INrxNEsrA - TEMFLUTDELt .i-RllI{rctjlc Ef,L{ o_rutrir,{
26 CRECIA- EPTDAIR BxoiuuiR 94 MErraj- Tt{]nHUAcT.N
17CBxcrA
- Drrcs q5 ME{lt] Monfr€ ALBAr
-
lB CRf,c|A- 5Aso6 volt }{w v q6 MEI(r) PAr-Elr{LE
-
?9 MALTA TeMFiILE MarAlrflcE ErN 9? MEr|ts - UXMAL
MAI-TA 6? INDI^- KH^jufi-{Ho 98 ME\roo - CErcH6'rITIA
30 CIFB.U FAP}ic6 63 INDta- Mo*ur,4ENrErE
EUETTSTE 99 Sr^rErE UNrrE- MEs^VER!!€
. . . DLL{sA"cllt
64 INDrA - PL,IIER|LEDr L{ AtAblIA
A usrt tte
d5INDIA PE$rEturE
ff iA EtroE { 100 P,{s,crtuenoNer K,+r,+ou
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
t*t
fb
<
a*
P
c
+ I
f)
11,
l04l
Afnca
c e e n &I o,ntQ
ind ian ,,*'
" Ausna \
F
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l05l
Un s+erb etd!1'd! & rii[.ari|dre lr,|riu, ftM &n VJh ltrsar€ld dh Pd+i ikatroryi tsbdrei ri s luiulrr dfi {datsldiah &[na ?pofti& Clart a aflani4tii
RoMTELEcoM
t l(fi lvttit4ur Bi!.
lIE (llddo S.!Fi, flJl4
{N
I I IOOl4r.dll, ft:ih
Ebu
s s I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l06l
YOL. I EUROPA,SUEDIA.IIALIA
YIOL.H EUROPA:ITAIIA - CII'RU
YIOL. NI ASIA: TURCIA- SRIL,+NKA
v10L w ASIA: CHINA. INDONEUJA
YIOL Y ASIA: INI]IA
AFRICA:UtsIA
VOL VI AFRICA:EGIPT'ZIMBAEWE
AMERICILE:AIIGENTINA . tsR4zillA
lrOL.VI| AMERICILE:tsoLIVIA- sU,{
AUSTRAIIA
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l07l
Bavld|qEn &: d'rE tlurblt r{F nmrdrlr ird{DFulrril'r an Otrrt hpnnu cttrr'dbrl
FoMTELEcoM
C mol Wtlr. Sls Sr,L,
l:|rCc&Sqoe lI/14
TEfu|nltffire
i r.prdu!{L nd#
Fb *|c+ h.da.Ltud,
I lt(x|$${eft [ql'
*R*hitdel
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l08l
Colectiite Cotidianul.ClVlLIZATII
- - -- - i
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t ar es . c o . c c l0sl
8dlr',relrltdrn
lerJ{tsljrhIdt4ftd fl4n{i at tr} nallftEd lf'lttul
'fgciri
lS RoMTELEcoM
i ,l1r{ 4hilf st{r.q it
t'ir |:lDdtdD Snlsi i.lrl4
I l lln ltrNUL tlrlh
tsEti 9?$.l-6l,t57l07-5
ColectiileCotidianuI CIVILIZATI
I
mL. I EUROPA:SUEDIA.ITALIA
vol.. II EUROPA:ITl4IlA-CJPRU
vol.. IIr AS[A: TURL-IA. SRIIANKA
T|)L. IV ASIA: CFIINA. INDONEZIA
YloL. v ASIA: NDIA
AFRICA; LIBIA
vol..'tgl AFRICA: EGIPT'ZIMBABIIE
AMERICII-E:AliCEf'rrlNA- BRAZIUA
vt|I., lylr AMERICILE; BOIJVIA' suA
AUSTR.AIIA
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
0111
-:iP
;:
Ir
Eii
.tiI
'I
i;L r:q! !nr, rr.l,l.:" r li: , , 1 , . .t r,",,.,, i"",,,,, ir' ',p ,r. IJ i r.i r i l . q , i i J l , l , l i , ri
Trxrr f EHN()RED-,r(-T()R
l\{ARc.(]CATTANF(} ludtrrA( ua-clll
I'nrrour
J,rsMrNn
RoMTELEc*M
l n l 1 1 r: l 4 \,1.
i .ir d ,i, r illr i ll ll
I
ColectiileCotidianul CIVILIZATI
t
I
*l r+ {l
]1. J
j-
T
|
v{tl.. I
vol.. tr
vol-. ltt
vol." tv
vol.. v
vol., Yl
Dot dEtsuuErffit
olff).lwhftsEg.rL
Y! 0snitC,:$r$o}'4, :l!}|
1!lmlkdlLx:n.
sl*rl rdu,h
, t d or{tcrGLiEH|jdl'IuF{d!
lS RoMTELEcoM
EF!.rdd tuj Ltu udturu ErEpr,!! n hdil
F h elrr ltr* ele.dribi tqElbd hntktucw FlEr r
'|lt p.oild{dd E *u1{6 { d+t!rfi,rd,l]!r daFtrbl & dd$iebl
lrxk d.ioq@ E]i|,n! i}lrdi{ (tllAri
'trl &Uuill unrB tut'L'fihr ti * lE,
c$etu
FEnl 9?tt 4{r!t7. t{Jg.9
]Uftt h [httr. h CrrF) tZ
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 1 0 1|4
Colectiile Cotidianul.ClVlLIZATII
VIDL I EUROPA,SUEDLA
- IIAII,4
voL u EUROPA:
I]HLIA-CIPRU
vitlL llt ASIA: TUITL'IA
- SRIL4NK4
vGL. w ASIA: CHllvA.tNRfNfZlA
vtoL.v ASIA: INDI,A
AFRICA: UBIA
vo|..vr AFRICA: ECfPT- ZIMBA.BWE
AMERICILE:ARGENTINA ' ERAZIIJA
vto|.. vII AMERICILE:BoLI\"lA.Sll.4
AUSTRALIA
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t ar es , c o . c c 1 0 1|5
E
IL ll =[t=-:
+*tl!teE=lJ_r, lurr ;* ltrf- t)l- il
T t
f
F:I
€-'
3' @
I
1!
I
-<1r-1
;
TiIt
'llr
;l{nkturFltrtd nrmrnule rin l,rha fiegr'Lrilulticdir td8lmlt rdldruF & I'id ti q hld dr! EBtFtsiirti
HoMTELEcoM
L:ltru lllru Srrrirl
\riarrdJrlf,!tur. ll,ll
r !rr t.frlli,lrrt6
h i fjrili
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 1 0 1|6
CotectiileCotidianul"ClVlLIZATII
=I
I =!/l:Hr=|fi+'iYE.# !#+:til-if=fffi
tll
,,lll n
.lIL
i'l r rl
I
I
t
EL
;l
I*I
lrp
\I
j+\
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 10171
fittiaridr.dleld
fu"' 'l€ dnd'tlFlo'',cr,4.ed{adh.d silll deh C4la lflm/trrnJ.
EErilNr'B idtNl
ftmm8: crd HrHlrrl
Tt,|llnRnscm: Cwsmi Nrtt
rsPntE lursriarr .TFElrI: ofr vun cnfrr
Cmml: ilr.rB rfrld
f,lMcrtn: iltnrar Pt|trE'
Drrurln rDlmE|nL Dur*r CuJrrE flr
ColectieaFerutE
cu sp iinul:
Hor,rrELEcoM
6 t0cl l!trie t@ s,rt
11!&nnddsM !!/!|
rb.t.&4rlut|. ME
EBull4lidltt
I I l0Olrsd[, tirUr
lrw.efildah
iqd 6 talrn d.G*i Fr!|n dl luExL
tr!.{bGbmddrc
sur'nLr 8ft rel4tnhli!
DrIL s tu
n!r!!+dr hEgkrds.drr}t qfi .
{N
H FaElnffi MFidd 6 d.!n!4.xhi drteFr0lqi d+rutE
Tdr rftpdrJ. $UI.r Hsur !} &riJ* metur
dFett Edm,l Unnffi Pdb&ftnr* rllrE, I!c,
EA 97r!t*eI57-111.!
fE&h h t]c[h h cF!{o (E
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 1 0 1|8
ColectiileCotidianul.Clvl LIZATII
VOL I EUROPA:SUEDLA-
ITALIA
VOL TT EUROPA:ITALIA.CII)RIJ
YOt- ttl ASIA: TURCIA- SRILANKA
voLw ASIA: CHIl"iA. INI)ONEZIA
VIOL Y ASIA: INDIA
AFRICA: ilBTA
YloL vl AFRICA, 6CIPT- UIME'{tsl{€
AMERICILE:ARGENTINA . BRAZIIJA
vo|.. vtr AMERICILE:BOLT\,,]A.
SUA
AUSTRALIA
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l 01el
llrr rrtrr,'ir'i
rt'rrtnllrlril ri: rltJrtJJtlltiurJrilt,tlfit{t.
SlonrJIr'xq.'sItj{il ri jrfli ,rpntrnriri{lfilisfr{tji pril'irid
rllirlin{{l,\lltSi 5{ol-titil}Utlt't{ar f rt lii\-l I rr l.
ilil(lt0 ri(,torllc{t,ilt,1rl'1,rsdle hinrdrr !r sir'tlrolrtlfttt ii
lrriir. i rfl1 fllf_&#,ridstti;i t ilariJtett f i;ilft torj.
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
tr D SU S I WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 10201
Ffsd( i**Ed'rrilnln
Introducere
rI
ln datrdell n'riembne intereslrheolcBrcs f{*t ma;{.1'.6ci.l
de VII rRfieun exemplurrmrrcabil
l9ll la Psris,Omfffinp Ctneralr stabilit.Uu crireriuplr remporalrrrli drrar umanatradifionaltr
sandr
'le
UNES(IJ a elshrratcflrleryill d+ dus,probabil, la o inrerprerere
isroricl utili,rste* m::liului reprezentatiu
iflstiture a Ust€i Patrirnoniului FeSirI [-]eareea,.r-a considemt pentrr.r
o culnrrd{saurrrlruri),i,r
Unirelsal,ca'rer intrurin \'lgd6]t la oport{nsr re inaludllln ,casrr specialin car+lin caresc€Bsm culturd
1 decemhrir l9?5.S<aflul ambq** volumrRlqlerilurile+aracterEa(e de a de*tut !uLnrrahilisaueeaflesub
al UNESCO(fteanizatiaNatiunilor o de?'xtltartculturaldsemnifici4iri- efectulrrff i rrarufonndriireversihile;
Unite pentruEducafie,SriinF ii dcii (Dnditia |.Lneiregiuni ft*uitt lbrr Vlll) salie asocrst dift+ seu
Cultural a fosridtnrrdc*rer,srudicrea sr inrreruFereFafite nu esteinjeFlinittr, lntr-unmcdsvidcnt.u .renimentr
prrrteiarea nonummteh4a complexalDr fie rirn cauradeclinuluiciviliratiil+r sffuo$dltli lncd vii, cu idei iau
9ia sirunlor-fie naturale, fiecoffruire cercl€,ru consrruir, fu dilr ptricina crcdinleod cu olere arris(ice
deo cgresuo.,remsrcalrll vaftx.re FtsnllondriilFr - Fre{'um{i locunlein siu literare.u o remarcahiiA
universale' din punctdr vtll€e lsronr. clE s-outErit mdrt{rii ce coDtribuiela scfilrifkaFEuniYe$alt
at stic lflintifi(, natural,rrheologi{ infeleg$€.rrvolutieisp€.ieitrmne- AVAn{IEcesr€ crireir dr(.FrFunct
sausntropalogi{, Prntru Eseiustidcalftcrjeren de pamire,vesti€iileFstrimonl(rlui
Ti€ir€{i de sni ltl{i tdrriu, Lisra pe ListaFrtrinoniului Unrversalca uni.ren,rlcatakrgate rJeLII,IESCO
PrlrimoniuluiUniveGsls devenitun o n||tft[l1it{rulturale,monuraentul, n*mlrl ]88 de situn rle rnteres
iN'€ntEttxtrarlrdinar al Iocurilorli cornplexulori sirulrreluie st .rrhr.ltEic, din 66 de flri O surll Llinfta
oFerelorcaretEloberzil isr{rda itrdeplineasclcel pufin uuul nEcstea ru iixt *electronate F*ntr[ 3
ln8emtnate a omululii rrPlmenrului, dintre !mitoarele criteriir [i preremartin cch qtrptemlrrmeale
oftrihd un instrumentpeatru l| ri reprerimeo capxrJoperl colft fiei GriLiiantrlCIVILIZATII,
inFrleeeree nsrurii clrlturiiii, mii a geniuluicreatorlnr-an; inrr.$ inclrclu+ de a oferl ,r imagine
Frelus de rosre, a leEdrririipro{undc l[) si d€monltr.le un importa[t cft lnri uftFltta tnlFihila vechilor
cnc [c uneFte.Fe scur(,li+fae9t( un schimbde um;rne,intr-o civili?atiildrumrrrre emhe, filrd
';alori
sumarel dE1]lufiei ktl,ri.e a planetei. pc.ioadHde timp sRufn crdrlrl unei n neElijainfl icele []{ufi {Are
ScoFulacesteicd(i estcdt r prcrcnta, arii culruralt Lrnirersak, impli.[ lru prereflHtiT!1FlrtFnF din p(nct
'iari:
suhegidaUNE$(I-I. o sectirne owolutrc a rrhitecturii s:rua de vedtrcal evoludti,nci pc
tlerlsvelsa[,e 5ca$tel motteniri tehnologiei,a lrr.ek* monrmmrlle aceleain c*re s-audcv+ltrt
neprelui(e r?u in plan rdranisricori peisqisrici pimle sFmnede arfe ligu rativA
F".tru a putearbordao at6t de Ill) sii rrrnsmirl o nm$aenire lmict N.laiffehuiEtotuti prt.i:.t rE o
vllsltr colc{d+ da iitun, narerialul a ftrst saudel putirl txctFti]fld[5 piund evaluarecbiectiuaa rno$Ecnirii l:lsate
tnpflltit ftr Taprevolumr, dErlicri€ o tradiiir cultureh saud civilirsfic pesterecolede c*tre anumitecukuri
dnorilor carc ni s-aupf,Err de la csreerrc incii Rclivfi+t'i Rdij druti a! o itrflur'nti delsbiti a dur in mod
civtJizafih :rnticc Da.A difeftnla lV) sl fic un enmFlu remarcabil inevitabilla accenrr.:l puspe urmele
dinne moprenirilecl[urale g cele de tip dt cledires.Lrde rn*lrrblu ciuili?rtti EgiFt(rh'ii rric, a imperiilm
natural€ q ft'sl expliclt drfiniie lfl arhir+crurslsn$rehnologic.ori de Setsaj; RnftI[i FiOrecieianriceti - de ,:ealalt5
cadrulornvengiei, iinn de demar.atie V) sE ustreEo el3ptrsnurtape partea Arlar:ricului- a lumii marilor
diDrresirurdrarhrrecturbte ti 5irurilede seo)nilicf,tive din isrdriau.iranirS+iii culnrriFrecolunrbiene-
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
021
022
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
t'
I1 .t
Europa
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10251
inpiatra
Inciziile delaTanum
SUEDI A
BirHUv,lv
ArLl i\rEcr!-',r{nn:
199{
CxrrrEnr c l! [u] (r,l
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10261
:7,:'.r:
1
l
*f-
EbsLrs lv'rllv,habitares
,c0,cc
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc lo27l
Monumentele
megalitice
din
Boyne
Valley
I RLAN DA
DrtRrcrr,l MFr.Trl
AI\a1iuE6BTxir[: 1993
Cxm:x!r;
C{rJlurj{r')
t6
iturt 1,1iilft r:(imntiv in 1ii99,in rimpceseconsrruia
50de kdometri1r:norJde LluLlur, un drum, s-e ,lesctlx'rLto misterirrirt
verdedin Newqrange
dcairLl - airvitstt, L{ ,cea lretrit, dt t.rrr1a
in rradricerelit€rdli ftruil'- dt a nu anagefuriaunorfforoase
"{Erma
hr rlatorcur{nun:clcactual{*ptulur r-a prEferat
?eitfttitsntice, sdnfl !e
l:I.ln 1141,, dr,"enirrl panr difl Jnri .crreteP originertxvitAlii.
FroFrierillileaff ic{rleale milnjl$!irii ,l) Fl aaeaA, aaunntre r r!tui
din Melli{tnt. Cu t,rateecester, ruprfitilii, s.fi intrat scoLidoar ionrrc
Lrcul,care .r irst irlenrilicatca rer,ptna in 196?,cind un grrrFrle
ntotrn$ntLrlregil)t lcgcrrJari arhcol{ig1s-a hc}tAritsil o exlmin€ze
din TRra i*r inaintc dr R!{n,cH ln mrxl conrpun:nror.Ccta ce au
Tuad'adc Dorur'rn,selaslrlftintelox gilsitarR{n filoft*lnr cu ps$rj,csre
srrpranatruale ct:ndusrCe:rip datr aproxrnativdin aLllLlJ10t1i.Hr,
LJtnu a f.'rr rubi+cruluflnr F)'."crriri AirrEi, Nelr.gran$e estecel mei
tahulorrstJin rremuri dr dernulr lnFoittrnt ni (+l mdi hine .(lh5crvar
sit din c.ed tt la galicl sr nunrrlrs
Bru fld Eninnir,o ron$ de Il kilonrtri
lFtrirtiaflRtd!-ErAulBolne, sitecfrre
rontinr l0 rJ+strurnrri nrrgilliti+e
nl{mLinrr'nrrrL'Jirl Fi:lio*danr+liricr
Aceirst$repr,=intHceamni nlirr
.drcentralie de cr!ostruIfiipreiJtoric{
din ElrroF.r.,Sin)ilurca minm€ ii
Epxrilir moDurE(nrirlor mf,Ealuire
din Knowrhsi f)ou {L.elelalttLloul
comple:terrheologicedin regiLrnra
aflarr suhpnnecliatli,{EsCol,
NcrgranN( tstc o mot:h Jc apnrape
8S dc fi.tri di{rnLrrucarearup':t{
aeureFamorturrl cruciforme.S€
aiungcla ra pintnrr corr'lorlung de
l0 rle nrttri, sustinut,le Zl ilr sttlpi pe
pererele
lLeh apurti delt Jr srilpi
Ft perctele
dela rtls{ritCoridorLLl
n
hrst cunstruirpentrur prr itr Je
un lenomcnr*ioftimi. ciudatFnn
mf,ri rn !a, lorm8 si psnrEpc
careo desc e, Dr [a 19 pAnA]q
!.J dscemhrie,timp de l? minute,
ptimrlt ru-'r ale sr.anhriIn rErlfl! re
$trtcosrl rapi.lFrir parilul lrr8ust,
ptnlr|1a lumlnacamer&,
P€d{raf*rt Ferimetrulmol iler -
.rtnstrorjtn
Jin plmiirt, E;t rr put.5 fr
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
c0 10281
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l 02el
ZidulluiHadrian
REGATULUNIT AL MARII BRITANII
ll {frxt-r'ELr
{.|\rHrrr. N! rrir1r1\rB[i{, [:n_E5 Wr4E
A\L-Lrr-EEGri xr{rHil98l
f8 r [ExiC t l( u r i\l
l
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 10301
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 10311
qiAvebury
Stonehen,qe
REGATULUNIT AL MARII BRITANII
\!.["rtHtBr.,
Di$Tsrr;r,r. \{ FtiEr,Arc rr
Af,r:rt\lFcrir$ Fnr1986
Crn rr L lri {rrilrnl
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 10321
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 10331
11
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10341
ti
E ! : : t r s I u u r v r ' , r , h a b itaie$
co cL
10351
Monumentele
romane
dinTrier
GERMANI A
Rf!!i!t"tr.tr llF.{tI
,+xit I'$f riL.r FlFrr lgfiir
C r a ' !:{ :iiir r ir li l
T]
F
LIJrJ.r il:!iLrriR' rr. H:r,n ,1. lbririr) !tr rrd.t,n rirt in rcs-il$tii
Jrn uir:lul rt X\'ll,lc.r,itin fiirtirLlirr tur tRr r ut( i !r , .r i r r r tr n l fr l ..r - \r
TrLti prrLrr;i rrscripnr,.,1rr,: /trnunr |l,t{ t.' 1 r i r i i i , []r 'nl r .ntl r Lr
L.l! ( l nr Ii
r
,+ lfr'!trir !ifri[ rnrrri!rfrlforr.,rnrrLr
-]'orrrr (:.!rri rnlirr Tit if n ,r r trm.. Tf+!+ri{
rr r! rrnrlrlrrri: Gu.rttrr:tunor' {Trrcr r iJupir ruu st nur:ta rtr6ril , .L,r.,n,t
ri i !1Lr tcr 0 nr ir r .r i \ulr l. r ni
in:rirrrL'irR,rlrrcr- Fi. !x ti.ijrrrrir\Li !
sii ,i( hrri!.t' dr !i,j'j r{injrl
Lhn Frrtirl . ..:riirr_l.
iitrurt.
in'.ri rx ( nrl ne
L'1rcr rfl il crL'lrll1i,,trL
Lrrlrirri l\ ilLr q
Lrir rc iEin
ipirlir :: ri h :tiL: lLr
r r inr ul !dfLr 'd.,l Li F ILr r t,r r ,r .l L| 'iLl r
n.H,El r l r irii r i ,i i hr i t4 ,:r t:uc r r
Ii
roruii Lir sirrrhrrr iLc :rJctirr,J,r':rrli Jr r r r lit r Lnr $r l ,i i {,r ti * h r .r .l J . AIF L
llrnl ii 'tul ii r-:iL Eiirir utn\t' iLL'n nr nic' i r tJ n'.r iLt.!i r ) r!'r r l l r r l i r !r
inr l..r tr nt J i r r r f,r r n,:nr ni Itr r r ti a]
inar r F n:r r l i tr i r .i r i n ui i r i .l i 1 ( l nl i nj i r i
iiir :iii, r r r r . ;!l * tr r r i ,k 8r r ,:r i r .Sf \l aL:
.Lr tht r ,'i | ;r Lr J r r r l ri i . tc r r r r .,r t tr ,.r
rrutrLrtsirurrLl\llSLtl ;rlr prirrrrrr:ulLLi
r:nivrr*: . (i'J m.ri inry,rrniir',rnri, rfn"nf
r+nLrrnL.ltr'FL,.rrt:rSLHr:r,r!Lr* { rn:n
iit lrr slir:LiLt cthrLlt-ri Jo tr tr'c,'[
i\ iiiji.,i nr r nr i r .r r r r r ,i ( i l i J i n i r tr ul
i:r'!r1riiTrut rri:i. l:.rr,..t.nrrnrrrLr'x:r:r :;lil
un .i,tl JL"tt)$. !-n ndrnt Fr :trI 11.
:r11:lr:rrr br:rlr!lt i,I{r rnrti. L.rL r'rtri
nu nLri $iirtrl. Irl rrU,lr!irfr Lu.n r ii'!l
Lr nr lr r ut!:r J r r j l {'i r J Ltr i r Ls h i tr l .r r c
l1lir r f:ii [r r :] ,l r n r r l t nr nr i l ]rr r i l l f
F' r r ! dn r tunl | .i r ., l noi l i r r J r i i ,r r n:i
runrrlc p rrirr,.iftrtlLi..t L.riL [run r.rrr
3' L:r rr rr ,) r . '.u r r opr s r Lti " r !'[L.tj l r r
Llr f irtr;l prin:r ru sr, +rl'+rh lrr :tn.
r .lniliitr r r J L ]f LL nur i . r : qr ,,r i n.:
Jc JJ rr+rri.nt frt r .rti LrLrilqirlr
'ic
r lr l6,l r r r r r i .:r ,I!r i r r :r nr iJ f r i r F r r
uLt.i ir F hi i r L. \L* i !i l r t{i L n.r r r r r r i i{.r r :
ir tL,r r t l i J ( l - +1J r i r ni Lr ,j r l |
'r i ,r i l .
, r ., *.J ,,q hr l h LL:L:r l Lr r Jr i r r l c r l r
r+Lr::iriirr ,rtd;li!l inn:i.Jrr dJtrrJil Jln 1r ,r tii.( l .ttu!;r utr i r i r n Si nr t.r r tLr r r Li t l : { n : : . , . . r . i . . , ' . t . , ,
;L ltr ..r L,rr r :Lir r r uri.Hr l.!r r Tr icr +.i' tiLrrh iLi rirn,pr.Ll'rriiit itLrrr',Lrr,:rihri. irr i r !,1 1 !;.; ,r i d t i i i d r i
F1){.r'a crlnrtnrrt un nmrrtcarru J.Hr.l ii kile imn-ri,rlc.tutin mai nlicj lu litiile $nei hllilic cle'idne ale .itfti
Jsr nsrtrris* ,nuividc ircrr luin Jirl Jccir hlilc rlnr R{srrr,lru ft:stintcpute suF:rhc nrrnc ru f.sr sqrusela luminl
:!r'ud(Ilrroriqin;It, Jellilrecenreferislf
la in seLjrrlrelI]i-Lrr ii reftriDe[ein iit 5lF:lturj rtcrrltc. liri r trul istdric
l|u tilsrfi,L)rircin E\,ulMcr{nrtenrnl iirnFuldornnierhri (i)nstantin ili|'ITrierrrtr r{rult.rulEcnirrntiilor
rrltl' rr)rrllru. h i. (:r l{1irtc.r.Lstttr. lnc,i L'ttl cc o'IarEu *rst gigrntrcrArla ,jL{erittJr rtilLui nrhrrertrurlc, carc
sernai fiacrevedrerlipsarffc ft]lruri liladru - c:rftcr:rrftlnuluiJftr prlltul IErrcrr JiD rnti{hitrtc }i.rDiinuii
it,1e metn pe !r) ,le m+trL.carer jniF{ri+I,((firitrrlt6 in Jll de {i1 e
!in.i in eFEi bArl}|Jil,trefAnd Frin ccr
nrlrcat Ldrrd in turu[ .irrid putcnu ittr (lonstrntin ' r fort rrnlir+tica un goticS.lfuciirclxr rtil. $Fiind l:rvil
!! {ll0 ,lc rpt'ttrtrxi. LtL.' iLDL
il iflrriri ..tirirr.irr$" Furttu,tr{urnitr lluitLr. ,-1rlr ctlc anttrrrrre. hl:d mult, artste
m,rn $cnl:rh t{l{ nmtitiitrlLluiernt{ #riri. hisarki nBrrrf,rentl,$i rla*r un nrutlr lilri rLrit FtL'hLirrtir*$rnrL'
in{onjumtc de b.hi l;'lnrrx decrrre. rif din con,rtrrlia rrrsrnnlia rnar ile deiultilni cortinut a araiLrhri,
Alrt rtor*rrrrntc nnrrrrr ,iirr Tact sunt supr.!itlu;t. Crmslruitia {xtrrltuldi r .utuL(trr J. .semen.x, pfln faFrul r.
firnLlaliikhrtil,r St,BLuba*hrcr'lul I irl Xl-ler.pesrr'
inctpur?nscc+hrl rstr r.'r.rsul
nual ul [LiHarlllrrr-r,
t;
4id q
E
A!
habi ta r e s , c o , c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 10371
Picturile din
rupestre
delaVdzdre
Vallde
F RAN T A
Ae\rt [arNE,DorD]cEE
ANUri}]rEG!$TBiFrr:19?9
CRLTTFx.
C {r)lrnl
l6 rcl:+ulFe dc;llultlc
pc cnrf &: vedt sdtulMlntknac, Fe
melulsaeng el rEuluiVdsere,
er li
prrtut6 doardecit o simplerrrnie
penrruJacques Mrnal, Grorges{gnel
piSimonC+enc*s. in schimb,
r.a
dovelrta li unadintrecelemci
faiinm!. desr.,Feriri odl€.iogke
din secolulal XX-lea.
Erain 12*tptembne 1940,
iar
cei tntru bieti, lfl:rdntli numti cr ()
lrnierhi $hbt ii curajullor nstura,au
hodr&t5gcoboare intr-+gI{ope{ilcuti
dr |ln qoFar smuls diE i.iilftini Jo
fununi ln mijlxul pddurii.Al$neceull
Fno panrl de pietrecarea{r$eri9e
innaaeaInei ElettEi, s-aujlisit lr$.
intr, un rran: spadu ,1*chis, cunoscut
asrlri dreF M*rea Sah ? Tftu lor
Picturilerr.rpe'itre
din Jt{areaSali a
Tauriltr sunt,pn$abil, ce[crnai
rcmarcabileexemplede artA paleotfic3
din lume,Acertra acoprri aproxinrativ
l9 nErri Firntli, pe rmbii prftli carcrr
cqrbeaz,{+rmlnd o h+ledinrrar re\, rE p*rccut mai muh dc ut slertdc secol carlsecinta,,CapelaSirtint a fmktoris*
apEJlrFe circulrrn,SiconstAt|dill r.ei mpiind cu rBerirul'J?itllre rLrate inciaijle. france:i, Lr,lreapta, st alli Trecete.r
gfrpr.|'iJe enimale;cai taurili cerbi. I": hrat etlt de muk rimpdeoarece LtterrlE" urmarl ,le C.alerraFnncLpal.i.
Urmifidein+rrdrlrrlele ir+rirr dearti perteradin L+scaux maiE1]bo*rA o sut{ iar ;rFoide Canrra Frlinelor care
pe ciltr h-ur descopcrit, l*lir:1ii i lrr drj merrisubnnrDre+i includeincf inFtr esrr .er mai,]|auffi dintn ?r1lr€l€
Fd!'es paofesorlllui loi icr vesrea ?onec Ficlrri rmFrrt3nre. PeEtinEE, rmF(dohte (u Ficftrrl O tre{ere
deicorteririillii n rJ n! in publicitE gaLTinpi.tat5t\te trnrindres nttursll laterall duce la CameraC,rarurilol iar
,rcolii.Ifin acrlmrmnt, a*ludr4ni .ru a Mlrji S[li a T*urilff, cu reF]errn(lri anti le PunrlMnnului,crre, pc lengb
ftrepLr sils{6ea$afr
itr Lascsux.P$mula l+]{norfr {are acopete+ hunii pufte drn Fcrun rupL.strccofltine foatte multe
fort abatekArrdreCl.ry. cerea perti {i din hdlta Jlesttrii, nl|lnitl. ln olnectr confecdonatemanual,Acestea
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 10381
inchd JI dr lrunr'.rr
lLrcrate
din al pict!ril(rr rteitrc dln prleolitrc,larg de c rhrn, r-iruohrertatFimclc
'-r1..riqe
piatri dorF.l+ vini'ri de l.nceJin or, o rdlpi'ndite ;n rug;trnra Llr'Jr*h€ in srmn{'Jc darliarrrr , piaturildi ier
,p,rLtt:i"dc drrrx,.Lurxiltrtitrtiri d losr pcri{}aJd
cukuriintsgll$lt:nLcrrc,
acun ln arir L:airu unniL BHir$epu( st
F$sihl!i1!r s Ji,in piB'rrerrtii ulrhind t8 0C0-lI s$6dc ani NtLnrrifir Vallfe aFdrRprinreleIltle verri iDgrijorato+re,
de nrti+(ii(iin Fnleoliti(,Frffrm +ioFt de h V6:ire *rr tla.rtoperit14I dc prrdust .h aN4tqi muqchi.in
congt:merrren:inerirle din c,rres"au ti lj Jr pc+rLn,
situri Frcl!!1rricr.j (onscLinti,ArrJr{ MilrBur, fiinisrrul
r:ttrIr{Figh$rfii. care*u fAcutlx)eibil.l
rcconstituirea liancc; al c:.rlturiitr anlrlci,a hotilit
i1rrtrral,ru lostrrrtalogtrte apnnpe (aftrcteir!icilor dE viall ale lrri Hrma inchiiereag*:tei Lr J0 rprilie I963,
1 500 de incirii p€ pereliiii bolrt rdF?n!, in timFuletirFri imcdi.rt Dc indid tr s.irurlfiiilrr.u tlIrurclt
gnxer,careaLL forr pntntr in urm{ (u prrmrrgrirosr+ infi$lucerii $pJrculurii rr}trrsnliDilnimellarrli picht{ledin
iFnlxlmati! l? 000 Jr ini, dupl unri Llu r*rte acestea,
minuniledin Lascartxarrrelrnit Ia strrer krr onginal5,
sFrcialiitisnu It CC€dr ani.fJoni!it Lalceux,ru devenitinacccsibile tntupiaurdm.rslnchisr m.rrr!uipublit
altorn.Oric re rlr ii.hrr {xuctli, puhlitulu Jc ucum40 d+ ufll irra i.li pr'ntlu irtdciuiri. in 1980,fir|torir{lrle
arar:srrdrcFrtiniil IrLncruIrdlnrfianr 1955,dirr pricinaexcesrluide broxid au hottrrit strcrer:e fl rt]tlj(i exact5r
r?
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 1039
Teatrul
roman$iarcul
de triumf
dinOranse IJ
F RANT A
Vrua.rrsF, PRo\INr:E
,L\LL ixr .rsr*,lxn|lgEI
C{LrEHr C (r[ll l
l:9
I
4
t
-**-;r--l
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc 10401
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 10411
Pont
duGard
FRANTA
Pftov[',:cE
lNRrGL5rErErr
Af,r,_L 1985
CrnExn:C h)(trrl(l
TI
In 195S,
rnundarirle Agrippa,ginerelehri Augrrstr+.
extrem de reului Caldonau piuy{.'cat CunoscutFrntru ing€ni{Eitntca sa
pagu[eenomreili ronaorEului Nlnres ingincrea$cb, & ppaE vilitfft Gfllialr
din Provence.lulcdemulgtd de cale anul 19 I.Hr.,qi,lir *urt timp dup+
f€rati caretraYrrcarA!- ling; ac*a, a inceputlucnrl ta cr:Lr+lul
Remoulitrs a fosrpracdcfidtufit, dBr pmierr lridraulic.
Fontdu Gard,trufin mai surin aq,rl, Probabilterminat in tinrprrtdomaiei
care,rre:irtat 2 0tl0de rni, !inE, Ftulr lui Truian{98-tl? tHtl, rpeduclul
lpelor turbulente,impas rl. ll€ tnditr ere fornu unui ,J-J"lung de 50 de
ce star€sde rgentAs-aincheiat, toqtd kilometri, din care JJ de kilomeni
lumeas-abwrrratde condiiinhrmi in sub plirnint, cu o tlifrrend mt.rli rle
cnrt seutlaEr:lul conrtruitde roflrr i inrlpme de l? nrerri. Cceact esre
lacerrst[corixtrr,tclielr|('numentilE ccl mai [ifiritor nu esIelun8ihea
primegtemai mrrhde dor:l mili<nne aFedLrctllui, ci extraonlinara ra
dc vr.atut$.rFcEn tr cstc,Frnuu precEierd{ lE Evor pSnEla ,mensul
FrEnla,a douaara mai rmFntEntA barin d€ {olectare(denumircsllrJl|lm
de ceFeronrrnil ritr]atin <eeaft a
fostatuncipcn{r"nuapcrdniNlmes,
ap€coboarAconstantFe o FantActl o
cederede doar5; de.entimetd h
I ,6 Lilomr.rn-l-)r [r {dselltm prmcru
rtrt crnrle crre ductauapala btri,
clidiri publice ti gorF(rdt.iile a
almrximativ50 llJ0 de hrurrorl
Asrfel, fir,:[tuia I ft rktca L]Froximativ
40Cde litride EFIFe ri. o cenlitlte
cons'demrn s! Ecrent5rhur duFS
strnrlarde modune, L)e asrmenea,s,a
c{lcr.rhr{.itspednc rl a costat}0 de
mJrranede erttrli, echivalmtulsoldti
a 5C0d': dftefl dirr l+iunik rcnnrne
Fe o pErirsdi de cincicecide ani. lln canel care trarlslrorE aFa,
atraclie turistici ;lin lirolincie dtrpt Simholulntucqieiintegl insumcarl ]5 de arudt. Rr<iula ftrst
Mont-Saint-MichclJ, d.$i ittginffii corsttrrc;iiesrr lonr drLGerd. cLmstruIdin piatrl cornpaarA {[r
secolului nl XX-le$ nu Futeau de{ir Msiestuos.rotr.rg€legantsi aFr,l€pe ,:oncreriuDi f{r$iledin +ariereledin
:ji.se5imfa,umilti' rjecohgiilx Jeticat,esteprgin nui lungde lCS de zona.birnnqatr Jt salhen-dcsch;
marii $i s{ riilice 1, l+5 de herri pdn sc porli!,eFreF*rfccIcu peisrjul
Documrnreisroriceirtribuir trei *rcadesupmpuse, l+ ha:f are in++njurfttorde deal*ri verli.
pmiectrrlfrerrrruPontCuGard Fae arcrde a cinir lifime {adazt de Fiecarrhlrc c*nt5rc1tt6d tont,
precurn+i pentrulntregulaneduct, Lr tl la tl de mttn.yisusdne un Jrum ia( rr$$[$l{rerrde L}srr${in:f,m,are
careaducrapdrle la irvorul Lrcetra carea fostldrgitFntru vrhic+lepela precilier-r f5cutfSranrortar.
(ariUres)ping ls Nemausus (Nirnes). mijloculsrcohtrrial XIXlee.AI dcilea LrtriEe c.ntinui ti deurltaEa
nu maipufn decit lui Maaus niv+larc tl arcadr,irrrultintulrAnd, (onsrantils scesrui
coltdin Plovence
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
o42l
tr D SU S I WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 10431
romane
Monumentele
dinArles
F RANT A
PRo\TN,:r
BatrcHr.!-pr,:"RHON[,
,{rar hllItrsTE,dFrx l98l
CturEflLrC (rr)lrvl
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 10441
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc
0451
fl
*'-l iii
t-
r-t!\
Ebsusl w ww 10461
EbsLrs habitares,co,cc
047|
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10481
Apeductul I
1' rr
ffmSeq0vla rJ
SPA NI A
Llir l r ,!- l ,r {'!
A:r :\irni \;r i x r : l g$;
afr r ff[; ::C i r l l !]r ll r r l
fi : lx \lirrt1rri srLi"lulrri.rl XII l+i, fr n!.r hii.inr li,ii r L r LL:Lr r r r ti.lr t ,tr.1!rLiui.
llr 1r:\t.r\FIi lcri.rIri
rf r r rrrrrrrdlirrrIdr l'rutiu rirrE rtrt|i:irrril'i, irlLLu.!ilfrir ir L\uirLil trle,
'ur.rriitr1r,rr rr:trr.irL:
lltrt!f .'rr):trtli,,lftclurrLl. Itir tLr r l,rr (r nir r r f,ir nr fl:t.:r nnr r tntr nl i l r k :r .r .l r i r r N tr r r i . J r fi n,
t i r r r r r . rrrt',.1 1.,rL
l +r,[,r \' ( Tiux i r r !r r hlcr fr lt iir ,tr r .{,r ur r r Lttr r nr r r r r l ur tl t.l i ,Lti .r
. { i r rrr;l ,r:rn ..l L rttri.It i rrr r nerr ifit:l!inilr :ririiti fiLr,irr, (u ,' (jli{H \:r r i c :r n,r l Lr
.r ri :r i lr l t fr r n.l r r r i L'
h d r l r r lr'ri . .L .ln ) u h i n c c n !L nnin r ltcn,+t*r ' ,Lr 5.,r !.t' r !( i:if l) ,' .'rnr,r'\' f f .,r.f r nrlr rr'rr.frurl
L L I l , rl i l l l f(i , rtr ri i ).1.r
. h )rr r r r lrr ii. - ctr ur ilnl nr r r ir - rir! r ' t:ir t.r t r r ,,tr ul .\l i i .- Lr r,r l l t r r i L:r J Ir J i F
r n n r t f lr!rrJrn i l +ff J,| h [rL !i .tr ' in n' ir .L,j!LFLLiiiir r L.j11rLi( i qr l .r r s i :r r t.'Ir i r l :L[i ]!ti r r
' r r ( \i
E bsus I w w w ,habi t a r e s , c o , c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l 04sl
Monumentele
romane
dinMdrida
SPANI A
PRollxcJ,l S,t!dro/-
RF6!rj{'IAf 5Tlfr.i4]r(iar
ANIL tlnIGErxtrnr lqll3
Clrrxn:C { )hYl
.tl PJutt.u,irnni*
* to, expansnrniiImpenului tu:mrn prinil
inauguratin hli'rirla,ln lf9l. Atss^i 1dcrtftmitdtea aFurr:sntra hrfrtii
aEnd Frl p4b ii trl]lru
rtrtrcr|]rl s lrll, aSe rA Fdstef3rl auno$[te Fe atunci.
Gunliirna,errr rrta motirul de ruinllrie Noua cotmic Fta anrtruit un
al lecuitr t(trii trtrdoarp{ntru ce a rprlutt pcnru a lduct lF[ drrla hcul
i'iE$xi $ r\dE i LHr !'r
f+Jtprllircrar;tde Srntiigo Calarravr, ProserFifia,sllnrfn rrJld l cereqii.
Atc+ +
unul dintrecei nraiIaimuriarhirecri lu'r*inreJe Bl0 qlemet'i, o inalnnreJe li
nn.emFlrrni. Este dolr rca m3i rc.rntt Jt intrn{ n'rvtrsrrlulAlhrntlp*. L}tqi
nrllnifrrsrarc
a rcla ri !T('(Lr[ciliffrc pen ta prercnrmrriblnede jumer{t(
MErida g pLxlurilesrle.Jeglnrrh lormrti rlintre anadele saleau first JLstruse,
o dati.u .Fzarer primeipietrude pod. gr:rn*rrna structurii e la fcl dt er.irltnt:t
crtn'unratn it frrttLlanrorr.$ului, +r $iel.SaNAculoril0rbt(Eurilor
ti
ln anul15I llr, Publius
Carirn,:, acil mi?ilorde Branit .u .ar. a first
un trirnis .Iimpirdhrl Octavian, rrEstruit. Rxlul Fi!*te(lujrdi$Lir
a l;$( ridicarfur.;L{c{a+i
p$rioirdtrca ti
apeducn'lA.e o an 'e.grrrrde?9?<le
meni srsgLnut{ile &l dr aruadetu o
irl.iltirn+m.dh ,]t Il Erftn $st€ nirellLj
rauluiPeli(el iipful cAer+Frin itila
caledeacces in M{riJ.rrom.rnlt,rlin
nt'olulalXVI.ba,pcr{ula Lrnitmalunlr
rtulti prsreVia,.leLePlata,drumulpe
caresp:rnir:lii tran:grn:ruargintula,lus
din,:olLlniiL 1orJin Lurn,''aNouilpi!n[
hrristierra de la Mallrid
Orarula inflaritrerde iar in anul
t5 i.Hr, :d,rrc ! A€iriFp:r(grncrchL i
Octrqanuri;rsosirla hlSrrdapeourr
r cnnriuce fe*ivitrdh crre mrrcau
inrsn['icr$ provi ciel ror$iDl]
Lrrsitanra" a ctrrei.aFitalneraMdrrda.
ir ejunsFe m.llulrilllui Cuadiana. G: acelprilej,Agrippaa inaugunrr
inprqunmile erru $diiolrrr,,le!lunl. re|ltrul{:an:Fureagtrdui 61100J(
ilin rFhrFict fiinJ prr\[ trc cu $pectarod $i careavenDcd{rcr.r
nnnrel()Jse i?!.orrede Rpddulc€.inr icorespondentul trihunclrrrJe a:il
gr,rmtre.r,1inbelsrg.Acestererunr im!trrlitn in rn:i tiruri Llclruri, pcnrru
ilh r .ir.lkiJ lll.t*
rrrrurirll'*rrtr tufiaiefttrFemrnr hrrrrld rlifttireletlasr u:iale Anrfirtarrul.
forldirci atrrlrji C.l!rn!r AugHlo in (are inclFelu I + L10o de rFecriron
Eftritui, c* nlea 5E-iii+rdlitucE pl r! rarc fus.sc tcmi!ut cu .i{iva ani
lcrridrii ,lift lcF'1uniId \rr, Al*uJar, hribrL',r fDsrlillorirpenrrulupr.L':
$i a X-s, CerninE.Aceitia se intorseseri dintre Eftrdiflt{}n,isr tnntEll(elr€
rictorurir Llin confruntitrile cu edificiaau mrr.it inL.Futul unci srhi
prrpu[tgiih Jirr itgnrnilr Clrlrrrhlia 5i dc constlr|.lii lr|onLnlttrrlc L"{rd
Astu a,carEreDre-,enrau
ttldrnele auEau
ra ftca din [{iddr d+fllum
barrtercrJererisrenF in trlta rI pnrpusne' krE In{rr.s Rrtrtrdtt'.
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
10501
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 10511
4U
Dffrorid rntercsuluiilr,lrdr*tr.lorditl
dinastiaclaudianr,tn sccolulI ilir.
*:ra.pula ajuru si a,Ifuo:teascdo
garniroanBdr 90 000 de !,rldriri ti
a participat la deflFltarea rapidt a
ercmdmieidin KrarEStanr.aroftin!.
fururnula fmr pavarcudalerle
marmurl+iaufoetcmlltruiteTemFlul
Ilianel d o uri4r! al1enl eliFtiEi, in care
puttauhulpc,a30 000dr qecraron.
-Iimplut eraprincrgalutedificiureligi'rc
al urhei5i eraamplasatla intenecaia
pnnE]palelol .rla. cani,* p dnr.trnon*in
cisda mrlui sft1,eradodtcatcultxhli
irnperiul,crrrclu.zieb cares,aaiun;
dupf desrEperirsruneistaElir zcir{Fl
GeniusALrgrrstri 5ra ului gnrpsculptural
cu Eree,Anchrseii Ascaniui.
M[nda 1r-aaturreglgeulprurpefltEtn
ln secolulal ll'lead.Hr,cAndRDma
eracocrlurade Traun +ide Hadrien,
$nbii otLBrnrridrn gpsniE.ln aceant
pedo$d,lltu fir6taonstruitesi de{arere
cu maEaicu,'i numercererdle ale
pamcxniltn multe mlsre fiind
pls(rarerrJl5rihl muleul de arhtologie-,
iar +hdidle exi+lenrenu f,i$tmrnle. f)e
dsmenea,Fopulrtiaolatulai a spnnt,
datorit[ sosiriid. trlrlr din lrovihciile
.!in nodul AJricii.AceFnsoldRfiau
dJus du ei d nlJsn religir le8atn de
cuhullui Mirllre.Astfrl,lmeplnddin
anul155d.Hr.,M€ddaa devenitunul
dintrecentele mithreismului, dupr
cum o deflonsEealf,nendmllrstele
haloreiiefirriSsite ftr ora.t,carei,
hfltigeazape *u luptindu-st cu un
rrur. L)e hp!, FAJiuneaspanft)llor
petfrrr coride a aperut nrai dr:iu,
tm ld M6rid:r.
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
052|
ii
il
-{
F
T
{
i
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 10531
VillaAdriana
I T AL I A
\./r*t
TrvoLrPF(}fFitr R{)!i}.RrGlLiirLrzrr!
A!r lrt[cfirRi r 1999
Cn:rrnir:f lLllul {rrrl
fr
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 10541
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
055
.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t ar es , c o . c c 10561
Roma
anticfl
I T AL I A
P!t1,r \LtrI Lr n
A\tl tn;cl{rnir l: L9l I+tU
{ r r i.r lllt I { xjn!.l i ti :
P**.,._.*,',,*.
.ir.": n.l':ir'{?rr rflrrit (lfiicli J$FrLr
Ilr in L r nur r . nr t < r r ir iilc l t,c
surfritt-:rrrtr.r imfinrtil inc+rlil! sil
(r rftealin;i nri.li iffL' ij irrcx rlr {F.e
F( +]tcirt,ri
c.ltt;r rcrisJtrED.rlh lr sr -\iru,rit Jllr.rrrut LlrrlrrgiiirTLnriilr+tulrr+iLiJc [r rt,n'c:i]c llr|tll]ri.rtil ir iil i.Hi in rEir
lll riciLrr: Ic-u Frmis c,n ucannrll)r cr r ti' ljtr t Ft vr encirr ir r JJutc n.r l ti L l l i nr ei Pnl ,r l i nci i r 1Lr tr l j ufut:l c.lif tr '1i
RrnDeisn-iifltri! B4nrligirr c,:nrnrl.11' tLtiit Inirirnth c.Dshcr, r'xnlni t!'scscril !rr'r Fini In Jfiirrit\rlreanluluii'l
"rLh
Jt o prrtt, JistnhLlra Je rn-incrn >i hnilc Dr rl!riifi.r (L'h rLiri iiiinrt,i$,i VIll L.!ri.Hr, Rrnm r1r\fnirt uniLJrun
prrl.Lcr fLrrcrLr'rurlt,iar p., ccahltt - mrnuntntts r.rnnnr drJltjltr i(rlUrjlor. {eii nrni inr$rrrrlrr ii$$iri Cin :,r1ii
!rtdlant i. rormi:L.I r]r+rirrr,ri,nuenfiiLr C,urrr t tr tscrrr lui \'i"\fasiin ii d;1r naJiterntrNnnil. I r rirrp|J lui Irrquinius
lltrtrtivr:ii rpel:rrr:olel,:dr trdrr!: r*rrn in ti' nlfnlr c J( lir *t, in nu[l l +, FrrscusSi.rl lLri.+njus TrrlliLs rL
er+uitN*unrmrrlc fol,rsirr'(L inrf iirati t]'l.x*urmLl Ga+ \nru*nrul Fh'rL,rnl fui f l c r l l r r tt F l i ntl r l ur i r i F r thl i ( +,
Fntflr plelr' riilrlrLdrmrseftrr. rt.t irtrrltLh 4li Jr rnerrr i:',,ea rr ir{brrtrrnLlu-!€5tri?i. Firic. ri3rLI]rL
R{1har tr).irFflDrdDlirRTnlJ nJ$nrfin Jidnetru J( liJr-JL nriri. iinLi nllc r dt rfro\i]idorrc rLri i l1r
':.t[tli:rrr si
Jirr lurrrc Cu rn :nilirrnJe [LrLrrLrri, p. n.rnr fNelLti I' pL(irn{lg.l^{Lrrprinri chHr fl Flirxll rrri'lii pnr $;i {i,15 i,llr-l
f.ate .hFt un fiIll(rfl ti luntiilnt{. c! LLit R.'\'rJes4ttitrxi La corrstrucgia .dm mdr J'.t h lrlrLttei|]Lil !r rlr:ri:rt.r
runplan r:rhanistc tolrpl,:r 5i tu on sa ar fLrrritrloriri li0i0C,le nnri FurLnruril,rrtmntrirle. irr+p.'rrrilJrr
JcLor flirurrl rirrr .r imFt$ terrrialri rrli LtutrsL,rtitr r ]lll J+ rdnc Jc trcr ii10 i HL, t{tftlei rl Ji'!t Londurl J. n
{'rn,iric lioificirri rlrrr(,nale.rLrf*ir x lltirrrul nivct .rlc;rrr irrlltutf Je ]C rrrrn rjnrrnnrt rLFulrli.intr ti. i ra, Fr.rirr.rl.I
err:rhuLrr we drjir cu pl{-Lr.rrrtlr rrurt ricrir intF,.ful..rL cu clli:rrnc.tur:ct- ft'l dt tircra srcolt, r Jrverrt dxt.rrilljr
J r' rr,'frru ,.r*rp r'u g l o n:a!l;!ri,r
i r ilniir $- J Joii+ar r e,r ll nr r r n r i r r * r u.F w r !nFrri L i. ui{ftrri(Err,iirr r;1:h,.ii!.1{
irr rutrorrl'l+ i:n ;iur Jc rirn:i. tusi Ir dc LL)[, ]rt irnicr, in! c(itrlr rl tn'ilcr prnire,lu secolcleal Ill-lca sr rrl
n{tnrt;t rin'al e tt ilil:rugrru.I. Ntun.i 1!{x I I rt'.tri ti lrnromrrrrr illlrr:rnc l l .l Li i H i , tuna1a de!i nLti $Lr * l u
il fl scu.i[ iHiLn{.ji nec']reiF!ndto$ir. c',dntL(r- Nlvclul r!prril)r I i'!r l;11{r in(r ttJr bill !t nHiunii mcdirer;rrrerru'.
Frricnhil nrnt:tfrr:rnt rl iihl.f irii Jirl eirirni:i ri Ernltrer.i:u. iir rr1 T or r tr ,nr r n{r r nr l ) r eluer l unr r ,r r r .r r r
uLrrr inicr\'lii ii liFra orLlidiiFuhti{c. rr:tem Jr sdlFr r:irreliruu r'qlrrrurrrql in rilele ro$rrc nu lulr
'if,inuit t,arnn
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
10581
rlr
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 1059
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc
10601
B!J|1l!1LFriLflit d F4[Ei
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 10611
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10621
r"n#
E ! : : t r s I u u r v r ' , r , h a b itaie$
co cL
bi ta r e s . c o . c c 10631
n{,ir Oa{.!r.,tuirBl(
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
10641
-1
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10651
Pompei,
Herculanum
+iOplontis I T AL I A
llno\Inclr Nrpor, llEcrL\r,\C,j.$cn..r
r,1
A\r L i\RLrirlrFitr::l99i
Cln Ec:C( r r + 1 r r ) i\!
IT
tl
1 1\-,t n n rrrLr gr Lr r tr ;r n1' lr illl;rrlj(ilr nren re ii! le durtr hunllrLtinrir
rili,rJ $r Jarl in LinJ in jtturiJt r.trlui li,ruhi .xrr \il.slrix ilr
li+rbiutiri si4..uhiic,r$ra l.{r$
L\L\rfi .r(tincurilcFir[rt,riu]ui
Ll+r;lfuo tlir6rr lur:giii rl!rt$ire, LLllt r-:1ri tloGlr;rt r:t Fillilttirr(rt
i.l nrt scminrr tr lulrrtrelc.nrL:iDE'lt nrri or. l iDr?im.IrritrtEx l{lPulrti.i a t,st
rnir i- , linr'Jii{ dup.t.{+'j+ nnrul.,, trltt prrn ruFF r,lcit .ft lrunitl]irr.'!
e ireF$ { iff :r r_{glr?repe pimiint i i?j Lrllrilede Fiirrii lulcRnici tilNti JLlr
roptrt nrrna. .'' .fur* rrurt hrgnrent m uDt+ .Ir . ih Jiftin€r tir:ilEidE :i
Jinrr-un.r
Jirrrrr;crisori[rrfurioc.{r: '.urg!Lst,ciinJ ,fldl:.rnul.r.r:\'n fi i'r
ce l'Ii rl r l rri]}cir r Ll*q-er
PL n i rrs je [rnrrs]si ie
rirJnh un rl.r lierh:nte
crupti'r r:.rlrstr,rfal;ta \t:r:riL:Lri l;r F.irtrireh,iri il virr:A (ld rFroilneIlCde
!r.{u.i:rrc,r .r.(Jnii erd:iLii, p. 14 uug.ur liilom$ri FC!)rr. nu n)nicx$t.l ni(i o
iQrlllr Pllrnrs+rr i:u:tLn F:LeIrnJnr i]-il|lru Cck i|luiri')riLtccun:Tirr('s('ril
iisrlre,rl u ch lllrr Flinirrcri minlrir crrn,rnilor din nnti.hitrrrd.
Ilinin, nr lilhr Jin gL:ttirl Jin Mi*num. [:curiJt nl,rx;rn'liJc Jlstrr(tiLFjnku
F* trlrm*rileC;:nrfrnieLiuci dc la fifiuliile dr pir$ici(ni ail ]r\r ingrL'pnrc
;nnrrlrre.r,rLrri'rle,! n:inetii. hururtLrl suht|n sftirrdr ftl1 sl Je 6 rnetfl.
ilrtr{n rckrr nr:rirfi1fl!i rirlrrtruLr Ir:tixnLintJr rnnurtrin !{iotul
n:r.n:+sul[Lrnte I ru ,[,rennurar Fr' .rlV)-Lcrrl.Hr pr' r:rrrdt uncra1r::iln
l'iim(r!l niriirrilirt inainr:lrri iirirll si Jlltrrfoait mirte. rt nriqili grer€.jti,
ie in'lr'iFt{ .iifir ff;rr.r. in incErcrLrd,r {tr etrui{e ir )nJiflln.. Fi)ml:erul r in,:iFut
ir.rJurrqeLr llorrrpti rr la Htrruhn*rrr. pc n;uule rumanilor nr unul.t0l.Hr,
le rnLle ;|I fi tunrt $ obirrre ii 11 ciod genrru[r'llul'lius Corne]ir$ SLrllii
Llmrenlne:eJc nl.li inJ*rtnrrFt frrn,t,u;rrrrl,' firftnr:rr (i.,rftIrl !in,r r
,,in!Frllirrlultlrartr Brr;irir". PoaLPuunonon. Urhca srtrat; pc o
Enrpla ,rLrkanuhti l,a uci! p+ Pliniu$ clmFie e iri fr lir ul n:lrii, h Hxr"
L'.1B n r i n , i l rF rq u rl nL Ur r ii ,r r tur ni, FgLrlLrr S.rrnus, rr ilrqon]rrnr,J{ t:}irnfuri
' le
in\;r ntFrrttrl rilu r-a trrn5tris rLrJrrmn r {irrt irr rurnnJlmp.rhtrtir
iD,i*rrrllfl lt, cnrr rrFre:irlrl i!rl:i L:ril c! Lhdiri fulii.'r ti Filrrii:ul.rrc.lrll
nlri inrcnsnrrllrr!rc:r h€{nr+rrbei rerc cnr++ rnrFrr$ntl nF+rten JrrcatemFlrl
h Ji,Lru ctlt nr,ri{alrricctttrsr Jr: L'.- nrihrrathi Vcrnrrirr rrnpulJarlniihr
r)rrn!L (lr nlrniri. \'ei(!iLrl in.+Lar' IttoXrrt(illrrLbl:lrirlr{s li? i.Hr. -
s n e n rf;l (u ri rttr n :L l si lnini+ , i+ r ll rl.llr.Jr Tih+nrr"il{-li J.l L.} +
l0r!jt.ii Llin ll,mlei r ljriihis.'rr1
5r1 t re . ! t |I in t F o e it rt i d e . ro ni t n r i r e
c*l$rele llL:irtrlu - ritLrrluriledt itrrdirr" AF\d,ilr a'l J.Hr. urrcurr,:nrut
riohrr a:qldl'ir inrr#gr r,rn{J n ltrrrl
Ve:uvirrhi- Drrastrrl a liNr rtif.lE nrare!
produjl
in{et ls rrurltii r ulcluHrlui,
Ii an rnlr riniu funuci,Hrrculintrm
pi r.illelenLJirat,lr-rJ lungultrrmului
+!.' ,rl .n, r r.LllJ.L
rc *Ji;ruin{* tu ia:r JL rrcrJflst r.tir,
hr rinrpLLl rrtrpiinirrirriurina{hi(e de
Rru|\]n, a in(efut i$deNrlererstmtuhri
*t{s iL ctnutit" d(:rih fid r:dcl riraslt'
cr;rc|;riilcu irricrucletr.{rul l9 Lj-Hrlr
rienr.l lLrtrrr:q1emer rn'Eire ir{nrinti
a ri.til Jin ,ry.'r.rr,rrn:rnli.TllmpJchtrnn lt,
cillelc.ro lrlnielaJe luLuint* urlliLt]e
ii rrrale.rearrele. srr;ure.:pe.hrteJe.
EbsLrs v'/\.vw,h
abitare$,co,cc
0661
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 1067
t
ix
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
10681
0691
tt
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 10701
mitoL'gicemenitestrdeaimFnsiarS
incltr€rile €iau mai EF4i$dc. t9
in grld:nrb carelx de acet tip se
eHs€sc ad€eea iaftAni somFtuoas€,
liecvent ornate {u lculpturi.
Acertc hnrtrturl jt tee6$el.$ tr ville.
tl€ mei iinprtsidnendl din Pompeierte
Villa MrEterelor,q retedinla liJxoiFi
ta.e era krtdJalA si o rri,lhr |ad
dedicrnl FEduqiei eEri.ole.
t
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t ar es , c o . c c 1 0 7|1
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l o72l
O*+b&#iA'€L{'r'li ir'
6l
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
10731
Hauutdtj r in e!fu
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
lo74
r1i
:
tr D SU S I WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 10751
Cilento
$iVallodiDiano
cusiturile
delaPaestum$iVelia
I TALIA
PnovNcr,{
SALEN(}, CMlfN'a{
A rILD$xclrrRiFx: 1998
ftnErE C {"'l lrvl
SnraiideVugiliu5i
de .lF p{:€ii romani, traodadrti de la
Paesrutr, mukf rftrne, eq [(rt mar
{aimosi drcflt templclc ce rrflI r ci.
in deeenele potff
lui Piraneci,
admiratilururianfi Fiil.l pline floale
pa urr lrrndrrld€ tuin€, iar Cmthc ii
de€criein csrteaBECdllilrie sr lnlia.
i" l80L cdlltorul JohannG'rttftied
Seum.d{ff e Fomir Feiqddin
todeFJratul L4iF g inspirsr
de dodnfade a le mirosi
pafiErul lmbbtbtor.
C$rnpia{citill unde n dfli
PaestumestemdrBinirA, lntr.o pErre,
de apacsldds Mdrii Tueniene,isr,
pedealta,dedcalurileveni din
Cilenm tr sebucud de q climai!
o llore de un farmecdcocebrt.
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10761
ld flrlll'ir,l dnj
'da
;i
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
l o77
|
il
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10781
!tilul s5! *infit.st de rdfiplul lui Zeus u$ mdsiv lid ile tpSrdr rll uir in tiu'la sch:mb5ninume!ui, multrr
Llir!OhmFie. ld pErrerr fndcplrlrr[ s parultter cu cdhuri rdturrlits. vieim, drriul ]t |lm$,Itr $en]5,
r$iDeloramiit+atrul!iii a +ledirilor Etruscti
airconsrutmomrin(+
in attonom.Ia lbl ra oraiuldin apropiere,
crvilere afli thcnarfl. {templultrri necrr{Frli l'art6 5ituit{ in alam EleasauVeliaSrplturilede la \tlia
(]crcr],.rredrtcr din 510t.Hi $i lirnitcbr r'ri+ului, carc :r fd6t sunt incf, in Jcsfliurare, rlar o mare
hi datorea?d propoItiilsmai $ubrllr descoperit ln 196S.Dnrre acrsrca, psrredin orat a fosrdisrrusllr !1mFul
ii mai rlegantedeceralecelorlalalte cel m*i interemntrstehlornrintul Evulurlr'lcLliu,c6ndnormanriiau
dou: ttmple amrstecoluidrstiluri S.!{unJ.t.n'lui, ff asdelduFl folositFietele templelors:le pentru
'nir
doric ii ionic faimoaslpicruri de pc lcqrcdeac::re a cr:nsrruiun carte[,Cu roare:]ce!r*3,
ln secolulel IVlta I Hc, grecil scoperEm$rnre|rrul, r$ un duilr Vrhs plsra{s!Eamintrreracelor
din Poleidor$aau.v'enitselocuiascl serindde pe o plaiformS. {remuri glorioaft{And a fost locul
alrturi rJelucunieni1i etrusci, Cuntacteler:raruluicu turmadin de naitereal tilnoJilor Parmeniit* 1i
rftulrrtul liind, rlupaun rimp, 1?l i.Hr ru .lus h construclrg Zrn+n, in timpul atelerpcrnradclnticc
un amestecal |.tnorculturi diledte. Templuluiltalic, care;r fosrtnchinat candcukurddin MrrgnaGrcria erfi
Lucanieniisunt cei careau constnlit riadei Jupiter,Iunona Miner,a- (uhurd uniueBa[E a l!ledireranei.
?:
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c l 07sl
VilladelaCasale
I T AL I A
Prrtlr R\LtxrrtFlllri rll1 E!!,.\ 5:t Llr
ArrL iNFtnhFlr![ l!9?
r.rJ
fnrrr-nn: lIl lrD)
ifi
Cei m.,ta,mnlhikr,'i
dln rtnlrie sun! cci Fur-ratide re{e fere
c'iac,fl'ipEslroffr in privints proprici
ntlditlli, aleargl,ft j,]acI cu mhrEea
inrncAdircul De faFrnu sunrchiar
hikinl, cl jdrlft Feda.dli$Firtrbkdrrr
caretlau lolosirearuncic5ndrineJ,:le
fcte t+manefE{eaugitrnsst{E.Crl
toirteacrstea,moraiculdin uni! Jintre
incslnrile de la eillade h Crsalecare
a imortalirstEcesrrfcte ttrbuir si
ff avut o valoirrerroticf, in(I-o epoc{
in careFqrtretelent,J erau in
exclurivirate,re.rervattJivinirdgil(ir.
Aceasttrsccntr[eDbi$nurtilrste Irrm$i
unuldintreelemenlele careau ficrrt
acealtxluxoirstr,illdun exernFlu
n'murcabilu1mudulurdc r'rut5li al
schinrhutilorcultLrrale careffau tipice
FentrrrimprriuI romanln monrennrl
Je virf puteni rale pi la incepurul
de.linLlul stru.
Vilh rle le Cemlr a fosrr,rnsftrritl
in l+c+lulal lll-lea rau al lVlea ri lL
{o pernlaJi mar.dtade hptele pentru
pur{:rc)tn Si.iliq proviit.ieiDrrsnil
cllreiEh'srini€oi-a mfrijr,lELr*rri tirlul
Ressdrrn5j+anr j,cest Fivilegiu arat?i
cr lnsulecr:rdiftct deFrndenrbdr
RrlmE$i,l|l cEnscrintd,lnsemnBcH
proprietNtile mari ktrfurt{s,Fe care
urmasasebarrre ec0nomiain$ftlei dr intemneriip;nA in anul lSSl ar li flxt MaximiancunarcutJrept
rinrpde multr scc'.:lc- lu fost mordat,: cAftl au lnc,rpurFrimrk rlF5turi. Hrrculiur unuldinrr rerrgrhii
cu gerrerolitare, trJh s fagtconstrurt[ N$ secur:oa+re profrietar!llilhi careau cilrmut inrpedulhtre
langi Pia:?aArmerina.in centrrrlunei Mir'mea sa 4 100 metd pdtrati- anir186-]0id.Hr
':l€
asemenr.rlatrrfundum- A $uFrrivieluit hogifia de(oredunilorsugerea:Ici {lricinear fi J0Et,
edi6.iulcrreun
ftrtt'd tlrrncncr srarcbufl, pllrl ar fi apurlinu r unur rlemnl* rlin unsrrrnblu mriestuoscu aprorpc50dt
tn pree€rrdatorir{ aitrruhi dl r fusr abra senaroriallsEu,pr)fite.areun(j locsFerirorulruireF€ rerarela diferite
ecofentAJe o elunecerede Fernenrin membrr.r RlfamilleiimF€riRle. CeRmei v€le.tr)uFlces€intri F€poerte
perirnda nomand6, tare r Fr.t.jat-o credfirln itrlera est€.d proprrerarul printipah, se mre printro rrrte
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
0801
fii
tii
t **i-.,,,-1,
- .:.' i-r;_"-_ffi-ii-
i--"y' -
;ll - '-:' +o" - il't'*+ ---:,re{'-'-]
+j..'" ' -*:..---
''i ,, ;1|-*. ' , ,;'l*
l'ti ,.,uff..,ffrpT
:iffi",-+ff;
.ii.
:9 --d
Br-+ .jffiljffi:
,_ -\--.4, i;_.-
r4J rsffir r :::=;_-:
.. I i : -.!E!*@r'1' :."r:r*-__:. ;
'
' :.t' . r,
/i/'-F-.
1 0 8|1
f{.tijjnnala.itn rm lrrn\hlun in jrnl ecrrterrot rem*rcrhile pcnrnr exp€ditii de rin.t.ar. ,h an nele mrrr
LIiflrr.rrr.ru :rrnflj|lrrnF:rrl.,mErrrrlr rcalism'llli det,rliihce sr flhscryIirl p.rntctc, hi .rntili:pt, srruli n r(ijri si
pr+pricrlffrloirh osJl(lilEr !r nrirri (oflrpnlil i shr} Je replaierrlarra hipopl]tatrri,acerleffsunt airpturrrr 5i
hiuili..I in rire !e ti[r;rrr rer'cftiilr flrnrnstel{n,(ele nrniremnr(nhiLr i.clLrcr(e pe o corirbleie le vi ducr:
of$i Lc.in sren5 inrrrfli.sr;ih o inrxEinr nt cra Jirr r.lmcni{ir(ulnrr l.r Rnm*, undt vr:r ii Jtstinlrrr rrencr
lrrnl rc:rr! rn b.lnl:hcrrl,r,trtrun p.rllelr,r ..JLn
complcrulhrilor) ru Ci.- ului. .{!tE:i rtcrtc lnimuL'.
!+nrF^ruos cofirfler Ja hii Jc irfl3ir: ltnttFdtne.ttLnej c iJa l+ tlre t!) ,lesrtnatemlcrlu[ i s,,]nrcl'le carr
psrreaJrerFr:. Circrrs
l'larimurie l;rRon:a.o altr. i ' l as c i r ei :1i i i n s c er etrr ni i ur l i L
\trr mult dcrrit :rnpre.rum,rntclc :rmr:nciltnh:rHcrcule silrl.rrtl i{!nirefirlr.:I Fe vi:ir$r]rir rrller.
rliJrn irr rnrt.rnrraicurih.. flrp.rn \nritmr Jtrr dn'buL!tutr!. |tlJrnu! irtrrtru piutrtruI ntJmr. lctele
ptrJc.ruaJau urriciiarr;lctrreirillrr ettrrui ,:rrri.l.'rlunl dt Fesrt6Cde in tiljni a! r$ irnpa.t .dDira'
Ftlr!r+ r{!:;rlr i{i ,fr inni Frii.etlliii, nlerr :rrn:intn I r|imiroererq+niI uner darorrin l;rn {i ij lirml|i ii l0r
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10821
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 10831
Valea
templelor
dinAgrigento
I TALIA
A6,t|GENm,StctLta
AN1IlN[rcr5TqiBl:
1997
(!){D]{DJ(N}
CRt]EFrrrC
$l
T'r
u
I :r ar e L[scru Acrrgtrrt: in hhr$liadr la Himera{480.419 LHn)
rircpr . cel nrarftumosor,r$r:l muntonlor". ti rcFrrzrntlrel mailine mnndnr
undelocuit(hi.JrahudeFarc,rrmau F,1 oraS$luiAgn8ento, chir:rdrrcA ari rsrr
mourtra dnur ri ii rtr mnrtnritcrscde doEro ruiM eplenLiidA- Aura imensr
pErcl ar ti ndmunh]I1. Pnund ruinele +etni-cololuLeFrerilr*te au slaluiinalle
mrg'nifue, Crryde Maupi$santscria: de parixmrrri,nuftitr fthnti, tsre
,,niimFresie ct te aflih Iataintregului dlder! inrplesia c[ sus[ineau tnrreage
Olunp... cu lei la fel de fasrinanqi,de Ereulrrer cltr,riri{,lir
felcumArlirs
mEreriEli$i d€ plim d. palluni .[ $i ndr a fqxt <rndamnatde Zers snsusFnb
lurnceFrnru cc i-r ,julst pe tiBni.
Phrformaten$lului m*$offf, I lJ metri
lungimew 56 de metn ladme (in
esenla,dLiui pAtFdte Elitulate! fi pute?
primi 41 0+0Jr L\rmrni.lntr-sdc,rEr,
ln timFul asrdiuluicarfigrnerilordin
406 i.lli, i reaBrpopulaliea oraFului
r.r baricadatin interiorultemplului
$aptr ren4:iedurrcc*: nflr ln prul
sarlcruarul!i.toarerrofisrfldre difi
ruf vulcaniccu nuanfeaurii.inifinl
lmpr:dr:hn*cu stuc:nunvtu,:ol+r.rtc.
Eruuorirrriaterimr r:srhstfeltft+t
intmrea $ rflgiile reilor din talc lor sfrhe
ilumrngtede laerEhrsre llFErei ca un
rarr lntrr[hipau seffimenreleniff rr sr rh)l rl vtuEi.Crl rturihnr.rlrlrervBr
noestre,l*el€ mirr[ii ftda$tre. rlinrrt divenelerenpleestr ternplul
irohnctclesimlunlrr noastre". G*cotrliei. A to* c,,tnrtnritin sec,.rlul
lsroriE+!ne cb Aei€ellnr tr li Dr al VJeai.Hr ri nu a evntparrede sorda
fonilatdreptAkr46s toranul581i.Hr aule.idl dr' .{'klah. rdifi.ii religirrr$r
de .rtre Lruhoni din Rodorri Creta Cu dm aces(lit - caie fiu fost didfirts(r,
hretratelter, nu lst€ .hi*r xdcvirntaa in serohrlal lVira d Hr de clrre
+ratul a for t t{xrstruit dc gru:ci,AEL'Icoh cngini, inrlcplinindcLlictulirnpnraului
multicoior !i parir nr"rral Srciliri, scfrldar nrnmnTeodosius - $ r fcattn uformar
de sEr€ +iminEiial deo hrj?shlead,, intr-o halilicAinchinirrlSlintilor Petru
Febuicsdli F5rutun pamJu,iar aceqtia g P*vel,Mult mai tirriu, pe la miilocul
s-aucljmFrtar h conla'riBttr, lhllr|uscfii8 sc.colului al XVIll.lta a irrr rutaurat
kl<Ul i i-a iacuFsA{onstruias{lrEmpha le f(rnneleealecl$ne. fulo$nele c!
cdmrmiretie D re si Fruvr:a.e:eii ii a c;rnelurisuntinaltedt pptc metri
c5-r$raf(iitanEpritrirr d{ fl|! lumrn si rli(lr inclinate,:it.einr€riornraf€l
oamelrilnobi$r rti. lncit" Jc In Jrrttnt5,chJircanu FrR
Temph:tinchinarlui Zeus distorsio{Llrtrdirl cEd:r FrrsFr'ctf'ei
Olimpiunulu fr:rt construi!FentruiI De asemenea, splenJide*te remplul
comemoJrr ettr')rir:riftpotrivrtt; itBrnci Hem Lacrnn in rare se garlte o strtuie
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 10841
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10851
delaSplit+i
istoric
Centrul
palatul
luiDioclelian
CROATIA
D|.r ,\TraCENT[,q*
ArLa lNrlcrsrd r lfig
Cnrr*fl:C (n)hrrl(F4
tl
rtri. intrergr dc
:rrhur.rn:
ch+nmsr:rnfe uu dusls
nomimliarea c, tmpnrrt rtrnnn, in ?0
ndicmhdeiS.+,e unui Bimplu;oldat de
+rigini foartermile. il chemaDu:kles
ti senescr|se cu 41 de ,ni lniinte ln
S5lni, arFrarl, Frovincieiromane
Drlmada.In Roma,
ninreni
nu fi
".
pariatun reslc4ci domnielui ,r'tt
sadurezem'rh tftrlF ii mci !+ !'ista
lui,d€uarffr,in iumltateade recol
dinahtede aparitialui Dioklespe
scene.Senatulalesricnu maipulin de
?0 deimplragi,ca* Iu-rrserfl rdsturftrfi
decd putrnh fel de mullii.reurpatori.
ln schLmb.CaiurArrrliusValen s
Di,rdetianuB- veEiunc!htmSa
nrmehi s5u a contrs;is to6re
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc 10861
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10871
dinKazanlak
tracic
Mormflntul
BUL G AR I A
Rtr:jtuNr\ALEr
,\r-LaINREGrrR,iRt[l+J9
CftrrrR
: C ltJfu[]{\J
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10881
emnttat LesteAiei:at {orFul {elur Je{edfit. CrrLl'ril lir ctrrtal Rt.tcrrt,altc drltLi:nt:rminteau
ln'. F.rnn LU Jun.qiin ilh ri rdru pu5n eite cen msr ninrr drn{rf L:eletrci Ffirii, ii$r girift in t.tEiutic.h lvlqJirh ii irl
F- un s.:rnn j{L{ilr mtrll, p,,rt': thit cu un pJrn cirrlar, un diametru Lle srtr I KnD (j! r(Eteac€J(e+, irr nir:l
fiaurdrnrrginr.in fatr rnerin€srJe .4'rou[lt lflii $l(lri ii u illih ni Jr unul Jintre arrri*r, nici in rcelende
trnn pe can r ntlA J,rn tnini. jirlcr. !--rrc (rqri.ricrri Srn'crL,r.lcornFlcxi i{r la ScLropilir (rLLrcrsti;i r rrfl:irLrb
ti lrrlurii. sr)tia ! r ii statif $rirU. IH !fuF-i tir.r (rnFttuitil !rtili?6nJ(lrirlriri rln R'le]!fi d( ipiiJ, nrLs ff Hri[L irlrrL
un st'ttn inal!dele l,I {u dr'coreliuni sfa*Lilc dc f"nnil rurhl .irrc rLrnt tre.rrti f.r. re s-,raj rr in moflnitrt|ll
de irrgiotriilprirrite cu triltrlc dfrrirc F_lrrrniircirr':ritnd.Corr,],rrul ,lt tu liiLrrrnhk.
CL-iLloisL tih tlr nirnX Ft miiflri (e estc,,.leJsrmenei, ,lir:(XrlmlJi. (r. ljt
pRlctsruncirtcrcm(rnrnLr'i sr iFroF$ Fsrti r,rrf s,:curhll.El trrJrril llinr
,.lirrJircctiiopuse[Jir:srinqr,u cirnd sc irnllrt+s h ccntrLLlplrrfonulLri
frnreie irr !d!ltr lie .[L]are niitll r..ifitru a Lrnni ! t\'1L1.
pune o ilrluric cu tirrcrt tn li:ta in afi r: arhitecturii inteltsantr +i
!(illjfrnuluistru ln rrlulprrc. .lHri ner:h:linuitr,fr,:$,:cl.'rLrntr(lq,iir.lt{la
doan:nerlt onrrartru ptrt rcgru cap,Jcptrc alt urxrrinrrulur Jc 1a
c:lrltonf.lr.Fnrrind hijurrrii, :rJlr K;rranlrk, in p;lrte deortur( :rcr!r!x
,.l.rruridorrnncr.ln.\F1 e[e1or, ,||n[ irn8ur+le
dnrFcriordn+l*ni$ri{tr
* atlAllli serrLturi!i cirvdrri. crrc t hrrt pcrlcctplstrrte DearupLa
Acfast, ('sreqelra FirrrLr:F: o hiiei entir'n:{rrLo..rliilrr in f,lij[(r.ul
murcfnlrr rlrErinrt Fe lnltF ermerel rlonrulurcrmerelelirnerilre,rfri {ire
limrrir,: Jin n:rmfinnrul.1ela tlc lu1,.ta
rm1 t"n.*."nror. tr,,-u
Kr:rrnlrk,LrnrL{inrrc r'rk rnri cursi,inrtt +lc nllirrrlu-st col.rnt
hbrlust r;rpoJ,rF:re pr(trrnlr'jiD ionic,r-Arrsrrir. pr{,l'.rbil.r(tlrr-;inr|1
Fcrl'uJx rlcnisti.ii. K urnlrl sr rllr in .:urseLlec+icrrei:rearrJrr la
Bulfi:rriLi.
inrr{ Strnr PLrnior id.hairrer ftr,.F.nlii dr Frunrirr
'niilLltul
ir luunlii Sr.d a CDr*, iD Lt'.a cL' in coriJ,rrsr aflii 5 lltc iicrrr.
,rnfr.umlqrir ,l( n'r$h.l.rfr ,lii,Lca Frr+tii rL|rrrl p:lrlitrfn prnL1lrr1
Tranlalhikn'. Airi, nr t944 - J€,Uiroa]r .r[eea:jiitlJLtirrk-
'rrj:onr.[r
rU depnrred,: SrLrrlpolir,rupir;rli Cel$Jolii i"rrn(]"ueLtum;]ij(x rlrn'
regit{h'i Odris fnnd;L{de r(gelcrrac, Pur(rn"imirntl|[, JLrrx] crrilrl|, (rrr
Scutr Ill -" s.a r1tscrrprntun mic lncet t .rcolr LrnrltlnchnareJfaaetilltr
firL,n iIr, r (:lrui {rc$cEFrcliDr;i E:irr{ce Dlri eaclxrtuirtl.crte diiri:ai
. itrirgine[tilril Jr' !r*lil x un{rr r J(rLriifiie, un.rJcl:iill,ri f lftii.
ci.iili:ilir airrea irtrnsalogeulinrrr Prlmaailfi iiulr:t stiliirrtt J.'murt
*'cultlc .ri \'.lcr r: al lll.le,r i.Hr: in(onjlrr:r&iile rnmLLri rlrgmre Jr
S r( Jl1'*.t'ir( Jr (rt. pcsre50S,lL Frlm:qr A Joun irrird sccm,*le biltitlic
m'}vileJin iorrr Ka::rnlak.monninrul ru iLr'r irmxt diipl\r nr frrnrrtii h
lcrre p,ratr:fi rl lur SeLrtc nl lll+r !1, rrrlbclctrqrct. rh t{,ridurtrhri.Iil
.t! u:ui tLmnitrr rlc la curtra sal Jiferir vreme(r tc perEtclcdr e.{Lirl L'lntr|tl
Frltrn.cf* .: ':5Ictrrr![ ilinirc putnr.lr c.riJL,rului.Jri arhc*ni.i s. infnrnril.
,.lerit,,,sruF
. L.+nsrruir
din{;trimiJ;i- in.trtrratiru plrmrrxlLqi :{utrIIi,
runr stnt purnr- in Tnrir . ern: Pt pL,rrL':l* ,:prrr p'r ItrrtrtL J.
Iflrfirtit irr tfti: o slrtilrnurl Fentrr ia.t. LflJ iintrc rei d.t r i:L\lirrii'
{irnrl rle luftl, tJiii ti s{h\ii .irl nu iruenu!rLhL :ll Frntrr LrrL rFIrr JL'
Irt srtrificat perrrrr a-[ inrTi t(".i( it,i (clLit!'h. Drii clcmcnrrle
It str-rtin in l"mei Jc Jnar.Lorl* [r]ln{r5t|nr,TJrJinJDlirh.]!g,nr
nrofirirrt $ JrflruiJijilu (rrri'lorl rlli llltx :rei]c;1c[,Nrtil, rr-eIir trk
lrntnr obiectrle ttcrrirfir itl rjiLlil iLe flrHrritli, t.irit rrc(_oriFLrr!Li,rrr r.
r F ' i r i i L r mfr! l n l cri rri l\rn Je!c ifl:r j;lcL{ ill tli:n lirlrrrlL L'lLfiLiriLr
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l 08sl
Vergina
G REC I A
PExFtfl!,_!,{IM,{ruI^, MTGDCTIA
CENr,t^
INL]L[J1E6rs]rift II 1gq6
C.Errr*ur
C {rJlrul
rJ0
rHr @dtatufiajlrlr
qF
I
\l
F
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l 0e0l
F
ts reg{.srsch tefiplul ,ei+e1Eukhla,drn dur rur (hmcl ene lncrustrtE cu o sua
rrlrste un loc minunat,
situatchiarin loculln cale cra mai cal€inc?ls€rnaizeresc piedeEtalurile cu 16cohuri,cu doutrra€et€tl cenftu;
indeFlrtad Fenta a munFlor din Fiene fiiuilo{ votir.ed:ruite de Eundice, rrEte din centru mei FErtt ftlcl urn'l€
tnt$lne+tec&mpradrn lmrnthra,cu bomcs lut Alc*aAd1E cel Mff. Mai muit, Je cmsJ ahas$!. Un sruJu p'ubtrat in
pEdurid€ ulmi urie$ilr1eltemanli{ ruirlelecetlfii Aigaicuprindiisgnenrc anul ?000hr previgioaserevistll friefi:€
cu cimpun de g€ne $ rusen...' al Eiduluide cFerere, o ec.a,Fol*,
iei condEice teoriacii renlliilele FEminte$ft
Enturiismtrl istdflctrhi F arherrlo8ului rlrrrmh de{rrdcapi, o rccrcpol+ r 6p64ine1uiFilip al ll-lea susFo.dnd , in
ftence lrn Heu:ey sr msnifrsts stunci fir eFfirrdmffivJm dr tumulusud. srhimb, cEilmr rle lui Filip el III-ler
eanddescrie
cadFrlft\ careceafl[ SEp{rdle s$ e$niiNArrinrl}de mai AEhidseus,tisreleviuegal lui Ale.tendru
rlercopenrea
sa.In 1861,lao micE mult de un semlqi ausc,xla lumind celMare,carca forrotrdYitdeproprn
disung dr s:nul Varginb,identifudss dcmn aleuwi ltruin corctante mmb dernreceera handkapt mintal qi
ruinelecetrlri tugai,primacapltsldE tur{:epald c.uEpocatunFuJier Bronruld iirk, Protaofettl estealrobiumted r+
(mileruulel ltrl+a tHr,). S-adoyeditc! l€re€rdpemnli:eatAta o€-qelot cfit si n
Aigaidqa devenxeo mnunitate deetul ohiectelordin mormint, Cu ftlate acertea,
d* marcl+c5din Ep{xarimp$ie a receft a irbucflit o ahEdiFpud privind E?
Fierului(seolelcsl Xl'ler si al 3re$la mactllmreanAde pc racla frr:*rart.
v'III'l€a i-Hi) +itr.cueepnn doLraetape in I 991, noul stat independenta-l
de denolnrc rcmarcabiltin q:<rih Macedor:ieia adcper.o drept etrblemt
rhairr (serrJelc slVll-le{ gisl Vl-leIl crre sr rparl pe rlr.4elul ne1rrrnal,ln
1Hr) +ida-*rcl{secolehal V.lea$i mn$ecmttr$tBmrndFrote$tdeEuvrmldui
al lV,lealHr). Cu trxteacestea, el€n. csle mnddtrt steEuf,rcs $ nu mei
seru*Fanala d€*{eFeriaa rnorminrelor rnengir:nAm deaumueade,,I,{acedonid,
rtgalemartritncft nu a dr.|lttrrcdrrcfuln o prrtr dm pamm.lhiul l{u .ulturul
noinnbrlel9??, dr orirfitufff,rilo{ inalienebil,in 1995.Mncedonisa reLqi.
Frheolo8ului 8recManolirAndlonikos. r'elleEwiele dreFrulde a refioe numele.
Sirhrrn rumulurlrult dt l3 memp dat ru prelul emHemeide pe tteag
,v$ndo I'rBinlt de I I0 mrtn, pfirbdtr Acum sree[] $Jadpt turlFri. irr nu 16,
ridicntEde relFleAnti$lnus Conares t-isea.:nhecu un rr€re stdlucitoi
penfiuq protejaceeBce rnairdnrise* din
tutntifte duFd i#irt d'rnL tuh Frrr{lltl ln
l?4l,tlc, Andn:lrikff :r idrntiffc*r o r.:mt
cffe o'mfinesrtur*+itelepAniaffe$isle
lui Atexandrual tV-lea,ffr:llui Alenandru
ctl Matepi;rlRoxaneiMai refierca[i],
s,sudffccFerit$i |{rntrlitelepAmdntesti
alelui filip al ll-lta. atainat in nmpul
banchetuluidarlrr cirateacl5:rodeifiicei
ssle,Cleqerra,cu regeleE6,rnrlur - pa
cel€ide'a iarea,poEteE{€pteasa&4i..
punind acda$nume,fleopatra,r4re
r-s qruncaq Ferugulfr.rnerwel r+gelur.
Andmnikc ru a rrnt indorcli.
hrgefa obiectelordin mormeft nu
puteaeugerg decit ct rdm*+eh psrtirl
tadonirare rh schelerelor epatgt*eu
ac$rorpersat|aie, l{ornrenrullui Filip
al i[-lea.cu perrti pictadg o utf, de
mamurl flanciL4 de dnDacoknft
legaluki MEcedonis,ddn$rruirtrlntle doricc,cor4ir*r doui Farunfuturair
secolele al lV-leag al lll-leaLHr decoratecu relieliri din fflde+,stich
Palatul,alatudde&fftFulcarEhce g au[ reFrelentdndulpe Dio so+cu
FsrE din aflr3|ilblu,audFartiflutpr*6bil mr:-clcsale,ltcum sio scenldebttilir,
lui Filip al ll.l$ (38?-3]6tHr). &te In ap'ropirresr a{lar.rncufrr dc am
consfiuitin iurul unuj.Flqtiospeslsolcare .tntftifld aposper€cekilogra.'ne,
cuprindeun templucircular(rLiod, o .arecoqinearAmadilel€ pemanteFti ale
lurolsEsalildc blnchft si difcriteg1re regelur lntr+:qesbturl
invelrte hrftLt,.u
ih(iperi diDkecrie fna 6ie o Fodes fu d* auJsi o cffosn5 drn alrr,ojm€usl
pa,!?tl c rno4aic. IJe sremcfta, din 311fiunzed 68 Lle{ormt de ehindl
numrnru* re{erurtelg { niLaregElS Ee a+ntdrindaplupFeun tilogram.tuelt
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
tr D SU S I WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC l 0s1l
hm 610ri 580rHr.
ituhrldn !tt'k
tSHi
i\} +'c
,n',_t$a H"of^u
;*
u
/J?
..,
lr'+, I-.!
i'l
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc l0s2l
Delphi
GRECI A
!*rFrc]!Fl PHor{rs, SrllIA ErL,ittf
ANUL ftrrxctsrx,ARIt:I9B7
c[nERrr; (rlllDlfir]{rv}(ul
bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l 0e3l
9C
w w .habi ta r e s . c o . c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l 0e4l
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
l 0e5l
7h
. la
*
\
dEelhliFa t
-. r,.._=,+'r
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l 0e6l
,r rl I r +did d,+ii'
,t
IT
It
li; ;
Ebsus I wtvtv,habitares,co.cc
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l 0e7l
Acropolele
dinAtena
GRECIA
A Lt lr.rttc$tInE!t:1987
CRrFrtr:C l0 {ti}{ )[ttl{!]l
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l 0e8l
4 lltH r o'uitu.dir
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c loesl
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
101001
11r
1 0 1 0| 1
,.)l
ff,..+;;3
.. +--r
-
"'{
lo1o2l
EbsLrs v'/\.vw,h
abitare$,co,cc
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 101031
0lympia
GRECIA I
'.1'r
lxrFrcruR{ELN,PEU)Po}rIz
AIIL'Li:,uitcrslf48n: l!89 '; il
CnirrRrl C {r)(rd{rnll!} {v+ 't
-+'.i
II
I octrrleOlino cernrce alerEare,rFrri, in tiNF Jocurile
l!10 :rrrf,rrrrn-vrr.rrrr
in rnri l?t} i-Hr Olimlue arL l$nr ril dunle cincr
<lectitrePekrs, fiul lui Tantal,naelt cilt dtrrlrccc trcll:usc nunrLru[
ltloponcsului. lrrcegrrlnd.[ ;r.ri Jattr, L{edisriplinerptntivr.in ce[edin
jocurileB-et|inur LlinFarruin tarru urms,eulrr inclusrboxul,luptele,
Bni,in Frims ri cu I'rnI Flinll de dupA uruncareadiscului a sulitri, sititura
vrlstiqiul de rarlt. qi *u Jtrenit un in lu+lirtu!,prnrdtlonal,dilcrirepfi]hr
r{'palmF+rrirn!al {alcndanLluipenmr ecqestre {ilr ustJorl;acertdin urmi
lntreagaJrrme greacdLa incepur. sportera o cam[:inofir,lc b{x ri luptr
atlefiinrniciparrdrnr I crre rre pi r lirst tehnicr,le luptt frrldrE de
Teleupenrroa infreng{l'linoraunrl.
Crrtorteacertea,jc+urile,cares-ou
tinut h Olrmpia timp de I 5C0r1raoi,
nu ru fostdorr nittL Lltnifir'ntc
sponile. Victo n fra (Es mai m{re
re;rlirrrepenfruun atlet li sinlruracare
i1 putearidicala nivelulrcil:r, chiur
J.rcl numarpcnnu o rLpI. Msi muir
,Je.rtit, irrsemnaglonepentruora4ul
;lin carr prr:vencrarlerr:lii, in mtd
prrnrdn:r,rl,paate,JucunleOlimpice
furtotdrautr r,; fost rltr simbolal plcii
+i uDiuniidinrreFdli-urjlor $rcelti.
Nici itlefer+alocrrlurnu +ra unu
intirmplnt.nrn'.Situat+pc un Jr:.rlla
unbra pilrilor+i milslinil(Eacolounde
scin(elnes{
IarrileA.lFheur
{ Cladeus,
Oltmpia n lirt alammtl lur Crrntx,
utitl lui Zeus.Dtrrlul,denumitALis.
{uscs{L*u1(irctrdinprebtorie,
lnreF6ndcrrrecolulal X-leai Hr
dir pertr;rdade inflorirt r civili:rii€i
miccnitnr a hxt drJitat, ln nr.\:{oliciaL.
cLrkLLlui stfpdnuluisupremal reilor
I}ii nrcrddatanu a d€r'cnito EEcdte
in intel:rul pn:priual cuvf;nrului,
Ohnliris c{lnthr celermi
spectaculoast cokclii de monumeirte
al€ Anri.hirttii F-receFii. UE mai mrrri ti cu minimufiZ,Jmrrri
imFortrntnLDnlrrurtaecor$id('nrt5 Jianrcrru, Metopeleaveausculptetr'
mtddul relrrphtlLrr doric.a Lxt bastrrrliefiui
careihr*traucele
Jedicati hri 7-f,rrr. ConceFuti,in anril munc'alehri Hcrcrrh.
'ioLrri:rFrere(e
47Ci.Hr., de erhitecn,lLihrn din Elis, Nrrxut culnnJ+r una dGrttccclt'luptt
.a din mamurn, cu .Atc tir,\€ttloarre trrirrDrri
rk !umii rn!icd':strrr!ia[ui
Fe l:rtllrrrsc rtI fi {n:$prc:eceFe ceii Z€us,AceastEa fi)rt ex€€utatE d€
lrrLr*.F.liecareinelrt rle unrl.euece FiJrmdin lenn, iar apci a fost
habi ta r ec0.cc
s
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc 101041
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 101051
.tl
i ir,{|
xr
b,
E bsus I w w w ,habi t a r e s , c o , c c
101061
[r ?
F
I
I
#fiffi
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
'*
tr D SU S I WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 101081
Micene
G REC I A
Dfi rrfi ur Ar6ou3,Pu"oronnz
A.1,r b$,rcFrTAx:1999
Crnrm,C (r)(nl(ru)(wl (u)
T\
H
lin de hlcinrsle. v[ l0{,aer@trw.hk nEl
"A{'rsrB!d
fo
'|I.
*nunl, Maiestate,c[ a-'nde*uperit FdF, c hu$r hnir Srt* #' #bi&,t
ddd{rdiniefrdi{r iSn|}|i d at|',iid rrtr a
rnorfiiht€le aare,csfonn hadi]itl, 6 c,r, dhAlrd,', rlt.d6t d"0ry'*0,lt6 d"!iild.
apr4rn lLri A€rnrelrlnon, Clrsarrdrei, Miffiddlr:lx{'H,r lflfi, e ftr'Eadulvdr
dimcLmi.rhrE@ l}'flijlIffiA&l 105
Euqrnedon *i ale lrrsotitoriloc In
cituFpEc.{il4! Mimh&dr}trdau
rnornint€, sm des€oFeritimerhs€ Gftnift rii&di,rE rort@arsfrtud
te:tute, cala sin8ura1'I putla fac€ 6a{.L dfl'l.tdid fill.&crrir *dUh
J5imoalt cale ftai rafinare mura{.* Xil.isi rfir ?:nrl* ** FEuit, & ibq6/j l'ltirDi
drlddElftldst 4r &A ddryf&rn|l"
Acesta a foct mtsaiul aimir regtlui di,M DlaSw&
Ceor8e I sl Gteciei de ceareHeinri.h dtn$tsrx lft}lryd( l0jrir InaErfaEr
Jo'F{furd & F!,rcle
Sthllenann la 6 decembnel9?6- l0jru ,{s'dltust }.liw@Fnftn mel
Arhmlogul grmen ra firu,o starr MrerdiGl,rq dsrdr forin*d.. h D'e!4, s
de mareeffuriErnr:abisforceput€ irial@.d d@l k@ &t'Jv64.deFrul&
@ &4'F@ qE{,, n[6lqi.Jh Aatu
r*{turtle la $iul din Micene,de mei
luri, li dtja aiurE"s.la l1tie reaultatr Schlilnrannm cia lntrE$Fr d. duri funcnt B (cuI I demormintc,din
fttuxllen€le,cEJelt srflffrmauinMiriile, rxi de poanl $i nici nu e.[ uilar If, +rre 14erar nror,ldnleregalc)imedist
Urm.dri.se cur*nt cu cuv{at indhBtiile ruirxle palanrluiregd, ale h--urilor de Itr a&rsFortiiLailor CerculfirrierarB
1uiPaus+nia+ (geog"6i :rec din s+colul cult, la casesaugrenareleinportante. incloder lndrm*ntul d.qpteter€
al ll'ha d.Hti. caretdenrili.ss€Micene El snpa$snlurilargi ptitr {l€, disnugtnd Schlieffannffedes ct cra sl
ca ffind cetateraheiklr,po'pulapia care importanteinformafi arheologice lui A€puremon
a declarstrarbaiTroi?i dwd cum din perioGdele miceniene utedhti, Celedoubaruamblui daeaze
sepove*egrein Iliadclui Homer reipecrlv,rarrie.ToNFi,a drlcoprdr dln secoleleal XVI-lea gi,resF.s.riv,
in aceart. Sc,\licmannti:nne in C+rculfirnersrA (cu 19marmmte) sl XV-l$ lFlr Unelerunr mofimnte
mEnSo minunstama!{I de auJ,pe ln interio l ridurilor cctllii $i Cercul h f,r'rmddr pul EApsrEh piatrh,altele
cerco glsi:e lltr,unul dinFernorminte.
,Arnr**usfetalurAsamcmnrrr!"
cxuk*
sftsta- D€6ia ft6r tonxidtlat dr aStrr
mulii un eutodidectnecLdetli un
penoneidubioccareiqsschFa tosce
etalnal rlu lntr-urrneer$totSthlemann
sr€ Drdritulnchrdoi.lnicde e dr$hidc
o lu[tc nouE$rudiiloE srheologice+i
drumulc{m lntelqereaceleimai
iftFfitrnte rivlliraFi din pretuhrir
greacS,unacarc fl lnllorit trtr
+ecoleleal XVI-le€srd XII-Itg l.Hr,
De {aFt,locaFaeFctd a cettfii
Miftnc eracuno-rcutltdr mai bin€ de
miseci de ani br acelmonxnt, O parte
dintre zidurih cic.lopice cu o:miime
tnft€ Fie {i o$ rh€rrl,aareselntind
peo di*tsntf de Festeun kilivfleEu $i
impuniltosrEaPosrtAmr]I|umtJ1tal[e
Lcilor (ardeldenumitEdupdcel€dou[
tElr}€ ltilizete cE al|.tr fn balorelief
pc cotrranehcan sustinarhitava
ldunghiulrre) fuscrerfideBca,peritc
intr-o arni de ser;qtre dei murti ia
Euhrr€edin ,Argolr. Cu rmr. rlctsr€a,
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l010sl
-r!4E|.rF.-<a
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
1 0 1 0|
I
\,
t't
.\ -+
l'. '.qdrF
ffi'!t*'.r
1f I
t++i, iti
t{r.}
r* { ' r: .,{
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10111l
108
ry+q*
,.ql{r{
flgsqEs'
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
l a112l
IJ'
/
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc 101131
.\
Epidaur
'*-.-L
,,--J
qlEr
G RECI A \L h*-
tr{
{h
A
Drfl EcrurL.q.R$ou$,
PE!,oPotT{
ANULiFffCET}AHIiI98E
C$rE8!:C (! (u) tw) .*ffi I \+
r,l
*li
,FQ
A
I lsdepios,re"l *tec SlquatFeo firdllimecu vederelx
al mcdicinii,md binecun|xcutdupe golfirlMeranadin Argdis, Epidsuta
lt0 numeleseude origirrcletind"Esculap, fixt o,-tate-stat in{lmitmre ctre a
apa+rle zdrl+ilot {.ar€ou k}cuiEuln de$enilFrirrciFahlcentEude rinde*rt
Olimp. lmu mai zunt dtzLercndac[, dur lumeagteacebr stmlul al l\llca
ls origine,a foera diYiffarc s lumii i.Hr Sanctuarullui F.*rhp a foat
teluriceEiu o ptrsotna realacatea fodt sn$trut des6$prE unui templuanmiot
?eiBqarll cr urmerea caF€Eitttll$rle tnchinatlui A${,llo,}r ac$t loc invecit,
de a {a*e minuni. Canformlrri Homer, cu multeizvorrede ept dulce Aki $€
frculap a foat t"te1 Lri M'rehaonf afla,de arcmene*,wr eanr! o csle
Podalirior,dorrl Fersonsjcdin li'ada de spo( oadlq"r {dinicS},un dbtrn
cereau luptat alaruride Agalnfttnon (o cotlrttuqie Flinrl lnfi-un iml de
ii au fost lmdae pnrru putt le lot col66necu o cnpttrlmpdrFt6ln
vindecltoare,Cotft*n lui Pindar cqridoeFe ,r,rnffnfllce F utde, probabil
Bcalap a fost fful lui Apollo qi al urui 6esflsu t€rpii r6cti), ur sladbn $i
tt\ffrtoare pe numeCoErll;i. A fir6t di{eriteipatii dElocuil Fntru pelenm.
tnv4ar de centaurulChton $. +a Sc1uepulin decpremetodeltde
edult, e vindecatprc'sidtk de nebunie, vindccsrefolsite le E+idautSe
ftneideledc orbite, iff lui Hercutei-a Pm-..UFUneCl IlU rt plAChCA O attuftre
vinde.srr*nil€.Cu to€ieatcstea, +lirnlEmedlcala,ci dD€ro feriede t€nrpii
Er.ulep e devenitpreaEmbiti'at:iis empiricr mre eraude natur{ magil:6ori
ln€erER!rEtnvie oameniidiII mo4i; in simbolic:{rs.!rr nurrritt holirtice),
coruecir45,Zeusl.a uciscu un fufucr, culninind e "rncubslrs',AEeastI
O alu legwrded decrie pe Escuhp metodl r€rei ce pacieniii!l p€trcacl
ceiubit de rei, avefld-opt Epioneca roeprm in ad1on,ln declrlEu]cEleis
s€iie,qi tad nu doet el lui Macheon inoau tntr-un EomnFftr,fund,poate
FiRdaliiios, dsr Fia shor FEqrofete: cu aiutordlunor F)tiuni, ir! Elaulrp
Hlgieia, personrff careasinftlPi, ii vlrita ftr vi& dup6esreie tre'tsu
Panacea,carepute vindete tmte vindffati in rnodrrrtraculinCultul
bolile,Iaroo,cescatesducerbal e, lui Esculapa dur:t ptnd tn secolulal
$ Aegle,deqxt caresespunttc[ III-lead.Ht tub ccupatiatoElanl,ca1f
rra mamscelortrei C;refii.S€spune l.a &numit Aerculapios" iu nurrrnrul
ca Erculapera fondatotulftmiliei m$rede vi?igrofi la Epidalnf, stimulat
Eiculatrloq dul careffcea patte multc dintrt lndusrnilelxale rle orcftestrd rohrndi cdrt infisofiI
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 1 0 1 4|
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 101151.
Delos
GRECI A
AFrI.'rrIGuL C|CLAL)[L()s
A\rjr I'ro16rlTni! I99{l
CErrExrr
C ld { )(r\){vl
'i
l
I
irJn!F!# l al{i4u
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc 101161
u]
eL[' !:st€ o arJrL{lrridl,
ar5trde soaresi tdtuttr dr vinf n Ca
mArime(6 pe ? lilometri) cstEmai
mulEo+l$nci JErAro in$diicu ruBte
aceetea, de$ rste Ereude imaginat,
De[n a fr*r t utl cel mei imp*tant
,xr} sfAnrdin [umerFan.elen{
Cei mi gragmaticired cn nrnrul
ie d8r$mf*ptuluie[ ofsfti c{l Ind sierr
1x)rtFitural dio Marra EBet,ffind Eituaf
in centrut afiipelagului Gcladelor
(denumirc{ uinedela
deCiclrrde
tuvnntul gnc fri&llr,cu infehsul
Allii susflh{il s€d oat
"{irculer-).
le$ndei qrmfflFmcerern[,Eqo,i"hita iui
Z&s. tr fGt primitn aui{, d d Jat n Jtcr
Semtnilot AFoIL) ti Aitetus depnrtede
futra gel uiei reifei Hen, ringurarolf
legilimll r lui Zeu$.Oricere i ii tronl
core+tF, in nihniul al lllJea i.Hr.f]eku
, Ll$ un sadaruar,ftrlte irdhirur lu1
Apollo,ln centnrcrrltrrral, un e'enttudr
*himbm qtxrerclah, un rerru dc ri:hn
Fi un [x pflrtrrr raaratede F1ce,o larfltlr
Fentr com!€ttii stllrtive 6i rrn lot de
vlca|rli Frn$u penu$fic]{lmF(lltsflrc,
Urcl€ docum€nteatesttrfaptulcll ii
Cl:r4nnl a ovut r: hruinrf F{ lnsulA.
L{ lncrFqtul secohluial VJer t-Hr,
Ddns s.* .rflat in era de influentfi a
Ateneisi r devenf tenrtul politrcul k
coaliqieiDelos-AtticufirrmirtHde AtenE
fi,
f cclclalmp/is imp:rnva pefrilor.De
asemenea, a auut oftrareEde a pmtejn
hE.tiil€ aliaFlordin lisa.Suhpmtectia
lui Apolla. cetateaa puturri,$i ftriodE
influent?in MareaE|lteeFtit de mult
bcer, ptntru a rsigurr Frrprruarca
hunivoinfeisflledivine,in an!l 4!6
iHr a {trctemisun edicrcareinterzicee
{'riculs[ $enascdori !i mosri p€
insula.Un secolmai tirrirr, cetafeaa
d*tnit indrF+ndr:nti li a rlm:rs rstftl
tinE ln Rarl 166i Hr., cind r.a
*mnat un acordcu imprriut Romrn.
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
101171
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 101181
li,l.llJ Or]edts
ddca E @!4e!sd
il.]eadflF,0s+4ir
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 1011sI
t] 0
t.
''1I
I t(n ( nlrr rlil'ddE[
'r r'
,!naL:rarmd* Fnjhr,l
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
101201
a:-
J;J
f\#:ff
Ebsus I ww w. habi t ar es , c o . c c l o121l
Samos
G R E CI A
DErn|crul.Ato{PEL GUL(n
SFIF"\DES oESUD
Aran-||.TEcrsr*In||:
198:
C {n)(rri{rYl
CrlrrFn:
trosus-+-www.n
aDtta
res.c0.cc lo122l
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 101231
Templele
megalitice
dinMalta
M AL T A
DIERm uE {lr,ut D[ tEhrl,ull
MaLrr SrGom
ANurlNFrcrsr*,fu ||:1980
Cfttnflt, C {l\+
l]0 r
I
ln 19IJ, arheok{ul malte? peste$n strat dc pjrrrE csre ffcundeg,
Themisto{its Zsnmir a ;ruaftd{ aqacum au deicopcrit mEi tArriu, trei
rurimele plSngeriale uqui fermhr lncspcri $ubreranc.SaFatein stancl
Fnvifld Frc?anlr otutf FietE $iaFE pe in u$nl cu m*i bine de 6 000 de rni,
tercnul *iu din apnrpicre de P;role. lncSperileincluderuo.emerE c€,
CAnds'a dus sr le vade,a denoperit probabrl,fusesefolxrrl ca o camere
ce re uits ls remplul flegsliric din ritualiad,ti o scned€ catammbe,tere,
Tarxien.Cu ?raeani mai lnainre.o dupE cunr s'r descoperit,Eontin€au
altE tndmplar€ du$rsll la destoperirea 7 ffiO de nrrminte. smulete.statuee,
inrltrii inr-sn alr re $ln hiFoCeu, var€ Fi a.lteohiecte.
r:tl dc h Hrl Sdlieni. Gr accac{.arie, La krcrpuruls*olului al XX-lea,
muncitodi ceres5Feuo lelrr*fl]lti-1tr Maha +iCoro svea$o lr]di+ie
1nff.rupt rnunc? atunci cind au dat imF}rtdntB FElirb irrerff€lor
multor expe4l lrr m*l dmsebot
sbvhti britanki,.are au tr'ceFiuto
ierif df slpitqri, arrEfi d€ €nigna
r* monumrntemegalirice
^umeros"*€l
t npd+tiate pe crfu d(nl. inrule, Unele
dintre a,:rstearhi:rr mai vc{:hi decer
Strnehsnge,au foFtconitruitelntr'o
Feliorrd{ cuFdnri ihtlE 4 000 pi 2 500
de ani ln uftnE,de ctrtre o F+ulElif
crft tjunss F insDleueninddinaprr
Sicilia,de$icivilirsfialor, firaittriiu, a
displrut compler, ffe rje minn unrx
cuc€.it.ri, fte din c*uE und epdmii.
Chrar +i aetEzi,aepet hce dear ipotcre
ln pdvift, rnhurii Fia sarpicelorcare
au lrdicst remplele.fre o pdFulAli,c
f'drro(E lnu r-Bu Edri[ ftici tucrfti
cu crracter defcn$iv,nici effir
ahiolw nieiunde, nici mlti;sr unele
mrlirnmtare) al tlro mglrr de Nu c#e peibil sEne dflm stama
sub€irt€nfE€rrr rrgricukurq :rveru rlsri clrul cultuluierqfornrstdin
arumrled0mesti++i,in scelqfi bdrb(rfis$ufrmei i5u darr r lerul
timp, 1i'audt*ritrt rcmattahilt dmdr4eacomunitstea sau,!rur$i
fir€Ft.tuguriin Froduqie simplu, tvt:ru {i{Br un ftrl in cxdrul
manufacturiertr.ln cea ce pnveqte rrtualuriior.Templelepnncipelcdin
,,viaF spiritua[i', deEcoF€riresuftri Maha Grxieng Hal Saflieni,
murcnumErde stotuete,stat dc HogsrQilr +iMneiiira,Sldltrr rt
dimensiuni fiari, r$r fl fii1ci, rh Ta'Hagrat,TalQddi qi E sibbs-
Zcitei Marne,o li$rre cornunetl precum $i $s.imblul Cgantija de
lodtA:lJna mediEerrrlerfl5,rratil (5 FeinsulaColo rrufos(cor*Blritc
practicarun cult legatde fertilitsc. F€rt.hi, ta o rl|t€t dtstaofEunul
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l o124l
llDlll Ddr
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebs www.habi 101251
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 101261
de celSlalqsuger5ndcrrcet5torilnr
ca e$tepoBibilseii fuFtfolo€lre#
[$t[6fi te$Fecdl,de f+fiej. Fi{care
anrEmbluftrefditic a Jo6tconstruit
cu un irc4t+ti+ca o juE$tatede
c{rFolfli {4 credec[ s* folo$cau lti
bldnuride animalepentu {aoperirc-
itr ciudemlrnrrii lff enoffr€
{TsrxienagopcrE4 0S0dEffitri
pftmfi), templele- caflstruitedupe
ttn plan lriidhdt - iu o inrtF.r€
centlalildr p€tru metri lungrrne+i trei
t{|efii lnihirE. fura$ta Inlfamnll q.I
nu malrrruhde doutrrFeleceFerso4lne
nrde*,&crkr {}nld*f
ldsnlll.td.qi$rt h
rt:-m#lt
ll!e.dd.it ei
tsFJ4n,ldEri {h el&,
di J.$f d$cia cElr
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l o127l
Paphos
CIPRU
Drfiflcrlr! P,{rHo5
Aur. NREGtsTFitu: 1980
CRfiEnx: C ( l ilt
I ?.1
I t+ Il.5-l.:{rEt 115
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
habi ta r e s . c o . c c 101281
C*" n'"if*ono"ra
i^"s,n
l rrltci hdmusr+ii epErinJ din mte a
fcarpic(ardd,eBofiicelli +i$+a(r ji
v*zu$la {ietcriade uff?i din
Florentr.TotuFi,timp dr Inik] i.
,46qlirei,a.r.rciath
cuk hi fertilrrEf ii,
i-, li{r$it o iltlaelrE tnrruptrmr}i1it[,
astfelincat in.entR remplul i f!)ollxrerr.ets+ii tuli, Ftolomeus,
tnchinatei nu e alla rlecit un monolit regeleegiptean de origrne
dt fdfmitconitrl. L:d{otnr trlor spust *reto-1ntcd{tn$n5, B cu.$it Llilriul.
de Honle FiHe+iod,AftaditaB AFint! subdinfistiaPtolemeilo[
cetalea
dn mrtc lrr lalea laphs rlc pe coasta s-a rle*oltat repirl prntru a deveni
de vesta inrulei Cipru.lnn,un loc raplala insuleilnserolrrlel II,lcaLHr-,
numk asttli Pctrartlu Rnminu. drnlriti F{}r ului eerelegfl illruh cu
Versrunralui Hoftdr d hgendri Alexardnr ;i tsutr+lor rlt cuptu
ahbuiE lui Agamemnoni}rdarea din munfii din epmpicred. Trorxlor.
rempluluiAlr*lire1 ($i !} cer'lii Prlelr in ucmstl penaadS,a incepur
Paphm),O alte rersiune.de oriEine constructiaurreisphndidenecropole.
EiFftxi sl,rsFneci nrentut ii reyine CnvorrrilestFatein stince,ait#i, arl
regelLri Kynrss.rattrllui AdonG,c{ft {1
devenitprimul prmt al rempluJui.ln
rtal str, ct*a c{ u dcv{:nir unul dinrrc
celemai imFortantasancluaredin
Grcci:rcl.uicSa frrstcnrurruirin recoluE
al XIIJea lHr, pe un loc c*re fusr.rr
hcuit incb din E6ncaBronzr:lui,Cele
c€te';r ruurt ;rlccliJirii runt rcruhatul
m.i m+ltff renorAricnle a{rcrrlminat
lh rfL'cr t{Jfiruhb, ded conceptul
arhitecturdlnrhaica fostresFectar
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l 012sl
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
101301
oiTTr
#rI'{fiNnIoNrec
, ;,t;-i t
.c0 10131
{T /f*
-.f- oi
.\
\ /\ts
t9
E bsus l w w w .habi ta r e s . c o . c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 101321
Asia
rimii strSnF+iri omului arhmlogicel A*iei, Rlrp*ndirea
din Aris f,u evoluethtr,un co{next timpuriea brdismuluia srimularrrra
i?olatdmp de ilrroqlredouf,maliGr'e f$lii C€lldhrradrn Afgrni$rn Fi
de ani, ir$inre de a FieriEubvdlEile Prki$tan,undr slnholurit noii ftligii
migatiilot de Hofto l4pkru venitedrn sesmefiecaucu furfileleanei
Afiica scumaproape50 000 de ani, elenistice- Hinduiam$l a durla
Ipoterae+re+u.rlinutd& de€coperirile deElsltareauxor alfz5ri prtcum
din dou: dintEc.elE rEi interciinte Kiiiuraho" Fl$rrp1ti MahabdlFumn
situri paleo.antnrprlogkedin lume: din lndia, precumli Pmmbsnsndin
Sarrgirsndin Indonezisgi Zhoukoudian Ind,urer:ia.Ajanta qi Sarchi dirt lfldia,
din China,ln Fdmulr-au dd.opedr Boro$udurdin Indonesiasi Paharpur
tlm'$tFlr E apr$xir$dv 50 dr indtqht, dln BrnElEd$huldc EsttEiar f05r
caremitisli au lo$rderumiti cmtre budiste llaq a,rcflstl
PdEaafldrlDFrserEc!&r,isr acum sunt co'njuncdea rdigiilor d.a gt!i! cea
cunocugi drept Hornoereans.in al mn irultE expreaierrtGtrcl in Ania
ddl€, ltr anu l9?0, a fa6t des,:dp€ritun de sud'est,ln templecaAlgkoq
craniu cffe deitsr]t de ecum a iumAtste de exemplu,urde *rhitecnra
de miliofl de ani,lnn-o p€fler{ dln r-a modificarpenmra t Sdeld
apropiereacapitalei chinsre +i $te, rchrmbarilcrde credmgsa
asrftl, crrnoscmpSrH astlei, dnpt dornnibrilor khmeri,ti ln miile de
l)
otnul din Peki$g[Beijingj. irna8inir{cre budirredir! Fefter e
Mai prcrusdetoeteAria poateff de la Mogao,hngmen 9tZrrrgaq
coruidenrl leaglnul civililaliei Durane, Pemmoniulerfuological Asiei,
Iocul undt onul * u+curd.la o viaF de et€rhe$rs,aduceun elofiu pdnei
rrcmad!dr vAntrtrr.culc8t0)r,lEviata expamiuraa IrtramuluiEia ciwilira+rlor
s€dentardde agricultDr,Scrisula fst de rcuru durat5a orr+clot
invendt ln M€Eopotamia acummai rometcialeca Hatra din [rak,
binede 5 fi]J de ani, rst ln srolele de cctateanabatrneand Pctrsdin
dhdnte +i imedirt dupAln.eFuhrl erEi IotdaniaEiorarle fennene Baalhek
crqtine, piencledc hoar ale marilor +iTit ltrb e rnai mendfia multe
religtreu frrt apzareln Asta-in luifle qlecrrltilor de ls graniF
Onentul Mill(rcrugi Prniffula Arabi.5, ImpcrirrluiRoman.
s,eunAsc{rm$ile credinlenonot€iste, lstofia civili#iilff aiiaticee!!e,d€
care1l1iIllrs! $heriorh con!sc!, alemEnra, fi o istdriepersonrlf.Urme
dat{rritA c*ri cdfttrdeL d Drdmului clareau hsat ln urmslor comandanti
MHr['sii, c{rbudifird+ihinduismul leg€ndeflce Ale'€ndru cel Mare-
din lndia,confucianismul din Ofna $i, vrdbile-uranq de la Gradl*ra - fi
;n Jeponia,cu pinrcrirnrul. ;rhFdrdFmo{uli. Dc aiEmcne4cel
Mrdl€ ruligii$i rivilira+ii car. mei grsndiix cevoudin $ti)rie E fo6t
au pr,repentdatoritEasric lturii $i construitpen*q Qin Shi Huansdi,
me+re+uturilolin ciudae*entualuluilor ft*rdatorul Inperlutui Chrner,tate
declin,au ltxt rS.lpurraSto4rt Fenlru c4f, a ir6t EFIr€i,p€srtdouEmii de afii,
rn:rimarcp6rtedifi pitrirooni'ii dc o armati Ecuttrde terEcotil
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 101331
lT r R I
Nemrut
uagl v
TURCIA
ilr mur DEEst
Ai.,uL$ffcrslxnn l98'f
C.E)rrlniC (rJ(r'l {rv)
Y
I
.fn fel'ruerie
1001,
nrhmlogulturcMahmudAnla" a
Enuntat d€rd:)E€rireaaarnercifunefJte
a lui Axrioch I, regeledln Ox$lragener
lfi mteriorul unui tumul de piatri
pc vArfirlmunteluiNemrut,ftralt de
Z 200 de meni. inuntr de nnirea lui
A$lafl fl s echlpci ealede spro)dmfitiv
panu*ci de arheologigi geologi,mulpi
cercetlaori Euftrcelcet, ftr vln si
pdrrundEin hovile de prffrl tnaltl
dd 50 de ft.rri $i hrngAd€ 15! d€
rnen! du numsi echiFamenrul
nrodema fdcurp*ibil5 mrarealrr
tncdpereadreptunghiularlt*re e fosr
tltiatElft pi6tr5,iar aFois [+stsigilarfl.
In interirr, s'au glsit trei sercofage
careconfinearrr5mef4el.Fifl*ft.$ti
alehi A ttoch[, ah titdlui sEu
Mrth.idstesCall ucus $i o alta
perr{snAneid.ntfica(i.
Datoritl acesteidetcoptriti, s-amai
adluEEts Fi€s[imF)fiantEpnvind
lnFlegeteA unuiadintrecelermi
mist€rioa$e locuri din Tirr.ia. [a
sfdr+nql sl XIX-lcr,un gcolog
reqolulur
ln s{fficilrlommsnilorE scosla ivtalA
din cdfurih htrrrieiFer&reliterea
megfrlornanisc! + reEsluiAnrioch I,
srunci rdnd a idefilficar strul d. la
Nernffi Degi,lntr,un amplasement
ep+cr*culo$ Feun veddin mqnfii
Taurusdin estulAnaoliei
N*s€utin anutB0i.Hr, dupl
fragrnentarca lmperiuluiSelcucid,care,
ls rdndulrflu spdruseo datAcu
distrwereaimFeriuluilui Alexandnr conridetcur desccndenr al lui Antioch I 14 aorlsiderrtun msre
cel Mare,regatulCommagmea Altxandru cel h{ere,isr, maiiflainte de caffifitr A hsrt o lungAiflscripire
funclionst ca ur tstnponintlr acesta,al leilor din Olirr'p, dat ec.est[ pe tumul innma, ,:ompustdin ll?
imp€riileromanii p€rtan,Fondatorul arcendshFnu i'a adusnici un proftt. rindun de rext) din cate re Fot deduce
Mirhridar€sCellini.u!, i.a rli: Rornei, trupErl, rcgii dur Conuna8ene rrri nDrnaiprtftnpilt teh Fnvindu.i
dar,cEndSul seu,Antioah l, r urtst nu gu fost*ltcevadecit fanr+e ale dmrandenledin:ei, ci g feptul cl
pr rronln 69 tHr, noulr.ge a creut lrr!€riului Roinan,dat in and 71 d"Hr, regEtul sfiu ff YeFnk.
cl put€€supra$i€lui indeFendenr lmplralul VespasiEn fl puspunct Aldru de rqcv a de piatid s-au
iapEdu{anda F{rli*I pnn car+lc suurliei ridicoleprin ihcorporarea Fipatrtei phdormr. Ceedin p$tee d€
ofererrinformatiipcr+itror,tomsi r€Efituluilt| provinciaSiia. nords fosrfolcnitdpentru a-i Frimi pe
FEstdndleg{turide pri€renie cu Jude.ioddupi rcmphLminunste Freofl;true 5eIrlai vid pietrclt careo
r,rmanii-Anrioch I lre invmtat ti o n dupf rumulul {Hcrotheseion}pe irFpreilDuiau, derbexoreliefurih au
geneelagiE cereIl Fernrirrasll B€ carc le,a construitpeNemrut Dagi, fosrer,rdatedr vAnturig ploi Cu
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
101341
- Pamukkale
Hierapolis
TURCIA
CiMFInDF$ZU
AFuLINREc!Tr{rr!: IttB
CRrrERnr
C lLrrllrr)hD)
1+r
l}trrrr'aHfuropolira forr grece!{,[Eu ftmfed( cetElii+imRHinE
Frntr a dominaraleariulur
co,rlstnrtd tjplc romani Lacul ardnd in cmtru
I y,kx rle'a lungul .trunrtrhri(.r€ lErHr iruonrl rrbterar, rm.tnii I'lu dEdi.dt
Anarolhinrenourtr EuM*,lir*rrno,ln rtitf,lii lurniiJr durcol!,numindirl
rimpul*rc+lelotdt dornrnat€ro afll, Pl*ronium fle +colo,a+acum areti
a {ostcelm'ricunoscut c€ntrude btri Strainrn, r?Frrji toxici emanati er,
termeledin Klt imp€riul.Doamnrlcdr lEt,ilipeftru oicinr, ,:rlr:(r-ptin
1uruncu ffip{..rirlal5crlruc5ltt'rri1 preotdori0cetrietsirlcmonstrau puterile
1dn$ $i ob.rsi.oar€ p€nrrua sr imbeialn lAsan.lporunfiei rl iboare I iberi prin
apelesak Lrenriicr,rle culoana ruginii. mkorul Erer, ceeece ii omor:rpe lrr.
Srnteau{rrein Firtr .iEsFitlu tr}losind sftrdr FnnElF&lA a cerl i, r:r'eacoloane
s[pun cu parfumrlt Jrriirr,rrt,rpoi J,r d prrtt F dr'ttirldtf si st ndfiea
lel'leauli solii lor purreftdpe cap Plateieiaiost{onlnuh: de proconrulul
ciorchir de i(rnguri. Sextl'FJ Ii!'sFronl':rurin iurul rmitft
Loclrl rcertrl hili de liumu*te a 80 C.Hr Ttrtcl cstt rt! car , di:pus+i
irlit - ii .stt im5 - atli p*tic {It +i LonsrruhrainrtEriifirorlumrnr3leB
precric,cu bn:inenaturale6 terasedin cr(alii, un arc de tri$mJiftchinfrt
rra!.ertr$.pe cFre i{liunea neinneruprd impdEtuluiDlrmili.n.
i aTEil.-r i.iIErit .u.altar *1.l.rrrt S5FitturirrtL c h lung\rlsrilrii
ssaffidlr5 cu v3tii. flc i;pt, tuniii Plateiaau scmla ilealllruineleunei
numescacesricc Panulkale.care afora largi cu sprlriicomercialeile o Inne
inseamnl,C,asteh:l de Brrmhac" ii:rltx, iar pe{} rtrud:rlutcruf5rlcgantu
Ailetr artrri h rgidaUNESLU. Cara cu Capitclunlxr,cc. A! rfiii rBnras
darrrirfcaracrcrisriciIor
nBrur"[e doarpr;ine umredin {abul,xultenph,
FialfiForrsNeisaleist+rEe, de mannurl inchinat hli Ar{}llo, cffe a
l{ierapolu.Pamrkkale r krsrfondamin
jurulmulur190iHr.rJtcltrrrc Eumrrrsll,
, rralidr.pel,rcul
un rrgr din dinasria
un{i ir!or subrerarr
!ndeFop!leriile
li<fieneri {irgrene,multlt rreft, s-ou
inchirut rripi rtrru'G[-lt. fugtlt a
ntrmitlLxu[HierrFrlisca un tdbut edtLs
Fljerei,sotialLriTelephus, regrlelegenrlirr
al Perg"amului Dup{ apnrtlr xn sr.ol,
Afl{lus tll, un ih regcslltrpamului
acrdar ctratea- caredejaaveaedilicii
remarcabilc in elegantrlsril arhitecnrrel
elenirtic- nrmanil:r,careau llasJt-o
su[,aurotirarraguvern*tnrului Eiesului.
Anuiisr,tAifir.o :oflAde n]arr
acriviiaEseismici.in mii I i li 60 rl.Hr.
HrcraA:tua lost k:vitr,lc dr:u5
cutrrmuft. nt LLcr[dlede reconsrru(lie,
de-iiexecueteFesteun plan urbnnirtic {'s;
l +l
ioqruie in dr:{ulol il
'lo
fuhsd]|!ErN rhfltrnl
irrerridicatlnsecLrlul
al IIl,leadeasupra r losiun imFirr r crnrrua.1 cre$init?lFr,
li Ctuirut\ri 4$rL+lnntin (T{Ea del rpstolul Filipr f'xt hniFn?at
'ri,
elen6ti{i, i.u din r.el n}lj,nlulzamdl bnFrel|D5 cu ceiiaFtecrSrii stri,tn
trit{nriln,afr:rvctL} iantanlc rtn enr.:l8tl.lnsecolulul UIcc,brlantrnii
br*inlurrgde?0,Iememin..nllrmt.u au c(rbrflir Malqdo41, d maiesnroarit
cLrloarlepe FeiIr.rF Baih dursrcolul:l irLcinstealui, toluti
lxuiliL: r),:rlrE(}nali,
Il-len, Lu hatL r+ster. sealla h h$re sstfd e$e Fejuntitutt ln rullrS.
c rlidi, prl'clrnti rrftrnL!. corLrtnritrrh {lu trutt rrrtsrcr cairrnai i;i{inanrA
dornnialLuFlavnr:,, mirit qiirF[mustgat urnl llsrtl de ririli:afiile careau
cLrhu<rreftet:n atr:Iui A1'xrlL)
FiAri{nis uieluir ffiil intreqrFerein Hrer Frli$
intR l9l $ I I I tu$illrdrul
Scprimius esrentrropnla crn * .rflt [r:o riricl
'lc
5r!+rus.]D qcraperi'.)adtr, Gtirtra s-a Llistanltdr,:ttrtta efti{1. P€ste
hucuratdecer ma:mareghne. nu do.r I 100 de mormint{ includ rumuturur:
Jnronri hlxffi lLnLrnrFlexJc hAr, elenistice.earcofage ronunq ingdjit
dar,JL r*aricncn, rr datoflI li(1elliei ex.cD!atE ti ctlruri rR'Fdni: cu toltd.
ar{utt d€ .ftrieftlr de marol ri li de can:f;rcn*cn:pr'lrdr h Hierepalis
sl
nr3mrffr.tuflleJe tE:itile.Din Fnrl)ll lir cr:; nrarnrare;r ceamaihine
jumltatr r sr('tulu I d.Hr, Hretr6rlis {-l]nrervnri din Annhrlia
E bsus I w w w ,habi t a r e s , c o , c c
tr D SU S I WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 101371
Alep
SIRIA
RT TUNITArIl
Alltlr l rxdsrlixx: tqd6
&rftnf C ('r) iiv)
Au,*i a.o"*,*,
Alcp tmprtte onoertadc r ii oralut
cu cm mai lurgl perioad{de lo+uire
mftinue din irtorie"Cu t{rat€rccst.a,
Itl pdiirealt mei binelegtrudlecu
trtcutui d+dt crr acru*lr caFrr+l[
sirianil.Eet. un ar$,su! [tM tn csr.
tedtlile rrabedin EvutM€diu nu Fsr
d.loc afieffonicr. M muh dacit in
oricealt or$ din I*rnnt, tn*ne4ul+$re
ElI1,qmar de re€uliti ca,EvenFi rturse
ftrr:himhat dm Feioadamanrelucilor E: l,n tutd odd
In plur, cuprirdc multc uemph
csrq ste$d renstenlsalald tnFofiiva
cruc:atilrrr.ScrcgE:qratot rnai puliff
str,Lr.ol|Sdbd
eEmple din pcriGda ftr rsr. -Alfp
s-E*flat subbdrantini,iar cch
ca!€ apdrFncrirunor peri@demsi
ihd.pdrtEreFrr sl ff disFdnrrr.)mpkr, dlctretll. Shdl,
cel pufin di$ cecqcese Breive#,
Cu toett rce$ea,AlaF { footi[clEs
ln s,c€{BtE cartede!p* ifturilc
arheologiceca un omagiuaduso'pi.Di,Ei
crqtrptcr c+rccotrrideri ma.1ulun
contlomersi Feclt de e*traordinar,
pe *tet de c$mplex,darcrtud
nenunrlkattlcddor.esiasa$nre
in rNdlelercsnrri i*toriaaaL 519 iHr. ariicnii I'au pierdutlh bt*tiahrdlita., citidd€ Alepuluifirseee
monumentehrtale, fsvodftr p€Eilor,dar{i r+tiEeu fost fotr*tg nr stnp..rmorrtd, ffind
Altp a ftct fondatacumaptoalc tuffing h 133tHr. dc wldsFi rahuciEi inchirurfl]ui llsd L o divturftir.
opt mii dc ani, PrimeLdmrunente ai lui Alcxandrucrl Mart. cur i-6dat nesopotamiarr{p€ cffreeeleuciriiru
rcrire s-augA+itin vaka Eufiatului,hr orsiului numelelraccdoo€mBemie. Eroeiet-o lui Zeus.+fild au cuce t
erhl1.ahdn Mati carcnleGtioneezg o Srrbdonnia lul Alemndru, cet+teas-r oranl. Dtrpl cucerircaSittetd* cloe
crtatc cu numelcHalapdrr6 crpiralt mfirit +is.eu coffhrir prime]r liduli d. tofi4ni ln aEul64 i.Hr.. defllul ri,a
a tgatului arwrit Yamkhad. ln scele sparsrsln jurql qiBdelei,vecheavarr! Dtfirst fi$cfiile teligtoali. Muld ani
epocilndeplrtate,Halapa 6ct mai a oro$uluiomorucaft Beitld pe Bn dupdacers,Iulian Agoctetul,uoul
afectstildr influenls rEEroFt ,nrirrd dtal neturalls cst dc ora$ dktte uldmii lmtsrsd pe8Anisi
decAtde ceaa Damseului, csr€ privca P'*pccrulrcwrl al cindelel n Radrrcia adr$acoloun 6acriiciu
mei d€greb5i .lvililatiile din Egipr D]aft p6rtc,dattsrll dm Fed@dn lui jupitcr ltn gEatcu mariconocagil
si PalectinE. 'r
fugrrul afiErir e tlrnr! manirducilor. csr€cu r€&xi$iruit,oil Soliircetntr-o provirxh c*re cra,
stabiltsnA ln I ?86i.Hr., sfli.l b[t iel xcolul at XIV.leadupece forriffcaliile de stmci" In fttrt pdttt crcttin5,
€pi6cd. la Xadc6lLc6ftl a c{rut sub ddicarede omeiid (Fdrallarabicare Actui, prtrenp birannnilo,rtr Alcp
rxupelia hiti;ilor. Nu Ia mult nnp au ajunsla Alcp) eu lbct dcveltered+ $tt apro{p€nrfusemnaE,defi ]e micd
dupdacees,hitilii su foEtffieninisfi Timu [+n!. C{ qste sce+tc*,citsdele dlstantl d+rrel scaflao muftimede
dc rori*a, dc pcsremat, r egipreniloq rn i pl6trcarEdd lei s$lendiai5culprati siftri rrheologice,difitrc Ecrccelamd
iar Halapr *mar lnrrcnmrl unoc h baraltcar€,ccl nrf,iFrof,abil,Hcreu itrpdrtarlte6untruinclafascirrantrale
cedti'6tate p6ni fo|s.colut*l Vlll-t a fate dlntr-un remplulutit din secslul bariticiiii trrloarui Sgn ulul Simeon
tflr., clrd I fo6rcucnit de uirieni, in sl )Glct l.Hr Ineintt dc a d$'Eni un Snlitul si celeEle birEntin€
"o{a{elo'!
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t ar es . c o . c c 101381
Ehrr.ts i vd\r'i\,'/,haL:'itn
r* r
l013sl
Palmira
SI RI A
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 101411
146
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc lo142l
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
1 0 1 4| 3
I l: 'l': r !' i : i |i i .
r r , ! ir : ir r r : r " , , r "".
ft1ff:"i"fur; l.fr
. :,.:4. -i**..: +i, ilt'
, r . . . 1: : : ,, ! , .,.:;,r
r ir r . i. , ! i r ir ! : r r i , :
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c lo144l
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
101451
Bosra
SIRIA
ll,,,L
ft.\. [i:,,rn\i\ri\r il i-\r
irrL ir:{rrir\:l r r: Iq,qll
Cr . I r:C ttl iL::;l\rl
:j
E bsus w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 101461
rI
In centrulorgluluiBosra, rornaB+1,la Fr6rlr, 6alfltelftit toFii plsmr. Llcependcu iecolul sl ll-lea,
e,acorumrit, probabilcu rccleaii €rrc iri dc la sEoah,ia4 dupEsmirla, Boarra foatun punctde stadeirnpotwnt
preirc,o micl brurtuieFesr{fundati r scducaajoacefofbsl pe un teren peCalea1uiTrrfun,t"ta cflr|Ercjti]l cert
uneiprllv[liiromEne rntice,DiDrineaF imFrovi?at,ln fati la ulmFhrearfl. ltigl D*mascde MsreaRo6ie.S-a
derrem€,pregtteltelJrok, o peine Dup6Prlmin, Bo*a csteccl btrurrr de mnrider*1iamarmultx
dins.un aluat nedosprr.Femetlere mairmpsrtanr$i cel meivilitst sit imFrati dintrc car€cei mai inrlonanF
e$a![ h mad?l penlii { cumpftd $i, orhmlogk romandin Sina.Crr toate au fmt AlexardruStvuu,r (1ll'1151 ti
6ind exncm dr ticrhilte, o pun pe ec.*ea d€linidade atheologt' nu Frip Arabul (14{.249),un bnpurat
"rir
coloqrrclede Feaard!+r rnavmqJperu4l esrefiJaneeucrn, deoErece tocd msi nas{urtr sprEtierE€crtatii Shat*n, care
a re rlci. Elicicletctrtc pc aqibrdrum $mr o$mmi csre,practic,k'{uiescaici a onoraroralul cu tirlul de rtntfolir.
ft1ir'teriF.rl ruineloi,afifel, tn oFinir Odrd cu ctelrereEirnponanlei
unors,contribuindlr fE me+ulloc"l-. otat ls fo€tdotat cu eddcii
D€$ipapiruiuritcceiprcnedL1 iFpresionbte din balelt negEu. Cdrdtir
nileniul sl ltr-le€tHr, gmintescde o rngrnnur,$t*da princtpali r ora.pulur,
aqearenumittrBurrana,Bmra a devenit setcf|flni au un ffc dc ftiur!
un ora+irnpoita ablath enul ?0 d.Hr, rmnumentel mnstruitla lnccptrtul
aAndnaba$enii,aatec.edarer[Petrs secoluluial lll.lea ftt onasreaLe8ilrrui
rcmanilor,ji.ru mutal acolo,:aprtala.in a III-a Cirena;ca.Sepor adtnirarumelt
anul 106d-Hr, rutatee.rii ntr au putu! utl4ri pie!., un fslsportk firiositdrept
I€apingtamatele lui TraiEll,iar romanii d*pozitdc $cne. un elegonrcomplexde
ljl r$ P'dddl{.l@E
au mnifftmrt locul tntr.un centflr bfi, o rrJfidracrfi, un rercfl$r Fetfir a
Bdmini$h'ativ al provirrchirxnane col+ctaaDsde plrrsie+i diftrim c{s..
fuabia cu numelede Nova Traiana Ocl oai rpectacu}xdintre
Borrr De $elncncr, au dficmnst mnnunrentele din B,xrq estetraEul, rmuJ
regiu$eahrmnjurltoEreAursnitis dintrecde maibineconrcFatedrtrluftea
(astlri Hruran) drepto .ont romad d caft trp{€linatr,tourlatl. unul
Fen{rucuki reErrlneh,E dmtrccelemeiiolplesiffranrccxemp'le
Irillueo++Romci$i FrirlrlF continu[ alearhitecnrii militarc anbedin Shia.
a 5 000d€ legioaffi r modiff.arim4ir€r A,res3rrconrrrdicth aparehd!a p$ate
r:ec6gitrabcrenaene, defi Fhnul expltcaqoe ln rer.oiuld Xltr-lea,ctnd
neregulattipic orarclororientaiea f(rr di$Ertii a\.Frbd[ d cucffit cetf,t€fi.
nou,veniriiBUrijicer o foEtiffcad.in
iurul resnuluicu sFc'iide locuir pfirt'U
armali. DEa$cmcnca, au e@F{rit,iar,€a
c|,|pah hrt, extb]cI $ructurs romffll a
supravietuitneydfenradpAnIln nleh
noqrse.Thi"eci de hift,
""i +l"rai
arhtolcg ed lndeldriet *tr5t|rl d.
pllmllntpentrur *oate le lumintr
un EsEu careputeaprimi 6 000de
rprcEtori !€ i7 de rtnduri dr bh*i
Dr arcmcr*a.re alld o ft'nc scarfine
dccc$te cu frizesi ctrlumne,ronntice,
'IEnt i, torufi, ette sinaurulexemplu
evidentde stratifrcercatlurccturrlSdifl
Erxra-Otaful sresi un mEc nufirfl de
nroschd,curnestenromhceaUmar,
,coddclll.llt dH! r conrtruitt Ferlcun lemplup68€n,si
morchreeMabrak.rate se a{s trr locul
urrdes"arrlihnir c[mila crle puns cdrre
Siriaprifta coFiee Coranului.Un alr
obiectdr reneratiepenuu ftu$rlmani
tste clftlitea caft ,]d4d e frt6ro t$dili.I
ffe{tinI iiar n$i buinte, un ediffciu
plg9n durrecolulnl III-ha)- in secotutal
ll]X.lea, memt'riirecteidnr1 *-iu t6.i*t
id iurt]l veihiului..nftr din Bosfr,duF{
c€ fusa*ll a]unSafidrn Libff, h urrna
unuimnllkt rEliginicu cre{tinii
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc lo147l
Baalbek
L I BAN
INULjN}!Grsi*lBrr:
lld4
C (l (r\,
C{rIERr!,
TI
Ih ciudanumeluisono6 centArind cc] pulin 700de ronefi
lu Heliopolh,,,C+tarer Sc,erclui"
{ondartr inconjuEta d€ 54 de coloar''ccu UIr
de fenicieni,eraun ora! modesr ca dlrmelrude doi rnetri+io lnlllimc d€
krg4;r ln momentulin careTibclirl 10de rmrri.A$tIi tu mi r5raaF doar
luliu C.ezsr,flrd nlci un eton, a FeFa coloane: opi au fostduft la
cucerit'ofuanul l5 tHr Conlorn C{rnstantinoFol de cfrtr€ lustinian
{'}biceiuluiseu,lhFArEtulrrfondrrr pcnuu a 6 ft.iodrela constnrclia
ocoloniep€ crfe a numh,olulie HegieiSophir, iar resrulau f.Et
AugurtaFelu tleltrpolirana ji a folo6itefte Fentrua con$truio sft5
cantonatacoloo legrune,ln atclan harilicdbiranrrni rr srr{ (disnus6
rimp,destulde inexplicabil, s-e lntre rimpl sauau ftrt dbrAmate de
hot5r$ti5 congEuisB;lFescefi l€ culreflure.T+$plulcupdndea o
,:el mlrifalnic tcmpludin impenu. ltatuie de aur a lui lupitcr, caft fla
C{nsidereta fi uns dintre lrihunile vener4 de peleriniicarell vilitau
lumii de.fute i5rollctidin sr+olulal dir trr*te collurih ImperiuluiRoman,
VJtrr,tae l-tu numitlrintre primii Construcdaa dura! rproximEnv
Bsrlbek.tn*elrlnAnd,*ul {BqaDdi' 150de ani dsr nu Rf'st terminat[
wl+a &taC', templul a Srsttnchirat r:niodatt, depicapitelurileai
lui ZeuFHeliololiranurClndireaeste i::gmentelede fihrrrive &corarecu
a$!ad Ft ,j flatfgEnn drEplunghiulnri caFete de ler+i taud.frunlt dertont ti
de80 de metripr 48 de merri, f3r}lafui poarrEnurd.rriasubtilidtii
t(nrFmrftf,din bls+unde prstr5 lucrenlorstulFturale,iar nrulfiimFdrati
15; &ffift
't+w dn\Fftt raI E td&dE
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
0148
- 1..'.
-.;rr"
l;k
-l
H
i4
It
.{.
l014sl
tal
fle
. L ::J*h L rr 'rrl .fi rr !:r,:, :. ::i' 1 r.'l . :. r..1-lL lii .1. :rrriri
u r rL .::rL l Lrmri : l -, .:rr r :r( lL::r r .r . r r r tL:.:L d.,1:r Lr i;lt r .,
'
i rr rr r, i r,r, 1 " , i C .i Hr .. \,r .. r lr
,.,r.rrr:r r:n tLrr i r ti ,r r r r r lLlL:i.
.,{.r t'.rrN :tr.rI.rl rr rl L ,..r r ,:hi:f
!:rL rri .r rfL r,rr ,:L 1 .,i )i ,tin;r lr ,r :,r :l
l l i rLr i i l rr.t:i
fL trfj :lifll:f ir(.!rLil :Lil.r ' r
101501
J;,r=' *+
1:+i
lii
1a
rd
i1
,,\l trlra tmlJl .lc h Brrlhrk r,lrn dr flrorrc fl nrfl .hl+rtii inririr|lcrlurir(r.r n,$ iJrrriiii,:t't(u
r lirrrc.nrilrutrl. i:ilrL jLFrimjr$ rj hllrtilc |ilrr!:ut,t$:rrililr! rurjurr, I1.rrl \rr:u:. ru Art,rru. ir,r lJiL'i:hur,
S(rrrilr l:- iural i, ;ui :11[ d IlL, i.1rr;Ltiin r.rFi lL Frrruir ietd,rr lru l(r, rrr {Flr(uI fJt,,r r
Lir ntrnrnl.nrnli Fr|/!-1h!dLlf rlirrl ii sofri;nr .ri1s. Fin5ifl ]t :e I)in I95i F,rrlh*k;r
f u . L *, ru L sl , (:n rrl l :,L L !r.In.hm r r l Ienr r u:cr r ii' v i .r t! i i l r un nfl r dil|(Jn(i
iur \'itrus. tt,npJul L it*rns c"tt L)c [rpt, rnanii mi,Jr[LcrrtrE
trr clct.rnr rdi ciu frnr;lHnnl rlLriL'i f l(1s!ir.rlir.i!irirf Frrtri{ti Llirl LLi
rr'mplulL:i
J+ (,}hlni sr ric
lr"{r1r1lL!tiJr Irirri trir r+nriqr(Ein +ieljitr iil in dirrr
tuscLir ,lin (ic:arttr. prmul tr u.la divini,[ ]a Er r lhtL cr r ir uc tr l
;..to i !t hiseri.ii cfubiirr. r ii.i\ r ir r r nr ismulLi r liliitr .r ntr r nt i Ii !r i !h\
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 1 0 1 5| 1
Tir
LI BAN
Souh BE6!,t"T,r
DtflSLrDuL
L6{NUL!|
ANLI,lNflxcr5T&{xl:
t984
C*ftM: C {Di){ul^
r56 T-r
H
I. enicienir au ftcur li aeteta.Adevlul eEtecl temFlul-
parte dintr-o poFulafieorgani:jrtAln la felca templullui &:[rmondrn
.edF-statE,{5rI vreur conceptpnr,'inrl Ierusalim, carefrobabila fostronst ir
0nitateagrlamlE;dc FrFr,hi.i nu lrim de lucrhtoriidin Tir - fus€6€constluit
cum iti spuneau.Ternrenul, fmrcreni" in secolulal Xler i.Hr.de ceFeTegele
e+tederivardin cuvintul grtc Hiraft I pent.r d lnlftui un edillciu
ph{ranf,r, dupS(urlr ii lumea Homrl legendrraerr avrrs+s€ o mloenl dr
gi a fo+tpteLLrtdt la cel marprepor aur+i unadin smarald-
produsal lor, purpur*Dumit[pfu{nir. ln ptriuarlalul Himml, cetatea
Velorenl cit EreutateExe in aur" Titului, care dercrii.te<elftai ifrF{rtant
pJm.iruret6 rrrlndrit Tinrlrri, cnci or+ul Fort din pfrrtearftiriteEnf a MErii
l$i deto.r fonde.er Mediteranedatcritnpraductieisalesi a
"desrq-r€ririi"
{olaraorului.Legendaspunecl relj tome$ului tu FurEUrd,era formati din
Ienician Melqan +-aindrEgletit de o dou{ p[rfi dc+Ertii€ de o iqie de mare
nimtt Fe ..mE Tir. i'r.-o dinineal{, in IunS de 800 de merri. O patc sr afln
timF ce seFlirftbaupe plail lniEtiti de pe continent,iar ceaialttpe doul inEule
c?inele reului, zurimalula spifi o sl:rrktr mici. Amindori inlulelearru aplrare
lntre din+i iFr botuJi 5-acololat ln de fortificsfli$i sel5udaucu ren+lcle,
putputd, itsnd a oLs*rvat acestlucru. pelateleli piettlc lot
nimla i-a rpus lui Melqart c* ti ra DeFimonoF Ul comercialii fus€se
acorda tnate foumurile da.[ li vfi aduce subminatincl din eesiul al lXlee l.Hr.
un repm6nrcaresdaib* aceaculoare, prin dcrvokareaCartaginri(.drr a fi}rr
r.S{ctr Mrlqrft r $rlni $iirer molu+le fordata, ce o irorrie, de o ci]lolrie de
cAteaveanerrir pcnrrui lndrplihi rbeli din T'rJ,cerareBfeqicianea secolulal ll.lta d.Hr, putel primi
dorinF nin ei ii, pAn[]i urnl}, si e lui. toftlinutt sI lttflDr€rs.)l$i a rtrnas 20000de spectstori Eiaveao pist*de
Znna din qFroFiereaFlajei, unde de netnvirsF6trI ln artJ JiZ l.Hr. cur* in {olmi deU, impArttein douA
lntte drnpst a$f,rdsc .ehrea Tir, a h acelan,Alexan*rucelMarea rururiprin scmn din Fiatrb(nrtaa).
Iosrvi:itBtl ln sc(olulel l/-hrr I Hr .uceritwe+uldupeun asediu carea Lg nor,l de hipnriromsr atlr ruinclc
de cnrleHerodotdin Halicrrrrrrr. durar+f,pr€ luni drnpulne.eb;lrFentru ap€ductului rixnan,un arcde tnumf
d Jrarslrnelitatecunoicutt in lumea arnrafamacedonean5 st construiaici pio rtnd! de.alungulclreiaseaflI
grcaclt ilttpr ,F}linrsle i$tdriei' un di8carea unit insuleledecontinent ssrcofa€e cu blisorcllr'funsculFtare.
pornise
inr'f,larul in ctrUrordlc
sale Flpecareau adusuciE*toarEle lor R un promonroriu cu rtdut h mrre,
din dqrinta de a clrnoaFte
lrcul ceruia m$ tnlrii de rErblrirB !e lr amplaseze re afl6ruineleunuicornFlex debei ti
grcciiir Jatorauproprialimli 54ri6A, subriduri o sffrd{ ru col(}cne +emaiFle?inte
deoarcc{d affiboi]luihvcndd Ast,?i!a mairamas doaro lrmhrtr ii asttrlifrr$nmrr dr mr'lric biradrin
alhbenrhrilorlui Cadmrx dinTir a ac+leili:tulcrsrcetlli, Felumerate din secohrl nlXlllea.
in acearreme,culrullui Melqartera ln€n+art tn ms1F,16lel.] ri ll+ir Dupi!rm+ni, Tir fr fostcr|tcrit
ssfiiat cu cel al semileuluiFec demelejx careo trrv€rsadiExllui da crur:iati,caF au dus pinl la caldt
Hercule,iar etatea lirvlui era Alerandnr.OricHm,cu Ex,repllF diJtrugeleasnrlceieeritll f*triai{ft ,
donrinatl de un r€mfld lnchuut lui. portuluiftnrim, mrc facco$iectul Parjdh conFtruirea $rlei noi cfrlti
in Lr+ritL s:rLeHerodor scrh c, a unor &qpltdrisuhecvrticr,cirl. rnsi r.ah€,in $erohl al l'U[-lea, trupu] lui
in$Ebir preotii desFrreF€no! * cnnd mqltedinre ruineFrovindin Feri.'ada FredclickBarbrrossrr r fiJ6tinhumnr
s-acnn3tr{it lemplulSi i $-arllspulll .:l rmnL Celemr spcteculoaserunt eici, c$ speranls,&tfft[ LI rfufi4ifljk
rtve Z JolJde ani, aceea+ivilstl ca rele ale hiFrlrumului Citnsrruitln ngale vrr ff dusel+ len*alim
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
101521
ti;
rir,6+i;91,11;
1:
g
fl
1 0 1 5| 3
Masada
ISRAEL
REcrLxral,'-\Il
AtriL IN[EGl!:Fis[:!ml
Clfielrr: C luJ trvl lr'
Ltfl
4ad;ir-:
l5A-ljl hJ pnd€i\iaLr
l !r iEriH&,{tr hlq.Eir
Ir{r tu d i.a.ritufd . r+
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 101541
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 101551
r60
lmpreFirngn![clll&.c dm complex ft lolil. Ruioelefu Ffiaafiilori:rmsrfditt .onductel€de ept. lnsl Fleviur
e$r Fala l de la aFus,careacoperEa o de rom,rnih rirapula*,diulrLise mei lorephura frxt un *idlt{)t: s-a ntr$.ut
suFr*fetll mei mBrede 4 000 de metn For y€der SiasrEdla poalelemuntehi. iudeu,dar s-avAndutrumanilor,i€t
Fdtrafi fi m utilEtE dEPt enrru Mqsrdae:te un rinbolal p€sresecoh a f.r6t $te$ din memoria
adminisftarivfu srulrotlrl ere ocupEtll iacriliciuluiextremal iudeilorpentru colectivi a iudrilor.O date cu el r fost
de spatiilepentrusoldali. hbecaqeCu toEtescestea.relistenfati uirar :i episrrlul de la Mss3dE pdM ifl
Deli Masedaa fixt deropentl sinucide.€Eleloijlor nu apal€ h textul 1910,
cindscriirorul
lsascLf,mdana
din serolulal XlXJer, s{p5turile int iudeu,Talmudul, ci numai in contpus
un Ftemintitulat"Mafada".
si.srefiaEc{nu :rll lncepur d++A!in d,xumenrulscrude FlaviusJoscphus AcefistA plueste a inspiBt tevdht
t963. in afrrf de ruinelemaiegtuoa$e, arre a aflat drlspreEaf,firduFAa€ a erreilordin ghetoulde lt Vu$osirr
s-agAsito marecantildEe de brnuti, lnrdlnir dou: {emeicareau luprivi€tuit lmpotrivana:i5rrlor
in celde-al
rnonede+i schelete (pmtsbil alc acelor ftras{c!uluia5+un4lndu-se In doilearg:boirnondial.
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
0156
Ebsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 101581
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC l015el
Petra
IORDAN I A
DrsrEfl!.IldA'AN
AA]rj,L
lstEcsi FIFJI I9E5
Ctrfttut C (rl {u) (Ivl
I
I5m61e,sofia6,sdtftr4
nuc{osrl. Fip€r,ghimhcrfi scor'lisrar!
Femrumircdedi {i uleiuriparfutMte,
164 baLamurisi medi(amefteimurelini li
m[tt$€ csft, dc ]r ifir€p'rtul sEcilld i I
d,Hr,,au lnr€Fut.rdffc fcstrturile
frtonte ale celormairafinali romanii
rilate *r€itr bunuri- drrfotm Ftpb
drl [{orr Eritrm, un manualscrG# un
lildE! Cl* fu
negusmrgrecanonim- eu sosirdin
Irdia pe marein ForturileHadramsuth
din tcmen, Lgcndarulrgat SaSo.
De arci,nabatieniile,eu tmnspotrar
ln csramnr traversfnddc6rrtuldin a diadohitrx(surresodilti Alenandru Fr*€bil,re ltatulunuiE ord
hninsula Aratict FinE in P€tra, cel Marc)<ha'i tnvingeFenat€tienii diplomatic,r'e cumsugerea:r
c€tftea fibuloa!4 undermu lnFl4fte careloculau1$h!rE. Erqnedelelqarlae bdrured'rFd
pennu a li dhtribuitr ln barinul Urtrr5trsreleinfiYmaFidt6p'rr arExdft! F€ carut l|elrn a €ljtrlemoft
medit€ranean, hniE FiMeroFotamie. trib dei€erf din enul 6] t.H[,, ctnd evcnimtntul, ere tcdr Ardhld ddq!*ird
Sepuupugmelu+rvddesprr romsniimruJwi de PaflFeisu Eudt {i $u, Argltll {flF4, in slte cuvinte,
ne8letorlitcmi-fffi€ri crre $i-au sF-Fiexrindddo$hsFa E$upraa caca o d unui al
'$dica+ie "E-dr6fer
ciFtigatprepires n]manilon$i per$,or ce csreartfli Shir li lordrnia, cff€, pioFdedfii* dr riettlrl a&ninirtbtivl.
pentrucapecimrea 1orrle a fumiza ln cta nrai mart p6rte,ersuloruite de fl€ fEpt,ln ciudEsuperio{itllii
asd.l de lnirfud cd$taE.Urd{e,{Il€4iii nabqtienl Cu toateace6tra,au rerlFit rdrabitoare a srrldadlor pi armelor
identilicf,pe &re$nacu locui.orii(4tlfii sI !4 aduneln ceF+tala lo.rSisd-li rom.anii|lu dr R Flrtur niciodati aa
Elom, careau oprir ex,rduliudeilor msrfin{ monr4olul*upra bunurilor iaftua cufn4a.CSeleS;q- o
condudde M,)iEe.Primuld,rcunrent carepmreneu de la MareaRoqie- ftecAtosretn$r$tI {o!firatd t| mii de
scd! referitorla nabdtled$te lnult |l|il Rdanaa i€uiit ra-l cottttolet abli arride +u/r Mrrla fl/alea lui Moture],
reccff $i $eg*seltctn CErEaa XIX"9 tn tnul lOdd.llr." cind, la mmrtcr urul dinue torentelepluvialedin
din Bi!'irod'ecs
Hirk'aff a lui Dirrdrxus regeluilar RatheleII, nabatieniisu rofrf ers sineurapacibilits!€de
Slculus(E0-20i.Hrl. Eveninrentele h cedstlui C,rrmelius klma, Euvetnator inu-ar€in cetate,iar intrar€aitr clEi
ca.rc$ rcf€t{ ncl!ftadetcirii drn al Sinei subirnplrrrul Ti?ifl, crtar€ ea.,pri.l|c, |rrvialrili.Dln ace5rloc,
J15lHr {i Filesc ihc{rcsreat+$rrtA lar. Fsptul(5 d.'auFrdat s ft'$t, peo distsntl d+ I ?00de mctti $mt
o seriedr cxrhcii couri tr unghidEFt
rnEepeneFide Besieinalfi de ICO&
ner1]i.Erasffeurdniddaliratede r iter1t
c.rstte, de.rufiesinrcie$4 rhirr {i
Fennuo annarf,cum efacearonr+$[
Acumru oai tel4gritld un
ot*erd mfirot intrprgnabil; drt r
Sh nu t|rsieuff ssdli decgto
necitrxre dr o marefiumusefe
pedl|'lnul c5rreKhaanthFir'a"T
fiera$ruI Fsraonuluii, edificiulirrren$
idpat lRsdncd, unul dinoc celemai
imprerhnantenonummtc din lumea
anrid. ArhroiogulenglezSir Leonand
Yholley scris; nsbstieniau
"Arhitectii
direcstalhitectlraclaiicA+i s.aujucat
101601
t{'i
10r61
i;.1
tr;
f*
/l
I
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 101621
r6i !E CrMiOEtu.dH
L
rt
B -*<_+ri#
f
tt depEfiare,darorirl schimb$iilor
i comercrule ce sedesfuiurauintre Fetra
qi Alcxundnr l.{ai mu1t,caracterul
tnercantilal nehatienihrlt.a rsigur;rr
caFacirrtardE,1rb*rrbi cirracreristicilt
crlruralc ri rrtnsritcale populatiiltrcu
tlit i|lri{u in cdntncl
Mai{stuoarard-DRlr (m[nlsrireaJ
esteinn.rn stil tlar elenisdc.r9eaflt
Ir rirfulmuttttlui cu aceliii nunre
t+- ii seujul\gea{olo Fe un lir $eltir+it
de rreprf tii.rte in litlI5, orl [el ,le
,::
rrr sd.rtrin.adrsd de carouri il
E bsus I w w w ,habi t a r e s , c o , c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 101631
168
J1l
"!;
J
rtrnr irnpu-luhirtcLLJ*.'r:qrunr tn al llt,tea d.Hr..r: datr cr: declinnl cmr.inrun tinlr scolrrrrde (uiqinc
irdfr. I FiceFerrtnrarta aiirlltrA irnptriuluf romsnirjFau [rturJut umlli: $f,FlrmeFs+Iintr.o rn|}erlifie
llin ca*le naharienenrr a :nai interestlpcntnr oraiul hrra c5rrc aLta!t! crtrelrJinrra.
ril rusllrrnrc locunrlrh lur uu fr:st Amrntileei-a derenit un secr€t I[chema L)arid RoLcts gi cr.lr
FrohahiIconlttDitedln ftuti:riilL' ptstrat de grupurrledispersete Je ISJ Je schi(e Fi picturi Lu
'prDa|e
p+risahile. SeqtieFufindespre heduini,Flnlln lZ rugu\r l8ll Petrai-D lemii si-si itingl vi5ul
F)puluric,caft:F{}|Ifl-E f{}ir ikfirh!la canda fost r€deicopefittr d€ cdLf!,]rul de gloric L.r irrt<urctn,r in lvl.rrea
ile.l$( amh{.L}LLpil *5i.':a elvetianJohannLrdpig Burckhardt Bdtant. Rob*rr * Licvrnirlrrrnrx,
nrnunilor,treptar,orqul ii-r Fierd!r Rclatlrar sa,tuhli.rtb ln r {trt +i .el mri rEre picfot
imFxrnnra,chirr dici, Je ex{ntFl$, C.irhloriilt Si 1+rTdftr SIil d,d .!remii sl|le.iu. duFJ cii
F$iiagbt ,ll
StrLrhrnl-a Jtstrs in rrnnt'nl Flini d€ gisit un terenfertil in EuropffrFrcii imaginilesrL:.rufort pullirrrtc,
entlrtirsm.h Llr :* l Frtrr. irr sto1ul romanticedin secrrlula! XIXJea A Petr3a relrni( lHyhl[.
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
101641
\ *iL
t
I
IIi
I
lI
-l
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 101651
Hatra
I RAK
RtGttNE{ Mosul
ANUID\txcmr,{Mit9d5
C (trii"') (lv)ftr)
CEITETE
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
101661
IT
I
I
||
F
5
b
II
t
,s
101671
nl,lr ,r r l r i !r ilt !tr ;fu:r ,r J. t:r tr ,rJ ',tr Ii tml'rl;iir1rifl [ I:rn, r f.]rn;i trriLir*ll
']
FrLnrjtrl.. Jr. lir r'rrr( t ,t ,1:iLt.rrtrJ.:i in tliir'.(t ii( riiliiftt n i! inr i lfif
t;ij
r;((r
ilr c int.r Lr r r ],1 ,ir :,) , ,,i liJ ur i l f r i i ;r r i i i r .r ndr r .. ftr ftr r r i ,r :!i i i r l
"r
.,r sn,r i r i I I r ir i i ! ! i ,r
I | "- r l,,r itr ,r r tr i r J r c r t.: .: i hi nr r r r r r r r r:tir
r ,,l :r r r l:tr ir
fr lii;tgi-r r r Lr li:,'nr c r r i ,r
+rl i tc utt:;r n.r r i \,hnr n.SLr , i unur ,:r qr Lr ;r
r \dir i, r er !( r r ir ii,r iLlur tL IfLLj
i r Lr fttr .,:n .r r .l 't l r .r l ui i r r i r tr ,m :nr r hr l r
I PLr tr r itcLr lr g r r nLnnr r g ,li'l:n flr J,'r:i: 11,1r(ii, ru.Li:rrLrlrr,:,rni,.,r
t llulr tlt Lr r L:l
k r lt r :r ir :tLLi r ,' r n' Lnr Lr i i fu i l c L,F nj ur i nr h.Lr .i nu l ',r r
i,nr!h,u( li I tL!-fut:rlcrurrrrrt$rrs.
t J.'rjilr ilr I!trtr r rririrhrxrl i r,ri lui
r.irti Hatrr rrr unrtl ltnnt c r :rL.t: Allrri: l;r ri:irut*r c''.rn*riL,:tltJ nnt
I h{uLirrllrrir: i{in ruiliir\.- ii rrl,liri.,rt i ) r i r nt i l i r J r ter r l i : H r r r l nu .r i i ''r ,'
hrri{iir arlin[i.Lriiil+t n:,: nrF,ri:rlrt +Lir Ii r t* ni tr $r it1( .nl flf,nn.Ij
r r :i !l
r :r l r ! I : Shr tnr h Lr rtr L lilitrr r .r l .s r l .:r a!fii(CiILi.r. [:ro{Pcrlt.lr*.1i.] lrtr .r i! lirt
t:r tr Lrl.r r r r i.r r :i!inil\i+ t;.r nr r r ri n,rr!r.in; i, 1i16,
r r+:t,rru:rr,Lln:r:i
r * Jll Jr m r r r L.lr i,' r r tr r r ,rilr +;r .i L:r i I(urh:i FLrrrn,qrJr!hir I J;rr Jr priJ,.rr
-=Irffil'-Ft'
?+az::
..1
E:
.
:li-. { r
jl
.--i- j
I
101681
Persepolis
IRAN
PEovo.lcrA
A.l"r.lr
Flsr
lrx[ctfl r,tm: 1979
CerTE: C {r}i'nl (ul
:
t I
t
4
r I
In procasiuneE
csremeraE dromrrderrg hhnuri, darrri penrru
J
ftrceFutul
sA*Eroririr
AnuluiNou, ?mFerat, eErpteniicu stindarde5run
toti repre*ntan i imensului mF€riu bi!r' . sr€atrr-nii pe cai +i !$trrinte
p€t{}n delilau cu flrtft pomFA. mr$ri[i.e. bicriirnii pr cltmile,
S[rbe(r]€rei plin]deculoare,
fEsrivE, armenl cI va;e Flinecu olian&,
erao surri de nrindriepenmr habilonieniipurtnndcuperi aducAnd
cinnuitor+i <leasemenea, o +urs5 feslturi, LEuitodi Clhci€icu ht*la i,
dr JtsurrcffuFctrtrurF++trrtori. scifiicu coqfuricu teFi, seirieniicu
Sedeschideacu un ma$ rolemn hnci. lidieniicrr un crrde lrrptd,
al armateicelorZeceMii de ionienii cr drtqse +i 1ahnel,
NefiuriHri, rFoi urm.tu fierii (carE indiEnilcu ltri dr {.o{unm8ri,
aveauLtnoar$dr a drsctrdeparada Paradaavealoc la Perrepolb.Totul
ruputilorperirlor),.
urmatide elamrli estecontttonatcu marepre(i?iein
iinandteiin lanturi,perlii,so€dienii relieful macflilic lung di: 100 dr merri,
drnAsiriCenusbtsre lxluceau im€5nr tn moi muLtereg$lre,de pe
p€retiisclrii de la AFadana,Aceasta
sah nronummtelt- surpinutS de .i6 de
c+1oane, fiecareirult[ dr 25 de mern,
dtttrete tu crrpittluri suh formAde
Fifoni. lei fi tauri- eredestinatl
reeepfiilor olente de RegeleRes'lor,
rArmdit.,)nl dihas ri Ahemff|1rilor,
aareEr, ,ks de clrft leul suprem.
AhuraMarda.Corwrrqclia
rup€rbd
a iixt ccnsmitl la gmnra 1ui
Darius{51141.6iHi) drre lAdu$d
din Frneg+liscaprtalasa.
De lndatn ce a urcat Jretron,
Danur a lansato pohticdmai Fugn
.cflEdi$t[, insrkuindsauaFillccu
puren extinsellr privintacirmuirii
fiec*reiplovincii,De f pt, ,statul.rru
d€ictntralilirt" nu :rlti r,{:soie dc urr \t
n,:rus+diupen1]Lrcdrm$ire. nlci cu
sroF admmistrativ, nici comercial,
fje e{eea,Perse$jr a ftr6tde?llrltrt
ca un,;enrnrundc +veeuloc
crrcftoniile oilciale$i sr plistrE
ftEeuru]imFerial,undeseBiren8eau
darurileaduselui i sucesrnlor
s5idin bttd.ohuri[ imF+dului.
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
l 0r 7 0
I
j
la171l
t:r'
ED SU S IWW W .N AD IT ATC S l o172l
Cr:dl,qnrirpeo dadodri dr ptatl5 palatulnetminar al lui A.rtaxerxe III ln 130l.!h , Al*andru cel Mare a
ll}r|CAde +50de rn lri bt5 d.lff dE ll58'338lHr.l , ultimulcirrnuitlr din aiur$la portilecetli Armatfl saerr
netri Eil!|altf de 15meEdsitEura dinEEtia&\ffn#rid5. Aflsamblulifirlud€ ntit de mar€ni de bine inEtn}it{ lncSt
ine-et tl Rtsepdir erdo scartrce docea palatullui Xn:res,un elcglnt Fliu pe4ii r'au prcdatBri luFtt, Cu ro€re
lEFrerteNe ftudlq cQn5nuil{de defonn6ldnad spre{ale dddeauo rcertes,FilrnFot.fura obicciul$islu,
fiul lui Dariu*,Xerxe+.Acei$tl mErE s+tiEd€ slli UnadrnEeace6t€E e6t€ macedomanula dismrsPe*cpoli4
sFuctut5eradeechisE F mi ptr4i Si u'r*iderat! a ff harcnrul,&9i eici nu e tran:foru€nduJin ruine.Accarraera
pEnlt dEte$i de piarrl ihald dr SaprE Iocuirniciodstgvreoftfi€le +inki chiar rl"lxrnsrcr sah$potdw Ahene irikr
rnctrl.ta mict dr:tar{5deAeadarsa. palatulnu a fcstvreolathfok'rit drtpr c*redistmstse* Atmr ln {60l.Hr.
fl.{f,d,ru*chdiri construitcdr D$riiis. rtpJing:, demrcte,pur si siaplu, a ftat Apoi Alexrndru,de neoprir,ji.a
Tripyhn (tnpodcbitcu te*oreliefud) un spepude dcporitareprnur: feraunrl confirutt calel de cqAedrea
ri Terhan: (Elaorl de Larnl),a cfror irnFrirL ln erhi.l'ekcurtii, cer€ Orimtlui. Totuti, se+une c{ la
intBre cEtep{.!it5dr itarui repteeeneld crrrdn ZJ000de rt$Iile cu ceracrerc t?venireess,clllivE rni Ersitlkdu,
taud ii knusr (e&rc$icu ffip dr tarr cuncrftfrn€,tlerotieni rnvea{ariau a dorit rErc c'prtsscf,trnPersepolit
g capde onu cu o harbar*u7irl). minu or to€tedrfirila aduE€ careacumnu Eraieradc(6t o umbrb.
Fut'n m.did€pane9er# una*a sennuimrului.
Defspg1418de A urcatFeFlatfrrm6,singuqh 177
SalAs Trofiului,dd rsdlo€$Ea derurEriH peruoarrc
s€*upau & para.Si apusuls@relui, fi a versEictteea I
hlatul celorO Sutl de Coloane.si rdmininreteabdgtitls{ sal4. lacrimide reglet
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc
101731
:;tt
J;
l:IflIi
!J.idl
:i4
I
i
:l
{
f----*'Ai ;-.*i&'
t.{iI' g;+rir$iiYL,i
llii ,t Jjl 4,I'iii-*ri #'".itirf'|3tf;lrT I ti'li'
4l
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c lo17
bsnlrqidd * IE|r{'r
E bs us W W
101751
,o*lt--,--","'i ,*.
r:i:-tJ
.r'1
1..
J.
i
Io
*
:l
i\
!
ll
101761
rtr
llt
H}
f
lil
tri
il^
*
la177l
Minaretul
dinJam
AF CANI STA N
fltsrFr.-.!l AFE'JLls.
PEs(IFLr.-tl
lTLr i:JxIc 5l rilF!i::ll(U
l. rlllrHlL i. r! t t l rE t , { i} t r. riL i, lli)\ r; r. {L . r f r .i ir!i t f R l * n ; : i + 2
Clriliri tu\l
Crrr5.rrL:
ul
Iri
ffi{
i,ifti:s
L_
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 101781
hiretul din lafi $€ Katul. a dat &ordonatcleminaretului. ceFeres[ ff fost un Fsht, ti tur
dl! ln.r'o vrle lngrrsrrla o rhitudim dar abiair 18august195?,o expedilir iirgn*nele unui zid de apdrarcrle
de I ffi dc metri ls conlhrenta confugt dc A}rb.d A[ tsnhrsd, pe nraluldt al d.
"o.d 't"lul Ja'n'n
celord,lul rdud Hsri-nrd Eilan-rud, ptEs€dlntele Soci€ddi tltoriciloi Mai muk, tur19d0,arhaJogulitstian
Minaretul esteirrcoronatde munrii Afganqf dt ffh{rJogul 6rn.€" Ardr{ Andrrs Erunos gEit unne tl
ifld+i fi Soldlrdm reglurtcrChar din Maflcq r rcusits[ f,iungeb va]ea aFopieresminattului sle unui htzat
wstut mijlociu a1Afumistn;rului lrdepfnet!. Cdltorir€rE zile ln dr F€ anricd c.ltevattbliqc lcfi.re- tst5ti,
Aseunslumu EmFde c*lerrdrecole, drumuri e*lfem de cnev{qqggc. dgr rc r{d tr qrure'i din Kebul care
fiind FEutdoardecAFt pl5totifi cfortul lafi{ mtritat. Mftarcrul €rs su8€reald.5acolo,odEti, a k}rt
cflltori monumeniule fxr dc*cnperit ucul dbtr. c€lcmai v.chi ri tnEi un cirnitir iu#u-
drn htgDrolsreftr Enii 1930,& .5fie ft$mos*eexemolede *hitequlA l-r tusrcdtat
in 1974.TNESCO
un pitot carerbun +in:ur +rcarer i$lsmici din Aiia Ctaftal5. pe Andrta Brunocu rrstaurarce
tflnaFa$onirn.I€ lnfiratcerer$ela lnalc de 65 de mrrri, esteun mitlsr€tului.s cEmiststilitaie €ra
rum {hgEnt din iS.dtmilidi.sFure tr rublr|inara
deaaGunea
erceive
erfului
clabomtenrcdclegtomegke qi florale. Ham-rrrd, crl irat liiclirx ilnrr
Chi?Jti forma5acEtcunicS:plrmb (de doul |euri, .sre, depaatre sI!€t t&l
trcinrc,dc ioi, cstcocto€onaltr,pentru pamirrtulde +ubtlm ficAnlu-l sdse
a &v€ni circulardln unn*toar€le lncline.Patrualli mai tfuEiu,a inc+pDt
doul treiml iar ln vL{ areun helcon acFunred. a don3truiun dig din
acopcrttdc un doo de pr€ gabionidr Eetal anco{-aficu pietre,
''urfinut
arcadesupl*.Demrapun*ade pe png*rindu.selucnrl la fundanile
s€ctiunmsuFriosrf conEtedintr'un tumului Apoi, rdrbciul a sFrit totul
re8isrlude (eramic! alb€std ti Dln arrn modv,aruncidnd
tureurr cll a |r$4npFepumdndnumde IINESCO fl hrrrir minsretuldin
cal13tructrxuldi forcaracterekufica- Iam pe lista cu situdleapatinand
Inv.nrst! ar K e (hek de dstlril
de cfse al Frrruleacrlii ua vir a]
Pmdetuluj,J({eief, kuf,cxesreuna
diftrs primel€farmed€ s€rirle iElsmiirl
$edistingeprin card,cterelc a'*culite
Eilipa diacritkelo+in bueriaui
minaretului,o sca$ btr-o sFtala
dubl{dmr }s br}eon.
lflrcriptrs rpxnecAq fot t€rminat
in I 194de citre aultanulGhirath
aJ.Dh Muftarnmad(l I 63"1:03],
frxr mtmhu al dins*tiei Ghor cart s
domnirpast r€Fiun lntre l146.1114
g chiara cuctrit Delphi.De fapt,
Qutb Minrq, cel mai brft mirErfl din
ltmc. ridicerln I 186ln rxqnrl indian,
erte un sl minsErului din
"ulme+"
Jam,copiiBdq-ialar *rbltec{urB,clt
iid€cor4iun e- Toi{qi ri€i re apr€stc
lista lucffiil,Jr cunocaEta in prisinF
sE'uct$dlrdeug€rdu-seinci o
'rntebareftth fa$putts- dlnre
"fla
nullelr din i$torh misrerioa.ss $i
agitrtlt s Afg*nirtsnului De ce n
fostconettuitl Eramin*retul o parte
dintr-o moechecdin c+renu a rnai
rlma! nimicpiln:l artillii Err un prtrima{iulti univfffiatr,a fcsL de
Jum sl Yictoriei'pentrua mmrmora aseiuenea, irtlus pe ll"ta o€fi" a
dinastiadin Ohorl Sau.ualcaera fiturihfi aflaraln FGricDL Dupl rEii
locul rurde* alla Firu*olr, capitala muhi ani, ctnd Bruno,ftr linrl, a rcuiit
legendarla sultalra lui ras{ dc Edsjuntf tr vate,a v.tEutcasituaFa
p€suprEfrtlplmAntuluide catre seirulutlpse uncle dinm piade
nmn8oliilui GnEb Heni R:bpuns$ite de cersmlcld.corEtedi{r5n$el5,
[a ur*le dtrtre ac6te foltrb5d r€ Fot furate.dc hotii cett ,xupau cu
glai ln ruiftle unui foft, o crxutnrc e tralicul de antichirl$.
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc l017el
0rasul
Sfflnt
din ,
Anuradhapura
SRI L AN KA
D6rr|qnn AL'tr,{DHAPvEn
AJ']l.ltNBIE1SIS,U||:
i9B?
Cnnnr:C (tI](IIl]0v]
1${
TI
lrt.rria rieinij Devanapiya
PFarului Sn Tresa(?60-2l0 l.Hrl
LeakFreFierdetn cefurileleccndelor, carca fo fiErrdJulrnei lhiilnid cl lll.kr lHi & iq*
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
101801
4.
r':
t:
t;.
.ll
l5:.
Sigiriya
SRI LANKA
DrlructuLsrcRrra
Arilil tirr{ibrB"{turl9$2
C {ll} (lll) Y)
Cernkr':
T'l
]!
I rele.rlor,rrecul
'are,r
Bmbfti, ilr senril(r plim ahi.r{.la(t
sunt a+otcriFde linra srrbtirea
ve$fidnrijlorFr ,:dt( tr F{rartt.Zimhesc
186 larci! ii anrn{f,Frivhi carei1 umplu
d. dLlrintl Fe ctrl clruia ii oftrI flori
de lorus.Llneledinrreele danrea:R.
ln. titt$ftJu-g.[Pul lmparlobitru
diademei' ondulirrdu+ibrafele
lncf,ft lre ru brEtlri.
Po€reffinfedivine- dFsara,
densarolrcleceleseilin tradilnle
buddhxteEihindu sauFoarr
domnisorredc onoee dr h curte,
tinereleincAntltoareFicra[epr
Feret+l+i.iLap!$ al $ten.iiSi8irir'.-a
repre?intio odll sdu$f,dragoEtri,iar
rtalisrnullrr uimitortstc o umare
i unelFrac{i+iertis(i4ede nrult
E bsus I w w w ,habi t a r e s , c o , c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 101821
'l\
h. d'1"rf,r{xI fl,i Ftir+ &
\
4rx ditubr i-d dFtr4hra
,.
s ffJiE .I*h rm
I I
contrart€all,p€rtectcu simetna
grEdinilordr ls poale.iftrr-o pe+!rr{
din grldina srlbiti.e, KasyaF€aver
o sslSdr Frrrrirr LolrsrflrirAcu un
ndD lunE Je cinci hetri, Mi hulte
rct|:rtoarc F(1ltru cott(:r8teBapeL
de plaaie ii un nic teatru unde.qau
lillut FnmelesFr:cracole de murich
!i F)e?irdin irtoriainsulei$ri Lanka.
Apr.Eitrr iy 1 5Cr0dc $affiti.u
po*ii ronranlice(ll verFuns4urte
d{oFerl Kat Bftha (Zidul OBtiftrii)
un F€retraco[Entc stucurrtrurt
ca rryLrndacarc ducr 1,rrntrareu in
FalatulluiKas]'ar,a[, Aici, o Foartil
munu|T,entrls! fu .Lhrtruid 5ub
formaunni leu,folosindtr'receremid,
ti fumn*c,:'p€rircu !ruc, rlin t*e au
mai ramardoualabecu gherrele
sAF*rein piitrS. lntrtnd pdn gu|.l
leulur,viritatolul eraobli8iltsd urce
o st'd rproap. ruritl}lS dtilrl ln
peretele
des[ADcn
uldeeraFic[sre
procrnunerdr rinr:re,A$rllii,st mrri
porvrdeadmr fundaFile, decarecr
*-chca xar6 o {ort lnl+cuitl cu
momrdnt, irrr aFoi I Edrr i,r6 dc F€ rEL1m{i riE i, de metal,dar ceee
uun pe FatelesEuutreg Mogsllana. ce !e F("rrcvedrsince fac{ rA
ApoL Kaslapaa firclrdin
Anuradheprra,ceprularegatuluiin KerrzpaI a ftrcuitin pal"arul
aceavreme,ls Suiril? A .]4n9irui(un Srgrnyaapnape 18ani timpul
aranjament ordr:nat,lt gr5dini,nJun nmcsarpcntru MogatlanasdpunE
joare$i mici carralec$ ffpI la Jr.'ralele Ft Pi€ic€refl armatl Jiufernici!ri sI
sttncii, cac h renrlullor rao ia cu mlt frrrtul.Pentrur cvitas[ lir
lnfr$musefafe cu birline.fintAni l[A! pruoDi{rd{ ,}i(rc ftateleseu
(rlinne carcunek incb mai litret, Kasyrpns-ustru.ir; s{Sr$itul
fumlioneelt ln perioadele musonice) r:t| a fos!+irJir ru] certlii sigirit".
i F*ilioane penttu arnHta sn, Capitrlaa revenrtb Arrutadhapur+,
drnniterii dr lB,:u e $imuhele In rirnF.e, pinl al sferiitul recolului
conlubine PuFn mai sui Fe sriinc!, a al XIV.lea.o c+munrrare ustencl
I
construitogrldinadr Fatra.a clhei dr cAluElria ncuDataeeaae adati t;
rpaftn$ illbEricrec{mrrasra,
ti mri li::csc un l* al plrc.:riL,r lum+pri.
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 101831
Polonnaruwa
SRI L AN KA
D'Isrttcrul RlLoNNAlLnfA
A.NUL lNlrcEr*,llxn: ]gEa
CrmBx:
C {lJlnl}Ml
,t
\
t ,l
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 101841
It
\JslDom *aB*Carteade
Piaiieucst. o bu(3tltde gffri! d{
fmmaunei iilnre de palmnr lun:i de
rprnspclstt nrctri,litlt dc ufi metnr$
cdnrdrind25 de torw. O Frocesiune de
elefedFau rrrrtsFonet'ope o di$tr{[
de 95de kilomemde h +qriera din
Minirhrrledr|{ ld lblorin ruel6,
cepitatsrplendidl a inruteiSri knka.
$arrE+' F.nrri o mstiiplie aqre*tErf
fapteleregeluiNisrankamalla I +ide
lndicatil privind tuna guvcmare,l5ratc
de regeEucceBoril or sAi.
Nissanlamallaa fosrh puere 189
lntr€anii I l8?-l196,nouf,ari {are
au rnartet apogcultegetuluisingalu
de h Polonnaruwa. Din pdcate,
4o$ienitdtii 3!i f1u i'atr urnrat sfitul,
pe(et derepede
iarorslula deetrlur +oncent c+de lidud iEr
a ftrt creat.Poetc,pur g rinrplu, Parnlrahtbahui rmrruit un pal6t
ccarstai-s fo$ts{xrt9rltr scc]e{iftl reEEltere sc huda cu o miede
ln cErareHrl+srngglerVtjatebrlu I r csmere.Dr$ qeletsgr€nrv+lt mrFafu,
hotk8t r{ abondoneze Anuradhapurr su rir€i rEma6dmr trei. co'nstruitr
ln anul99-3| sf fugi ln Polonoaruwa, din c*tlmid: ii tnfrumus+pare cu
dc armala*gilor dur durastraChotra basoreliefuli(de elremplu,Salade
din sudulIndiei, carerlehcrrarer} pri*$rc g tdile reenleJ, C€h patru
peineula, Eivele$uperio€re eraudin hmn sn
ttt ucearre-", Polomtatu*t nt ir cons€cil1fll,tdrr€ ,u fcfi pi€rd rp.
fffl nici mllEff un sat.Eralocuit de o Celelnlteconsrructiialeora+ului-
c(Inunlt4e & (alugariFicuprlndeaun t€fip1a, ml|r#$rlri $id4gold(relicverii
r{ftplu +i cetelElocuifile undefsrruliei subfofinr unui doEn)- avestrmeBirea
rrgah ii tscea phcere rE FereFegl ii1
mnditsie-Chier duFdc€ cutef, r€
mul1l€ Eiri, EFclare4 e rlme!, rm rimF,
de micl dimensiDnideoarrces{rvaranii
careau umvtl au losErrulrFreo€u]eF
sdcontrole?einvariEiftlian5 decalsl
tr{rumureperclocul cu monumcntc
demnede o capitsb
hcee e vedt iE I151,cttd a
urcfft Fetri]Ir Parsl"ramrbshrI
Cqi pe6tetreireci dE ani ai d(mniei
ssleaulmrmna!tilxires unuic'rsf
minudEt, l (5rui fiim, s-d rEFpthdit
de pe coestelesubcontinen[rlui ln
Adr dr Sud-&r. dFlbvidonrrei cu
apdpentrurlrgaJm!rranuriloreta
glrintat5 prin corl*ruirea a 165de
rer€rvoareFi a 3 000 dr canale,
fu est cxnaonlinar proiecr inginerrsE
Bv€{ftr cenlru fsrskrsfts Ssftrsdls,
un rr!€rvor c(cal la 5ud-1r5tdt
Folmnaruua, care acopereall dt
kilometri phtrafi pi era inconjurat
cuunridlnehdc ll mcrri{ilmg
de ll Lilometri.
Fol'onneruwaa dcrrenit un ore;
al gddiniloE hahile de Eei rlxdun
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
101851
l+ i
l 0r 8 6
I
\
t
t-
;';
101871
I
.
f
d I
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 101881
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc l018el
dinMogao
Pepterile
CHIN A
DtrDrHuxG,Pxa{T'rc!GlNw
A ULb$r6r,-rrlih 19€?
c $I|r: c ( (!) (ru){ff) (v) (u}
t0z r
I
$r Gig{9i&rl!|t & In anulJ66d.Hr, un prcor 11Mee Fisl XIV.I€a,lftt-unadtntre
pe numr Le Zun t*cea pe lAngf, celem*i r4a4p$EliffcrrgilEri din A$s,
Dunhuangpe uru dintre celemai arta lnpcnului dc Mijloc a produc49I
irnportanterute ale caravrnekrrJt pt de grote,? 000 de sculguri i 42 000
DrumulMSI&U c5dda vtuur un fuker de metd !6mti de te{ca. hate cci
F*itFfthtiT &hhr cu o lumin5dc aurln tsre i.au @Iut malimpte$ldnantlluc.art de snfl d€
fu1ele celoro miedeBuddha. AsdrLeta le Mog:rot*tc rntnme $atuie e lui
crerutcEargstloc - o m# la marcinea Buddha.cu o ftrehimede ]5 de tu+til fi
2rl2.J0J&idl! depnunlor Gob S lirllamlan dur protejatf de,J Fegodlcu {$ptt nieeluri,
Chiru apu*eenA, la aproqpedoudmii nidicaH tr 695,ft' rimpul dinestei
deLihnrctri de Beijiru r €ramenit !5 Gn& statuiaErefElasutiti Flo
fie rranefonnac iec sffnt hdrst-
inq'.,-1rr expredede mareseninHtate.
A aduflatofrinde de h locuitotii din Dar cel flrai valorrrcrrpect ls
hddlc rr pod*lrsd4F
Egiunr li e fnc€Fu!sf,rrFc Frimad{e ldofao nu suntlrrcrkilt tr rine,ci
ftl pererelede grerietnosh de lr Mogao, dncummtareepe ccreo olerdcu ptivire
ls aproxirnstivt5 # lito{hetf suddc h evolutiaalli5trcda anei traJtfrttElc
dirtrE.4&dro & dti dh DFhueng. Vtst.r s,i .5$Fanditcu chine!€.Orotelecnntin ftetce+i
tdidJd TeE0u&de 35 tq,ericiuneir iosr6rc€iunei,isr ln 94.9lpundrn pencoddea r:elpulin
nglij r ${j BiddHdr
'Ji umrAmarlerecerccole,rdlitorii, tn chtp cinci dinartiir V/ci de nord FiEtl
de oFartdi(4ft S h rdu.I norortl nplseen,Zlnu de no,rJ,5{d (o rcurtl
lungaclEnxie pe careo htrcprifidcau, diffiFrrsdc Fsnrifie) F lin$ suba .nrei
1i'auarlusconnibughln excepliu-alul cirmuirc Chifl&E f,rini un niYelde
inventard. artAbudird cae, le rcrnf, per{cqiuneertftticl, protebil egaht
weme,au devenl gnrrelerle la Mogso. doerin pcrieda dlrrestrctMilg.
rirx"l 6fl{.Ln Fhdu r",
cllecdE.tFct44$6,i FrecELr Zun s exi+tatcu adevftflt Stilul utd murelegi scutpturelc
s,aunu, rAmgn€faptr ca tntre s€qrltit d. la Mosro - sle cftei culori vii ru
f-r
{.-
,,1
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. l01e0l
r-
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
101e1|
'ni:
ir
lr'4
,/
!t-/
:i
r-\.}\'
l
it t
7
- T-\ li'5
il
t
--t,,
ti
l 01e3l
ru
F
,;l
I
t
rrett'ilA
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c l01e4l
J866++dHrIUlrEld
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
E bsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10195
A
Impfirat
Primului
Mormfintul
dindinastia
Qin
CHI N A
Cful}l LtNIotrG,Pnolrrc|r $Hr-4NXI
ANL'r$nrc|5TF,{Inll{l$7
CrrrEir:C (t (ur}{1,4lq}
108
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
EO l01s6l
Ph 5h itEidr
10&109triE4noil.*'r
6$drcr.{}' 9r}Hi*"r4
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc l01s7l
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
tr D SU S I WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC l01s8l
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc l 01sel
w w .habi ta r e s . c o . c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 102001
plnrantchinrrh itioercereadinlr-o
cahtorirdin JaFrftis,r'ndei e
spus+sel]d $rma 96gls€a${[
elixirul nemuririi.
Procesiuneafunerad cFre e
trdversrt o m:rrepafie din ilnleriu e
lost maiesru(rasA, CandcEtFu]$Hurr
ejuns la morminl Primul Impdrat a
fa€!inhumatlmlxeunf cu ce] puirl
I 000 dc prrsoane,careau lixt
$ecnfrate la ordinui !58.
subre$n' a fost,
"lmFenul
in intregime,rcoperitcu
FIn.lS$t.Ik atuncl cemFia
a [,xr folositl tenmr
crrltivareagrinelot
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o.
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 102011
Muntele
Emei pigiganticul
BuddhadinLeshan
CHINA
Prov!.rcuStcHuN
A ut lRnEesrntru1996
Crmrn C {Hl (yi
?1.+
t
\-Jhire!'i li ff'rm ni F.. { fo6tb(+Fll h rlrul ?13,h rinl['d nrolcculde la gi8artiaa{stuie a 6{r
*Marde Buddis*, 1ArBu;dha din prirnuluian dedomniealnnp{r* lui TE t xunrat la confluetr durilat modifrceld
Lcrhanchj.s estcccamci mffo srdtuiea Xuana}r€g a {r6t renninsdth rnul Eol xtkl s.ltiag elimintui r&tej{rilc,
utreiiiguri slintedrn lume cu preciatealub Dauong,u$ ak rrre.mbtu al dinastiei Brddhadin Leshentsretnconiurst
cEnu a!rc,dr fa$, Euddhs,cr Mdirrtra, Tr.ng.Dcairuvcraniiau linsniet Ec.atri de vechisrmboiurtetecredinleibudi.te.
lmul dhEc dirciFoliidi, .erc !E rcvrni l,+.are, lrrfeleptulllaimri8 de De pe un pintn de stSt+L $ mi$dstl€
h lum. re un fel de lr,ie$ia.A,r+Ertl la BuMrthia Linglun a fo'rtrcel csrc$-a vefllrcarfi&asuprr capului,igr dcslul
nsure{,olertllrlsle o lgltime de pests legatnumekdr r<risti .orurrucFh. .st€ Fesdrat(u ! ,100dr hagiAi ale
70 dc m.th +l erte sepst*ltr &rlul Fieitongcftdeac5numsiprotecti{ufid lui Euddha<gtcdrtea:a din perirleda
de le Lingyuq le unllrrenqardurilor Buldlra enarmput*afi s:ha vietile dii#tiei Han, Ochii ltatutl Friv.rc
M|Irjiang,Da,ruFiQlngyi CaFularE pescerilor din apeledin acE{ril(lSdefuia c!ftc munt€I€Emei,uftul diMre
cel dnqi muRn$sffi din China,
De Feculmeaceamai fnahtr
5 rnuntelui,le o hlltitrl€ de .i 100
de metri,rorllerunt o priveli$te
txrleordinarl. Luminamrelui care
!f,$srr trpsredin cerl! +i reprsrirrtl,
aonfoft tradiliei, pcrFluarca filni.i a
unui mirr.ol cardlr Frmite Flcrinilor
6l fir martorii surei $aF!cilsdlare
de BuddLa.Muntek est€acoFcdrde
o tddurc de pesteo mic de ani, cu
copeciimptEs:ionanfi cfie au fcEt
a?Ioduti de |nii dr *nl Fe herd€de
orcr d. c5tte erlqtii ihineri. Ac!!t
p€ilei ftrctrrfiror r fost Froteiat din
s.colul al X-lce clnd a fo€cfcmdacd
dl:h,stir€r Wenni5n.ln *+(olul al
lVJe4 la o ahnudinede Fe+reo mie
d+metri, conceFutfidt cu+t(rlele
decn'ruluinaruraldc pe munr€leEtei.
o lungitft de 15rnetri qi o tnttlimc dr rh4onului tert h *rftnda bcrcile9ilt L+ Vannran seafltro oa8nrficecraruie
l0 tEtri, ptrul crte prift fnrr.o lFirall Edgtell1ltrteiwi amet'rtsleAle(er & de bronr a lut loddfiirrru$aPuxian.
cu I 0?I hrdt cnorne, isr urech ., g
hqfl €re aluteu fi]Iebedi D€nt'|t dh"lnitatfc protcctoeE e munr€lui,
un elementiconogslic ftadhlonal,qu .dorEurgiamtuii llaitotrgr fixr otit de c[lare pc un elefant.Are s hrAlFme
o lungimt dt ? mem.Peun eigurprcior unuldinl'e ei Flt fihtit tlahrc cs htcagtaa de 9 rnetri oi r€nellrcatt62 de tone.
El $aFrii por steo sur{ d.qalneai frrA sAfic tcrminaE-Dln fericile.a fosr Dinrft mrrkde sarrctuertbudttr ln
r5 selftgh.sdr. a€rmjnErE subsqrevtelteeacelug*ilor a{eit col! din Sichuell,m5na{tirea
Dar dimensiudkial€ dek+ice sut|t Alrrg Grc{ fi q€i Ctu},r{i E|ei BEuEUo, dt a$enenea, meritl
doarun e+.ct elfqrmeculuifaeclranrel odincroit dtudFniarlui Haitne in nint menfionat:: sesfl{ le F€lelr
ace'^tdirtafti, deD€rcc€ rrto{iasae5tenu mit-eulE, duF eceft, dre$nnl d incerat muntclui,depnea effgied* Fo+eLn
numaiftrrr rrrhr. ci si hirer[. Sierule *a mairearl lenfr dcle hxqir,ni.ft &!r. e tui B,uddha inak* dr 2,74nem.
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
lo2o2l
4
fi ,l r rt I r ''i i \r .h a f.i fa i r, i. r ' , r
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 102031
dinLongmen
Grotele
CHINA
i-uoY,\Nri,PnovrNfil HrNrx
AxuLtNxr4rsTriru: 2000
CrntnrrC tll {tll l{ll
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
lo2o4l
Itl
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 102051
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 102061
ll&iJg Omanhit
tl9
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC lo2o7l
dinYungang
Grotele
CHI N A
Datd{G. PEo\m|crA SflAxxr
A.H{I b{Br€t'TR.f$rzmf
C$nr":C{qilDtlD
TI
.ln ceamaimar+dir|lre SerFrne d 6ul eEu'ftro$ertltorut li pictur, pcnffu d ciopli figunle
groteled€ ta Yunerngln grolacu rronulul a murit & supdrffc.CAnd,ln $ a h pjcia ln culori vii, iflr1l
num{rul 19,se6lltro €tatuietr\altl anul 45t, tmpdratula foit atABinaa, Fe uritile +isst{ri.
dc 16 metri. $And h pori+ialotutulrri tmn a urcatnepotulsdu,Ifencheng C€lc 53 & Erotclbfmef,!fl
stiluii areo €:.ptde B€nitd$i Fne {?re a gDlitvi$tieria$*tului imctirrd secFumEllonusrenralds unui $it
pslmederchid ctrlre privihr, un EEt s[ rcataffeEehudi6lnul+i s[ rcsbilitele, arhealqgiccrrE constbdin F*tc o
mdifanal brrdilt eGocistcr pacea+t tnE,un fel" ima8ineE lul Tairru.Grotcle ftie dc mici temple+iEltart lotilre
burtlvofrF. la primaved€ri, itituis de la Yungrrr8,cart ctmiin ln mare din prenl. Expe4li le,au grupnttr
pet s[.] replcnntcpc buddha,dar 5t 0{0 dc imagid religioalesnpatc mi categt4'4€ E furtindpe a
nu esleaia. Canfoffi flrlErtila,treste ln gerie,suntrerultatuleformrilor dbr*nll dr eFr,ropeun kltromctru
vo$a de hnparshrlTsi*r din dina$ia splendideah l"i lituncherg. de deal,hirDelecr4i gmrr
It/€i de nord. d€sirtunci cErd st alls AcesFeruFr.iintBc€lemri tihpurii (numereletd-10) a fo6t slpate b
la putere"lrr lurul molui 4{6 d.Hr,, se +iinai pregnanteerempledc srcl gupralegh€r€fi lnFleptului TanYal].
spuneaude+pretl mult* lucruri,dar nu budirrEh pisrrEdln ChmE.Situatr Au o {ormAovali Bi+untc€k tr
Fifapti cd Erff fo$ blendin tclvmls pc psnrele+udift *L d€eluilor de careaec$cervf,ceamri m*e influentd
hrli+lh Suhinfiw+ frtntatntetttui la Vt:hul, nu rtelertede ft!,:ng, r stilului stulprlrrel* ertei din
s5u,KouQianrhi, { abdndonst cepiirla din5stieiUEi de nord, 8txcl. Crardfiara,lndia 0ocul de oriSine4t
hudismulln favoarerraoismul$i, au foEtcresteftr +ut mult€€trFe tnre budbmului),carelF rEhdutsiu fuftse
Eanltlc csree Ft](lus tero e in 46046J oi 494, cendcepirclqilrlpelull urfluenfflrd+tili5ticli LDnogrclicde
hmilia se.A di$fiusllren5ftirilesi.ln a fort mut|t{ la Lu€yRruln pfuwlnci-s anagreaci.Stxa 1?estedewebitd"
tot ac6t timp, a obliget4trluErii E[ Hensnde asthzi.DcEunr4ntc8flti're fturnoasl,la lccartt a{llndu-st marta
rerinlh viap leic+,prin folceirca aiati cf lualBreaa nacesitrtmai mslt staruiea lui BuddhaMeirrcye,
fo qi st (omitereaunoraF(4idti. de l0 000de mercrisEi'dr ls saulptori fnconju:arl dc o rnultindine dc
h 6d 180,xrr*!
Ebsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
102081
s.*E
htr
'l{d; r
{
r{rfliBf':!
s
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l 020sl
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 102101
BuddhaminiaturFli,(|neledinlfe
drli f,entimttri
srawetede doarr
Printrt ct[lattc grotr, cclc m:ri
impresionaoeedin puncr de ledere
virual sunt gotele 10-15 uneledinne
acecrea avAndinttlril* cioFliteasdel
lnaet st sflneff cu [ilte suucturidin
lemn. NumArul5 cuprindeo stat$ie
a lui Buddhainaltl de 1? rnetriairzat
in For\ie lolulului, ia.i pe p€rerele
de sud, o frumoasl pag,rll cu cinci
ftivel!ri purtst[ Fe spatede un e]e[ant.
in grota numtrul 6 rt afli o co{oan5
111
Ld6hdltdb &tri
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc lo211l
Grota gi
Seokguram
Bulguksa
ternplul
COREEA DE SUD
-
Pnc^rrNc!t
6Yron!liJ
tNUr-Nrrc|srrllr: I99ti
CrFErx,C (il {M
2t4
loplirl dinrl-un sin$rr o ir;nur€ ln minieftd a intelfpFlor
H* rleprnir, srarui*principalifrn budiJti Monuftrentul insuFicstc
gmo Seokguram* .i licl la rrtnlltirrlt sculp,tatcu pttru statri aL Rcgilor
de qprn+pepatmmem gi it rcpredntb Celeqti{ doul basorelidrri mre
pe Seotgarnoni,Buddh*tl rnomenlul rqreff t* ptotectorii temphlui
itrlninSflr FaF ssesreo combirta{ie ({]djrdpdni)+i atr€ ofl diYiflirdfi
cnigmsticade fo4i Ini3culint + proteclolrrE.
Fumus€tefemttlifle, ipr&nff nele in ciudr dimensiunilortale mi:i -
eu formaunm semilune,iar cchii pe diamfirul lhctFerii de nunai +apte
iulrAsrrebchisi indic* o Ftarede rnerri o hce mai mrc5dcc6t ecela$i
mediradeFofund: Pftul iflclat este rip de 8lote E site tn india Fi China -
Fri+r htr-un fel de .'r{ &,iflir]r)tn Seolgutem jdr.! un ml dc primi
var{ulcapllti, srmn al trtelepciunii itriFoatsntfi in Frivinla palrlrrl$nrl.ltui
supftmr. i$€rrt F o gletfo(m:l(' artiEtic budiEtdin Fert'rrdi dssi.{,
o floerede lqru+,pslnele ll sunt SF+iul i.Ftiot €cteo esredcr filozoffcl
indreptateEturt pnvttor (Betrul apLcatl, ia.!,ln Frir"inla careclerislicilor
nu*d), Fti.r rceesreinyitt lunreart trluricc, nu ere rival in [ume. Sprt
sedumine:adirl 9lrlluc|Ier st. nr6rtE deosebirede pe$$ile indienc de
veFmintedrap+teeltgant cu o croiah la Ajafta ti glstele chineie de la
carc sugaroarlinterpr€tar€acore€ant LtrElncn, {sre to6te au foFt s5p{t ln
dari st ului dEce{rmintedin Feriqda rocl nrnale.Seokguran a fort asemtlrt
d.inastieiGupta.B"ddh" estclntonjurat manual damnri grenitului dur din
de o *edede stetuiscrrlptetear Ferefii munele TbhanL unde eetekxali?+t,
grmei:rr{i [rrlltrfidftrar,receduciFrli +i csre nu a F€rmi5nici o elttr tflatcdE
douedivinitafi Hindu; ta nirelut ochitor Ares-rlfi intr€FrinderEnu tnotteazl
sdiseaflazeceDEt,fietrre aortintnd se-i uirqersaEpc rlhmti]gi" dat'nir*
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c lo212l
ll+Jls <prLrr4r
Ebsus I ww w.
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc 102131
Monumentele
din
Antic[
Nara
I APON IA
Pr*Ecrttr NAt,{
ANL1DrrEclsrRAr&
l99t
C}ln*r:C{X)tU (wl M}
l?6 T't
K
Ir I \e8d dihettirl Shrng
ru rdus pr(tsperitsa€tt€etului dupd
cc ti-su mutrt (aprtahde cinci ar1.
Ragridihdstiei Zhtu a[ adui
Frosp€ritate rege[uluidupl ce li-eu
mrtat capit la de Fei orr. Aftetr
rirg€b mr6tru, drrpdr:€ s fiEcuhet
prellcfitolii, a decisst-ti corufiuigr4t
n)u! clrtrrrh ln !:Jes Nars, unde st
va ella pmtei*t de mungipe trri FI4i,
li lmelflirca puncteldr r$rrcare de
Testoalr Nea$s, Dftrgonul C.l€st,
g Pasarea
Tigrul,4,1b Rrryie.
I-irta
Erarerialeloa de €cn$ructiesellE
lntocmi ii rt vf, aprohalnaintede Fhcart dinue acesttdo{r5 il6 *r hdi ors'l}r
ftrceFurullucrrriLrr Corutru.lia v6 i€cFffi lvea o plalt Sierahtrp{4iE&
tflcBpeduparcrolta ds toartinl,* lhtr'o grildd€ nountd hEeiile
Astf€lsunttextuledi.tului orientarede le tsr le vect)sl prtru
pnnmr la nagereaoreg-rllnHe{<6, bd hutale n'rientarede ]a nord ls
un documentGcut puHic ftr a , sud).Palatulimperlals€adl ltr
cincisprtzecca a a celel& a doua cmnul mnei rle mrd. Crrtierele
luni a primulurrn durera dd orapului la cudde palatersrrocupste
(11martie708)li mrurmnatain cu qedinFle nobllilot # le cune,
Shilfl.Nijlrrclgi,cronicaoffcialda i* celeleltreraurrupote de
JaErniertn secolulal !'Ill.len rnereriqi Fin€fustori. Rtrl{fir) ln .spir$Is, undr crsu
H€ii+kyi lau Nara,aun|3'l nurntt in tonr nunritaGe$16(ora4ul hirotonieificElug$rii.
mErrtrlir& Efu6tcrpitslflJapomer irrte exterior)aproapede pancade Coruml€tiauria+utDiTildei-ji d
?10-?84, in acesste pedoadd, JaFanh n rrd-ett a tmg,,JutFi+i18-Lya, s-au fosttetmineu ln ?51,ln s{h FinciFah
a suferirtransf€rsiSripfi*rndE, rotrsnuit cinci4ci de remplebudiste (Dribursuderr)* all+,r serurr de
devenindun st*t cu o guvemare, carefeceaupenr din eele"{are{aoli b.oru a lui Bdddhr\hiftrceru (Buddhs,
o birocratieli un co+ legfulativ did Nare' - Jdriitso,Sanrotl,H'xro, SrepdnulUniver+ului)fttake de
cenrraLiuat crrt seba:apc modelul Krsha,Kcgon+rRirru - fferare l8 IneBi # ca(eclntdrer {50 dt ranc.
chiAe!.Pelena{ acea$ra, peB(eurr condu{i de trn c$lugtrchinst Camereeve o ilul$mc de sproepe
secol,a apErut+i budirmultn JspoEiE, Cele$*r tcsli au fo{t forta csre cincirecide lnelri fl era ceamai
vtlind din China a rErfirdir budimul ln inrreaga mareconBftrqie din l€mndin lume.
Ccrunuit dupdrncdetutomptui JrFooi'.,in d€ftur3rte r.l4i€i Templuliniflel 1i rtatuie eu fcer
Chalrc'sn(ssilri XLgll), c{Fitala $lntcisle.induerF'. Cel m4i entuags! di9tluseInr.-unlncendiuSr61rirEt
dinflstieiTsn& Heiii-kr$ s fo€t $drttn{tff a[ruil rellgij a f$rt r€llcute la o scardmsi mi.5 la
c.)[cEput avAtulu. rt in ltdffe ftnpllttul ShEffiu(?]{,}19}, carE *rgitul secolului al XM.lea.
principirl de ecolncnfie+hinesd.Era a dirpuecon+truireein flecare fbtu$i specraculod, Tildsi.ii
"no{l'
un plan rectangular, cu un a- ce t al - pmvihciee unui rernplu(ldltrdnrll) tstc vetrgora+ului Narade a:i,
S{rEld-Oji - c{re il hnF!4eein $i e uneimln!3tiri pcnt clluFd undesealll muhecornplerebudiste
Sahr0{*oraEuldin ilne*, la rArdnt) (.toLd*'ipJ. in ptur, r constturr dur er:rHeil3,foi},cum runt
FiUkld ("orrfdt din dftrFte", le epusJ- Tddei,ii (Mff€te Templulde le Kdtuku.ji Gan8&ji si Kiluea4i,
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
l o214l
ltl
Monumentele
budiste
din
regiunea
H0ryu-Ji
JAPONIA
lKlrLEA,PnrFEcn ra NAxa
Arl|lr lxllc$Trlrll 1993
C (I|l(rv)lr'r]
CRrrrxlt
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 102161
6il r'q'lRllm+d
t 9Fio.i $*rJ*
.*--#*,.r,
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o 10217
|
M[nilstirea -Bahi
dinTakht-i
budistfl
lol
I
$rruinele cetalii
Sahr-i-Bah
PAKISTAN
f*qlulqu FnoN_riE*xr oENQRD'YE$T
Aftrt NIEG$fiItt: l9e{l
ftm*[:C irv]
ll0
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c e ' - 102181
T\
v
IJOXI Od$idl I erhawerrstecaprtala cimpla ksha*er htilrt{te ifl t\indle
FnwrnderFronuereirle Nord-Vecr mun lor Swrt, Trkht-l,Eeh numele
din Paki+tan,Ete un teren lnsearnna Ori:rnilor' - a fast
"Tionul
accrrlmtar1*urt de tnbun 9i liden Eonrrruirl la lncepuruls+rolululI
militad plrrhml f,rsrrcmenldri; d,Hr.$i tr lf,rnasBctivl penf,h $6rfitul
unr dintrr dcril,irelilelor e € secoluluial \rll-lea, SongYun,un
contrsbsndacu qrmelntre fu.ListaR c*lgtor chrtrerdin s$olul gl ll-les,
fi Af8aniatah,o Fre ho!ti6!atE. a lteatun d.,cument scrisal
Singlr.r hge luncliifialtr lfl Irceast5 mlnnsri.ii $i al or'4ului din EpropirrE
regruneestc leges celui mni tare Sahr+-Bsndol. tn raredescrir
Arum mai puginde doudmii clldlrile mapiffte aparatedt
de snr" rsgiunea a fost mansrul ridud si mulfimcade statui
lniloririi unuia dintre cele mai man a4oFeritecu foife de aur.
iniperii ale civililaf hi lnd$sului. Dilr Sahr-i-Bandol,p{st* +ir*,
I(ushan InemeiatE de de+endentii maite|'liu,r-afffftruit un sat
srrldatiL:rlui AlexrnJru cel Mare, ItJrrh.'LnrtE rlmrs ntrroi ruinth
a cEfix misiune era s[,i prot€jere $nai sitpd ilrn reli,c+.ar brrdrrtsub
cuceriFjledin ftent, a ajuns la ftrma unui doml ti uneleprette<u
epogeutn setolul d ll-ha d.Hr inscripfii r.ligiosi. tn lfidrdlfufu,
cfrnd, datoritl unei lungi pcrirade de limbadin Krshan-Crca ce
pace,a pnlut conrrolula ceeace odett em nn superb statuar io
U.rfta
sEdevintr
DrumulMtrllsii, Takhr.i.E€hia fosrln rhrr€pslrelie
devenird urrinteroedjar iom relcxat,di,rrrus
deraidurihinduse li
Chitrr +i Rorn:r. mu+ulnurcdr,* lungulrccolelcn, +i
Cl{sr de ls primelerile ale pu$In sigffanfe de almarallri[anicl,
_m
imperiului.Ifurhan a lrnbr5l!-Ft dupt ee desloFerise minlsbret
budismul,iff bogf,titrsei,e FcrniB e douelumlllrrea i€roluluial
mn8truir$ de orl{e, mlrrllBridFi XlX-lea,ffecrmgervarln mueeul
tanple trnFdobite cu magnlfitc dio Ferha**r
lu.reride srt[. Cuno$cutH sub Cu toire eccst€E, Tfikhr,r,Behi
nurnelede Ornchara,Foda de e+teun kr<ertr+qnlinar Orrottuit
ftulFur[ din Xushet,fte unicd$i din grxnit ct| $trirtii vcrri, eftle+i
poatechiar Faredoxahin isrorie mat€rialdin cer€s-eu{ecutstatuiie,
att?i drifltalc. ofl€1fi . ,€rtc.$h" drln5ldfta aft d intrdrc cu doul
sl€ imFeriului,p€ lf,ng[ Fr€itii sale cslumn€ cirintir€ car€ duce ln
conlluenl?unol (ulturi vanale, ,Mgles sunE cu au!o'. Aaart sp liu
i-du drtfifiinEt Fc 6rti$hi ldi si lntrff crrprndr JB de {rrpd votive
inrerFr€tt€ icono8ranabudirrt cerEmnrin sladi de maai
lntr-o manrr[,,nccidenraE', dimenri$u. Cdteva trcFrr du(
reprerentgndu-lpe Buddhacu o la curtea manestini lnconiuratt
69asrmilarEcelera lui Apnllo, cu trei Eda6.iicar€, odad, aveau
lnconjulllt de ftitoni, nimfe,cenrauri dout nivclud; !otu$i,ru a rl|ai
5ivigedevie.Elementele tipiceale remasd€€Atparter[l cu chiliih
aftci ald3i€eSreco-rcrirrnrnu ru Fntru cllu8lri $ Flerift.
trwt un Frecedenr6i nici o O treccft duc€lE bucetArii$i BEIE
coru€{inll in lunea ori€ntalE. d. fiei€ +i, tE caplEl sclrii hrci,
Erl$r[ fosrrepuftr€ ruifie a.lr ses{la o altd curte csle cuprinde
oraFclor imFcriultri.rshan, darin o aha rnrtsrcarea avut,prohabii,
rrgruncadr fronticr5a Palisranului tl lnllfimc dc nL\rEmrrri. In jurul
ti A.ftad$tsnului seaflaGkht-nBshi, cu4ii seaflAo $ahde primire,o
ceaInai roarc+i .ea nraibine F&trat5 t€ri3dFicep€lecu bohi.u rtuc
trnEsttr b{rdEttrde pe l'ales trc$ intEcte,Pe(erss6.a{,lperife
lndu*ului. {u un bald"chin,suprivie[uiesq
Uriffi p. un pintch di: sreircElna.lt <ertvEs$rui hinunatc;Buddha
de peete150de mem,acolounde ar€un chipdedivinitategreacf,.
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l 021sl
Lumbini:
loculdenaqtere
alluiBuddha
NEPAL
Ctl@r TEr.{
Ajrt,I tffc|grnl*n l9g7
firftrftC( )(vl)
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc lo22ol
13J
mor4ohlx ar di*rus rernplclr
+ilocula cdEUr prxdSuirSrii.
n$$aftersaa{crsrii Lumbinia
irrceputla sFrsitul Eemluluial XIX-lea.
Dc$i di5tfilt ld mBi ftuhe locuil,
coloqna lui Arhola ft1cd firai exista
ceo dowadl a unui loc sacru, alStud
$utsr,o grrdifir +i bariNl
decatevE
lnc$rjuratcu iidul in treptf,.Mai nult,
pt ta rnillocul *colutul al XX'lee,
+rlreologii
sudercoperitruinele
palatuluiregalKaprlar-a.*ula
eproximrtiv10 de kil'xnet|l deplnsrc.
h misurt ce FepEr(dleAlaint{u,
Ltrmhini h lftccpur $5 tcderin$ tm l.r
deFelerheipennuhdi6ii din roetr
lumee.in 19?8,datonrt urrei
invtstilii ifllpofteftr. :i UNESCq
ftiftxul erhitectjaFone!Kemo
Tangcd ftEt inrEr.marcu pr,ri.rtul
nou Lumbini",un fel d€ or$F
"lln qdrui
iirtcflla+ionel rl FE(ii El {enlru
6pirituirl$i rrrheoloElcurrnasElir
grldina s3crl li coloenelui Ahoke.
ProjEarulE rialu! ErfiFtruclir [nui
auditoriu, s unuimureu,o librArie, o
malavl monalucaFidoul complcxE
de cladin cu rempleti locuri de
primiTepenarupelerini,Dantru
,ir*rpolt gJilor Mahayanaseu,
ft 6p€ctiv,Hillaysna.Datorim
dezacordului dinne LINESCO
gi Lumbfil DevelopinenrTiust
(organirafianon'guvernamentalh
c8reposrtll o ifiscriplir lnrre timp,gtddina1i lrcul S$csrrJ .Eft .l]fiduclsa pfi)itrrul), F6nb
coFremflativEa nafieni lui Buddhs tmpejmuitecu rid, un fel de templu aetui nu s-sucoflstlxitdecEtcfitevfl
c'r eiigi* undi c{l plssadtllr v6r[ lnchinarreCinEiMayaDeYi(ire dadiri. l,a 16 mai ?003, in FrfJr,hta
Ahturi, s-sconstruito rt prr(un fusrreconsrruitahturidr mloana Iui Glanrndr4 ngele Nepelulur"
tsnplu relicvarrub fqrrmaunui dom). lui Arho*a,iar,lniur,fuseserd a fi*t inaugural un nou teFplu
Din s+flerile celuc5ruliricLiner conitruiE o irric de Jtnfd $i lnchinat rcginri Maya [kvi, carr
HsuanThn8,caree vidt*t Lumbini mHlrAstiri,
Lutrbini Rrilmasun con+inepiqtra amplasstflde
ln rnul6J6 d trlt, s+tti. tI eufrii tmttu activ al blJrmului pin: AsLoLaprntrn a indicaexatt
rdnrarnumaifundatiileacesteirrulu In secolulal XV'lea,candarftrstele hculun& s'anEscur
Buddha.
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c lo221l
Ayutthaya
T HAI L ANDA
FRol'rNfl^ FHta HAxr|lTNSJAyr,.rrHry,{
Alr',L lN*EG|sItlFxr l99l
cRrrxFn
c ifi)
TI
Indriicul atacrrdil$Fre dmtoir+m ui FoFulalhirhai, \
1i4 nord,rscuruln dealurile
din :patele locul urde cur8ealn sFirall. t.
eEertriiSuLhothai- Enu muhi ti erau Cu rttsrr inBarrcfiuni,regele
+
{
binelnsrmad.Pentr!relEele U Thon" li-a ttjmisemisrriiir recunorytete. \
orice tncerearede a re?irtaldree Hr+ S-aui (}6 duFS.e rruB5titt} vecht
rirt, a[i .5, intr-d ei din atrul 1150,a d$ffarelhmerl tx Inijl,rfill ! nui sistem
luat d$i:ia durrmasi de a abendona cr,mFlexde riuri cmt de cocfluen+a
lr@i@!&& I967nq
capitalaSiamului,carefusesefondat lturitdr M:i€ Nrm lnFburl Prssk ii Iarddld E*!rd aa@
ru mei Fulin de un serolln uffifl. Cheo Phrayr.U Thon e viritet locul
Si-achem nrhitectiimilitariifl frFaefii ale,rsi a ftEt piffiul tare a lnfiFr lffdl lld &eli!'lFtr
penrru a le ccte shtul in pttvinla c|rlmruafurplmAnt+i a scordio
lff lui ndr xd consrruiasal noul orsF Fdmfrmun mele- FpililFple'|Fnde
_mspre
Primii l-au sfdtuitsdlomeascS citre trceli. Act$ra rrli6t otigin€l Jj{ dftqFar]d ],1'gd:firtd{
,ud, in ctmpi€,unft viitorii intmici orEfuluiA!utrhrl'e, sl cllei ruime n*lrFd d# Ar h+ c tt
@d Eltir ! BddlEs
nu pureausjungEferEa fi vdruFde ill*eFmnE
"lnvincib
ul'. Ptof ifle din
la nare diit'nF. Aeefii au ronsultrt cu*rtul samknt mfentm I a Artrdhya,
rrxrcle sear{:li ru sugerars! s€ rqledinleleuhriREma,din lxEmul
* 4lt h dtlrl rdnu!&i
gesearca }|lrln,apsde la redtrcinile eFic indian Rnruluno.
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
14222
fii"
f$ii,
'
hf,'f
#[1=l
ilii
1tl
+ll
E1
iti
tl
,1",
r
:
rfif,+fln
Ei',"A!il.
..EE#
E bs qsI w w w .habi t a rceos, c c lo224l
JJ;
L)t$i nlrus caFitrlil Lnm ulro! sl EL'ntrulsiluun hEin drcptunghur] rr cu
re.:iitepanein L'6?,cir:rl a ftxt.lLrtrur; lotu+iiir€steLlDrnhrilt
dr rrel nrariahdJl
dc nrmntn ,ifl Brrmtl - niclidrtI nu ,r {monumentcrchclarcsuhdrmr unul
egalar Jiumrsetea ora+uhri Sukhoth*ln cloFur] l-H,nreilJiltiL [it ie;rilil w$t
crhii rirmuinlrilor,viritriani eunrpEni PhraM'rhathar,cr: rrn rurrrin stil
$ chirr:i cae au losrprifilti L.tcurrra hhlrtr lnurmrpnnqJsusrinurde
dir A}ttthale.L 15slt dEufrehtE itetrielE Faitri! ri.n Canrle TLrnut
pcivindcarnorilciahrLlo*rr.,,ltn<nd.r cir( ln(onjurftrLu srit .,i utc hri Budtlha
Ayutthrrn",in care()rrrrl llu,la dr r [i.?lmrdii[r! itu., ir jrrul ctrnrre
'a
cu !n millo|l de lrruir ti il roifti.scu au (tr\{ut d(hgilL l:(ry:rriln in p:r*L::r
cer m nare rtlen;,'arc a regatulLrr ceilik,i, \r irtll Tuinrle\ltar lliitburenR
Siinr,dttu',Fxs{u Las,t;! rxtins cu urrrlt rhail im:t purtinJ lragmtntc
teorcriulin fE ile ce eiise nuFlesc de fresce.
Lau Llmhoglr ii [,lyanmar Rrinele sraturtrt+ rhcdiii fundrtnle
ln perimrlaploilormr.srrnrce. mlnrstrrriF ncteRrJveha fc jrml.lrrta
A!utrhnl! FlTt,r!I Flutelrscn F€ ,lne. inEhj re de veBBri{ietrin fefl+ire,
L{]{uirlele,liFalateleer{u adflsrr te F* icfrrstl krml mturnl.l LIL'
Fil{}niri erru ,ltn lemn,delmr€ce Fiarre rcdF{riren.jLttnr!e Fr*'rni]er
sepr,ren lrrlosrnrrmarpcnr! eJ lalh i,,iulu J( c.1rre'i,nikrli (lc
religirnre.TlmpleleernucnnsrnrileFr n:nrt:ri,rl*-'r lrrn6,rrl
stcoleL.r
rufu*turi de ptrftrintrr.sLmLt:lirru Drft lrirI rc,:unorqterii
"rsul
i;liririi Je,lFrecareynrhennrikrlolra
'rnlan dr clltre LtiESL]]
buJiss. ln runrceinlr. ilin;rld lrrai aurodrrtrlsrhni.Ir l ns$
mriFf nu FUrdmarJe{it te*ll+lc Crl r n prr'grrnrJ* rrst;u'r,rregL
m.rinrarc tr'at PhraSi Sanptt,a li:st .run\iguratsitulflr Fdrs(nul
lltrlr:fltde {fitre mrrnhnihmiliei regEle dc partr Arte?iAlurrha!l
;i cupnnde"o strtuiea lui Bullha existliJin n,ru.r cnnhrl
inirlti de I5 nr{(ri !i ir{('p{rid (u rcliHifl$,
LItuHirnidurjv(rlit ai(i.
ll0 dc kil.rrame d. .!i Jar imadftiilri' iar statrrilrhi BrnlLlhir runt
Jin BLrllldl-tur rotrir linrpluirrc itr drrFrfu.u n tx{ tut(Krli..
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l0225l
Angkor
C A M BO DG I A
!For.rior $[M Rra}
A|'rfr tNrlctslltfl 199!
pEL[sr,\P.\Trh]ofirulsrMorDraLrrlrr lN-rEc|.oll 1992
in-5(']ris
Cfir tEl|:C { r }{ l ir r l
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c l0226l
bf
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
bi ta r e s . c o . c c lo227l
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l0228l
II
I4
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s , c o , c c
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c lo22sl
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
102301
_.1i
ffi
itll
1i
I
# -,
,iT:'iE"
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 1 0 2 3| 1
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
lan2l
t+i
i . +,::i.4
l{*.*-'#
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 102331
Sanctuarul
dinMySon
V IETN AM
Drsrf|flur DUYXuyrx,PmlTloA QU^NG
NAr,r
ANUIhfiI..rsT*.llL 1999
CrftlllC (rD(flI
$ putiRde doueore
d€ merscu ma{inascF€r[modcmd
Da Nang rl reilea orapdin llemem,
t,16 camirime, populalieti imFortsnlA
indusuirB, de sanctuarulde Ia My
S<m,cet mai impormnrsit erhmloglc
al drii. fu dtum, *tale do[: cre re
intind dirpr$lalfionst de muli Fidevifl
o cdlrorie lnsFniln dmp. $crare de
arfakincepein condilii buo€fi Ere
case$rfabru1dr o partag de altr, dar,
fiaplai, d€vinaun drum din ce tn ar
msi bgurt +im6irudtrn nmr TreAcul
!€ rbregte,iar Deisaiuid€vinefodrte
verde,cu tercnuripenru rultivarea
orezulu+i dealuricu trl*ntstiidecgfta,
pdn[ c€nd,ln 6nal,sosindlnn-o
depresiumlrnpinrild cu temple
protejetede Hon Quep,
"Muntele
Co\ulul de Pisice'.
Artlli. linbtar domnttl€ F€sre
My Sofl,lqcul c're . foFraaFirah
r€ligioasAit intrl.cruah rrdinesriei
Ch.arndc la 3Br;tul !€coluluial lV-les
pturnln mijlocul*rdului sl Xllt-lea.
Templclesalcnu au {ot, poate,la [el
dEnrnEnitcctau rtGnatcca si cele
dr te Aigtor (C+mbacra), PaEpn
(Mp"mar) s*u Eorobodur
(lndon€ridl,daraceFrea rcpresinH
doveli arhrtectu|eleimFoitehta
Fdvind r€B{nrlcu rea nai lun!6
€riltcnF din Asiade Sud,E$t.
imFIr r ln dout qlanuri- Narikel
Vamla (ClanulNucii de Coc,rd)+i
Kramul Vamra(tllarul Nutii de
Beteli,care,rerpectiv, c,nrtrolau
regiunilecenuilS fi d+Juddin
l/ietrum- dinastiaChamfl splrui
ln j urul*nului!00 li r sratla putere multe c,hkeiuriti {rrfinfe, car{ lh reprermracoreapondenrul
spitrtualsl
gtnd itr 169?,cind su fostdrtnxrali Jav:rft$rseri, ia rindul lor,alxorbite oraSului Shimapura (mtieicurne-ut
de liderii flfilftbri Hud. ln.5 de din Indi+. Dinr*tie Chama otganizat dreptTie Kieu),.epireleFolinef
ls lnceFur,aceltiaau rsmss raganrl fntt'un *iBtertrde caitt, a {i adfiiru$tratil{ a r.gatului
independenrr 6F dc cultora adopru alfaberulsanrcrir.{ imbr5ri${r Ediliciile de la My Sonre lmprn ln
thinezl, dar au rncn;inutun contrct hindulrmul,$i'r legitimatputerea fi cesn$smblurirrhgioarerdenrficare
a4rogxatcu khmeriidm Crmbogragi ru{dnglldu-Fi
desaendenFr dinrr'o prin lirerehrlfabctuluiar huite{ie
aermuitorilJavei.Din ac.astdin-sul5, dt€rrr€ lmun, .u Shiva My Son arheologiifiancrri. primii carc k.eu
au lmprumutatqi, apoi,au uansftxmar r {rNt lnchinar €ce*teidivinirgli Fi srLrdi. Fi€date est€caract€rilat
de
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
E bsus w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 102341
-\
I'It
l{6.}d7 Odd! a
t4l
De{iatatarhitectura, c5t
ii iconagrafiatemplelors nt
apa.rentlmprumutete directdin
monum+rrtele indiene,javanele9i
Lhmse,mrmbdidinartiei(lhamau
fusrirbvat ri rchflicl ln drmeunui
inaendts,aarea dislEusqemplele de
lemnla incaputulrecolulLri al \4.tea,
acelrielt-au rcconrm:it fokxind
c{rEmd5$i grHie legac cu rAsinf,
exfiaradin planreindiFne. S€
crrde c[ ac€$tra,]onstruin ffecare
monummt, le atcFereau cu un
furvtli1dinrr.un liant rpecial,iar,
apoi te pnrcedala o "ccnc€tt"
hEini+ de efsptrd+decorsre.
in purrctulde m^i- ul spltndorii
dinssneiCtram,Ia My Son,eleuti8
d+ temple,dar datorid atrcunl:r +
mrndetiilor lircr€nte, do6r?t mai
_urI intacrr in *cr,riul al
erau
pltmlesau F[rtrareaobrectelor
clldirisubfonnaturnurilor rrtuahcc,
textcle XX'lea.In timpul rrrhrriuluidin
dreptunghiulare'imtolulft!untdui sac.c+io seri€d. mici tcmple Vmnam,tombelelarsacede
secrusl hri Shive- esernlnlioBreunot inchDerealtor divi rtrfi din svioanele americane 85? BUmai
corlhi. Fi*are anremblu de chdrn F*nr.onulhinduindreptate ceFe dktn8 .inci, iftclusit Affrrmhltll A,
aonstl dintr,o inftfire,rtn lemp]u Functrlecanlinal€. ClSJirilctrau crl maiimportantal ritului.in 1001,
[llmciFallnumit I hn, rsre conlulc cu *tatui(acum,la mureul
,,trecorate guvemulvi€msmez :r lenset
un lnglm. obcliscr:lfaliccare din Da N:hgl Fil:$oieliefud cu urlElr n proiecrFentrustudieres,
ftpft:inrd pt Shir;rl,s clidire prntrLr Llilhrhlfr mlEicier!icelesti,plantrrr restarErcb $i lrnbunAtAtir€fi
a primi pelerirrii,o lncaperepentru aninreleasori:rtecuhului dilinirHtilor- sistemuhride drenaredin ronE.
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 102351
detemple
Ansamblul
dinPrambanan
INDONEZIA
PRor'tto,1
Yoqlxarrd hvi
AHr[bnEGrfiRlRurlgtrg
C*rIrRrEC{rl{tv)
148
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
102361
'|,
lanTl
flf.tri
'rt(
li . '
L l ri r ,: rx.L fl
r l o )r..J,,.r rt:.r r r i:r l r: lt \ : , r. f : , . ii r 1 , ! : f l: , n , r r . , 1 :
irrf.:tj ljr,i ar:,rif {.t. !r .,i!i:n:'.1. r. , r' ! r. ' r riln , i. J , rf r! : r E r1 .r r : u ' u : , t
ru .L i L rtu ,)i
T rn
, q l tl :ll L riShr f.r r r r L . i, : r. t : l . : I f r, , rrrrr
i rfu .rh F rl r D n rl ,l A Dii.,nl itr r ul rrl, f rii: ir. ' . , lrrr-r ri { lr u r, i f r . , l . . , l . r l
1 :ci n :rL l rL Irr | . rr ,, i r1;iinr ,r.lr , rr, . |t : L ir; , rilt : , 1 t r r' : lf i r L ' * : :
+i J. r.rn ! rr;. ri l i ! i r tcnr r .r i i: , r' u lllri: u l: riiL (jl. r:i, L i J nr L t r i : .
n :r:-,fu i rru i r;i l i : i .ttri r ,:r r r :r i, n lr . , : rr. , rr, , l, , n J , 1 r S , r L , ' r J ' r .
'n
r:i l i f'.:1 trn l rfrrr,: ,, j r r i\ r , lL: iiLrr flr fr J::r;i J,if.rrtil oiir .it:( ir
S h ra i r i rr..tr: r rr .l t llr nu.ir L.r . J r r i , rf l 1 ! [ F : ] r ir. l i r i i . r J i l i
r i :\1 5 rn r i L L n :r .L rrr. ,r ulLLlrr .Jr ! ir lL rrrr: r. , t . i, . r-$ lr -l-rt : r L i L i . t i r :
i rrL fl 1 fl rrl . L , i l L rrs,ir : ir Li r r :' .,h. ln t l: r r: r F L riL rr, r. y rr, r rh rr . l r , i
l ). ti r.::rf. . r:i ,r : rr rrFir ,i,,{ !, . r l , f . iiL ' r ' : rrr rL ii i. c rrr. il
rL f,,t:l LtL n ,f i :L ,:r:rin :1r rir r clr :r r :ir f
i !r l rh Ih ,! i (]i ,r,:,,1 1 , \ir lt:l,
( r:,:rr,'i ,,ril 1 L r:i 1 .r:rrl{ l,:r l:r , :i r .r
:L ;.rn r; rrl " rn ' rL .rr r l+ .LrLr :.1.r :L
i i rt:l i i l J ( r'.i rtu rrn u r:rir ilii
(rn ,mrl u l ri h r:,l ..rr r r i l
i f t'rJ.i i ,{i r? .n F r.Ll,ifr :i
rr H n rrr:l i L r i ;.rru l r,.u, r ir ,.
i ri ,:,,:l r.,l i ,i u ft^ h rrL r- itr I r :ar
ti r \::rh :L r l ,l r .tl fE r r i ir f
:l rr.!r,tf ,1 , | .F 1 !rl ti .l ur:ir ' ( L:r l:
.l i n .rl ,rn .r',n rr
t\,rt.i rrri l r rr .rfu iL
krt,n rri .l r Ii rn 'h r.l ,, r
n r ,ti , f i ', .:',r
't' '.l i 'r
102381
'g
i rl
i :|t.'
l .i
r,f-*
u
i#
.l*
iffi
:.1+-i"$
tr{
nE l:
6i r-
;,T*
*+:
r"r:il
q*'1,{
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC l023el
t5r +*#t9
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 102401
Templul
dinBorobudur
INDONEZIA
PTOVlFllYOGIAX,TST.{ JAVA
iflur lNrEc'trrir[i l99l
CIITEx:C (rl (rJ 0v)
J5J
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
l a241l
Ir+
#'
,#
2'
t
tr ::!
\t':
rj)
?ii
r +rt-
l a243l
I d-
t ri
t
*
}F
-f=
I
:
ir"
.4
b t
*
t
tI..
l a244l
!i r
tf
a
q'- a
f
F I'
{*:,-.'!
:l L."
-'.F _::nS
I
hr
'{
11
+
'-
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc l0245l
i-"\
)q
Khajuraho I
.._;-".**,",
\
INDIA \ ,.'
-----------\+ \*
i
STATW Ilt,\DIflA PB,u{g{
rl-[,arl-
n'rlfrir5rr"iRn:1t186
ClIn*||: C {rl (m}
Ie&en&crrc tnfE mFi hgrirna rxginra divinl. Lr fe1ii indtpendcnt A lnfrrit intre *nii 950 9i
circutEti a6daiin Madhraftad€sh dlna.rtiiledin rrcrdulIndiei swfn 1050ii a rsu+it sE,$iftentmi suprerflaFs
poyerteF(c.trlihdarorul dinasri€i cf suotffe dtandra vtaruh+.ffe Stryr pin4 in semlulgl Xlll-lea etnde fr)dr
Chandellatra nrdulfmp.eunrni unei r,nmslu,tr altc cuvintr. clanuricare bli$nt demrpelerultanuluidin Dclfii.
tinere5i frumoae feraeitrralrmsne descindfredin divinitar€i Lunii, Se ln secoluldt tta rui mareSlorie,
cu diviniterEaLunil Un prelicfirori-e din aceeas Sofielul lruffiptii Bntace dinarnaChsbdellaa rohBtruit85 de
epu+furneii$5desna+terecopil$lui in gBiittld Khajumho aratAr[ dirustn templeta Khajuraho,dinor citre 20 au
pddulta dc ta Khajumlroft i-a prffig ChrindelladeEcindea din C:trandrateVg. r nel ln pic1mtepillt asl{ui SEpateln
cI liul ei r.adeveniregedup! ce va Sul lui Atr( fqelepml de ongtnq Ererie,scesreaemuuneledintreceh rnu
hving€ un dgru c rnEi le goalc,aFri trunari,Ded numelrAtri arr $.rii+t clr inalte exprcsrialearteilndienedin toate
!s ridics un irnml +i ninuna[ imperiu, numen4ljefi & clanurisuhinJluents timpudh. Primulc*re *ves s[ le dei4tlc
Lrgendede eccstfel tunt dernrlde inF.riulqi Cupt. axePgnd+usecolul htrlnllln a.rdaondinaE a fo6rc5ldrorul
mmude+i, de attcei, sunl gtrrerrle al Vl-les,ehisld sttolulel lX-tea arablbn Battut4in ;r:rulanuluil3Jl,
de cgtrcdt)rmtorii antici pentrus.$i dmerriaChandellsrr fondsrun fl:grrt carea ajunahtrarn loc pt cae l-a
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 102461
!,or
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
1 4 2 4| 7
F#*l
\,
rt
5
in
Ti\
t
ll
q
Lr
.r'
D
Ebs 102481
elftElErdl tnlfirr@
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
0249
,1.
J+ li
'r{l
,,,;:r
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 102501
rf,r
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
1 0 2 5| 1
Monumentele
budiste
dinSanchi
I NDI A
Sr r l L L{ n:r H!1F!1nIS|
A\tir .l\kiGL!Itr Rll 1989
La :Enr rC ir l i.j DtlUij lr r i
#-si=s
\TF;,H;Hi
'oa
\\
lo252l
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
Ebsus 102531
#{sd ftllr,lh*i
h'dc'?edq rtnrd
H.odldlrr,@iC+ d,itso0EI|i4rrfidd]
Sfttuh Di!&! llh&.
sFli! {ft|Mdia.d
tanr* laS{upeJ.
dinaetleiGupta,clnd tabuurik carc pieri pecarea fct gavar r.rnfel de Aluurdru ,xl Mareln tnnput
ioterziceaureFsenur:le umaneale ghkl el tir.ffiln de Feletftrsi,tr !qli, e4*d4iei xh ln lndie.
dilintt[CJ iu fd6tmai puun ricuroaI{, cearnairrche limt6 din India.Zecidc huirrurta acceeh'nufui hdisflfluluicu
ln rlteDrece ln bfiordl€furile lui ek4 jnod au fir6tEulsEuitetr lurul ansfi6Eul Erli rnelodrdnadcsi rarrsl
A,rhola,Buddhac*rc prc+enrarca Marii Sn+Ato6tedr m€imrci de culrehiadurste drmo.rltrad&
un u$ore 8o {ruh corea r.1uru14 dirncnsiunisi aflateartS.sitn diferire tffi#ddk 45 ri 4? de p,ecffits des'd a
Iluoirure), ca o roar! e legii (caft gadii de co'neervart, cr:msunrqirrele dealulri,Ati ahorcli.fuile rnai€laborstr
EeFe?intdruglciuule |qle), ca un rtftph!€,r d alendnEFhril'nc€rc ll Epftdntil FeBu&lhahtEor{uretd.
cal (penmra sifllollza tenuntareela rpa4in &fuit*l ctepeetecredinfci divinitSfleapelorGengepi Yrrnuu,
boglfi e lume{ti} $i c€o liniE (o budiEEdin i*torr4iftllsri. lbmdul 18, danretrlare stnarak gichiarecenc
etnbl€mAa ctli gglecatrenirrana). din rccolulat Vll'leq ..t $urFdftdulr emtiff, csIt Euinaugr.tfat o nau! €Foc!
[3tE{ tmou cu vrdere sIft rud, p.in aJpichJB:unefudoidnic8l€rt$c, afiiErid ti qiritusl4 iEre urms5dajullgi
Ashokae urple$t un ob+li$ de dna,Edr a magTerfrli culti.ralclEEaieds la apogcutr rempleledin
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l o254l
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 102551
f Pegterile
dinAjanta
t INDIA
F ra
'+ STATUL Marl{x-asr{rx
r
,t\r]t lxR[Grsnl[ll:1983
C{r}{rr)( r}{v0
CrmR'r:
iha'nrhidlVll.kair
habi ta r e s . c o . c c 102561
I^*.***
estt pre?enlrt thind Brdtirrse fl(\qle
chiErcu alurii errni':e.Arfitc,
<eprcsiDrdfemei,bdrbati,demoni, ElHfrquidb€i|dl,r
r4rd 16n nt4ri'd lr
l1i
alhasnttde lotus furft degctul ihdrr creaturicu GF unraned corpuride
{i arrietond meiniist6ngi.O c.}roftr[ Fft{ri (tdj<dui, nluui.i.hi (g'nJla*l
glra ii faqe capul Ftrse aplece,iar ochii d dalrsatoffelecelestc(dFsarailn
sdim,r], tiprui, sunt p. jBtnltate decoruricu flori, copaci,liucte fi
inchiti lr r-o exprcsiede FEce animaleMultedinnt pegmiau
In jurul sdu,rt afltlungrup
sublimtr. caracrcrisricia rfuecturale qi *ulpturi
listiv d€ muzic i€ni, lndrega$tifi, c"re re lmbiM perfectcu plcrurile
mairnule+i Feuhl ln SinhdL, rot +i, p€ntru a creaint€rioar€d€ o matE
scensFrerinrdtonurim8icrutle,cu frumusege. De aremenea, nmarcihil
un HhiFattyfr caresalvesra un s.{p rconogrdicgl
estesincretismr.r,l rrui!.idtd rrid hd!r,
d{ |lauftagia}i
de un trib canibalde Ficturilor d fiind .n au fmt execuEte
fcmei,demolryoluFioalci doriuEre iR ceamaimarepertedeanhti hirdu,
de s5flge, ilr moddco*blr fursec,rhlerrllV-leari It si. rs ro r|E@raal
Acerteasi mukealtelerunt al VJea,cdndAlrrnraavei o FrFula+l€
iluso"api
spltndtdedin Jcrala,texul rrahiltde :00 dc calugen.
sscru cEft ftlarelr5 epjsjade din vrala
lui Burldhein mulrehsrrleincrrn$ri
Fnn qarea Fecutpecaleall{minerii.
Fict.te tn rreirtti Je pe*efi din
4 anbt, :lce3tda su[t o strir de lucrJn
de o extraordinarl calilste aitisiice
qieligoaEd.Mat mult,eleofereo
imrgiflc vie a .dmportamntului +i
a obiceiurilordin lfidir ln F{iio.d:r
dinaatieiCupta,
A+eatelntr-un fiumosdealde
formauneiFnrrxrvc in c.rrul rtrlui
Wrslrcrsdin pdi$ul Deccarl Fc$terile
eia.uadApostul l|nei maricomrrairlli
rh cilugEriintre secoleleal il.tea f al
Vl.lea sreu ofe* g5lrlurecllEqlnlorh
p€riradam(ts,xricd.Unelr pe$tffierru
iemple(cfiaiiFld),ier altel€menlstid
(urlam).in pnmelep;reri, icorragafta
unnearddfiratclc $c('liiHiflayam,
in careBuddh*puteali rtprennter
nEmiritrln simbaluri,in vrenreCe
ln Fe}rsile mi tefii erte evident{
influengaqcorh MahryDr" mei lil€r:,
ln,rareffecare viatHa lui Brddha
esterepreEentatiin dEtrrliiligurstive,
Srt'ntle smt {trrte frumoasef
prezintf, un rnarr nufillr de pcrsonaie;
unani $unt flu&, $enificfi $eneusle,
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
1 4 2 5| 7
ltf
i,#
a
i"l .
.#';r
t
#
'.iFL,..
1'rh:rir.rprrrur,rl.ttirl,:.ir;:cr.L '{r''l it .(:[,. r ir:irFiin] Firtnx..ii l.li ,Lr: I un:' ,1,:.rtoll, .rr rt .r
nfll.r.r,r !ri, frr, iir iir! +r(tij nr :r ' ,r t ,' , h, r ir "ir ,i[liu r ;l r r r ,]l , j u!r i r .,r r r \i r r i -
Lr j r .r rt:,:
' ' Lr
Iltrlur:tL'I il l.t1.nrt 'r ( iiL , lL L rllf n iL ,1rr r tr 'r r ti * . A | t+r r r .i ( .i ,J r r i r
i ,r ur: nnrfirL ..k lir.llrt,r[ : r , lr r rr ir r :ur Lr iur nrrli t!ir . pfr r .:r l ! J r Li n i l 1,1]fl t.:i ri:,.jn l Sl l ,1,. r r 1 ,:
:r i!l.r+ \eqeli r iitu,ir. Jc n f n rrl-f lir nj;r *iL ir Lrli' :r .r l.:r :r .1,,::
Lr ,:J LI J ( ) fi r Er iIr i t. r ,i r i LH .r
'j ..n\.* r l
q x r:':nlrrrerrl. i: i4\'tiu L | ! lrrl r ar r :r Jcr l ll, , l,,lL l.,r tLtr i i r ,'1. t'r .i ,r nr !l r u !r Li qr .r|.i i j r
tLrrJr :rrgill.i:r r:nrrt r r:qiirrrir hr iir r r ului r ' r tr r r , t r h r r ;1.i s :l .. c or r r :r r te:r r r r ':r .r r i r r i - r l l .,r t
r r urrlc rititlrl tut., "l. n r r .r iJlr r ii ior ;\,r ir :ir .i r ,I:r ,r r ir i fi r ttrr \4!i . Lr : .::r r . r u \'r ,i i ,f
prr:rr:trrtL ,r;r [:rr.,rrL! ,: u l' rrr !r .r ti ,ii:r Ji:r ntlr r r Lrrrir Fr r 1 F j r tn. {nl ,\i nfr r r | ,Lrh\r .,r i tr ,l t
102581
bi ta r e s . c o . c c l 025el
180
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 102601
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 1 0 2 6| 1
Pegterile
dinEllora (
a
INDIA
5T,4T1,1Mnlt{R^sH-tR-^
ANULt\'BrGISnAftIt;1983
CrrrEHrf{E}(rr}{ul
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
l0262l
28J
T\
tl
IJekshinrpam err De la nordle rud,pr desl,mailntai lir6tm:f tfurio r$imihd lui S*rasv:rri,
numelepecsreindleniil. dar uEitriorulinrelnelteprimeleF€$teri o !eif[ hindo cu Foteri ssemllrlAtoare.
dr mr ui csretrer€ prm celemai (st"cotefual Vl.leapi al VII-lea),de Trecrrtade la budum la hinduirm
iErl$rtantelocuri de Fel€rinaide p€ cuk budist.Sunt ll tr r.rrrl iar $rilul $ddb$ltld in p€$tetudnumErul11,
sub(rrntirrent.FqLEirde qarFv+nele in,:areEufos(consEuitrrellectll numlrd Tin Ta1a,o ! 4r4 enomrE
comffclEk, de-E lutrSulscolcldr tr."*a dr la auste.aFcoali pe trei nilele
a fostlnirumusefatcu numet'}rs€ budhtl HinrTmr, cdte inteEi.Pa Cn rnre acastea,nimic din
monumenle,simboluriale !Ep$r+nI$rs unull{ s diginului,cEu{ r$eticale p€$trri budirtt nu Fregf,tctte
bi]85Fti cannuimnlllr ti dc flroni poala budirti Mahayrnn Aceasri viritatorulpenrruf xtrsordfi$rele
pderinilor Dirrtrcetesrapunctr S..El5de gendirefl rAsgtnditreligia +aptesplezece Fe$eri circ urTnesrll
de afiaclie$erelnarcl peFtenlede d a inrndus r.ryrecptuldr adotare Sdpateinr:t *colele a[ VII-lea 5i
la Elloraqarere a{l ln riealulde hJlustrtt+u, venerareadifenrelm rl Lt, ha, acesteasunr, tn pnncrpal,
ta:alt rle le Ch:fmaduri Jin incamAriale prinlului Siddharths hchinste lui Shivs,cel rn$i putemic
p+dhul Dtcran, ln apropicrea pc drumul saucrtre lluminare,in ii mai amhiauudintr€ divinirEfil€ .are
oralului Aurangabad. retnplcle bud$re msl cste reprezenrartr Fqluler!, Fanlermulhindu-PeFr€ra
Tenrrmul ,,peFtere'nu expnmf, fi ico0la misticll VBjrsliatur,care a nomltr 16- Pirtla ra cenuFie6te
fi:ea ce acesteasuft de frFr! nu aDlrut in momentulin carebudismul ecdpcrit: c[ stuc alb Frnnu 11
aduce$n (ribu nici det/oladlor a urtr.rr in tonllict cu hinduismul. limbolisa?f,Fqda veFnice- esreo
cermuitoriai dinastieiCuptacaie flartre ccl€ mai ftumoffr pc$ten rmon:trucFeuimitr:erea muntelui
su de.ft .onsE_uir€a loq nici yalorii bldisle amintim!€+terafi m-u.ul5, Keilas\ muntth sacru din mft.ldgie
e*cepflonrle din Funft de vcr.lere numid Mihar*qdai are o sale indisnn,s a$uldicinftdfilr'i
culrural,rcligios+i Ertrstlc8l pnncrprrlnlung{ de }0 de metri, care Cnrstruit6la deciriaregeluiKrbhna I
pelterilor. De fapt, runt o serir r aosrfolositl drept rfrck]riu. Rtshrtkuita (?5&-71]), p.gterr estF
'}lEts
'lbrwi.
de remple (ull' dl Fi ministiri celemaiimFortante
scubruri cearnai msrestruc!lll{ nlonoliticlldin
(ciaitldl s5Fateln stdncdqi cuprinJ segiFeFcin pe$teranunrerul6, carc lume ,4.fort nevoie de 100 de zurid
m?i multesculpturic|rreEtestll .ortgifi. o tfigii! t lui Mtfiayrmoii, (r de 1 000 de oameni pentru a indeFarta
succesiunea * +$praprlnerea c{tltebr diviniriire a cunoE+rrrii reFrereft ard Zl0 000 de tone Je rcc5, dar
budisr, hindu $i ,ein*t din India- 6tandpe un pAun A{€astAp$sfireir dunerxiunilesslem$ive duble{aP
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 102631
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 102641
]dJlzm n EIB'Ler
l4i'drl iEjiidd dr
'{d{idr
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 102651
Monumentele
dinHampi
I NDI A
DtsTnrcTfL BtLL,,,llY,
K{Fi( rAx,r
Atu lN*t6!5Tt"rftlt:L9€6
li*sCFrS
*t rrsr.rc,qrrrv+vrulurJrrlsrEraL r{Fr^TIr lt.a Cet: Iytg
CErrrHn:C (rl (r i (l1l
rdi,L,riE ,& u
','tn 'iri
Ebsusl w ww . hab
E bsus 102661
TI
In I44]. rrmbrcrJorul memb lor crrriii oh:crvcdr sus
lrersanAbdu'FRe::aqvirite HanrFi manrfesrrnle -i
dr llusschr,r.
o s.lrb[rLrare
capitalaimperiulurVijayanusar(t)r'.riul relqiodstrrr.AreilaifiAdepitiie t8i
Victoriei,scchra dcnumitt a ooFului granifeleIndiei,Ora+ul:t nlnilaudad
.c r der rrumrleim$€ri lui), {i e forr cu minrmnte oFerede |lrhircfiuH, cum
aretde impresionar, incat a lisat o
dercriereuhrircan. Ptntrtr ktuitotii
migniiiculri orirt, scris,rrsndAfiriirriu
abligaroriila nrerdedin liecareri
Seaflaupe*tetot, iar petaleleerau
vindute in sacim.ri h hr:iar,Acolo,
pl: r+ighclc,purcri Hlsi rLLbine, saiire,
perle!r diamante ,"ietrecare
imtxlobearr doamnele,.le la crrr*,
Orarul a frr:rccnrrul r crca ct umla
s[ {r('colrsLder.lr I rim[l mareimperiu
hindu de pe subrnntinrni-Arope.ea
o suprafagE carecorerpundrsctulltlor
statt Kamr:rakg.AnJhra ftrdesh sr
Mahrrreshrra. Se bucur*de o porifle
[rvoiilstE infi -o deFreriune, liind
pro('eiatpe tlei pnrti de InunF,i.tr p{
a pattaJr curoulJt xpl rapid el rtului
Oralula fo,rtfondarin
Tungalhsdra.
1336dec6treHakknpiBukkrrd<iftrtr
hindu crre fmseri irtxti si trercl la
Iilrm dc c]rc srrkaniidin Delhiii,rrre.
duptrEctea,aurenulrlarla n':uareli{ie,
Lqarrla Irxt aleraf.it din mrtiE rcliginft,
cer ti milir.Ire,Je$arcceln rporprco
Ramrqarur,se atla-<eacolo RishkDds,
regatulmajm||le]or,ti dem.ece.
conftrrmlqendei, FrimlrirritnirE
arurrr:asldrntreShivasi hrlati a irvu( estePavrli+nrrl EalenleiRegeluiin care
loc pc nulur e tiLLJuiTungrbhaLlra- cimruitr:ruJ.rea;e;a pr un ta[r, i.it
Ciirmuit{rrii rm}t(}ri eu rcstnumr cclrl;rhrrl unrplutru u $eunre eBirltr
5i in#umusegar templelehrnduin m.rrt clr a s$dr grilrr li bnni ce uFnnusaffe
pdrtedin lndia s! au revir0lifir alta Jati celorsira.i. B€iaRe€lnriela un
li llemtrrra careln Ferreiirsesrii l.arininconjur.rtde gdrrii ri iintini.t
inBbrr$ire o dala,:u s+!ir+amqngohlor su d ft]ftn{ de hius Sidin carccurgea
(lu trrrte arster, in rapitaltrau aF:lFrrfurrirJ. Mai eriisraii Loru!
inttudusun sdl *rhitt':t{)nicaart a hlahrl, un Fl\'ihon minunat,rercnrt
preloataEFecfe i$la ic( pr carele-iru .Jrmmnelor de 1acutc, rer::15turise
infrumrrsetat cu o fom6 +pnrape aihu nr.rril.redtplrruri gen.ruelefanfi,
neonrtnlionalr a itondgtrfiri hihdu. ir)corLlnete cr| leaedornuriinilre.
Ha picste punrra(cu tumuri rflr€ BararrLlerr o +rarl?lru coltunecare
iru losr{oostruitepenErua pernrite ducu h templulVrrpthhr in carese
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
10267l
-EE{r
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
0268
.
-'.}
- .- ,. -l-
|' l .iel;,t,
Ebsus w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c l026el
Monumentel
edinMahabalipura
I N DI A
ST,uurTA!e,Nnlu
Ar,arlb!'rEcrfl$xq:1984
C$rffs C ir) {s} t[j) (r")
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc lo27ol
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
l a271l
l-
I
I
j
.r:
* *'r, - +l**
!' rr
r. - -?E 1-dc
h-
I
la272l
:!i
Arruce- Listasiturilor
I llca-$rhr0ftr hf -lEri Lrlrf f, Nuolar^S^ 5 Ttrofl -DflrGi
I l"qr -LalqHrerr z .E@E'I+fiEeErIuBn!c* & h, AiJ 5llrts r-E DF"
SEIL Pht k nffJr -*.ErEfi
I l.E|t - T,,unrf ,4{rft.E
I ItAr* -Ya|tEn 6EItfti -,crsfl
r l,qa- elEr
Z Effir - r,{Etrl|d$ }hEtffiqr St, I *r-u|r -Tb6rn ?A|GrftE - MrII^?I6|ft
F8drmr DEtr fiEa Pix,f.Ll DAlgrr t Tlfl|ru-0rEEm{
E bs usI w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c lo274l
Africa
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
s I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l o275l
Sabratha
LIBIA
D|srRtcrulZ{Et-\
ANULlr,TE$tsfiAfi : !982
Crm* : C (rrrl
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
l a276l
TI I
ilr
q fr
(-
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 10277
|
ffilljlurlfir$cr4etun
Mt&l lr JnrF.ri'd .nd
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s , c o , c c
l a278l
l,r!
*r_l
r"
.J {;
v
P ^l L
-'J
,TJ
il
'l
.+,'
',i l :
lo27sl
inc
t 'lr .
I
102801
ir ! j. ' i . r,r !1 .
Ll l
EbsLrs co cc
Ir,vww.habitares 1 0 2 8| 1
Leptis
Magna """t.\
L IBIA
DisrxrcruL AL-Krror!1!
AtuulftIFIC
ISTF^rtt: I98!
CnTF,lDr {rl (trl(u)
rl
:l
!
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc lo282l
r-r
H
.l l"l ,}tlFl f:lmitil dr o.q din Tripdihnia, isr rnaidEiu di.n
c$rnerciaqihrgsti de originepunid, tffite pmviAciaA[i;A. DBft*it! portulu
LucdlsScFtimiusSeDeru,1, rfrrcur tn ii ir.u$intei.6rftrcimtitr . rli, llFriE e-a
cetqteaL+Ftir in anul 146d.Ht, e ftdr tuah4fiFt rua fftde+,ebeno6, sc]cvi+i
rrlmisla $'rdii h Romalr o r€rgtd aninnle *lbarice penuuloc"ril" dtt l0J
fosrtc l;sgcdr. In ateavr€rne,ers un circuti Continueerdndar. r ch€iulihf
,pftrcanadevdrat"ni vorhcaprostlimba +ia piefe.lcrr efl egd.$nd€ co{tsuctia
lrtir1l. Cu taateacertca,lnfi-o pcrioadlt uno'rediEciireLqbaseti civile din ,:e
de cgFvaBft, lrrc5Ffttnsreasr, tl cernFiimF(esion€tlteA(Eitea
cfiaeitrnrl culalJsd etr€intaau atr'f,s trau Snanrattdt bmilirk cla.sei
etenliaasuFrtrlui la curteaiEFEriatl. eotxrcialgil* catere aflautr
Su{Eesul+eua fo€ttEpld1i l-a dus&cpt
h vfif, d€vmind htrFSratlh 191.A
afteptetleae eni pAn[ rd re tfitoatEl
BEasd h Leprir, carea primrta$del
rirlul dr nqgnsin cir6rta la. A fscur
boccai'a $tdtlt Frneft penGue nrlri
crtattc. A construitmagniffculflrc de
tnumf careit poerttrnumh, la i.ftrt e
ln nrai lrconjular de FstrulAfftni
dccoratecu coloancEibamrelkfurl
Apai a rtconstruit port{l tr t$regr4e
+il { unit cu ,-ntul ,:ra,+ului ptltnt-d
colcaadl impresiorunt5,fl iraugurrt
un elcggntnyr4fiaermti a di*u+
construirtaunui uri$ foruminconiurrt
dc o pEdurEde col(EneF d€t'r,ratcu
capcrerePrezendndMedurECrs
msi remEreahil[coosEuqie,tDtu{i
trir6t t€lilice (lerminlrl de dul slu
Caracslh),,:arf dicprnesde o sdf
Friirisdlr lnelt5 & lO d€ D!€di.
dccorail cu €]egEnrcrclrefurieu
nimfe.ftun:e de acanl ciorchini
de+Fuguriti rcdil
Dacl ar fi sesFun+rn adevlnrl,
l-eporeradeiaun orq magniffc,Awe
80 0J0de lwuitori d eracuno+cutln
trlt brpffir-rlthepr Ati(ii". Ls ,El
"peda
cumva ftrtlnrplat cu Septinrius $vtfls,
orssulq brJktrittr mornentulln car€a ,;oftpctiti4,ifilpongrd cer ftri frumodEl 36Jtu ld.Jdrllfrnsd
intrar lo tor,tactcu RornaFr:allardr mElmur6qicd rn8ipric.eputicrti{ti *nmtErlnur d**e
fe cieniidiAT"'rtirnpde recr:'h6:sese Fi decoratod. Do$tul Ha"ni!61 oiEpli Drddri{nrdld
subfffirtrDlul ca.'taginerikEdsr qcea{m TaS€Flu$ fufui d-a uifidt d}ncet5Ftrii 4EMEreltr.t!tu{
dl td S$dnld SffirJ d
steredr fuDts-slrrc}€htln l,16l-Hr EFrrr*rdlAndsrnitru+ia teatrului-
cSrnd rornanii*-ru lrf$+r ovplul tmporlobitcu ataru!.a fmt trd,abil
iJt(rticde perta mErE$l iu luar oratulh bijuteriaolaiului - Eia pietrL.art fi7nHrJF cI.hriTn*4
uxcsiune. A del'r.nit cel mei imDtrtant dilErrEe # &ul chio$uri irctosorule i09-llldHr
'{iid,n
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
102831
l a284l
t, i
It
{E *
r r 3!
i
I
lI
a-
tl'
{+ .T
fi
102851
n
t
f'
I
j
{
102861
10287|
.q
I- .
,;' .*
\rj
0288
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c l 028sl
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
.habi ta r e s . c o . c c l02s0l
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
1 0 2 e| 1
.l'.rLi i rh'rrr.L,r
i :r'
.r i Ir 1 :, r ! Mf,i :,i , i
n i l ,'i , *.. .l n i I l
. i r rr',rt:i i :r ,, i rr.,rr.l ::
I Iri :,:i rh l L rt,, i :r ,
1: iir'r.rr!.Lrr.i irrltrr ll
:rrii:r.|\ Jf iar, Lrl n
.L.. b-
'i..
E bsus w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c l 02e3l
Cirene
LIBIA
DIsrxtcrlrlGHEBET,{x}rDAl
A\L'LlN*[GrsrtAfttt: l9S!
CRtrEr,u:
C {rJIrrl {rrtl
lr4
FrimitedeIa
ireneafofioftumossa c(mforminstructrunilor lI{ llq r lJ+JfJ Sircl
ti grrfioa$Arumfa a p{durii c! un pyhia,oracrrtulIui Apollodin thlphi.
temTreraruent avmtutr:s, da htliet, Priftl pirul din tenrFlullui Apr lo -
intr-o zi,AFolloa v!:rlt-o lupttlndu,se careseffflEirr cmtrul a .ee! ce urina
cu r:n leu,s'a lndrdgrxtitde ea cAdel.ina c€l mai imF(rrtffii o.ai diD
nehuneste $ra rlplt-o, fugindin F€nraFnlirul!rL\ - s fost rrFElBiS tn
A.fircaintr-un crr de aur; acolo anul6J I l-Hr, Battus,conducitcrtul
ru lbndnrun or$ cu numeleei expedifiei.a devenitregeii e f(x1(15r
Dinrolo de mrtologr.,ii Fovert€a dinarlia.ar€-i F+rrtf umeleFicsre
fondtdi.rre[i Ciren€n'ansmisb de urma sd aibtr opt monarhi (ala cum a
Herodorl-a irnplirnt p+Aprllo ce prc:isoracolul),Dnastia a luar sibrfit
per$mli pnhctpal F rmosul t$torit Itr anul.14OiHn cind a f(rst iitsiiluitb
$ec aretl cl ora$ a fa6rfundatde un o d.mocBti€ duptrmodel a[cniBn.
grupde cotronifiiErecidin 'Iira iactuale Sacolullrl lV-legLHr a coincir cu
inrulE$antarinif,carr au vehitlri Lihia Ferioadrrde glarie a oralului Cirene,
cind a prosSxratdin puncr de vedcrc
economiqdar(ril5 exportorilotde
FroduscegdcolecIfte Grecia.flra+ul a
,i devenitcelebruFidetonrillre$erii
cailor {i culEvErii de C,r.'i1rys/tnrJ.r,:err,
qplanttr sSlbeti.ilcaft creFteadin Il" tsirlrt itrFrEru
p. Flarodledin aproFiere
rbundent{
$i eralendutf, cu un pfi[ ce echivalacu rr,,L,Ldr d*l! drnd lr(0!
gleufateaei in rur p€nttu pntuprrstle
cu puterimagiceg mum*rrrtgice.in
actrrif pcrioadf,de suc{es,in care
oralLrls-qdi+tin+prin hoaatesavia{d
cultumle,Ffirm{nirtaJc cttf,tcnii
sai faimoqi,ca Slomlirl Aristipp{s,
asrronomul ThardorusFimatematici.ldul
$i fuicianulEratostene, r,au crrr$t it
numeroar€nvmumetlrcsrhit{crurgle Ansamblul racrrreradotatcu o
rna.numitEFtuplfutun gtaact (ifffafta
Templul lui Apotl+ inigial, a fir* monumrnralE a templuluD, bflirermale
o simFii EsFlan+dl, inchi!5 ilc dour: ti un reatru.Importanfa Cireneiera
rinduri de qa* colomt Ft larurile datl tr aceape.ioadade conitructia
hiri {i ullrp|fir.r, p€ cele iunfii remplului tui Zr:ur,crre artfuicsft unul
faDntonl.ll dir carenll s-FuFIFtmr rlinne ftle mgi frumoa,iEmonumente
dffat ftagmentc,€ra sculFulttcu din vastulsit arhenlo8ic, Incepurin
hasreli€furi r.prcrt nrllnd-o pe Cirtne semlulal V.leai.Hr.,err maimaru
ucigSndIrul cu mAinihgoalr. In fata deciLtParthenonul ti tuprindeao
rempluluisc aflarltit.ul monumntal, 5irtuicrnofinl a lui Zeusdupemodeh]l
o stnrctrrrlde tatcar lungl i[' l] dc dleritde o sraftrieRlui ftdiasFenrru
mrrri lmLrdi:iiriau m$flflrrr5 tenrplullui Zeusdc la Olrmpr.r.
E bsus w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
l 02e4l
Frrrr * f, !r:fr.r:: r x
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l 02e5l
,.r!!,,+i:-=*_eg+-1{q''
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
l02e6l
Jl 6JJ7 DaMld
ll?
E bsus w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
ils
.habi ta r e s . c o . c c l 02e8l
t
uhl.ry*ffi g1fld! * l7
dldE'ts hi!ru lqqt ri4' fj
,l&{4@r!e i FFci! &L
ie {a lEddJmn{M dt
't
:c0.cc
"r:
s
I
II
I
/
1
I
.' ' !
I
.\
b "..
0300
Ei-
a--'
:;
t\
\
$i.',;*.
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 1 0 3 0| 1
ginecropola
Memphis sa,
piramidele
delaGizeh
laDahshu
EGIPT
CLt\'trt"A-t'L\-|.'1(L
GitH
ANUL !!.ftt6151ft,\nt,,
]9i9
CnEn:::C(rJl:rrJir rl
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
103021
,)l! "
.i{
_ ,i
.
Ji
i';,i$
'j'u['3'fl
J
":,'l
.t
I ,i
{'
lr
/.1
il'l
tl
\":=-'l
,rT-
'.''
'.t',
t i
\
0304
103051
114
:rh fl 1 :rl Ji ::rrl i i rr.r 1 r,,1,.1r . r h,.r r .:r if lir:!r!lt r;r,.jj i,il.r:,tr :xi.,,,rri j i ,i: r:.rfli
r n r:n i :i L : i rrrrrrr!;1 fl ur ,\:t;ir . .l::r ;rni lr :r r rr t tfi :iur Lri :r .r ..
l l ri ,:c!'rn . l .rn ,. .: ! r , ( flr Dr .:inr .r :r il.: I ii .lr |' lt: :. I r r :r r L ,r
n:r:ir::i n :,'i i rtr 'i .Ltl i .n tr .,ft1, l:Lrr ,r i. !1n1li i.!' .iniili :u.l: li r :r ,r .l J
i-.,i rrt,i i .i t, ,r,r ri rr::,r r .]i:r r L.r i :i t+ :1:l. n ,,' r i.,{ .tL.r i,r f.rlnri .r .r i i .
t,t,l:Lr Li .irr rrr r.r. rLiitfL.k':(n j r r ir r :::r ,L liir \l( r jr fi|| tr t r ;ilL .r i ,r Lr L
r\-i.11:; i. l\:i(d i iir r !r' iir ir ,r, ir ,:i L.r r r .r L:L:r r otLL r i;in.lla . ii.r i r L;i f( I,j
it!. | ((lr ':ir;.ir :Lri:rru:jrt,: l:r:rri: ,1.:,*-,r .{ r ' + !;r r !. ' r ,r :l, t!:r r rr l i ::1'r r Ll
'r
r ,rrr -:r n ri h f .l N ri i i rri r ( ..r :.r flr i:( r t, r ..l.ir .i r ' r i,i.i ijr ntlr ., ij:r :r ..i
|:r i \,j .1 ::i fi l :ri ri l . K rxl .rri( ll.J:( i r i r ii.r ;ir r n.fn*:i Ir ' ifr i ,1 tlc :,Li r{i
\1 i [(r ..' i 1 1 (r:l .L r:rj rl . ..ai r L!- .{ i,l,r l:11,::l1,,r ! ( :( 1j .i L
:ri t rlri iJf ir f,lr.r Jir:.rjli: r.|rc .r L,\l]:{r! r i{ tr ir ir r ttr r L :.r ir .itu:r ii1. fi r r r .
',
t l :q r:rj ;1 rn r:l .r!,,: rrt,.l u .lX\i: ;r r r r I.:,' r l .r , r l ! ( :ir :r r :.1:rr t| r x f.i l i r .i
: H : F r I,r1 t.[l x:,!ri li ;r:r i. ir :i]r { .nlr .:Lr .[.I- i .Li. nur r lr Jr tj.r r :r .r .r
i .: If Jr :rL r:n!r ri i !. .l (( ir riir :r fr :rr i li;r i:r ti :.ir .) .jr :.:r il r lr r r r Lr r r i i
.1r ,::r.ir .t 1ri'.Llrr cjra r i!:trrrir! rh 1 . r iri,:,!,rt,ciJ iic nrr.F { i.. f. L.
\ tr r:i t i rr;..+l L n t:'l ,.i r.r r tol' Lr t' :L J n,L,ir .L,r r .r :r i* lrr Ltr l
i r-;, .l rr t.u : ',.1 l |n , ] r ,l,L;1 r nr ir .r r :I1:rr . ,r r r r r r lr Aiii ir rr .,'i nx Er i
'..1:,i
i ri !l ,i rr:,.,1 .'ti .,i .tr+.i I ci tir r ' r l .4.ii) lr i:r :lir if :,1r :r .r r ;r i r :r r r r L. *
nN'rrn: llfir rf!,1.( iLt litl:r: i|;l nirt llrirr. r ,t r ir .. br r r l .r r r ;.lr ,1Lrr r r Lr r l l L:
L [L rt. I i I'rrri t:r t i rx]:tr r l lLi iir tl] ,r i1.,,1".l(L'ti'.,rir- r r :rn r r.nrun...nr l
JL r;,: l i .r.r.r:: .::,:i .r :,1r .,;r L,:,lL:: r ir r :r .ir 1.,t:rH.i.r 1.,:r ,l !:r .,:r i l ntLr :i t| ,
r r r,.,,!:ri i i L n i .rr,:riJr :i ,r :r lr f:i:r ii \!:,' ,:r ,r : iJ,,i r . r r r r i r L.l i L:rr :i
. rr:i i r1 I i ,I ||.,],'1 rir: .: L:r :.. r : r r .ln .j ir tr iiL:r ,rr .:,r lr lr ,' j fi r 1r
L i i - ,: :Lr :r :i,
l n i ti r rrr: ,r i r rl t rr,r.1 . !ii ,*.n: r j r r L .i: t,:!r i$r r l+ 1 J,j r :r L.:n
.L
:-i
rr{
5t +
qB \}
103071
il6
I
" - , f' f '
1
t I
*
rl
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc l030el
Teba
anticfi
si t
necropola
sa
EGIPT
GL"l'EirfJe{I{&lL QF{
Ai,lrl NrEcsrflrx: 1979
CrIrrMrC {r){ul [v|)
il8
a aproximativ6?5de desffr$Taba- ifld5erp€t|rtue8tpEfii- de Kamat prina.o lungecalede
hk'm*r; d+Qao, acoloundeNilul drept un orsgal minunilor,ssdel acceipavad, FentruFrc.esiuni
lac€o aotitdrll st1ift[ +i rste hilrginit inair locuitorii nui boga6de pe crlelalt (drErrur,ftrBr!sct), m5r8irur!de
de un lenl muntcsnu prre thElq nri$ilul $nn tl MediteianeiFaarenturau *fincgl In fap templulut s{ mai FG{€
nu esteo noutatt sr Drci dorinF lrr Egit pentru a adrtin tcmpleh l'edeaii este?io Foriur|e din accase.
ircprtslbilA a flriralorilff de altrraun magnifue, spcctaculoar+le statui Dcnumi! mrodardf Jraremulde sud
senrnal aeceriilor pcla nmmum*nreh coloele de Ia h{emnond nrffirritele al Iu Amon", a fostltn+pur de
Frlufftuite& srtd.in'IiSa - cltitrls nttropole dtn VeieaRegilor.in opinia Amcnlntep al lll,lce, der e fort
dltust{itotegpttre din tirnpul lu.rDiodot: nu 1*ru teminar de Famresalllleq,
"rnormmtclc
p,rGtcritdtilpo{ibilitata de E
pruducecevemai frumof.
AstSri,L{*or, orglsl carf $eaf}l pe
mald stafl€al NilultuiFeI'xul c{pitalei
enticc,lntr,o ron5 locuidl de c€l
puFtr ?50SS de ani, esiece.lmai
cxttetrdturarmugeuin aerliber dia
lume. La ce!i'.'r kloftftri hordd+
orazulmodernseaflEtemplullui
Anon-Ra de la Kamat, Endrinatreului
srxre,una dinrtt celetul {rapoftante
divrnitlti ale fuiptului Entk. Co'nstruir
in jurul anului 1900tllr de cetre
Strottir I, un frraon al Dinqftiei X[l
tn timpul Regatuluide Miiloc, flu r
incetat s[ seextindasi sdr€ schimb*
pdni h recolulal lV'lea d]h Fiecsre
ftraon doteesI"Filare amFrenta
deosftcetamplul ll1iA$rdr-Rarellst*
concepiiafinticAEcgipt€nilor€6dprd
lumii- $rqul erasuucturatpe douA
Nor.ui Re$t, btre l5?Gl0?0tHr. ara a:rade la est la resr careurlneTea
$riielirurik uri+tilor au d€venitpiese treiectori*$lrftlui, simbol11rahrrii
Etorrce.PdmiicEleEulreqq lnin diyine a luclurilo4 isJ ara de la nord
ac€6telocuri au ftr6rcdlltqdi greci$i la +ud,nergealn paralelce apcle
romaniln perioadaProlemeilorf au Nilului +i *t tcfetcala tcdroriu +i
L5*r tn urm{ a.elFuqn 2 000de frsfiti frrE{lis $uvffanuhi, pri$ carefaraorrl
scriiditepe petepimvtrunlorleraoitcr reprerrntafi,r:iuneadintrc tot {E era
drr Vslt€ fugilor Pcltngl rccrtea, diviE$ omene6c.d a cA i exEtent{
Feefleneecjeln fenkisnE,dFrlolt, Bsigulslnoapedtstea tteatului.
liciltr:, rrptl qi altelimbi. Toateacestea Mai la rurl,furvatraerrlulur
suhadin'rds cll rtrl€fie EgiFtului€6 pe stdngal Nilului seafll
'mlul
dejaleeen&rehainte de sri cleFtifli, ternplull,'lr:ror,conitruir ln timpul
Srriitoniantici$eci PausqnrsE domnieilur Arneahorepa-llfiJea
Sftston sl Diod'r'rdi$ Sirllia au (l3S6.1349 LHr.)ti cart rm legar
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103101
i lJ9
ConfolmmErtuliilordln Fallru+un,
cultullui Amon din M:rreteTemFlt lui &sw d Jl.iPos ndicl t
dE 1r Kdrnik iuJl nici fir:ri mult, d.i
marputinde l0 000deprcoti.Odati l]8lB I,iru sij,5+rd&
pean,cu ocaziaiErhatoriizeifeiLh€t,
pr€otiiscoteau ritatuialui Adiondhl tm+ ddrnb*iktu ld 4h&n
rl rarsi o Furtautntr.o procesiune t nrl.t 4 rrydfdC d 5 fit
la templuldin Luxorpe un fel de
barcddin lemnaurit.
Hr4.q!*{ s dl,r,tuftirF,*
ndJ6( d Nt&!i,ruLI
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
1 0 311|
!.
.!-,p
r+\ .
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103121
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc 103131
J42
E bsus l w w w .habi ta r e s . c o . c c
| 0314|
?r
ii.r
r' lE$
il
i+i
'i
l*la
l!'--
l*iI
|u rl
t-+l
rfi l
'".' f:li:rlr
=
",i
L
.i
.{.
!l !
I
I
i-.'
. r l: . 1' .t
?i'
103151
;'rl'!
tli
ttrllflti, s
l.tr'l$!
\'l ;, r R.Lil,. L'tui . L! . : ir rJ , i! r. r
,l:rr nuLrti: ft,:rlL.rr,l. i lL . . r. u rn lf
! iL LrrNr:iii 6: .lE ri\,,,1 . \ 1 , lrr
i, rnt, r!,1.',!it( f .lniirf.cii rl.
nrr,r,u: q. .irr r:(i' rLr rt, t f iiriL jr
nrnIr Jrrrrt m r,r! un.L r ru r: r jin rf ] L
frtrrruirrtrt,fL.lrrt io*rif i F rin i I
r,rr:x,rr.i,:r
J ir,,tirurrr:ir.'rrrir: ir
crrrp,lr,: i'r'r ;r,rl.,rlril lLr:LrLc"
LI l ,uL:nL:rlI .li i j j r' l i l 5 l l, : r t , . ir : rL
llinrrriiriX\ lll, tL liLr.irJ\l : Lr
r.r rr\: a,f,i. JL,f,i l,'nrL : ln iL rI
riL r
unirr:r,:rl :,1 r:r 5r rrl l t c * rL L . rt L .
t':
r1
fl
\l
'ri
".i
1 :trr, rL Jt i :d r[l u : S i r,r :1i,.
1,,tr .,,
n rir,! r:r,. l;irLrrr-lniii!
r' itt lt n . rr: rL f t rl" :
i rri H .rtrc i rr
t r: Trr:,.. r lt : lr . i, : : r [ i
I : lrllr;r:L.rr;Ltl.iir: r.:n nrl nt, r,,1,..-
Pl:rnL I ,lc ,.r!fLrrrrirrL nr,nrDrrl.:r
+tr thf.,'r::t",[:r; ir rcrcrrL.irrriLr,lL
"
i r r ri .,!n L L ,rn l ,r.L L .,l .,,r i:: I r r .r r L
: . r Jti L ri ri .n rrL . L rrrrri n r r lt' r r r r r r .
u r , L rr q .i i r {r L {:li i i tl l (r i jLr r t:,r i r r :
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103161
srrcr#nsul&Pr}nulut.in acralt} sccoluluigl XYIIl-lea de c[ue rElqglrul i:Eurruun prolt fri:rl pri$ {offrshsndtr
.amer[, o]tlform ftlqre1drnE8ipt l reruit Claude Flcard, r€ir a sorfuaici lI1 ctl obiecteantice-
Antic regrl€st trrrnlformetntr,o l?36. Llnul dintre primiierroFenicere DeFimrrlredinFe comorileVIii
rndraredi{nit. Rre!{i erauFcoFerilcu F desenn!lmn8minleTeheia trjst ReErlerau fe5rtrldale, invlrHlii
fiaueliefuri multrcolon reprerentnml artistotdanerFrederihLrdwig Nonlen, eu ptni [u todtdbuk deci$ivllr
uieF de sFoi+icllf,rorixpr cer€o urmetde fucherdFococke. cerer descifrareahieroglifelorli la stFtturile
intreprindea farironul penfru a ajungcln rchftaro harH detBliatEa VNiiRegikn din capicalaegipteanirlin.5aqolele *l
agatul lui Osiris In secolulal XIX-lea,p mrsurr ce XlXlea +i rl XX-lea.in slhrlit,ln l9?1,
ifl c"lmea glotiu sale,Ttha ,,s!il 'cglplerfl $ndcFirdcrlAnluiEln dupll rece,ni de mlrncdasidul.
repftrenra t umJulpurerii eglptenr Europa.nrL:nuurentelr de la Tcba Howard(Ian* a de*operit ultimul
iar pentrugeci ti mmani em un lrc al atr{geauarheolagi,invi[ai ca Pros!€r mormint, flrl ind<ialaunul rjintre cele
minundtiilor,Jar,dlph cucerirea!trrii Joil:is 9i EdouanJr1eVillie$, arthti ca rnri lasaintrnte
i turi hi{trff}rse, d1n
de cirrf aribi B c&ur h uiHre.A {(Jst David Rober*, filrl lmi mrndonr] VsleaRegilor,momr5ntullui
redesco!f,ritIdo,rrls tn{epLft[ muhi vi:rtstorilqsifi de s4mpulecare Tutankamon,fareonulcopil
.r+{.i15tueiire
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 103171
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc
I
i I
{
t#.ffiffi
il+l*';
I
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l031el
Monumentele
nubiene
dela
qiPhilae
AbuSimbel
EG I PT
Gr,.rrrir,lrtrlNTllA5waN
A uL lN*Ecrsrr{Bul9l9
Cffift ; C ll) (1 l (!|}
l4$ A r*,n"no*
* Lrl o (listantade Zi]Sdenletn
doudle'ridesni p€nff s remlrna de rlnFla.\dmrntui orieinal.
cempania lansard
de UNESOCln1960 Pcntruaceasrd opfl-allune
l)tnttu lr stlv, fiegnifi.€le temple+lela cofrFlexA,ilu flst reiate15 000de
Abu Sirnbel. Construitc pe malulrr:tng ronede piare in I 036 de hlL:curi
aJNiluluiln urmocu pesteI l-50de numerotlrecu griil, irJ ln dcauft,ul
ani decitrt Ramses al ll-leaii in Frdr€suluis au lnJfFarrar100000 dc
lntri:gim(,srulprririn:idul de pierri, tone de piatre.AFoi stnLcturileau
templele sendnla ?81de Lilomem {rxt rear"rmhl+re,reconsrruindu - re
la sudde Aswan,Liarnu desrulde 9i inelul mufirorr{irliurul templelrrr.
deprnedeLxul under.a urnstruit Aceea+isoertlt a aeur,o 'li remplul
mrreleLar.rjrle pe Nil. Femesurl mni prrfin faimos,dar h fel de
ceapclccrettcdtrln $patele Ll€ului, important,de la Phrlae,situat
Lmrryn i'sd{ (}t{?idn h
devenea din ce in ce mxiclarcl Abu intre mardt h.rrai1i h:rraiul Aswm,
Simbcl cr.i itl Feri(r . S-x holi$!, fi rernFlele
Frecum del* Gef
deti. stc;itnan'rr trmplelor, Hursein,
Dakka,Amada, Den,
delaranlbla rerr lor ti ret,lnsftuifte Kalatsha,Qar ihrahimf \9adi
ls'Sabua,inidal cunoscut*tb
uumele,le lui AmLrn'
-C*sa
Llrliftdin coFsiderntiehnirl ci
fuiptul.r Jcnat mai muhe remple J+r l-{9 EhIc}J&h
minorc unor tllrl in semnde
mul;umirepennu aiurrrrulncordat
in cadrulopraTiunii de salvare,estr
[mpcr! cArde muir aceapcrlradl de
do[il:cci de rni a mr ific$rEcdgrafia
rcchii Nuhia,Ttmplul de la Dehrd.
&inrt SFaniiji,Frumserfl! I!
Madrid; ttnplul de lrr Denduru
aflI la MarmpolilafiMu$rurl {lin
Ne*- York templulde la El-Lrssiya
s afll in Mu:eul tgipteanrlin Ttrrinoi
pornr talnplrrluiJe la Kalrhsh*a ale fluviulrri, dind na.ttereunei
plecntln Mureul Egiptenndin Berlinr civiiirad!dcsruldr sofbticare.
intre
iar temphrlde la TalTaeeafle la snii ?0C0.1559i.Hr..ftgiunm ers
Rilksnuseunrvrin uJheden Euvefifttider€gatullcrma dirl
din L('idcn,Olands. upropiere,dar e8iFieflii U inceF r
lsr+rir Nqbiei !Rsr?lrgiune $ll si elercirc influentspesreo
detErticl dr-a lun$rl Nilulri, care pattedin Nubir de Ia inceputul
ffupil RErtI F!fte:: de lud a Egiprului mileniuluiel ll,lea l.Hr gi,practic.
gi o psrtedio Sudan are sFfirspe su domirur-oin lrrul anului
iasemii de ani. LrEuirearesiuniir I l0O t.Hr Regiuneai-a im{:rcsrrpe
in€eFuiin jurul anuh .1800i Hr. femonidintl-o seriede motive,drt
Jc cltre populap scmrnrmadecorc cel mqr imF,rtanf lucru, era bagaftr
trepte!s-a! ssez:rtF€ malutilefrrtile ln nlft'lr pretidas€$i Firtdl d€
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
103201
Fi
lf.
.1 ;
*,
*
, IF\
]
t
* flSlJlii,tu,4nE{h:rl!r
l:idn4llIjlli hixflrefli
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc
la322l
'\-
t
ta
* L.
10323
,I
i
:
\.', I
t,t'
rl
,li1
i)
/,
E bsus l o324l
iin'Ii-ka si Ra'Hir?khri Jin Hel'orolis Lh'i ffi mai rfrrriu,un alt rilar r,
(AflAnJ(ri:ei s(nrei ii Ran*s inru+i, rnrirarul elrgle.WillianrJohn Bank,
ft:rLriiri re ;rrihui o rieineJiliutl- ins+lr de irlhnnul Lilov*nDrFrnsri.
Rrlirin ELniplutui.tio$ irtfel {ahulatl a roqit sil nrtrr ln rnitul tenrplu
cl de d,;uilori pe at il ;rrii :ilehndc idchirur lui N"cfertAflA mai f(.6t
l0 lrb.uarie|i lll ictomhric- ra:clc trc!.oi+de doi nni. Fnrn l t llueusr
so.rrehri, Jivinitart aJ.rrntirL babLrrni, lB Lr",cimJ u .r1t*plrtrrrtor italian.
r!: FErrurulfirr sali celrrr;rLil
r cJifrrirLlui (iirEanni BrLoni. (;rre l|.l.reF€niru
FaniI[r .rjlh +rsAltminc?estntr lc clnsulul enf;legHenrySirh,a rcr-rrit
ftraonrhri ii ikr ?rillr.Srrare,{nrorr.Ra ri lndeparte+e nisipultdtu bld{r
ii Rr-HnraLhti Statuiului Praher,l irtr.ro., ilupt o lunl Jr munce
Jorr uror rrrins"lde lurnirl siflrclui, .qreu.{i r tlihrtar murunfrtrilede la
drr nicir\dxrA':omFler luminlrtil. Abu Sir*btl dhr ,inchisoarer'lor
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 103251
Volubilis
MAROC
MouL,tYlDxlt5ZtRjt('uN
A![rL lNdE6rs-r[1{fi I 997
c (n)lr! (l!l {u)
CRrTsRfi:
II
Yol"hil'-r aflela a
"e
altitu&ne de 4 Coode merri treo
cempittriunBhiulara mtuginitfde
r54 douAcursuritorenfialede aTq,
uerlulFerussa pi udul Khonane,
Eerberiiti ryunOualili,dupefloarer
viu colcrEtA carecrettepe campurile
din jurul 3.i€!rrii. Ac€srpeisaihuaiic
9r{err rtrteeplmtnrului protattl
i.a irprlit pe romani6$,I asasineft
Ferege,Ptolerneu,{i $t cucateasct
ces+rea in +nul40i.Hr.
Cu tdstr cI VolubdGfttr
fsimoastpf,naruruimle ssleromsne
(defi,Fenrrua,rrea{$nfurie,arabii
i-aurFurKrar Fharoun,
"Pala+ul
Fs.ronului", drrdrittrmHre+fu
i
monumentclorsale), a f*r, de
{"pt,fondatadecerreo popuhfiedin
Marritaniain ssolul rl III-leaLHt,
cu mult l$ainte ca r{lmanii sb
trceqp[ cr.rcerireanondului Afn(ii
Dn perioada celor pestedor:a aecole
ln Edrea [o$r indeF€ndenti au rimas
pulift luffuri, cu excepliscfi(oryr
frs*mente ale temFlelor de cllt punic
Fi a unui misterilrr rumu!ue. Romanii
ru inreR€nitch15rarupn pe$sjului
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
w .habi ta r e s . c o . c c 103261
t5J.J"rj[dril!
GB tuiJ iL HJul Ji iii i,r
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
E bs us{ itares c0.cc l o327l
]56
E bsus w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 103281
lt?
c0.cc
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc l032el
Timgad
AL GERIA
Fxovtr{d,tDd'rr.r
AIUI. DITIG|5IT,ASIi
1982
Cftrrnr,C{){d(rv)
rr
I
J58 In zilclenoasm,Tungrd
eFtenumeleulruim{runt sarde
pEstonc" doerrei $"rede s"llee,
r6ear pe plaro[l de6tric difl lnun+ii
Auresla o altirudinedc pt+retr0il0
demetri.Nimh din cesacesevede
istSli nu nui a.ai5 c{, LnAntichi6t€,
valestn carese Eqdgarulfirstr,eEdt
de fertih lnc6t sapermitglocEirodhr
6i ob+in5mari Ftoducldde Br&nesi
m5:lirx, din caresr otpirrceun ulei
foffte spFecistfurRornssnticd.
T'mp dr r€€oL, €ceipAstori s6umri
ilegrahl strlmo+riacestora- au tinut
srcrelEldcat|3cet5fiiThrrnugadi, un
rxal romsnpr iuln$tot€ln€nrFatde
nisipuflleSsharcipurrst. dc 1{rr.
in modiustiGcat, ow
"echrul
Timgedesrccon*iderer,,Frmpciul
algerienu- A foct fondetln aaul
100d.Hr de cdtrelmpiratul Traian
cu icopul de a primi drn Lqt4
"ereranti
?flk Ai.Bsrtd.MdtE vrcmea fo6tcal
rnai marErvanp{xt rcrDarln Numidi4
o regiunecucerfteln timFrl domniei
lui Cear 9i locuitl de nomazicare
nu FrcatrFlegcEu i! $c $uF$ll
obiff iu lor cuceritoril$. Canstruit
coform ptanului tradipiorialal int€riecthi aici seaflaun ftunr,R ln Fiada cErapaves!flstrSlilr
unui .nlrrum rmnan{r avandinqial o forumcorutruitFeo pladtrml cu in aFroFiereaForlilor arculuj.
supr€fuddc ll hectate,hr doarcllteva rm loc de trecetecu coloanecate, Rurlltle lui Serdur"$eaflr
"preFi
decmii s-aextinspe o euprrfolt de lndiegonald,duceedr le interseclie la o micf distrnlEde ricul de rriumf.
50 de hectarefl a deveniro bert de ls te€trul de 4 0C0de locuri.Csscle Decoaetf,cu motive cere rellectA
aF?l.are p.Ftllaril cu soldalilflr'un pqricienilorefrDcotEt.uitede-a economraoadtuluibazatdpc rornerf
rxq de 20 000 dc ]o€uiro'ri, cfro{ lungrrlclii 6'rnlur,toalt aeAndtn +i egricJFr{, pi.F era acoledrd, cu
ambttieera Edducevrsfs raffnatE hlE un ponic. Coles&flamnn*i svea o lrvu ccntrsl5 rectEnguiEr[
trpicl a unui ora+hfloritor de coloanede o parrcqi de alta +iducea irrconjuratdde reigfuleleprivtrlii.lor
oliundr tr prrlvinciil€romrnr ta anut de trium{ at lui Treian,ctl mai te fet ta nulte coloane care ao
tr{odelulE{difionsl cu cIi de Eraes rEbrefmo{r'lnrefi!rnd{. dirl Tinrgrd, susfi$urftoF{rbu.l Fl*FAi,nulte dinae
perpendiculare carcpomeadr la doud Arcul aveao faladdcu trei trecc cu pl5v5]ii suftttDceintacte,iar reLrfurile
6rr5ripdnctpsl€d€.!.fidr d ErduJ boll €{Utdtlcedrtpte, doudfere$Be produselorpe carele vindeausernai
prrr.ind o curioa$Evananti ls Timgad, falseii partu coloant corintice,dar Elt ,vedea pe ele,in apropitre,doud
drosreceacerteaseintersecteertLan flticul ce exirtise ()(latl drarupE dnrtre coloancb<rrrinriorah ftrladei
Fir€Bintenec+ie+i nu continui aFoi. sri:uiuia fostdisnuc.Urmelel6satE templuluiltrchinetlui ]upiter,lunonei
Centrul rxr6uiui sealla tn accastt rh rogih carelorre mai pot vedca ti MineF€iin : maistauln picioaE.
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103301
I
It
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
1 0 3 3| 1
f-\
Lartaglna{_.,
T U NI S I A
, 1.'
habi ta r e s . c o . c c 103321
rI
I:r 1'.ri*rJrIIS.l |'r i.l'h-. rLin,iB.rrchrirl sarl{ruanrl hri ll'hri,
tiftd rl fcflrrrl rdrtqitu: Hn'rnihRl L":ul rr: e .c.ruk]cinhrmnri rt|unlL'.
ft fr:1!'cr5rrAllnr t,r 1a!r)rrrl urrdi 1r.'Lrrul ur r * rrflr tttnplLrlinrhrtrat rirrd tr:rili-frrrFLi. J6l
;rrtr::rre
Jc 18u'0Ctle rr'Llari.I 0rl0 ,ie Jitirrirlrilx |tnirknc Bq:rltiT$Ilir.{:r
crurlcn;ti1 .rpnr,,rpe40 rt+rlef,rnli. nlinRlF iri Ls{.n.fiFlf dji iniriti, eriu
I'[.rnul hi rrn ir': tlltrtc crmn t rital J satrificni trpii rri mrhlinrii .trftrijineie.
IniirniLlL{ !Iu. sl tuftriri,{l Ranni} Ji tltrrifir.rtc irr l9ll urrrrmrerr1tstlc,
silFrriir(onnolu !ledirrranci.Frhnelr <arcau f<rstrfu;rt4.arr,a$ *lnrribrririn
hitrlii !-ru J,f F( rinrlTrehhiir,lingat pot+ firirtct+g+rerohiceiurilr rlirrcp(rJ
Lrtul li.rsirrrtrrosi Lrl}mrur ii Fir.! stl Un hr;in Jnr epnpitru r nlrni, Ftr+innlri rrlniill nk@+r I JI
fir in i.1\'crL' irrirrcgiciILriHrrrni['.r|, h m,rJdr cet;rrr,csrr rrx ca it r:!firlrs
Jin
Lhr ile inJrra te a rtLrnslr Frrlrle ttle Jorra!nr;rriFxturi toLl:rcHl:i
t(rnrci ;r fLr*intir:i:rt Lir rfirr,rl;r nriliinr .rrL rLr,lnt nHrefk Cnn;r$nri.
rnniueir,rl(,ft:ftlctrul iiuril i;rpnrIt* L}i|l Lrlxrcrr
Rnftrrrii,rufli nlni nrflltrj
inanriLrI n ir!'u(1nr\.ri! ser('(!rg$ni:r':(: lutruri Jr rii: . cunr sLlntYsrri{iilc
a.rtfr:lcrnllicnrl r Errt.r'linnm). nnrtnrin nrirrilorbili nle ltri Alrtr]niDUe{onst ritr
tuiic,r. Lr r:Lrull0+. ,iupi cirlcisFrcrrcr: innc rrnii 1j{ ri 161 i.Hr. Ai'iri re
rru JL rIrl\i ncLrrirrupt,Sc$i{} $\rr{ r l:J,.:.rnurrnlihl:,i, r,ur{ tl nlrl
(firtLrI
Arricnnr:l,r ailur r nriLreirrftingtr* fcnrru irrdllkrilc .rrfLror k'r yL
cnrnrfiine:ilor la Zarnn,inr cetntca
eArtiunrcir fu$ fhhHltn snsclrtJt'a.
15roriiLjErrqinri rlrr, llr F.in.iFl,
fbrnrruslF{ntnr epl(r\h[ rind rrupele
sale r-au opLLrh.gsmonifi R,lmci ilr
rx'lrrLr 1f t i ril: l' o liE I r! n ic r. J rr
{rtit+a dirt4iiii {u ccl pudrt lrr!.c sut(
ile rur mriJerrrmr hr moJ.rflL:iir[.
Jin
rnul,614i.Hr L+gcn.hrpLnre Jerpre
tttLrt.i C.rrti*inLi c. .1li,st iirnJrLt,r Jc
DiiL,. cirrr ,, iLilfxr Jirr crErrcirlir
dufi cr lJrgutrlilln ftiLt,':lc ri. i x lrcir
solutncntru,r lrtlua tr,rnrl n F.Ft,
pn:l'rrf.il un sL p .lc txihri, Jupl Lr
tlftr t( (tLt irr lntr-rLJI lil frrii crtrl(d
iii tn lilti rr t n. i,l
ta n i ri rn l, nr i cor ) sr r uT ( r n{ } lr i!ir l!"ir a
ldJ iH". i{rt nl, r,* I}L (rlfirtx TunislcrJr:xrrlli
Irr tirt n'inr nL o'ri rllD'dsfrnDnri
ilin L'rrirrr Funi{i] r (jffrxgiD.'i; o}i
l.rhnrh !r's r r lrf ii inriii r t,rr tJnrurn Ji +iirr+(nniui.
idr rtlli. in oni1J.lnlihl: rlc .rrttu drrhi
trr i!tn' xrrLtlri ?ir0i.HL C(h mri
inreres+nrr
r n$s+{fur**tr JeJlulBitlrl.
rnLlescrlla mnrprh - h rer vr.nre
nrorrlrr:rrr $ rn riLl.Jear.1rx.. 5-ru
gi{Ji({i{{r'ir r[$nrintc. il.rr {urrririLr u
l':-irit|!r.r\,irfuitnrcir.n\rl,.lrnrnc.iiliri (
-rit}ii{irilt cu tanrcrtrprhli+.Uoelc
E bsus I w w w ,habi t a r e s , c o , c c
E bsus 103331
\.
.-
al cuptrnn{or pcntru in*L aFacare Amfireattula fosrutrli:atFrntru urmc au ramardin iratrrl coHs!tuiide
rr.r tdmid{ in b:i l0 eraiLisLrprrinr,la spectac,iecrrgladlatt:ri1 luptcalr H*lrien saudin rernplele qi clidirile
rinrlul rirr srrsflnr:tde colrenecu r:n nnimalelflrrdhuticc.ErsfB|ln,rs in antlceip teri rnediterdneene-
drametrude LJoimetri lircaft rturtitihd lnrrr'rrFiluft|eft]manl ir era prranrAflt Dln {ericire.rfiintit*! ftbretki
?0 Jr trj.L. Ljtle rlinrr,:crirmrea {osr ca irild urLl dintrr {ele mni m n Lr$itfl $r pE$rrearE ln co[e(tiile
coD$rruiril ln finii DrairEcEntiFiRrEo anrliteatredin imJ*nu, Llurst5ri dbia nrureulul[aiion":l gardut de s;mtruff
lnildme de l5 metri, i.r hrlta spatiului c5reviril.il ptlntrr Fihi, LL:'rirrfrerele dcsPirer Bhur ce * alla alttun r.lr
irgrdan'un {errt tste in rrcrdstntt ti Innimuk. .lirnrcbldcurileJe piatfi crtedralaSlinr l-.uuucrrnsrruitil Jt
pnrL.rbil.rprrgc.rIs turdhiurc dt J0de arrftrt lurtr, de-r ]ungulerolekr, I lidnceriin 1890 \'lurcul r'letinevare,
':
metri L{ o mictrdi+rirnll:e efll herilica fotGitepentrueltecorotnrrlii Lr r,lrulFturi. hr$riDfii!i .eramicl
DamrLrel.Karit:r.numrlr ctrei.rEstr r:onl-r+ti1t *mlirr'rsLL,ge.r,{Eo serie descoFertein rimFUlsilptlunlnr;
prcrhafnlo frrrmr corupra B fffinu lrtinc rlc giganriceretnorre de apltcare ..esfur su ultif,rtlL'urfle ttnBlblleftle
litornusCharitari-.,unde.ltrtre199ti niigr|ri r princiF ir sullalJe :prl r ca]1ii Crt[rgind - prrni|]],mmanl sauarabl -
{tl. predta PrtafericitulArLgustin. r{jflrand toAftc $uthle :ii r'$(tqiileunui inlFrj+ Fierdut-
'iin FijrnLrd.r
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
103341
_:,:-n'
Ii
t.i
f l,;
i:
i;
i-
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103351
Dougga
TUN ISIA
Er-B
GLvERir'I}llsin]L
A{ul1i!RE6lr {Enr1997
CE EnI[C {rt {]xl
16+
D,o,*n , no,n*n,n ,u IrftrIirrarc:ilirriilerilru(rEse
Rrma.AJricr4cu trrr:r..cn olllnuluii i-n
acnrL{irtithl dr nr! r.rpr.ln(h Ltrtrr FlnrrLlFrmhitturrr or.r Lluiutt o
S€ptimiusSrr,crmin rrnulI05 J.Hr 6i ffflffrsrf slrqride cercrrer,tlrFdne E]Anl
qh$r unul rnuiFrestgiosde c$loni+ legafide {{l {.e ir firfr Fnm$l (.ire r-nad r
.n.riii.ii, in anul ?rll J.Fh, restr nu r glorie Pcntrupinr rlatr mentirma(de
un rdr.vlrar (rrx{r. rn,
flrst niriD,:lern Lllr'Llonrr Sicrilusftr {ri.r saBibliorfuu
SituatIa +'ahrtudinerle jiO ih nrcrri Hrsrr,rr*drtpt capiralarc$nrlui
Je.e{ri nivr'lulfi nrtrii, .e inrinCepc (} lihiano-trmicnumit Thukb in secolrrl al
suprrfutrJr J4 Jr htctue +i rrtn dui l\'.leei Hr, lea IScutintrzreein rtrfie
degrabicr un srt mrJirtr+ni;rl. PhnrLl J:rr(rridllu i ,rvli$$ids$fi{rFr$iimftiv
tipic srf. {+nrrarrneigrilel rnlri driri liN 149i Hr), rrmLlucrrorul 1rrtulirqiei
impenrl r frrstrlat ,ltopnrtein Frfil ren In qliii ngc rl N$miJici,cnn,ji-a
,rrlllr li5JH
Lt|reicompliL'rtl'rerrh d( dci,:u Lolllnuir !l,:rft)ufti rc;iJr:ift SLld*r
'linE+
l(r('.rinlcin;1lFiL'Jeo p:rrre+i J+ Llltrrft Lurxilrd !i ilq drnlr aslrus1r, Mrscinisslr-||
drLrmhri. .oLlstrLr ite i:stkl incfrTrii Jr3r'dltrt!ia Llevenit alirtulCart&Erftei $.
duFi.r r hrF.rrihRrride cnrragjne!i, in
SFllnur,imF{ttriunnr'rum:.h}r!r $cfiin$ur
ul)tua. l'ilr|lolla hdtSLeJri Lrilrlrlu dirl
101ilL {i,t.iFlrxde r{tnnnicu ajutmrl
r;+valeriei salea:nrrcatrfirFit$laftbifr o.
trprnsirmistcrlc cartqgntatorLlcri u
ldstun rJflrirrk RorEi, l,h$inisle
a frrsrniri nr+nrt L{eCartrlgrtli,itlrnci
rinLl a translirmntNunridiainrr-un
rcEtrltrur$rria fi c(rrurcr, A ij{dxr v*r*
(elituriiielilurtribili ii a inrr(\lustrhni(i
Funiceirtit in tnqnTil idminisfrarii
tercnuritlrr{At ii in cuttivurea grimk)r
ti lirtrlur:r*..xul.'iulfli.Inm.o$curri
FeriLlad:I, [l',iugtr].,rilrr pF]bshilnLntlra
t000JJe ltruit,:ri. seaflain centrul
inflonrrnrlur Xr.1rr-nr a[ turn*i-
Il+ntGr(Jr$$ol .Jre defitons.filllldr'
lrnrlt.leftrirlcrrtt,irr Frin1!| rind +i cu
rrar mri muh Ja E[trE(]l|s!llui Di(}nlsrr
ti Uhsr,rnh- ctr rtrfliu Llupl nrraicul
Lirc,l repre:ifttltr {:R[lar!ldin lrhma
irr+LrnjuraT {ie sirene.Asrlri, nro?ai(ul
prEt+- fi v5:ut la hlurcul Rdo Llin
Tunu.C.rs.r TriiriLrlri prn + li Lrt
|Lrrrlchrlorrlului, e+lputlDjldr{ind
tlupi stirturirJalLcn Llelir intrarr, cnrei!
ifi nrrft tnJ,]FhrtatiiLt rDtorirlfiir
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
103361
f,
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103381
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc l033el
Amfiteatrul
delaElDjem
TUNISIA
ELMTHDTa
AFWDtlEcrgrFturx
19?9
Cxrrrst|{
{tvl[H)
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
103401
169
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 1 0 3 4| 1
Aksum
ETIOPIA
,tra]rif;Rrcr\Tn4pI:
l9B0
CRlTEFrr C {]J(N}
Hn,, tPse. .ana un,ia celeZrcr Foruncidaredr Llumnereu Ssbe',deii, de fopr.egreun hrrin
Phillipron -
puhlicatcarte$3fl{Enr lrriL{oi*e.Astrri, sf FresLrprr|te
(t consrruirrJemina omuluip+ntn 3
'ir
Eilur{rr,rIEtioFie rrnt;.i1.{dfirle.le chrvotr:ls-;rr
sflBiu Akn:mintro colectapuliutr rFi d€ Floaieii trncI
isrL\nennricitRhiRdacl mcnimarr ciprLi micd,ridicsr[firtnjrele do a mri €stefolojit c, t{:renor al oratului.
rcgatulAlaum, iar irr exl*reLtirle dcsFre
bisericirte MaryamSion{Ftcrcua Ftrrl a rFrind€.eici s.ru oFnt
nr'+tileci'!'ili!atii.fticnne din mardr MariadrnSion),,Iep,erte de pr$cesiuniheFifanie.opn, Iinlirr.
mu:eerle lurnii.cukura niictl eriopianA Frilirea necredi ciot (jt La micAdr.rmntA iie hazinre ff{h
era lsarn5i intr- n clllt ll:Freicnrrfi \lrchenhirilice Mrfr'6n|Snn a forr cimitinrl regrlordin ALsrnr Kaleh
dcurdecitcrr m nede+icitrya pi6r colttruiti dc reBElE Fasiltrdertn anul d Getrr.Meskel,d+ul tavouri ca
deceranricd. eu roxte;lcesrer, ftrplu,ldc 1d55+i sealh in cenrrulorrr$uhd nii(e nrtr labirintuiiunderunr
h Mard E rtrfii.scnstr in *ecr:lulld,Hr Ai<sr:nrde a;i. In ciuda gnertirilor inn)flmieDtirfi hFmbrii hmiliilo,rrrgale.
df lrn i*tustflr grec,Ff,lvesr$tdopre ci ocrlul eire lmrlt n|aivrchi, Aksum s Ftetrr'uriFFestqilearisarcofagele, dtSr
Zoskales. durnnitrnrl unui vgsrrrrit{mu qvur p+.i(Edara de Elorieit|fi* rtco]ele accsttrrau fcst demultgolirede bagagii.
ore r,eiFtirdff dc la MareaRogirplna rrl ll-lea ni ill Vllea saoal VII-lea d.Hr C€rrmai gt,itoBredoyadtts
la mun[i care+i firca ripi|lla in O sermt de ruilteeu rupravietuitdin imFeFtantei olEguluiAksum estt i-rrrcul
rrcroluirsul de ia Aksum. acr'aprnoadi, mLdrcdinrc a{esreain Sttltlor cu imenseblocurrde gr:nit,
-liarliti.rlotalS su,rtinecHprimclc legltut{ Jierth cu legenda. Felrtul de pmbabilciop]itetn secoLrkal lll.lea f
arriri de le Aksurnsr rl'l"u pr dealul le Cnndout,cat* datearedin se{okle al lV-lea Dt frpt, r,rasulln sinr
&tE (ilrn8is, iar rfB]i L'gijnda rf, al Vl.lta pi al VilJta, parert li fdrt cupriEderute de lrele in diferiresrrdii
pierdt in F.festi'i epiff ale logaqiilor reltdinta unui nobil, desi,in m+C dc consen'are.Uneh dintte ele sunt
legenJarer1ertAatullrileFineidin SaLa, in{,rtcct, i s{ sFune,,hlarulrcEinei frurur,ssculptete,iar akelc:rr firt !asate
drn e cireir{ragosrcpentruSolrrmon din Saba".Cu ce[ 54 de turclF€nti c? niste c|)lljll$e refinisste, Ls un
il nvutdrelt nr?ulritrnalrfifa lui rcoperindo supnrfrtede ] 78I ncrri mnmentdar, firplr obeliicurigigj rrisr
Menelilc.Fonrl{tor l dinssrj{ineB+Filor pitfiafi,olerl fl Frcb5Dluiroarea dominauParcul,siru:rth gnlele
f,hFinieni,sr'pttguprnecl Menelik oriretiei rrr(ure fi or iu]ui, aare& dealulLriBetaCroE+,dar,asrtii! do r
sia ltitnt tRtf,lhr furtrrrlimii, erunci ftl6tinconjursrdr ?Idunsolide+i de una mai sttrln Fdrrer€.F.rtelnrlt5 de
.edil ! parlsit oratLrl,a furat Chir.otul un sirtemde canrlirffL uimitor. lJ metri fl a f'rdt ci{}p[ld in formq
Legtrllntului, din lemn suflarcr intr.un morl simil$r,gturFiide la May unui Eum+u noul elaiepi un cap de
xDr.rnre JeprcsuFunE cl ar con+ifie Shumi sc rFunc ,Biile regineiJin rnaimutf irl vi . Cea nral laltr stell,
cu 1l eteje.tn,hd de Jl de mefti, s-.
FrEbutifh piment, LegEndel.ii anibuie
disrrugerea ordinuluirc$nei Fiigine
Judith. d+t con{orm arhzulogllot,
aceaFtR B cirur din ca[?a.: ii liFse:r
lundafia.Deoareft,d{:crj$nd, s-flu
d.'JcoFcrit*ce mormlntela baralor
obeliscurilcsunt acumconsiderute
f, frts(nronunr:ntefunerate.
"
$i o altAitel{ dir par. areo isr$rie
r+nrffrrr'r:rri, Furntl dr minisftoi
iralianal cnloniilor;Aleisandruhs.${}nl,
penrrua fl Llariin Jar lui F.+niro
Mus.iolini,obeliscultncl st mai aflt la
Roma,unJc a rlmas rilnp {L 60 de rrni
in ciudaetordoluisemnet h 194?,.nrc
strFuleBeitesritulrcrsr EdoFiei.Recent,
.a r[sFrns h iFgrii+rar(nprivind
presLrpus, ti Jflgilitate,gLvernulitILen
a iEcut planuii pcntru n o da idr-
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s , c o , c c
l0342l
i?r
.J
tF
-*4
-tyle'-
J
Marea
Zimbabwe
ZIMBAB\flE
Z €axrE !€ srr!-\Tsr
Ax Lll,rxf,Gr5rr,lrx1qd6
CRlrErn:C {r) (u} {$)
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 103441
rI
In I8?1.CarlMrucLun bucuradr o proepcritate den6ebi6ta
tenerarentudergerm.n,a pomit r{ reeultatal mmertulurcu 6ldef{i e't
cetete1emrneleL8€ndat dc la Olir h schhGultunurilor din &iant tr
dr undr s€pftsuFunecll lEEinedin rnnuri ca$'f:la, drrrM'nsrnbic,
Sabaa fco€surul farla+i{ Fentlu Nu e6relimpededacecehtea,ale
conrtruireat.onului teBttui Solomon. cgreiruiner€ inti[d pe o suptahg5dc
Dc lndrt* ft , sosittr' inims Ahicil a aproape6{10de hecrare,a furr
aflerde mEretefuruine carc agarfirrcau cenltuit} de strfmo$i F+u]stiilar
uneiceEificare,,nuar fi putut ji shone,lembasauwnda. Eslt fonnarE
niciodatEcofErnritSd€ FoFrlafiile din trei EruFuride constru€Iai:MrreE
Iocale'.La 5 sepnrnbriel 8?L Mauch lmprelmrtre{caft tlb, de departe,cea
r fost primd eur,)peancarca pu+ nr'1imFttsiananr4,Anramblulde pe
piciorultn MareaZinbab*e, Deal+iAnsambluldm Vate.Pnmul
fomind de h le$fda lnrfttinurd de rrup, caree"tep*ih,l"5 fr fiBt o
15tT0dr@|€ exploratorulporn+herloso de Befto$ rEqedri{drtgelA,,r. o stmcftrg
eliptme"cu un p+rimeuude 24,1de
meei, iar ridurih cu o gredne de
5 metri5endic5prn[ l5 l0 meEi pqh m in inhrr{rJ,l dt
in5lime, ptnuu cares-aufirloaitun
milisr de blocunde grnnit-[a ft]ca
gitr carulaltor con+tructiidilr MEI€B
Zirnhatre, blocurilede piatrdsunt
FerlLcrt5ratesi ffn!+steudel tnrit
nu a fmt mvoie de mottar pentruEle
m€ntin€lmF(eunl Acerrr e$e,Flarc,
prhl cfllea sEft Ari.a(155t), Mauc,\s Eel lllai Frrpfln:{u}f a.spert,dffarece
coftifluflt sdfiradtr ci gi8anticele rlSddle au rgmasftschirnbce t!$p de
chdin sau relico-eale .egaFlli hitk al sccolefEree ff nevoie de rm materbl
reginri&d Sa[6.Cartesdf,lr.riaun forr cslf s{ meoFni blgquflle tnpr€un5"
conrnuit din hl(}curigignntirede plfltrd Anramblul dc pt Deal are o fo'rmA
care,spr.r.ren*rauxul, trebuie5bfl fol! .lvill iccre mlhrr€dl 100 de metri pe
Faltrtuldin Akum , caFltalar€gatului. 45 demeEi)+i cuFrindeFinrenide
in eF:<a& aur a cofixru]rsmrd{ri piatrhti mar€mri de BYanit. (}f, msi
eur:pccn,subinlltrenlapolitrcda lui mareserrcrrrtrcsteirnFtejrnuireede
Cccil Rhodes,fondatrrul Rholearei" la Apos,cu riduri hqhe dr pAni h I
s.aulEcutnentlErlrateihcerctri dc € metti pe care"inigial,re aflaurumuri si
dem]lrlrl{.A M'.€tr ZimbabwcrlE nvrnolitl, la diruqe mculare,Zidunle
oFetaunr. Frp{ledi mediteraneen€ ii, A$ernbluiui din Valec$ir gxrbil ${
as&l" cr* arrihuhfiferi ]ienilor srcctlot, ff lnchr+ln jur de 50de locuinge
iar alf,}t,roFan r:r.Doattn turii 19J0, careplobabilau aFarlinutcrlo* rnai
tn F6rsrr'Dtvid Rffrdell,Maclverii imponanrepersnanedin ora5,det
CertrudeCarsnThonuion au dedtrFc[ fiind lbptul c[ mR]orftatespopulatiei
Zimbabwe- maresoperEarhitecturall bcuialn rsscdechirpicicarenu au
din Africa Eub-$ahmiml- erEcel m5i supravi€lutpani ln dlel€ nmstre.
a'arrE.t+reftFlu al uneiciviliatli Arh'ealoglrsunt de scffd cd,ln
africane,crre, mai drrilL a di.sperut mtrmentulcelci mai mariFrosFerirld,
ftl aircumf tante histeriire. Mm€sZimhElve€trebuh BEA av$r
Cra matl'lg .slepc e igrtrrl sproximati' Z0 0S) de L:cuiklri ii cr q
sllrtim c[ Jimbabvrc"e$teun cuvFnt {<rt ahend.nritl beinte dt sccolulsl
dffivat drntr.oerFr€Eie f.io,litd de Xv.ler , lgrb nici un moriv sFcren(.
Frp{latia sbona(r"rntnt(xne a limbii Dtli populafile,de arl din rcgrurenu
tqnrsl, 9fir itn.9efinn5 de pieaA', pot clanfic+ini3tefll ln nici url fel +i
"cosele
d6r ultx €xpe{i preftr[ ft\tel€sul,Fai€ n|] 3+gfue$tenici EndocumentrcriB,
hudere"pentnre indicefie edifoiile estes(gurchMareaZi,mbaboe a fost
religiosre,6ere$dinFeLconduc*rxrlcn operaunei popula;riaiii. Adr d.
'ne.
Oxkereri fl eie{tr' MsresZirnbdhwe mare€stemendrii pdtind ace$t{
c$e tlft c{ 9 dlmEsdintr,o extreordinari cetate,furat, o dadl cu cfut(garca
c$ate con ndaeimre Fecohleal XII-les indep€$denfeiltr 1980,Fra a adoptet
qi al XIV.tea.Ae+ra r ixt o perioede numelecetafii,ltergindu-I, asdcL
in cbE icaist[ tcfiune rrFicen! se FeC,eilR-hodes dl:r r$roflssa.
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
E bsus.l w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c Lq3451
_.11_+"
Anannrcnr
- -ljl
Lista sihrrilor
I A!E*ra{A - Ol!v,{ fh l-.r5i.IA}6 DEr
vrl.r+ruahnt+,ls
harlrrr SrrJr E\ C.iflv,{tr
3 O$.1- Prrf, N^Trff Lft^PAl,ft,r
{ Ec|rr]r - fuErurL FIJTE ${spEITlru
Atcr,tl|tsl| Tt,!!tt tdj
5 llllr-CH^vut EEHu^!,'rax.
9 tEu-CtlAtlSl4N
5 TBU- MTCII|J
Prccliu
J h.u- G-d
J PEiJ - Ixfix $ ca!fl-EEl-ED6|N,{,!cA
6!IE4,^E!L Dtr IUH,{NA
6 Horfirur.$ -Sfiur u l|,$ rorCdPIN
? &rrrE I.f,-tdrl,
? GuAxsulrr- Pnlcull|IrEo.oeffDori}{frr,U,{
E }lEcc - T$ru$^c'\r{
I MEdc-MorrEAE
E LGF4 - Parg.{llrE
E LtEc UroiAr
B lftoc - OfifiEr IfIA g
ry'$IrE
9 8rfiEr UryTB- MESrt
EbsusI ww w.abi
h ta r e s
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 103461
Americile
JI5
,'.\
L-/onform rcneni Soga UNESC(Jsunt do{nnafl dr .t!*lra+ii
Itodl"nL{d, lE anul 1001,L.€if pre,columbime,careau inflo'rit din
Erilron fful lcgEndaruluiEnc tel MErdcFAndin PeIuirfie tutceFtrrql
Rotu iftotitorii Edieu pbsFiclorul efrfli .re+rlne+i seeolulatXvled.
pc un drim minunat.CuBurilede epd Arteci, meTr+i+i incr+i, n4i ru l-l$et
erauphnede slrnoqi, iar pidurite se u|lm ale trecef,iilor,c{re de{fiiu
lntindrsu ln toatedirecfulecarvedeDi evolulla$ocierelilorcomplexeqi bine
cu a{hii, Cu tost€ eccs!e5,d,rsrfur orgeni:at carr au de?vqltatsl.sterne
1960r-EEEFirdoEds unEia.:ertri de credinle rcligioa$, au prsdus
vilinge lo llArre aur Mcad,ru+,un r€t fofiDede srtHdehsltE cslitEte
h csFdrutFeninsnleiMerclui Nord ti chiarau aiunela re?uitate
de pe irwulaNewfoundlsnd,Totusi, semniff$ril'e in sFrdiulaltronomiel
rcei prini pionieri nu au reugitEA Ora+elemsgnificacon$truit€de Ece$tc
c.risnilee noul conrintnt, 6la c! pcFulatiiindud Tikal, Chichen.Ita +i
pefltnr europenid$roperir€aAnredcii hhnrpe (cetSpi rnalagei,Teotihuecen
continu{ $diie mrBiderst[ a ff avut loc (a:tert) g centrul *tcmmral, mEi
la 12 octombrie1491.,cAndcaravelele modc,5t,dar nu nlai putrn ftom{}i,dr
srcduEedc Crislt)forColumba adls la MaehuPicchu,conetruitde hca1i.
coestaSanSslvsdarul$i. ln plu+,Ame*c+iaruri*e hudi cu
De fapt,Hmnos,rlri,rrxa aiunsln un FatriftroniurnigmaricrftrlBsds
Am.rica cu ccl pulin J0 0C0dEeni le ciYilire(s fosrt€!'€ch€d€ lE
hainltc pe*repodulde ptmlnt lung de Ti*anaku, culEuiaChayinde Husnmr
pcrte I ,100dc irilometri careftaler$a FiFopulaFilc(4Ie au creariraaAini
sEemtoarEe Berin&leggndSiheris colorelecunoscrrtcdnfr liniiL Narca.
de Al*la. fuea rrarcnare, precum Mult msi pulin a rfimasdc la
$i douf migradi uhftioerc, au du$ F:pula+iilecsreau locurtin Anlerics
la *ebibrea unot populalrifoane de Nord, Aptodpctoatr Eibudte
dlyersiffcatepe aproflpetosdi suprgfafff indienilornon1.r.'ncriraniflcu
c,;fi1nantului,Cd pu+iocan{orm remi-nomade, caretr[iau ftrtr.un
reffiil'rc affodii6tE,Totuli, dekoFeriri cortact p€Tmanent cu naturaln
rccentetr situl br€rilhn dc ls Sefl'adE loaumfct€rnporarecoflnruile din
Capinara,caredate+* de sprc,spe materiabperisabrle. Grce cunoaStere
50 000d+ eni, au tevoluliorar r€orjile a culturii lor eatcprodusula ceea
prrvindprrcodele rempe'r'arc in care ce !-e pAltrarln tradiliile orElEale
au ptlllrnr populatijleh Amerkr. Futindo'r grupunc+reeu supravielulr
Cu cxctp/a sitului Sen-ada s,l6iriieuropcnilor,cu ex.eFti6s doui
CaFrva.ra +i e mai recatlrulu !i! situri: praHode la Mere \Erde +idin
dercoperitla Cucvadc hs Manos Cha.n CultEraN"tionsl Hjstaru
ftr Argenrine,locurilede inrerts Perk,ronstruitr lntre sttolele al
srfuoloErcde pe eonnnentlub egida IX-lea si sl Xl l.les.
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
14341
103481
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l034sl
delasManos
Cueva din
valea
RioPinturas
ARGENTINA
FnovlxfiA Srrffa C*Lt?"ParaGal,tA
A),[]L lrirfisTr lR[: 1999
C*rrml.C (r[J
l?8
a incetutul rcolului
al XIX,ha. cdnd t sositprimii
e{ oni{d ertraF+nipentr'l a Folula
Plrtdgdnia, tmutul din capEtuldr sudal
Iumii era loruir clepppulafiilenomade
ale aborigenilor trlruLl*. Pennu
mepoa,impaerula fosrfatal Cri
cetr au suFravieldifmaaacrelor nu au
FuportEt cafliFaniil*da ,civilitare"crl
forqa.Cei care au sctrparde rnaladiile
adu$€de eurcIEni ti.a$ lrucf,t ln
alcorJdrznddejdeade a-ii vedesfurat
Fipustiit p*rfnrLrl pc careil tocuiserl
de mai mu]t de I0 000 de ani
Sntmoiii ior erau Hornomp-rnr
pdmitM tare aiuns€serl in TLcrhrdal
Fugo si Para8anr*Je nord trauersind
.etdmioe[eaEeringdh Asi!, {;nd 1r
s.iErlrul Pleterocenului9i ijrcepurul
Holmerului, in timpul ultimeiere
glaciere.e [o$ cr€rdt intre cele douA
(anlinenreo punte de uKat datorita
reFageniap,elol'Doud Fupuri ale
erdstciF+ulalii primitive s-auafflsr
pe insule +i, respccti\ pr ctmtinenr,
undepnmul gruppescura,"r srdngea
molulte, iar cel de-al dotlca Ftacucq
lllnEtoareB. Au rlrnaE aFrfelldn: la
s.]3irea eumpenilo!, onoeretse.ilr 18?7,a dEscrirpicturile v.rde - $i, tn gEtrEl Ble mainii sif,ngi,
Vanaton-cul€gltontimp de hilenii, rupestrepe care le de*npenre in iar unek dittt artstee iodud d o perte
Fopulatiar€h clcfu e lrser omului Flb mrineh rtdncoasede,a lungul rdunJor din *nrebral.M6rnilesunt at6t dc
tfit:irnenf un vaf( teriroriu $i th aFnrFierede lago Argentrra. Cele berbap6i ftmei, *dulpisauadolescmd,
"pdn
primordial, care la furc+ut nu pEefl Fe mai {runroase rlin*e acerteaau fosr cArii chhr dr cdpii.in afaraace$ora,
6e locuit.Spiritelelor rrncrstraltl sesite in Cfiar,rrde lrr! Mdnos,+ Fetqela se aflf, forme gexlrneurct9i scenede
sllStlurluin g!$ele rsereaj+unseln din rariionul Rio Pintuns. Fupuri care vane{re gvard{o {&ufid
caftiome sproapeinrces,brk pentru In acert mic spa;iuipegterr gurrrrrr:tp),lama a cAreitame $5 la bsra
majoritatesoemtnilor;aiungeauacolo m{so.1rllspflrximsriv 24 Fe 15 raerri r{grmuluiali1r1*hrrr al poFulatiilor
dqar qei inrgin{i de o cunoritarr dr esteinaldi de aFmximadvl0 merri, tehuelchesi al srlmo*lor acestora.
nestnptrnit.O +tfel de lire cuiioBrEa a.eEai int:lime ca la intrrre), r€ rfll [\'ar pe miil,rcu] snilor 1900s lost
rvut-o Ffiftcisad PaBEasio Moreno, al 890 dt prqrunrupestre.Dupl cum prxibil ri sc strbileasctfopttl cl
ctrrrrinume Bvr$sEdrvinf Frimosdupe sugereirilnuin€le.mairfitatea$!nt picturile din Ckeru de lrr l!{drri dar€e?t
ce ftmafiunea naturglAceamar amnrenteEleftAinilor':rrit tnind in din preistorie.Frl+ontolc'8ii argEntinieni
uimltodftdin Pata€onia, EheFruLR'ritir sine.cit Ficont$rul,in cfiloridilcrite au efecturt tertr barrrtepe drarce ru
Moreno,I fosrdcn$miri e$fel in ro$u,ocru,galben,viqilet,alh,negruti tarLh 14,denrifi{tnd rucceslrmile
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
E bsus w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 103501
r.*
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 1 0 3 5| 1
Sena
daCapivara
B RA ZIL I A
SrArur.FHLII
ANUI-ixfircrsT[-{[[:l99l
CnlT[xr !Clr
i80
C*"0 n*o*,,u*u,
sr Lrr 1950.*hralUt l hr.rrilianNiedc
Guidr:na plrcr intno c,lliLrmcinrr-o
:on;l rrtgrnndrn sudulmic[]ui srit
Fiaui,sirumin nord-$rul Br,irilfui,!u
rc Btr€Ftare xcEn$ta strtia rna!$rrlr
Lle.iit{r scurlk Jr pl5Eere- Cuiirn
!i!ii, ?rxu FentEtr-Srl,]tisfe{r:
ruriq?irateapnvind lrrrtstirile F(
cae le aLLri*dcrFrereflete+irEi
l$ma+iuniler1ER]LEuimjr(llrc din
.Scn*drrCa$ntrra Vrtrtatir rsrL:
Fdrtedin cddd\{d,n Fidurr LscitTtr
ptimorLlirllqlirrcurenu irt! nui r?tnlirr
rlec0tuneJeos:e irr irnens liJid
+ridftcrlnr)rclrriisrb unrrlr dr send{:.
CuLLion nu lve+ nici (r iJrjerf,
J'JrrstitcAHrarric urrn0sil.i lrhinlhd
l inta:{xFhrEnL{cidioxrrelerlnr Srnq
oL,(-4lE.rt". n ilescopr niire Fi.ruri
rulr$ttc cxrr.t{trJinireC+cace le lirra
a(1irLft uirnit(tittc,n$l citlr inrlrisedilr
star[,nr rr: d(\:trIniiertri&au caE irrl
hl$ de$enrr€niri utilirrrer treivitjrr
g.rrnede cr l+ri n:inerale.r:i mGrerrrl
dari:ilndiri lX rioirln ind('pt arj
in t.rrt rte'steniu fo$r.!enl+ d+
rt toFrrlillir la {el ft nri5rcnonsl
ln rrDrlr(rfl Jrnrf,r{LiJr $i
CuiL rn j coleHrisiri r1r(crcefurfiecarc
c<ntinrriIUtli r{! i. rrtaLrginJ J.ti
Je siltriJr inreres rrhcolo*ic, rliosdir, fuirrtl'nrcllr rrlrciifl rat
Jir ro .ire l4(,1c(mftncau un r,n;rl.{t prrcdLrJljxu;rleinclurir cel+
aFrrrfrr .ll r.'100 Jc pirrrrrirulrrrrre- cunrscurrsuh nurneLr{c ,,mar.e
Slrt dnrrehrreJr' situri rinrilarciLn rotund;i', +n lcl ,1,:orglccRrcroplicA
Amenci.jiEunrlir,cclt Jin Scrr da nufir'rr(|nrchgrrriirl ititLritlrulunui
L.:p11nrrL,nrtili$u in }}lilniFrrld{.r+llf reri prrirahrlavftndun iil Je
(u.,q{ncni.nrFtd{'gra|l'1 detdt uinrle !tnrniiidrtirrh".liri1
ii chirr crindanirnalcle$unrFrc:rnrpj cu rrrn(4acfstfit rrfre;cnnrilc de
dc f.rcFarrcJin scenrJr viinf,k}Jrc ;rfinrilc, Jejj mai FUrinttrj+nuit(,ru
saude ItFIi ilr t rlr inn Lrsrr t'(rt .dru i-r+(Fcrnrishn (jrriJon
':dL'
intotdl.intu pi.rB\quniflrl l l[ctc s! ,llnhr)re:a (i tcor€ revolDti(nnrft
,lrntrcr_elrDxi areL-reIre sccnrJunt rsuFrdo.iEiniioil'lrni[r]r in .cle J.uii
ttlc.nR: iJ4$Lrru dnnstti Ji.in nnrd rr)nfttreDre a.Lreri$tnrPr iirltil actfii
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103521
&
"d#
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 103531
Parcul
National
RapaNui
CHIL E
lNsul,,,PaftLUl
TI Arrla lNxeG|FT rJtr1995
In 1947,coflvir1scAPohhelid CxrrEflxC (flIifll hl J8?.ra' Ift*d
a fust F{rFularl de nevi8Etoli cu.ejo+i
dm.dmeflcf,de Sudcgreerru caF*bili * unorndrnnehim,J€sele
staruide
lat sl ajungl ln iffuhle lfidtpnftEtr F€insulda aabtatcaacea$ta
furere
din oc€enulPaciffccf,Lltorindin poFllartl eFrdiimedv din enul
crnilareatiuni lrimitive, e*ploratorul +i J80d.Hr:,cu cel putino mie de;rni & nM h f'tu& !.J ar
erhcotrogulnoruegianTlur Heiedahl nai devremedecit secredeaTra.Iitia lt r,rll&r hftdi ff{{d id
a orgrnirato cxpedidcindrSlnea!5-L* lotuitrtdlol totDti, fustinea cI iFdrRo+ii
b,:rdullui lfun Tiki, o anrbarcatiune lor sosistrbdin fttrrrnul Orienr in
din l€mnde halsaaseiTErretoare celor timp, snalizad€tnirat[ r arheoloflei,
folosir€dc FoliNrieni, a poftit $[ antroFokEiei fi?iceii geneticii Fopuhtiei iL
acaperecEiI000 de kilolnetr1cff€ a aritat cl Heyerdah.lgreg*. Insulei i
separd qoastaperuvisnfde olul s'n dst numeh de cgtrr mannanll Jacob
Raroiadin atripelagulTuamotu. Ro8gcre€n,pcntru r{ lirses€pdmul sI
lncuraiatde suceesulexpcdipei, o vadl inn o ri de Paptiin anul l?ll. ar li fort terminrtl, ln iur de 16Od*
opt Eninrai drliu s vrut sll demonsEe?e NurnaimulF ani duFt Eceea,ln 186.1, lane. Teoriaceanlai s$edilarl +$recd
c: aelaFilucrus€int6mplase cn Insula a frrdtdenumilA RapENui dr dn grup ayeaud vakErerelr€ic€Fb des€rece
Pagelut,formapuneavulcanid soliran de marined tahitieni crre crederu cll lbtnrchiF tr ftfid, ipiritili strenroFilor,
c+teseafll h J 8tl0 de LilarrrerriJe c+a artro cFRaFi ln, o mici insuladin mn{orm aaditiri polinrd€nc.Rffru
maiaprcpiatea5erareumanE.Hi:yddrrht Ptiineda farcezS. Peneu poputapie unii expeqr,rctu+i,scestea s{nr
gi echiFalui a declantato exFlorere lffels, itxula ffe T. FilDO t l{enuq Biinf,oludale auionDeliialei ieligio€se,
arheotqgrclt Grsuhi,derc(rperind cil cart lrutamnd Nera Lum:i cgEsi Folitiff. $)ci€tar€a din R pa Nui
|}lacl e fclstrclr$fiicl d. pldun, ca.e Polinerienii au fixt, de acemenea, a Fospfiat timp de rtrljle, dar o dstl
fuse8er{(EElsIerdelii{ete d€ cerre cei cc aEc(}lofii.al Ituul:r Pagrelui,in cu ttestereapoFulallei s-ainttalalun
kxuit<*ii iruulei, Datareacu cartron secolulal Vlea. oculrurl complex5{ declininexorabil. LaapoEeu, insula
eniglnaticl a trcEput s[ se dezvo]teaici, s suut 10000de locui6n,dsrr€Esr
avind ca rcr,ultat fiorgmongr,singura numdrrra Fresmsrep€fiftucei I l{
limbd $cr1rldin Oc$nia. Peiflsul5r"au [i]ometripStra;idetcren.Ptinre({ ul
gast r$ai Inulte in{cripfiiFe roai $i ruinE al XV-lee,ftrgrlul ec,rerrrem era sF eqt*
ah unor case,lHcaiuride cult, sculpturi completdistrus;nu mairxlsrirucoFici
dl]r temn, v4minte dia coajl de cotrac pentru e seconstruiaenrte,d8taa€c€
{tapalsi Froduscaruranale.Tinurr, ultrmulfuses€ tlirt pentrua re hce
Rapa Nui esremai faimrl$lrftru rtuxi, r':re.nirgncirl.A i?bucnito riElitare
ceFereleEigenticecloplirein pietrl- ibtre clEnuriceft r ddsle o Frlbu$ire
Orltt[, tel puFn ZgB.+,teauverricalpe a $ructurii r}ciBle,bHttrliipe rcad lrlcf,
hare nutite rrhr, tate :ru crmsForrdenre s\ ir ultilndirl.rtaqft,la c"nibalism.
in cultula Folineliani.AFmap 150de So$ireaeuropenilornu e ficut dectt rd
fl!(.r2riocoRjo€r* insula pc maryine, in inr$utflfeBE(d situatin.AccstiaEuadus
timp ce :fte 640, in diJeriteutadii de bolt +i multi locuitoridin RapoNui au
Froduclic, suff Inrpri$r16rcpe cda$d foct dcForta+iori vandutica !.lavi.
g lAnd vulcanul RartoRara.[u,undr ln l8??,populalias.aredusIa ll I
+eaflt carierelein careerausculptate. locuitori (sstlLli.a crescutdin nou ls
llaioritat{a axtcutateihrrt anii Z frJ0 de loruitori, multrdintre ei sunt
l0i0-1650, au o turrlpnede maximuIn dc ortsinec(mtEEntall) Deti ceeaa
I 0 meui cu o g*utate de aproapr8Ode fos(mEi riu ir tJer!t, evehimentrle
tone. Una djntre aceatea, aotuti Farlial violenre +i irelfisihik din istoria ineulci
rlrrlucatl din pau-rlslu de pistrS, estede eu ftcut ca Rape Nui se ffe c,}rlsiderer
dolll ori mLliftrre si ar fi .:ln!Arit, dactr ut| sidrboltl un i .et?lrrfe ecologrce.
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 103551
politic$ispiritual
Centrul al
culturii
Tiwanaku
BOLIVIA
PFo\rxcL{lBGr\,! D$rffcrul l-a Paz
,AnL!-N$crxflt$r: 20dl
gBnERr C {!r) {rv]
lo)
P*,t" S*,.luiinro..*
nwftrmental5itr oraiul Tiwattaku,a fixt
tliat: dintr,un rillgdr hlrrcdr andait
rare (gntitr€+te1C0de tonc. Pertee
$updl<lariesaedrcora6 cu un lxrorelief
..u {8 dr lieud co aripi pe ner regrirre,
dinirecare3l au fe[eum{be,irr
l6 de condon,eleiintiFifiinlc
"apete
imaginare-in rmtru, se:rfla. dirinirate
i cdreifa!trlmptlttEe$re tolarein tmte
dtuectlile.{lbrslii li suntft}Ucrimst!
un sinbol al ploii, iar'in mdini {ine doa.l5
obiff tc stili:st€, rimbolurileruDerului
li fulEEruluLltntru indimii il.rnrra,
6rupuletnic dominsnrde pe malurile
laculuiTiticaca,iigurad reprelintdpe
Vir&ochs, drvinrrrreecar€a apIrur din
lac la lncep{trrl tinrpurtl'r}rpenrrua .reF
saareh,cerul,srelele,Floaieli liinlel+
umans.Dqrl aceea, a colindrt
ptmf,ntulti ufl certctoncivilnand
ormeniirudimente decilihzrfic,iminte
da { dhFdrealn imEnsuloceonPscilic,
Aymarasunt rmvirqr cETr*anaku
elte ,buritul Lnh€rsu1ui", locul ,rnde
strdlnoFiilor $.aunffcu! scumniii ll mii
& ani.Totull lerdndhgmdeledco
Fafte,5the(iqgiinu au reu{t lnaAsA
lie de ;xonl asupraperioadeiin carea
aperut mbieriossacirdnsfrepre-inc4E crviliaaliaTi*enelu a etinsmomenrulde dectxete cu hrrsorrlieiri. Mai depade
Unii $un cAs-alntRmplatin urmllcu l{rf +lrI .rralule ajunbFAffe abendonflt se afli A.kapana,,,nrr:neh sacrude
I0 Off)de ari, caun rcn pemalullecului, iir junrlenuluiI t00,cdndausrir la'llo"nal:u", o phsftuddlnnlrl dr
luind ln corur|letsreLnianelntrerund inira$ii$ ctEdece,h Frilcadade ipror(iErativ 15 merri cu o bara Fd[atA
dedepunerialhe6i de urlderuCalhen5 +plendoare maxim5,oraEulscopefta cire nrErr()ErE3Eile metri Fefiecarr
depe pietreledin apropier€a sitului cer€, rrsupalap de aprupe | 5 kilometri laturA, FiraffidE e5tcconE(ruid din
suslinacegrla,rdkt nivelll lE|lul{ti F[nsd $i eracaFitaldunei..ixnunitdli hlocudde andedtcarectfilr€sc cel
Titicmatn a.t€ u?me. Altri preGrEo de l0000-40000delxuitori. Trrruli puqin l00Je tone si, cl mai pr,*abit,
dadtintr€eniillm,l600 i.Hri i*r lihii, din pricirn lipeeifandunlolsepetulile iuhid + un templu suheran. Zoaa
brrEndu-tiiFq(ereleFeFrobemarenrrle, s-aua.r'Elcrnrdt,lh Fttic4:sl,a-rlruaa imediaH arr terels pcntru cercmi]lix de
susdn.ITiNanaku a f(5t tndat in anul ceff ft Inub6bila frxr centrulpdrtic, fonna lirerd I undes,augAsitohi€rre
4iJ0i.Ht p+meluriler3ulu TiMn'Lu, admrnistraov +ide c4.remonlal orB+6lur, drtr obsiJun, aranu g argrnt,remdfle
.I}mFlul
cs.esevrtsdln lsc 14Lil(nn6d maij{]E. KalasesalaseaiII ln al€ lrmeLrr &rcrificlltc $rii8uri dr
Cu t Ete aceatea speciRli+tiirunrde acrrnl qFfirFiertsRlrFi g)areluiiesteun ceremicfi,cEreF]ste au repffilrrilt
cuteorir ct, lmtd anil 50{:19ff1d.Hr, edificiusacrulmprejm|lircu mLlaftr memhn ai rlirei polirice +i religicare.
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
103561
i r . r.r.r : rr, r$.r:rli .i,\, ittr r' li\i, ,t, ,, t., ,:(Li -ril,l L.'rL'
' . rL
:( , :,,., r..r..,ri Jr.i:rir!llL L fr , rrii, , ri rr !i rir r,'t!:! .li::rr, l., I n | , [,,
. n . . ' p :i rr r., l r ,r.,,,:,!. 1,I- r i ,i l'tr :, r.iri '- !r:r! l!r''i r!1 r r' r,
! l f . r r i , !r, ,.l n :ri i l r i rrl l L
r - r r r , ' L uri. rr,l i rr n r i .t.: l i N '. ir : L rL r ' ,r ' , ,:1r f ii.r .,ll
' ,1 "' : '
L:, . L.r r,., rtr L : i,tll. i.Lfl i LIJ (r i Jf .r r : ' ir i r ..,i i, 1,' J" . r r , i I
'
nrl!hrrf ! r r!!!( !rr11r'riir:r. 'rrr( 1 l f:lu $l r ( rj:t r.r' i r r rt:.rl:
"l'lf
| ,rrL .,Lr I i,f , r.,r ! | ti: r'r,,1,' , , . , 1 : L . rjn : L ri. r : r: . : r r . | r
':. iri. :..f .\Lr:r: i I :rllitjF;Lfiilfr. i] :i . :
r: F , r, , l rr: ! irr' , , ilir. r
r I l'. i,l :, :1r L. :r , :r r., iLi t..il :ri . , rr' rirrrli . \ : i' . . i: , r , rL ri
.,rl,ir.lL Lrmr.lr: r'r:r r;':, rft: r.,Lir:ri'l( rr. u . . r' i' L rL rirL jrt r r, t l
Jr r.rfi, I: irxtli1.r iL::rlt- ..,',1t, i' . , rrr! -. i r, l, L iL irrr, r: r r, rr! r \ l
'l|l
. r r L r : rl l ,L .h .l r ,.rI:L r;:.::rr.
.iL t.r L . ii , . t : f L r: : . : , : , lr rr rr , t
-{ fL'1l.1, r::,rir,r'. i'.':,iiLi:-n,: n, rrrlL : ' : rr, , , r: , : t -ri: , L : r, . :
rL u: L.lrr J L:Lr.i.r. - :r :r: t . i, : ri: i r. rt rr r: 1 r i . | r t i. i, i: l
'
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103571
deHufntar
Chavin
PERU s
DEPA*r MrNrLiLAxc,rsfr
Ai'rL:L , t985
ltRr6tsrft.qefl
CArrxfi C (u0
t.
HUANTi(.
fl
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103581
lf,l s [iCsrilia d
rH,nficlarrlf df dfji',f
irI&MrFftl}!]rPdr,e
i9t
.trgl *
&
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
1,i : 1,!i: !! '. " i,r .: I l035sl
Chan
Chan
PERU
D .l ,r t1 !r|\ I - I 1 L hlr tr ) P' ( i r r r r IEr | ......,
D$T rrt,l Hfah.cHrcr)
AtiL:ri\REtiuiTE,\kt!; ]91{6
lliltRl! PELltf,{ ri ftnftlx|l]tr I o\naL
i r r !r lHua( ) r1986:
( - t:TTr i:ir
li,' { !!l
J9n
cta'
i,F: !_ Fi
'\ I.-E
a*'-;fr-*
\:.; +
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 103601
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
1 0 3 6| 1
.\
\'
I
D
---rE.|irs+
,"-+*
L-
! trt' - la
lr
t" -. 1."
103621
,t'"
|
:-;i
-fi--
Picchu
Machu
PERU
PRovlNo.dU&'Bj"[4!a"
DxtAF.TMtNrut Cuz,t0
AxLl hrxlcrsra.lxtr1983
cntlEtt c ir) {ujiN {I) ftfl]
,t00
n rntmdrudrnvare Par€o exagertrestrst co$idere
anului1988a fdcutravagiikl pEdurea st+plarhcologrc de lq Machu
dm iutul vechiuluiorq Machu Pirchrlrm ebmentfundamental rl
Pkchu"dirtruslnd peste4 Odl de ecodistemului toautiEumuseles
hecarede vegerarie+i pun{nd sub nrinelor careFeridrcl dtasupta
remnpllntretSni prsviefuLea Fbduriirropicde frcr pert€inrelrantt
multm spcciilocalede anirnale, din FEis4,lnrr-adeviri prerent!
rr:And Ie rnarginearuinelor nuntrlor,a apeir6uluiUrubrmba
Con+iderarcel msft derssru e{ologic Fianimalele, r{}etesuff r€le{sre eu
drtrisiodr Perdlui.E s€ravit situatia det€rmiiar fondsrerracestuifabqloF
d€jeptecedie ecftistemulli din orEl. Hpulsfia irica$ credeati
magniff+nl'ale Urubrmba,r$mintst PachaMams (MamaPEinlnt} .rt
de preriunea tr+stindl a turhmului o fiind ctr Fur.risuprEnaturdle,
in derdltrre fursceesuronl {i de rar Marhu fuchu era locul
lipssdc fondud $i de conFal drir sacruundc senfi*cuselunrea.
parteaguvefiruluiperuvian, C,onstruitintreanii 146tr14?0
sub&rmnia regelurPac,\acun
Indr Yupoflqut.ent|ui pentru
ccremruriide la MachuPtcchu
sveasproxrmativI I00 de lcsuitori.
Di rc ace+t1d, mrjoritateE€rau
fernd crre hr€serl alt.€ sI 6e
vestslerrleZculHiSoqrelili(dupr
cumeudemnsrnt celt l?5 dt
$umii, didur crft 8046erru
fen,inine).Celelqlte!0
aparfifieauunor FreoFqi .dpii.
Zon-aarh.rrlogi.Ec,xrst$
din 200d€ .lrdifl; maioriralea
etru fie ic'cuinte"lie deF-te,
construitedin granitairfelincetsl
,imbr:tiiere"rdncileti strexplostere
moriio$r terenulur,Inrerile eBU
tap*oidale, iar acoperigurilterau
din paie.Caele cu doudnivele
elBucon3nuire ln grupuridErite
rrrPtn iurul uneicurli petrat€ti
ereulegated€ rrreziingurre$i
frasarele-Zoneh Fenuu urimalele
donesti.e li ttrffide Fe cEre
inteFii cultil'ru porumb ti carEfi
s+allau lff mard+ea fltului.
Celemi impotrantt edificii
refiC1oase erallcollrtruitetrni$rul unor
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c
c0.cc 103641
1llI
s I w w w .n a 0 tl ar es.c0.cc 103651
tr D SU S I WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 103661
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 103671
Cuzco
PERU
DrPAtrMEt\TLrL
Cll]pfl
Ar"uLINTIG|ITEIfIf 1983
(llr](lV]
Cisrnnu:C
o.lformmitului iffrs,
M:rnm Cspacsi sorers MamaOcllo,
p€rsonaj€le divine caresu aptrut dm
adincurile hculut Titicacaln
eFreFiEre5 irEulelorSosrdui ti a
, {!:1 l.lnii, au fondat oratul Curcoln anul
1lCS.Itrecheaceuteun loc uode
+econstrurasqA I (+piF+lE,
aeafiui
l;umddal pr c,re lafire s cunos.ut,o
riftodetH +i, se sFune,emplasamentul
a fmt alcr dupd ce Ma+co Capac
+i-ain4pt tqs'rorlutde aur ln pEmAnt,iEr
er{sta,tu nlodmirsculoJ,a foatlrehitit
dcpfunfrnL hrnrs piatrEa nouluiora+
e fo6tpr.4eexactin acelp{rilt. Din
acestrnttiv omgula fir+td+nurnitCu.rc(t
sauftroq'o, ceraceln limta quechua,
lnEe rurlt nburiculuniveH uf'.
De {apt, s-augbsitpruhctare
d)vedesae:(istentaunei sF€rdri
Anterjoarecelei mErtionatede mitul
incas.AFrarea furelt lmui6 din
secolulal VIII-leadeo populopie ct
serrcupade agneukure, kiliki,cart
davdtese o remercabil[cepacirete
de r prelucrapiana durEde odgine
vulcanicd, andeatul.C" $alr e(ist 4
a fodtftvoie dr mri mult de doul
secolelnalntecaorsFulCrlrco st
devinl csprtalamaSpficdFiptrternicl
din fugerrdE. in r4]8, Pichacuti-
:rl oFr|rbr d€scendenr El di$stiei
care1r.alnceput domniao dat5
cu MancoC+pac- a lrrceFur$
exlind5 lElp€riul LrcaF.Adesraa
drcis cdGtruireaEftbfiosului $i
monurnmtaluluirrr-a+ care,pdni
atunci,nu fusese decit un sat.A
canaliratrlurilc SaFhili Iirllunayo $i a
comtruit Curcope {€1iadintre Bcestea
Noul ora6a fixt mnceputitr
formaunei pume,animalultacru al
incal-ilor.Secsayhurman
.Enfiu religiosFi,dup[ csr, citade]a
t{ fortiffcstlt, reFrezenaa caFulpumei
Pumacchupen, punctul unde ceh
drrul rAuns++]tberaude slbtalor
I€hrt * 5ff0 Driil*d
ertifu iell. lormecroda- Coricenchr
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103681
t' t
T
r
(TlmplulSosrelulicrasprtele,rar
HuencaFAte, pinla.lecerenronii
i+a!emaimull FsumniFutm
umnreahniilepednnttuLui pietn
$peniolde m:ri reEiu, Ph:e d€
Aitnr$1,simboli!ainimaarumilul+i.
Din piag. drumurileplec* ln
t<nteto\urile impetiului. in linal,
Pachacuti a emenaiar panrele
bconiurltoarealevaiiin rcr?s€
pentnra incrrrdjaatrrcultx rd.
in urmitcrul sctol.Curcosi
bogAfla saaucrercutexponeqial, iar
(5nd FranciicoPi{arron ajunsai.i
1aI noiembrie 1535,a {rct fermrcat
dn oreg.Zulunlecu4ii templului
Canicanahr rrau RcoFerite cu fuile
de err, iar gr:djna din miikrcavei
repreaenttnde plamerle prrumb
din rur Ii drginrlncru$rft€ cu pietre
prcfoesc.Pditind de lugele
dinastice caremtrcinau imperiul
in.a+, FiEro a reuFit,ptih !i,:hnit,
6' preirhogatiilcdnr$ului
+ir lEset
acolo88 LiecoloniltidrngEofflcrii5ii
brrroccarerL$tsd,
hc din C$rcocel
mai jiumororaodin ArnericnLatinn.
lglesiade Santo Ll}lnlngo s. tulic
Jrsprctuitu;rrrdel$uptsretulului
CorichancaDin GmplulSoarehri
nl| fl Inai raF.rasJer:it un Fiat rid diD
blocunde :rnderit,{imarc cindtirvi tn
;ur Jc 160rlc tone Singlra partec*re
a supraviefuitdin Sacsa!hrraman este
+lrr: r:r:rLr,cnl prrgir pe hlnir, suprFii o mi,:i Eectiune din c€er ce { arl a
nDuluidotnnitor-mRrionete, Manco list un *nsambludc nharc,cmple
Incr. Aceasti rimularea tinut trei ,j1foftdica{ii Rlhrele lnce rdrgnific€
ani, pan* r;ind Meflt.l htr a ale metererelorsunt reprr:entate
Fr*EtLito *rm+rf,{are +les rl irEer(e de n lid in ?igrrg(arc imrt5din+tl
rE-i al nge pe sI'3nioli. De.!i fr {fff IF
un pasde succes, planulsdua r'guat {lced ce spanioliinu au reuiit,
ii a ftrar{rbhgatsd fuCEln indepfttsfirl !oru$i,fi f{r€riil de?rildi.inere
orrg Mhabembaascunsitr Sdure. strAlechfa.!fturil in.d+tr.A rtapArui
Lrbafls{ acfioFe?e dupdhunul ple. ir Bliltrlunic (numi! ridsaroirl
ad 4r|Ilid tsdru eddri
rpaniotrii au jefuir mrmumtnrele FicrurilorcolonraleFipe lelrle
ur$ulur sr,lolosindu.se de aurulhcal mmenil':'rdi" C".co, di"u. ."*'
au cons*uit uimitoarebisaricrin shl 90 iii au otigiber th Afui.
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
l036sl
Liniileqigeoglifele
dela
NazcagipampasulJumana
PERU
+LrI
]
inelesrstemtlordt mul6 pricepere.iar execuFagrof,rbil
iri8adeconsaruitede lorelnicii dit| a nec€sl(etr]f| efttt enorm,de{srece
iss.ri5FnncdseForvedeade+ lungul nu cxisrtrprobecEs'au {oftr$iralrtunak
dcFcttunlotdt pe coasrelehrului. de p,rvarEsi decisepresuFuneca
ln 1941,hul Kr:eok,un rtFen ln mrula lbetlucratmsnual.
AmErics L"c{inl Frecolumbirnd"le Dr-u lur*r.rl anilc,qau apAruto tede
studialn r'rleaRio Nacca- unul dintre dc ipotert pnvir,rJl$rlesul liniiloq
nfluenfi lui Rirr Crmde - cind dat inqlusivunrie idei hsrsrdareimpLcSnd
'
pegtr ceeace pErcail [i o uria+l pnrdrc extralere4lriiinspiratede o similsritate
$ilizatadesenare pe putIdnt, lungf,de va6ra gcogl'fElorcu F{stelede eeri:an
F€ste]0 de herli. Fdreacd desenula sle unui eeroporr$i de tehrEk4iile
f,xt tlasii ln mod intrnlionat eldet incredibildc evansatedervokete
inctura frevrribildesus. de etdlilalii enriee,der fourile de
Dup{{r a dkcutatcu coleEii
seide lENarcl iu ramai un rilster. I,inile
la Univer$itarei din Ll$a, Ko6ot a cflet din prmprsul]umgnefi multr eltek
cu eraumai multe frguri de acesr{el de-alunEulctssrelorperuqeneh
+ictrin urml cu lrei ani uft sFcdalt$t rard, dc+irrlaiputin Epectaculoas€, bi
peruvian puHicaeeun articol ln cr*c evt{u or'€itlra ln cc6 ce s numeFte
susfinesilotezg c[ lccaqeaerru imagini ,Eivilllslia NErt€".o civilirsfic
cu un caracterrimalic rqate dt rt p{e€olwnbiand (ire a ihJloritinlre
civilire!ie Fr€t:olumbien$n€cdnoscutH. st.ddtealll-leai.Hi ti alVl-ha d-Hr.
PErrEin +<elmomenr,prerenF lor Acestfapt a fr:srdorerlir cu riutnrul id.kadHr.
fu$eseln mEft prftr rgnorard,cu
exceFfievreunei noaeoce'ionslc e
cronkrilor rFenirrliin iurul snuluj
16O0g r s,;hilelot derenatede
srheoloeulJr io Telloln 19!.6,
Dupd o misiunede reunorgme
serianain caft a reutit si identiffce
numti(tEsr figuri, KGok a pdrisil Peru
cu idecar{ clau linii antice dc orienrare
legatede obeeruere**stmnohic4 F-s
€xplicatteo{ir matematicisnuluisi
ssE$nomrlul germin Meria Rcrche,
cnre lircuia la Linrs- l)m f,c+l ftomen!,
fuich€ {i-f, dedkatFanulccide ani
penFu a srudialiniile de la Na:.E +i
rr aluru lrr dc$opcdrea li+rer [r* +i a
celDrcaft lt,eL {onc+ut, prtcutn +rL o
e$Fhcsliepliueibile Fri\'"indexisrenls li$,
O lum[rae de recolmai tiEiu, mai
bim de urir&i de ihrgini atr f(ar
identiffcsie ln pamFasulfuIvada s:ru cEFmicii d€rcopeiiie ln am€lrt:u rliftll
Jumsas,qinuturiinalte cu o suprafsll mEi prierfio$sl din regiun€,ecolo
mai marude 480de tilomeli pdttnli unde, protabd, k*urau cri cEreiu hEur
dessuprE viii fuo Naria. Un€l€ Fre?rnti figurile, ri al iia€rmrtel,r'!, e5siteth
camcteristici uma$erau animflle,lar .d'nr Rr(' Narta. UBe[e dercoFeriTis nt
tkele sont plantestilirRte Exijtg ti decorEtecu nroti$e (e au q renarqabili
iftr8gimleimoarrde plsdri,o maimut[, as€m5narecu unele dinEe figurile
un pAiRnien Fio or€d,d{r m5i sun! +i desenate,Munca neobositl e Mrrriei
modeleEEometdce,lh mod dcosebir Reirhe r cmrfir:ner c5 ffgunle
trapcroidale ii rectanguhrclungi de geomrrdc4 ,u iurff 0n d imlorlrnt
aproep€dor kilon*ff , crrei apErenlrnu in nlar+fileaurll}' evenimente
0u nicio s€Innificrtie.TrhnLs rdliidti #&i|t'l! ft,tl h
calmdaristtce imporrante. cum
Fentru a le coosrui rra simphl; Pur sunt solst+iul pi ciqlul arcrimpuriloE
ri +tmplu, F€indEFEr(auFiecele de D*torii[ c]iftei ncobbnuit de aridE
o culoaft mffi:,nie crre a.{i?eteau din pamparuiJumana9i ahrngei
supra{"fa pempesdd, ll.dnd se id !-rdd ercIiunii slului ptovocate ile rdnr.
pelrele de o culosrernai deschr$E. ln liniile de la N rtca au sugravitluit intr-o
clrda $ifipli.it5fii rn4t$dei $ecrrea rtare ptrfrcH pdnf ln rdcle lro6sne.
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 1 0 3 7| 1
Situlmaya
delaCopfn
HONDURAS
I
Horaur-{s
Ar,rull:*rcrs_lR,{Irir;
Igtlj
C ('!l l!')
CFI1t:t,r:
'1-.
'r.
rI
40s L;r I rnurrrcti?6, LInr ftrlu, CoFirnric Jhtnur' rr! rnult
Lliegoti.rrci.rck Falar'r1,.
urrr:rrenrLrtr FrLn|irdl .1t(]rirprin Mhiteflhrl
al tribunrlulurre;'aldnrCuaremrl,r. Nr m;lnrlderculFturi ii delteleJm
u tnmis o scnsoorercgelur Spanier, oresthr csteimpre* nant ru fust
Fllip el U.ltrr, Fnrru b.l i[r{,rlna tn numlrfir' 4 5Llqdr Ltifi.ii, Jirrrr. carc
ttri! irur dcsdF:tririi unlli ruirrernirlun$t 1450 rt .rll-ll1tto sqalag Je !1 .{e
care,in prs?nlt, se ;ll3 i. Hondutar lrilLmetnptrtq;liiq junrl rn'cle(!tur
5i runt numirr rlc hrrlnici (irpin. are+ui sit.{ir rinci ernt imJrrnrme
Nurn*h1,o.ne ptovcnide le curirrul Jin punct Je vedue erheolLrgic, ruest
nahratl,:r,Frnrtl.
tare inreamnE ,,Fr'j" gruparhecrL4ic curtral acrgerl o r+ni
T'rtuti,inirrmraTialui Palacioou a rle 40 de hectareti tste o intindere
crfat val,ra,irr lumffi Extrnoars nu i Jcxhira ronrrrurrafo[xinJ nr.tirnuIt
cuno*rrror6ul p$nl ln I839,rind dc 700it-r dc nrcrricr-rhidc Finenr.
john Ll,-rvJ
Stephens,un diplomat ln pnr:rul rinJ eslcacrotrrla'crre
american. ii iovari+nlsii|| dr ci]irnne, esteirrpirlitA in do||:irT!€iiimarir
hrrtaniculFmJenck(irr her.nrnl, PrrlefuJr L rrtrusri Jt la rili:l . Zo,rx
ftuinci.put![ c.rFlorr:+lljtrs. Citilu ,:uprir.[eclou[ternplr{runplelell qi
*ni nraitirlirL. Srephensa pLhlicar 16l sl rrnaltar Tenrpr I ll reFrelenia
Inorlelrs rf Trurtl in r,te Yurutan
ll,r.iml,Lrri dt, cr;lirm in Yrcur.rn). n',lE! ru p'r,liL Hrnlxl
ln rrrir cr:rudr's':risrrrrrflch.{r ]s
Gl,'iin, n airrteexc+lenriius[Iati
de Cnthemor .
ShJiu[ lisrrmrticrl rr luluiJetl1tro n illahil!,,as.
dEna,
ulrii dlrlrtc cei l'Ir+irln$(}ttanti ckperli
in risili:atiile precrfirmbiene 'llrni\trtr l) nrllrF J
.+El L[" l,i'{{ ri rni:iq:
er fiicutlxxihilt o mai hnni "
rir d"+ ir 4ai }lqnlL4r
cun{.rFt{rL' a civiliratiri mrr-.I. nx-lr HEnir, Iti$d{
SpreileL,sehire Jr Tikrl,
hlefq!e tt nltaaleriiri
jnu,ortJntcdin ud.Isuli tl(riu
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l o372l
.rr"liny $d!i'i
'".q4
409
pLlnrie.llrle L|m+1d€ diDrolo. inr irornsnxn1iixcoFcfltl,lc ltlrh[ Frulnrfltn ln jurul sr'colr,lui;:l V-lea.so(ietaie.
remphrl 16, care a {irt clmtnit nr5tr ru sri:lt !i ikr e. Srclehgi prrnrrLr' c,rrcI.{Lrii in CoFanatinserecet mai
iiclr urui oli{itiu tnl'-'ril}r,$ dfl* edificiiLlin.riJ au fDsriohEirr dftFr inalt nir.tl rle d*vulurc. {-ir;r+ulera
ilrr.eceledouiFiele-Alrarul+ra Fundter+ referintiiFeniru{}h,sl'r!!!i.1 ciinnui!de u|| rrj8c,Lei m+iimFortanU
inchinatcinrrit<mtcr dc ltr t]rlin ii {5trrru'mirtr,Cu tor}Ir ntrstL'n.Lelcm i ftritrni lu-uil in cis€ Je .lirimidi.
cuprinde Fortreteleacestr:ra.[{ai rxirti sptttaculrrarrsituti .{irrCc4rlnsuruflrl inr F r}dt|ctiede ulreltf,ti ceramica
run(jluric*le au o lunHrft iorili dr i[dr]iala teren+lde j+( (.ummger- rl lpnse.v: [r: un nn"clnJtclt de cali{ste
4*re trei kilometripr suhacropoltr 1i doileace ninnrr LlrrAmenca(lentrala trluritI 11 l.r lrrrtpurulrecohrluial
dFteFridin Frinirdele hmpurii ale Fi<rri Jcoprnrl ru hirtuglift. A r t le Vll,ha. rvol lir continuere,iar oruul
hrui i rmri. L]{'ilpr C,rp,tna frxt Forl'l,r {.rr4\ll{i, sfnrArrte6J dr'lrcF{+ a arinsEFrEelrl sl,len,lorinrhite{Gtrir
crBlrruirifl FrjrioxdilrlBsiLittr i in arit FresrcJtcLllirtii[u I 5Lt Jc glifecare. ri aj srulpturiisalc Jtvmfti.| prldtt.
irrrresrctiele el III-leirsi al {X.learl Hr Je nrultr vreme ru .trar at€nti. rtl mai imponanrorrrl,lin imperiul
CrLroare.restea.,. aie::!rerhiar mai speciaLiltilor. Or:lrnai lunl rcxr rd mula,I;ru$i.in $curttimf J|!Fi B(eea,
tnnpurn a qllr.rmhrr Jin:onl, cur{.s.ru crrih:'Jti4rrrrirla(irre a iuprir!iE!rri( Orpin r foq, hrusc,rhrndonat Ultinn
bucurrrrrL' p+;igL*a.,*nrijoaj:l;t iLelot fini artisi, teln(eiraktrj.ii ,lin.stiEi sliia r iort strlptrrrltin rnul 800, ier
tertnLtrifertilede,a h:nFu nraluriln Rir: regrlerle h (ipirn. Ihn neiericrn,:r rpoi rirrmlritllrl5ilu.preuTii:i
(:oFArr.dnten:i djn Fnnrulrnilenlri.Hr. riiflurso inrrrLarc fll{ rgspuns,de$Hrece crtAl+Driau ple|-at,lasind in ormi .e,
Ui! rilt Frnct dc itrrl'rr\ L\rt rturrr'r + FarrcLlinscartrs ft Fr:busit,f:lcind nii inattriexFrrsiBrrtiriicd In r ft n
pirti dirr FrrreeJe nlrrda orelului,o nlelnj[| comFletir esciliehil. ;rjunsvrfl )datrEivilEi4i.rrflar.B
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s , c o , c c
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc 103731
Tikal
GUA T E M A L A
PEolrNcIt[r PETEI
ANULfurrclsrf,l: ]+?q
C (r)(u] {rv)r
CtrIrBr: N ([] {$t
T
I n ompulpregtrrrlor peruru
filmrlRatbotul9!fleh,r,scrmgafri au fost
nel,rifi sdftcurgl inrenBivls inlsEin-edr
penmrr ereasFecraculoerele locun
penEucarea #renit cehhu 6lmul.
Tixu$i, nu pfte in'daI luff +!ie cI ffrr
msi rnarepanes pei{€ielordin Erlaxis
ln,xre rc des{A}wapotutea din ndr[onl
$eiebrau ft6t coplatedupl lt+uri rcale
$icd bElant'elilor {,}rd|4i de prinfesa
Leiiaerao re,:orutituirea oraluluiTikal,
Trtbuh +ur ci aceastdretatabrll
a4ararefiraya$!,cons'rruft{ln ad*ncunl*
iungleidm Gurtemala" estenolume
aparte'.Unul dintrecomplexele rale
monumenulechiar a forr hurnit M fi&
H&la ilume! prrftlutr), datoritd
strocturLi$ll€, atat de labirinticeFide
i!ale!€,lncet inarl ln concurent!cu '-,',!.
iunglc dmffretur
Orlinioar5,nrflrlr|l8Erelepimfiide x'qateF ll.l!&& h Ttul.
din gftrie BlevechfuluiffE$ {crr€
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 103741
{Il
teFrelllnl muntri difl carc a f+Ft.FduJ Cel maiuluirot dinne ediAci[e
Fi]lunrbul, hrane FAarnpefttd mdtsil reiieioaEeah cetidi a fast'ridic€t tn
erau ac(F€rirEcu rtlrr Fict{ ln culori secolul VIIL Estecunoecut subnumele
rluitoaru, tifiti#nd scenedirl nrwlun deTemplulI sauTemplulMarelui
religioeie Ea$iiind vapsite.dnsht in Jrguer,i, fort constluitin cinstea]ui
nr+u.De pildi, st€leledin Pialr Mttt Ah Crcau{681-714}, celde.aldouu:tci
erau rofii, pt Elc ffind g'avate portretele I pseleadomruor al T'rkalului,Acest
celoi 26 de regi cE€ au domnit in TtLal templur, dr fapt,o piramidl de,l4 dc
Culorile, deja iterse de Floile (iiule de-i nEtri hEltinle, cu un ssn.lusr li v6r{
lungul *colelo+ eraui&ntirt ftle alc unft sesflapelrcmurio arhitrav{Fe
Fenelorde psFso-il.de tucBnsaude careere$rulptxtilo reprezmtarea
cohbn cre, in rilele noaitre, iir fac .rlor tl lq)arifiidin Faradlrul rn414.
cuiburi in crnpttunl€ ?rdurilcxrmplelc'r. In interiorulmrrrummtului* fixr
Proleja! acum intr4]n parc nstioDEl desEoperit mortn5r1rul sdwrtnului $i,
rle 16ilDdc hectarc,Trkrl era unul o dad ctrel, accesoriifunerare din jad,
dinue .ck mai imFntante oreFedin
Mesoamerica,A fixr intemeiat in
secotulal Vl.lea i.Hr, pc un loc lnalt.
togat in artori cu ftucte mmestibile, in
Irmn de bunl calimre precum cel rle
TdPEfe, potriwrtpenttu ctlrlxtrucfii, +i In
cremene,Fe cdr|JFopoafelestrHvechi
il folo*au h confrcfionana armelor
gi a unelteha 'Iikal era deja un rrra6
impotrant in anut f,J0 d,Hr., atl.rrci
cind Yax.Mrxh'Xoc s urcat pe rron +i
a pus bA?eleunei ilinastii carEa!-eas?t
domneasce,int€rmiient, FinI tn stcolul
al XJea,cind ora.pl a {ostplrlsrt ln
m<d m*teri.x. In trmpul indeluqgatei
Bdl}F.il}rde de glorie, Tiliul ? aiuns
sA$ilr Finl ]E lm.0l0 de hEuirori,sE
fFcdnegol.u |:etfli tndrpArtat.,plecum
Teqcfiurcen dfi Menic, ti si,$ extindil
dominaffl pene in rentoriul in care se
aflitin alele noartrestatulfuhzt.
Aprorimativ 1.000 dt palate,pirrrmide,
srli de fesrivitti $ichlsrbeircrmale
u hal r+c& ]fl rlr nxm au rdmEs,lntimp,dreptrnirtunea
n*iegtriei arhitertoftice ti rftiltiae,
dar qi a origrnalirSgiicotxrluciorilcr lor,
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 103751
ll?.41, b$id I, h
C'SrI0 c jbc @r*E! e
{rd*l& a'sqtd#cFt Ci.,"r I! 4h/.t4 FdE d.,rqldtrtH!
.&' rh & drd.oLiffi
F I):HIEo$Tf * F tllEd{
l{ dddrd d4f,FbJ
4ll.did $dindrnl
od1@l n ltr&Eal
dtr!' G& s&znldBn {13cfter s rd@L
FD6'6,l.F$xa* *!* AI $iE,iirEEFda'afu l&itoddfu'rarh|.*
Cde li ,ru'r,r 4i.j !i.. deaF.nFiedidlL .iEq@&idJrMi
rLllrrR & ld It$ CftEi ffir{'/iqll4 !&r{
412 d* r'$nr cm".rdiorF* ffinKllri'iftnldl h,mJ 550dJlr Tiod
*@Udvl++ nt ***i***+rCqd
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc
E bsus I r,v w w .hab it acroe,sc c 103761
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103771
Parcul delaQuiriguf
arheologic
G UAT EM AL A
DrF,rrrMEX.ruL [z^3rr
Aliql lNFrcrsrRl*ulgEl
C TEHT C l!) lx) lN]
itlrat irt ftrE]a \?te a rle sublugan in care sr afla oraijut si sI fenru d inftlirri *rturer tirEis5 a
.Auhi Mdt gua,lntr-o )t1{crre e [$t rontmleretrensportul dejrrdli ot,$klian ploilor frbundente, no l strle al fost
Ixuii[ turcn
din se,]olul
alll,les I tlr , nra(erisle
e,rtr8s€
din {+riereledin Frolejafecu ni$teacoFerifrinii itau
{l + Quirigud a lort un oraqmalade muntii careilinconjurau ii sele ldndi ,dEptc" ra hi-tk sahtihtle cdre p5itq:
imForErnld rEdle .dre a tHit din tu un merepm6t oragelotmala de pe cree rf,, :r fl]6rpiefemsreA
'rdEtll,
schimburicom*c.ralc$i ceredcpindc* ioldBEi+i a p,}mit
rorsti. $i'a ftlErnraE orsErui, A+easttr pia{dnEloari 100
grlrta de putemkul*u vecinCapan cltre Capan,l-aluFtlrironierperegele pe &0de metri f ue io centruo piard
Totufi,in anul?J?d.Hi, anhiF,xrrl acestuia,(htspne(e lepun,+i]-a i1dmidlZodrrorfC. AceesraerB
carmuisrLlerCauaci?Zl.?84)a decryirat.DupEcr a dncnit probahlmonument,rl funeraral lui
hotadr $5puntrcap{r nepldcutelslrusfii urdependrnt.Quingu6s'a bucuratde Cer Cauac,demrecebasorrlieirrrile
o marepr*Feritate,iarCerCauaca ;i aholelielunh il prezinrdF+rcsr
fondaro drnarticcarea cc'ntinuatcu cu ub[turi dei:r8uarsi cu capullui
fful+mCerXul si neFotullnrt C5ine.s Optsprerece lepuntrtre dinti.Cap{rul
cdrrrrdomnierrf,r6tuiurp|ti de Cerde de nord al Fietci,unde le aflt acropoia,
Jadin anui810-QririEut a $+rarieiuit elte preilllt Eu altt Firtft catt porrtll
Fani la mrjloculsrc{iului ElXIX-les, imaginiroomcrfe{uneledintre cele
olnd a frst abandonrrt, probabilln urma maidemncertante din lumeamala),
unutc tr€mur$lolent. Acrc'Frlaerteacumo rumt, darinca
Cunoftinlelenoarrredin eFocede Ellli esreun rfisamblEeleB rrde
aura oraqului Quirigud*untposibrlt clfrdfi ,rire fiiatl lnco4 urarr palatele
driorit5 steleloidr Bresieneegrltpe lui C€r Ceuac+i Crr de JedTi chiet
carcCerCauac+isuccesodi saik-au cuprindeauo seriede h{i {Lamrd}r).
ridicatincepdnd cu anul754la l3ngI lrcmFoll st efle un teren pentru
de cih.i ani (numire,torfl),
inret.'.ale il+ul cu mingea,
inchrs cu un lid
Strlele sunrgravatepe lateraleEipe decorat cu imatinralereuluimaya
spatecu hieroglifecarelnregrstreari al S€arelui,Kinich Ahau
evenirnenteFalithe ii m iHre ceau Verhiulotra+Quirigu6a rnnss
avurloc in pericrdaftr caurtr.Ehmtntr aproepe uitatln Iniiloculplduriipine
caEctenstice careseregAsesc stetin in 1841cdnd,dupi nle demerF
ciriliratii]€Quiinaga.cit +iGlFan, obrxitot,amedt.rnulJohnLlofd
stelelefuncjurnearlcr un ful de afip; Sephrns i englcrulFrcdericL
aLpreclsmitiiorreBElc. Fatapietrelor Carhcrwoodl-au de*caperit.Un
.ra impodobirf,cu simbolurireliEi,Rr€ indrsEnstit d€ culturamala,Stephens
fi incoDjurerecu imegmide lei Fi a lnc€rcfi EEcumFerede ls un F{';]rr
ntlimdle sacrc"o irrdro8rilic cslr srrl'c, lamafir crre $€Eflauruinelers sA
Ir legirimrr€epD1.riidivirr a ftgelui. Fratit sc,r€testelelefi sele Fimitl la
ln aialt& eootuutul lslonc,sclele liew Yark.Ddr pr$prlerirula .etur
de la Quiri*u6 srrntadrrrirabilepcntn o sumAerorbhrllr5$inu s-eejuruI5
inirim{a krr ti prKizia cu ttre au lddt nlci un rtug.In 1910,Unit€d Fruit
sculptste,(ha [rai msaeesteSrelaE, un Companydin StareleUnile Breu:li!si
@lEri&IdmekQ|E$E
nronolir riatdnnd peste60 de tone I cumpereterenulFia ttecut la defiiprtte.r
LrEdd,frE4.sul +k#i
* h ri"and,wc, hi l]r k +JtrEld d tr4 lirwid inalt de !e*te recemetri din careun r}rtti prntt! r Flanaab€naniffi. De
Oa rillJSaJ &! 6,F, fle$u e,1ei4roFdr ln FEmrnqsretse sse$enea,a ffn{$trt sdFdrulile din
!a_E!!l hlllrbJ d tEEFx !
dffffati cu minr1r|sftlEsor$liefunpgoe acett {anner co.duse de atheolog,
ataal ldl};bbjd f,l,lk4 la o hlltune de oFt metri Fe de altt de la Rnroytvania Stare Uniwritl.
0rltu 4rtr|r@ J, ft! drE panr, unele dhae celemai ralirnte Trftnul E rcvcnir tn lropriefittea
pw,l!nrornnc*mrr
s o dtrtini ddi lllrwid sculprunde pe Stda D ru frxr trpnrduse starului
Guatemals
turaniil9?0;
F nr,rnedaEuatemalezfde rececerur:or. aEtt?i, QuiEiEud este un F€tr nafi(hal
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
103781
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c l037sl
Teotihuacan
M EXI C
D$rRrcTUL ilfxi c
r$ruLIi,_B[CrSrRl Rt[198?
C {rl lrr}{ r}in Jh'r}
CEr!r:nrr
+16 TI
In Iv99,pc c rLlcr.rfr:arrr ffNriaolcA cunoscuro (relrerr iilidil
Frinscu ex(avArile tr ora+ul intre:ecolel*V +iVII d I {r, filind'!{,:
TeonhracanarheoJ €uJj{xrner Sahura cu ryro,rpr 21O.000Jt kruitori in
Su;rvrn:,r r.r,lrtp,tsrtun :n<:rmitnt rHnpulnF,iBcului fi lrciel s5tc.AIL\,
txrraorrhn*.int'o r'elJu subrtrurrS, ifi anul ?5CJ.Hr, a incrtar sf,,:xirtc,
ellatl in aFroFierra Pir.{midri
l-unii, fiin.l pe,iemne dirtrrrsLleintrrlannii
Srrgrtrm+ [ Jei,;{rJrrlnr
un rchcler,le ,lin onr-rulCucsxdasaui]cvasurtdc rt
b:rhat rdult, intonjurat Jr aptu{irutiv rTiJunlc rin pur $i sutlplurrtand,:rnrrr
150dr olriLnJrfunrrarc.lnrrecrrc diDciu:a ero:iurliiriiFidca terenului
flguiin€$ rtlreltedhriid Nrdln ob+idran, din jur Cilr{ in u{rre vrenrede rnse
rUlintrlJn pinti!, s.orci Frrlmirittle lraruri, n hlt Brlestrftrit dr:EtL'cLirr
"
dfl r.ulturi i dL)ij:rgutri,tar pn#ahil rrcrFtlr.i}$il|iti de nllreiir ari1rl:ldr
ci aufosrhuropalidr r'1rDatt fiind sale.l-au numit 'locul u:rdeoamcrrLi ar:
,:ttrrlentaaccer:riilrr 6rnerare dercnit rei", erpresiecarcin limhr
rrh*,logrl a aiunr 1r tcncluir cr atla ruiJrurse nrilure ce T*lrih,rucrt
tra rnormintul unui clrmuiror, Fnmr Apro*pr 1.fi10de cl;{diriau (snras
cript{ Je acrstfcldhrre celeI lt,r0pe pe sLrpralafa de l5C de kilometritatraF
anrele !*sisepini ahrnaiin cetatc, Zrwr de e,liliciim.rnuo:entabff intiftL
Lletiau irst dE!(oFeri!{rilrnl{i!(k Ft Ca[e dr ]ru Mrrtnos {Srr. e
LrrLrr rrge.speculit{iiinci nu por Ildrtilori, $ srraJi iD.AltatItr lirgf ide
saoierr inlornrat riqure.ci nuruit fapt,o iniinrirede Fiateteufite Frin
i6:te:r desprenaltere;r.*Je;lrrlran;r ii'rdrm Jr rrFr,ri mlrBini!dJL rlldiri
Ir IJtrinrurcrlFi Te(Itihuuun.Sr crede Irlrscfi Hmplc,rrtl:nrtrstrintulllflL{
LAftcestor.1l,celmai marcJLcel fiai in4'arnrlvi;ual al Firarri,lelor$urthri
hnportantiirr Mfr+amefl(a,a f{}rt fl LunLIprncitrvel€le rdifid.iirelisrrydld.
innmeu( in r€+0tulul lll-lei i Hr. Sift !l ertr intcls{stuttrin un8hruri
Je o uniuncdr mici .omunitnti Jk-Fri:dL'srrit.lulr.*re ilu. sFt,l
r'
E bsus I w w w ,habi t a r e s , c o , c c
103801
.l ;
'44*
*{D- -.-.-
*fr
e.
rb
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 103811
&@1dI,rdfu$ih&6d
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
103821
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103831
Monte
Alban
MEXIC
{Jixica
STATr,l,
AtturlNnFl;rsrR{B[:19]7
r
"\
it) (l+{rrl (rvl
C]rrEETT:C
I
manu:rl.ln anul 500t.Hr.,un proiccr in crmpanii militareiq'lr$iv8 #&+ll tuql|l| itli,iJ
dc o rstmsneedimensirme a fxt dus Fopul.r+iilor cu carescinger:ina.
la bunsfdrgrr
cu c'cnormlfarg5ds In a $eir pcfi)aJr (J00-?50],
lucnr.De asenrenea,droarcccnn rxipLrlaliaoratrhd a riunssf,sc ridirc
rrlu i?vo€rein aFr(rFiere. oiftmii la l0 0$0 de |,.{!itod ii sa sflt lntr o
erru ncu{ili xn-ti FI1EFreila ei strinJ5hgiturA cu Jhrtihuacan,
ln51$.cilr6nrl-r', ln hurJuforidin cel mai ifi{rornrn! rfi{ Jfi Amenci
Fi€l€de caFrt de [i tl rerl:diludt5 Central+In peritcrdele a crncer
din Ele Apa +ra irt)oipf,str*rfrifl ri a rasea(?50-15101:aptrteciiau
r.tsr urirle rlin lut ars.ijehunir ahcrndonor orn5u[,prohcFilin rrrma
de e calrsirlrirn (xa$intFun iBtfel cid.rt oratuluiTeotihukun+rac$tr,
de l(r{ ncp$tivit sep$arcjusrificr pnrgresit4 e fosttr.rrpetde mirrtfci rrrc
nDnEilrin v{infR rapotecilorde l-nu frrhxuca lrc Fe:rtrrinmormintlri-
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 103841
+l l
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s , c o, c c
103851
*,1 i,++ipi
"t
w"
4ll .
w .habi ta r e s . c o . c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 103871
Palenque
M EXIC
SrarurCH|APAS
A-NULbrr[cr$nlnft:19*7
cftnl*u:c l) ( l(ul0v)
.84
TI
In cEldura su{ocante, cu
e kqhl lEell{aiibr Flndiaro.rnFa.L11norit & inr€cte,
efortulde'BsdFr,u! on nuhai (!r
mainileFotejate Liem5nuii, rSteva
ore Fezi luni '|n d4 esteexterurarit.
Apoi msi sunrierFii, +el msi
F€ricuLrddinrre ei, B rlrur
mu|cltur, t€ postcomof lntr-o ofl,
FPhi x4n {615-6&Il
s foqrdenumtttiatr'ial(4de cetre
,u+{lt P&bEeriidl
des':mdenliipopuledeimal'a"Toru+i.
{U fla I'}ql* ff #
toates<estee ru lostuirere,celFu]in
c.rnformrehterilor arheologului
meritan Alberm Rur, cdndla
csFAr l unri srld ihEu$te$-aEEEit
o intrare triunghiulari caredidea
intr-o calnenice rllmesese serretll
timF d€ !€cole.Eralnvlluitl lnr'o may*riisp*tustt*, Foatef,t}mindde
ftfl|tr rubt|regi aidraca o Feflerd la numeleunui setde lr marginca
cu lerefi deghesfn,cu sralagmire fi ruinelolBahlsmKin. fuFulalismsta,
Etala(tite strilu.ind .a nilte cnstale. totng,ii sputrea
lakam Ha rau,Ape
L]c tn&EAce oahii i r.au acomdder Marcn, cett drscrie pelfett alerarea-
c1Iftirunericul Rur r gfuir, le Situarefti lElea Rio Usunrscinla,rona
podeE,capEculde FiaftI frxfiloj (u celemai mari c{de de ploarrdin
*ulptat al unui sarcofag. tot Mexicul,Falenquese afldlnn'-o
PrrE ar fi fo.rro sc.enidin fflmul pf,duredrastrcr mult* rascedc,Apa
lndr,fldi}'ur Jr.dlnftdn Arca pirdrte, din abundenfs si fertiliratessoluluir-au
daEFltcric.sff, s,f,thrtmplet;tn 195?, FEmi! ora{ullli sAsedea$he {i $I
dupdpatruani des5paturi,Rura devini hEat. D€fi i5Rrriaora$ului
destoF{it prjmul civou pfamidal din sco'perIl$trea8ap+rioadl cl++t(tdinlre
Afierici, locuintrreelhicSa lui Patal, snii J00-900d-Hr, rulneltcs.€selld
legcndaruldonni(or din Pelenquc. a:tizi datea:5numaidin pcriorded€
Ast5?.i,ableclelenemaip,xnenitde spoEtrra o.a{ului, care+ svut lo+in
frumoas+ctrt ii Erobilaurnormenrul secolut Bl VIl,ltrr tn timpuldtrmniilor
inclrrsivo marci dr jad neFretuiri - lui Pakalfi e nului s[u Chan,Baftlum.
I({ fr admiratein muleHlorr]gului Palal,riunqFe tlon ls vtlsts
Mexico,darminunataFifirl tombalf de 1l anisi mortla apnnpe80dr
st Biltrdin conhnuar€in camen aru,e fosrun fel de Cerol ctl Mare
sub$ran[ din inimsllrnplutui al AmericiiCentralr.Un om
In*ripgiilor, ceamei spect+culoo$ cu un maretaleqt Frlitic +i
FdrEmdE din Palenl{u€. edmiflistrEtiv, rcgel€ r ldruEjar
Numck Palenqrra (rst datsitului dewoltarea rrhirs:tureld
arhcologicla mult timp dup* ct vtthi [i artisticaa oraFului.
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I 103881
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l038sl
416
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
E bsus I r,v w w .hab it acroe,sc c l03e0l
0391
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l03e2l
Uxmal un simpluguvematorConform
cmnicilorma1e,accstrdtscindea
diiert din rd. Fortrtrdlslu €ri
MEXIC scdptrnFe inEcreapdmipsll a
lalatulu i ii fl reprerinrda+eratpe
tron,adrat d€Joi {erpi$iprlrtdnd
ST.{TtrL
YuotTAN !€ rsp pen+al€pis5rii sscreftr{rlal,
Aflrr t{rEcrsrl.{flx 1996 Chditea arc l0 de camcrc+i
C*lrEEr(') (iri (0Il m*sonrhpe+te100de merri lungifle,
Ji dEmEtriltHll]e Fi15 de fteffi
ln{lgimc.Sc allHpc o platform[
coErstflritE din 5m 000de t lne de
piaEedin caredouAtr€imi au fost
Bculperacu d€coraTruni nmloli:And
T)
H
divtr{t{res puteriire8Al€.Dintre
IublicarI in IB,t]. acestca,I l0 r€prelind fala lui Chac,
lnri.lmtr of Tnficl in l&ildrr'r lPerihdFi lenl ploii; liec€reesleformatil din
dms ,ttffn Pnn14{ffmnja fosr I 9 btocunde pnto min"+Irsci6plkc.
caracteriaatb drepl"ceaEraihunecarte cohsrfirir lflrfe enii 900.915,pelatul
dc cblbtorii$crbl vrcddarb".Autorul, e$recel nrairemlrcabilmonument
JohnLloydSrqhrnr, explorrtor din Uxmnl.Arheologi runt unanim
diplomatFiscriitorarncricarl, !€Fecus€ de arrd ri inrrg ore;ul tst{ ccl ftri
doi ani in Feninrula arsbdes{)ore din trftnar exemplude arhitec$rn maya,
C,r*ibc ru*ind cu lnfrigurre tot ce de+iChichfn ltra erte maimare.
rtdea. Ruinelecivrlizalreimayall Urmal {rxt un cenro lnJlodrm
"
vrfiileerd,pur ti simplu,iarvechiulora5 intre$ec{t{leal Vlll.lea g sl Xlv.lea
Uxmalil imp €snnase maimuhdccAt si avea15 000 de locuitori. ln rcchca
odcffe altul,l.{ corrForgtm6retiscrJa limbamaTa,numeleslu inaemra
T€briegiprene $ia stato vremeacolo, *nhscutde rrei o{i", de cledlrih
ln Palaciodel Goberrndor(Pahtul orE+ului- consrruiteln str.lulPuuc au
Guvema+orului), o chdite careflsese fort termiorte{n s6colulsl X-lea+i nu
,EtI€ldanumitl dt .Jtre sprrnidi. existl doveriale unor ahe perimde
Dc fapt,regeleChan-Chsk-Kal de conslruclie.Srngu l monument
rfcr +J7O nal Ahaw - pnmul .egecarea Lx.'t recoilirrult de cin ori e3tePirsmida
in palat- a frxt rnult nai muk decdt Magiciendui,.Dnformun€i Faditii
t
( o1,
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
tr D SU S I WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC l03s3l
{4fl! Urd|c
+30sfrEriECltlil!{
410
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
l03e4l
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc l03s5l
Chichdnltzh
M EXI C
S1,{rua YurA'rrx
Axrr|-INxE€ttTRfun:
l9E8
cRnErn: Ctr)(flIiu)
4l? I
I olrffii ri sEteciiti
spunee"Quetzalcmtl dar pentru
FoFulatiarleya €!i H $icin. ,,garp€le
cu FeneleplEEriiQueresl"(mducerea
nunelui) era protectorulprtodlc'r
SisuvetanilorFiEtEpenul cunoa+terii
qi al vAnturilo,rin pantcooulmaya.
populatcu divinitlF lns€tile (h
rlnge, Quctralmatl.Kukulcdncerca
credinc(4rlntpnmr sacriiicii$rpi,
glslri $rflutud +r!c c.redeB cAtn(r-o
ai uImEsil rlin{ pentlr r rmffforrtra
plrn6oaullntr-un paradrs.D€t'rtitf
sctstui uldrn a.pecr,refrle artec
Monttrumr rl ll'lee l-e Fimit pe
Hem{n Cr>nercu bGteledeschise,
aJeza4dci eEteun ftu.
in stqrlul al IXJea,cu mulrlruinte
de Er+ireaspaniolilor,divinul rEBe
trltec Quetzaleo€tl a cui*rit celfiai
bogatora+mala din Yucr En.C€l
Fulin ais sFuneusa dinrF leeEndele
Chich€nltra. Fondatln *colul al V.lea,
a inllorit in Frioads clElhd,a€or,ln
iutut anului850,a fostcuceritdc
oltecr - rarl, ct:rofcnnr r.rrorerTc4i -
de cdfte pop0lalir iu6, inrudirEcu
roiaecii.AceesrEiFoterEftre st|ltifiutf,
de numeleomguiui,cerelnseemrE
fdntlhii iEa". Chiu d a+s.
"marBinea
ce esie€xceFliorulla Chich€n
'rera
ftsAerle frEiunesssFedecltrlffr{
culntrlc mayapi tolteci. care*
ohsefl/filn ,rhlrecturd, sculpturA
FiFrctu!fr+i de s*{+metr{a, ld.eea
eegtirnderpreobiceiurile locului.
A.€*t Emeflec? $upraviefuitpanl
tn l4l)0, clnd oralul a fort
abandonstlt: modmiitriot +JJlji B C6dll+
Arthzi se pEreclt acestsit e$e
trpi4it ln doul. Petea meivmhe,
C1rich€nVrejo,r:onstl din cladin
datdnd,lnprincipal,din pedceda
clr$ia5.Cealaha&cfiune,Chrh+n
Ebu
s s I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l03e6l
JJJj(} C*n*
idiLtutdH Cd{ilsrl+ + ArlQrtMjq|.irhi Ia
hd4!4&J5&rEni ,F,ttri (dEr drd R n*
Add ]tElig islrEril
Fidtur ErL lhhA'i #
anqair anlc ftlma
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
10397
\{n
|-fr'-
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc l03s8l
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c l 03esl
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c 104001
r: :
Mesa
Verde
S TATEL E UNITE
Co&xrnd
.trul b\rDflsrflr|* 1978
CnIrI8I:C {ru)
T't
I totesorull. S. Ne*berrv le'a adltErireeace,BrE hdoiFl[, erao
a fostpnmul carr a vmbtt d*grr crmstrucfieF€vffsrnt, cffe r1catrmci
4J8 MesaVerde,SetntEmplatnt859, E-anumit Caffi cu DoudNivelede pc
iar gmlogulscriaun rapcrt asupra VetlBrrt.Din actsrmoment,tona s
unei exFedifdlntreprinFeifl Srelele lnceF r s:ltfe'telrf mult! curiozitaE.
Unite, DeecriqrrnvastFlatcucare Un an mai tfuriu. un alt cvftorarm
aiungeala o atitudinedt pc*e i 500 trimr+de glvem a desmperirCasa
de meFi h Fqneade suds s$rului c*lot $alspterece Vldure, iar,la scurt
&torado. I-a rpusMeoaVerde,ln timp, dupdaeee Casacu Belcoer
*paniolf,.masavctdc'. La 18decembrie 1888,ln uop
Au rrecut [5 sni p€n6{.trd urr c€ aiuta ni{le yite carc scrd-rl€lisar$
fotemf de la U.5. GeologhalSul'ey, de cireadS,Richard\Yetherillqi
\U H. Jftl$on, e deecofedtpnmul c(ul}nstulr5u ChstlesMarah au ejunB
adEposide pialrtre*crjrisrfuFerelii la ceeace astbrisenumc$trFunctul
acestuimiracolnafural,Acer roor drn Screlui, undeau ggsitnumerrrssa
Colilndo Fdreasefu de interesF€ntru ad6Fostuftrrnuldtqrc E+.e*ea era
inds$rriamincrirului ti cefi ingined Palatuld€ pe vrrsnt. O capadoper[
specialiSE tn pfixp€rFunr l-au insoli! e erhirecturiiprecolunhene,Paledi
pe Jack+onln canionulMsficor, unde d. peVeGarteetecon*truitdin
dfidmbi rudimenBre deEtE$h{i
qrg tr l r-o lrria+5nilE a r+rrantului
+i constituh unEdintre cclepcstc?00
dt locuintre. SemaiallAacrrlolJ de
corlstrutliicu cataater relidior
(numitefdwl, dorftirodre$l mreEcii
xnmr recoltg,ConjormspecisLstilor
din cadrulptoiectuluiartreologic
Mrslr Verde,€areeu slpat aici diJl
1959pturl ln 197?,tulatul dc pc
Veriant s 6sr corutruit pc h sftr$i l
setoluluial Xlt.lea{ putea
adnporu?0tJ-250de pers(tre.
lndigeniicfl,rrd{i{rermenna!f,io
FenBu,,ceivechf') s-atta{+!sl Eici
hr stcolul al Vl-lea, locuind-ur
retlinesauh ,dAposlurllecotutruite cu maimulte nivelun,cuntxa.rtesub
pe pla[oul slerurarvelsantului. nunrelede tsrelh, un temtrr [6[xit
Acestlaculti*-auporumb$ farole si FcntIIrdenumiEaFopulaliei
pe supefrgaplati a plamuluiMem pennu s o dllhngEde FqF]l*+iile
\y'erde(declatatporcnagonaltn indig€ne.are locuiaufo|c.)rt d.
1906)+i v3naucurcanisglbarici. Penemai mult dr o nrte de aru,
Comunft?lealor num,hracetevamii din motiw necunaJ+ule, FJErulafiB
dt lecuirori p era hmeproteiard a atrendonatMesrrVrrde psntnr
de intrusi, dtosreeeera&licrl se a construiFtebli'smri la 3dd,ln
te apropiide teritoriul lor Do*r regruneaRio Grande.
i.nsrcolut a1Xl.lca au inceput ln lur de I 90Ode situri
cgc{Jnsrruiarclclldiri de Fieqre arheologkede rr|Alt Inretes€u
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
Ebsus I ww w. habi t ar es . c o . c c lo4o2l
""f-
.li9
fo!( idenriffcate
FeFlar+ulMesir e*{ unul dinrrc crh cercla puncte prinfr-Lrntermen m.i gmerit
Verdelmainrrrltrle60t-r,lintr dr dc lnrcrr'sifl cares d Ssit dovadaa ,,vr.hilr poFulaFiI'rldblo',motiv
suntkrunrqeallattsubsrtuti. In dorrf,ocupln s0(cerivri ac€l'ria sir iiind cr pc lingB ruvrjo. altr l3 de
afirrircchlrdejamcrrliona(e,cele Un F im ndnFastiimFlu r tir* rribu $usfintrAEuntdeF(endente
nrai uiDlifoffra5uBtCitrFI rlqgal conrrruitin setotu[.rl VIl-tea,iar ale s$uctunl$rdt p+
'ror.strr|ctori]{|r
(a douacr miriruei iiCusr Mot lutui gror3i$ ceree fdstronstftLita fost Me.r;rV€rdE.Accxrrginclud rriburile
(l trria {r mdrhfi{},airr('r l,}ir afif{l ()cuFattr de un lnahl,?ln inEeFrrrul urc, hopidin Arizona$i toate
J( mitx de cifir dercrrFedr\rrii s*i :ecoluhriel Xtll-lea. Rmcnt, t1.puhliilealetrlrLrrstrtrmoiiau
ln 1888d[FI Urin +rtrr€ t.i.t .ukrfitiilik du drtis sil nu mei locuir in Ftehrrrdm New Mcx o.
'1 'Ii*uii, nrcrunul Jinre rrcesteo
dEunuldintrc Flimii exFlornKxi uriliBffc r{rm,}nularuJl{f pentru? nu
$i litului. Cj.Isu
tr trljprcr!tc. de Llescrie populatiilerere au hruit :r xrinsnivelulm{milic el crk}r
asemenea. re11!
arcabila,dmarf,ar M€saVerd., ci sasr tutclt la 3cr:s(e{ {onstruitepe Me5+VErde.
f l , l r r s l v r ! r f rh abi l a ir :r rl ,c
tr D S U SI WWW.n a D tta reS . C 0. CC 104031
r ,.i
df '1, .;
Y*-\ -+
r"I *'I
110 \.ri ;
flii'.
Ausrnette - Listasiturilor
I AttdrtdrA - Pafcr[ Narrrflfl K4ta{DU
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 104041
Australia
TI 441
In culturarbrxisenilor Conformtnnr rrhmlo6.i,roairea
dmABetralir,rxirtEuq ritutl numit osmenilorlh Austrg]raa iDcellut,
Ccnmorde \,'isului dt Plorie, tsre Bc probehit,in urmt or ?0 000 +auchiar
dc$flltrar! tn smetul instruInenn ui 100000 dc *nii uhlilorrs unor critedi
drrteridoo,Ace+tirutrumcnt de rullat djfcntc dc datsredDcela mtri l"4riaFi
erte {ecut dinn-un mmctl llng de eruncic$nderte vorhede perirxde
rucalbt aare,ln ifiElioq r loat gfiudt arerde lndepe4ar+.Cu roateEcEst'es,
dEtt'mitei aeeltacEtedecoiir,culdt{t nu ertlt[ {rdordi (5 Hoft} flJierll
d decoratcu imsgfii din mholocta lncrpus€mloni:srEEcontjnenruluicu
rbongEnila,E Ir sffrrit, ftu+tiucul ttlai mult de ,10000de qFiln urm5,
calr crruit cu <."r[ de Elbinc. iar sffrerile antedotlt ff Ii f'r6t at8t
Cuvtft tul diigerld@c6te de di$petsara +ide rftfttrr, indt nu
pro'nuntareao€cideftaldgrepida alr mai rElt}E$umlede imlo'trnf5
un€iedmEe celep€3teclnciraci arhmlogicr-
& &Fundn pe cffe i l€,su drt in oricr ca, c"lt"nle ,*ottgane
inihudrentului papuhliile aborig€ne. nu au dczroltatnrcirxlat o citrit:ffFe
lnsmrmentulseutilirea:g& cel cStEs{ construis$c[monuErente ssu
pulin 15000 de aai dut{ cuortratlt r.nstuctii dc aricefcl €aF€bilaal
imaginih gravati p. pi.ttcb dtl suFre,vialuiald!'r€rii milefliilof a$€
PerculNagionalKo}adudin nordul cum c-glndmphr pc alte cofitinente.
Aussaliei+i,cnnformLNESCO cart Obkaurile acesrorpopulaFiau
a inclusmu?icaalrorigenltn c.itcpt ramerncschimhatr,ln erenP, pdn5
sade ltrud(,ltffadiFonalEdin rostl ls Eaoirea eurafen ar ln larolul sl
lum*" rumtui enigmaticqi unk Xv[l"lce. Nomsrio4EDEstiln mici
s[ rc€stuiinrtrumerta rhma* romInt]qi de etn]ton,culegliori,
nerchimbuttimp de,l0 000de arri abori€Eniimnrinuaqri la{ulgrcn
sar.r, ir afte cuvintc, dur peric'oda LemFd(ate
Itr a,JtrIxrs.tui saucdlibe
inrdiat urmlto0res,l6iriip{pulafiei lnad.it€ ditl melerieleFerirehile.
pe amtinenrul austnlion. Nu au cunoacutniciodqt{ aeftulture
in Pleistocen,nivelul mrni ffs cu p nici nu au sqrt un lftnbsj ffris.
recl ile mefti fllf,i JG decAt€steaxtdri. Din Furct Jc rtrlere :rtheologic,
PmbebilAustrslieers legatl de tot ce a dmas dc la populaliile
NouaGlinee prinnaln bEEtilgus!de ausceliene,ln afareunui exraordlnir
p6rnant,ln affla+, Gl in ca.€ intulel. repenoriuculruraltransrnisotal
dtn Asla dc S"d,&t cr:rulegetcde din generafieln gcnflaic, crte pegine
corrtincnt,foflngrd o rawe penitlJuli. de GwrrerrF ezentstddc picturile
FgtrstntustAde marecare$€!€ta ruFtstrrdin ParculNafiorulKahdu,
A-siade Australia- RuInii mtrt dff mr eite sig:Jrc: ar:ettervor ff de
dc 65 de Liotutri - emuror de mareajumr pentflrs lrdeFfttl l$lul
uaverear& primii locuimri il€ rirt€r cerctnconic'artristorir
si rloului tcntoriu. orlrullti Feecrstmntinent,
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 104051
Parcul
national
Kakadu G*---- -r
TEmotlur DENocD
1gEl
Axw beEqsrB,{rnr
EhNDEfl: lqB?, l99q
C {r}(r4i N {ul {r"}(rv}
CtuTE":
T'r
I drnii it(r'fi'r6i ai C.cell€i
clre au Fktrt inEginilc de F€ srlnci
su for[ nin|, spiirele Fturirede
U/aitAmuflur'Bundi,"Ma0raP|lnlnf .
Frgurifunde|n€nrsledin c.cmoepois
ahxigentrberatEpe Vremea\firului
(VremesCre*fiei), mrrnii-f,rrinvaFt
artr Flcturii pt unii, iat aldi au iirvllat
de h ei. La ffnrld .Sbtorici loq udi
itr$Ec$i si Clcsfi€r.Si.BupictEt
Fntretelc Fc Ffletii dGFiah{, .rEend
dFag {locuri rlc \Aluluil 1i dlnf
arrdlrmr (locuri raere9i pedculoar+
*le Mcului!. Accestrlla ultimeleera
*trict rtzen'at brgclegilorcdmunitlFi.
it retr..e*i g"oetoll ,"orta *s."
odgin a piqturile'rrrrp€sFcFnrru
sboriEcrliigEgudiudin Kshdu,
rururecareeste[s rfrndulsfu, pmb€bil,
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 104061
o FIqDU$sIegte$itls nunstEi
Ir)FutageiPbtudleruDtrlr€tu$lite
pe rot terirsrtulXakdu,ln speciclin
prvrrni+i din tinlnn Artrlrcnrd ee
€{mi4CmJ.qih plsmtl ftlvr{irut d rimpb rluvirnffS"
,H-rFr C!'d' lJrIl8cs flntru artrologi,careau
fl$ir& nc llgrk *ituJ d&
dEi n+ft {fr?ri!f. r:r1E h iur de 5 000de iiui.i h acssd
6r+s& *i n|E, +ei EF ari4 * 4tr} tr. q|ll regiunetnd€ptnEt5drrrno(d l
AusEslieisl cglecctiffiErS*ltr l0 m
cerEu'Inl€czf!a & dttcopclire, cele ?00
& h{tu h d,ffrEidendficsreh K,skqdu
N@f'r8i Rod{!frt.i'rd
sunto umaltAvdloroe$A
Jtrrltu +
d€rermimclr Fd€ciricll|ommtul
h csrc.q,'.lxtrslb
s Sr€tlqFular!.
PAb[ de curard, rehnhib de
dstsr€cu cerhr{1dtimsu all 1Qna 441
ers trocuiriscumsprospe15 000de
ani, dat tn 1990,ft'lorind mctode
r€nr$tuft{ti!ceflre, arheologulBalet
RhysJcncsa dcs<,r4tritcl unelttle
gsBitthtr'un sit dr.nNsuq,alsbrla, fn
rF€cial,ftEtmentede,rcnr utilirate tn
prcturl, putsru [i dalatcundeq frrtre
53 000 9i 59 000 dc ani tn urmt.
Un sEp€ctskdDt sigursl ot€i
ruFltre din Kslodu estcrI sutiectele
phtEtesjull l.aderermin4Ea$rssi la't
deor€ct m'irc repr(Gintlanimaiegrr
eu dirFfirutde F ca'ntimrt fi, dcii,
$ebuiesi ff fu$ Ficrete]EFufin limp
duld di$peri*alc'r raulnlnrte de
afltifi€fir, fasra{ 3F.r1;
La fel catn orice{mrnl de an5"
eeteposibilcdseoh€rve elElufis
$onnelot+ta rubrectekrrdin pict{rs
abor(gentrln non1,ic g!:ttc rnule inaoduceree ccriide albine,pigmcnfii
rubiectenaturaliste,fortimp c* fursud ltilEait penhuculalileceleraat
teErelepreporiderEnte EUntrelgir'sse oh4nultc av€f,u,tEtr, o orlgine
pi legate& Creejie.Stilul pre-emarin Drinere]I,cum astehemrtirul, o pirtr5
foloGirhltr'o FrirEd[ .|rFiruf bogatt in fier din ccJes€ob n+r
ftrm anii 50 000 oi 8 000t,Hr. r$nd plSmentl rc$L Altt pitmenli utilizsti
nivelul ndrii cI" foar'{€sclzutsi .ren lmonihd fi g'r€fhiFladin care
clknae'4 rnatu.tcart- prerinr{ seobgineaculoarergalb+nEsau
amprtnrcpqrtrhe ale ponocalie;ccrul pcnnu dderire
"imFrimerril,
plqilor corputui,p€ p€fttii dr Fiflrl, m4hts & raqrr,portoca{iuFitalbeni
Ptecumgi ff8trri eniflrsle+i umfrnE, caolin pentrualt ; gi ffr o:riddc
cum sunt ms8nenu,fu cUrburcpaflmr fle€ru.
"figur;ledinamice"-in
ti|rlpul Fe.iirddsi€rtudift., ftift€ $ m0 Prnnu sborigeriiaurr€lieni,
I 500de ani h urml, c€ndapelc pi.turE rup6!.5 a rfuaarc€r mai
ocEanuluiau tnceputl{ le liiice fi sA iot€trtfltl fumn dc sfl4 chier{ draf
F{ruftfil F+!{i ftlcrp i[ aF6ri ':ontactul
cu euraFnii. UnEdintrc
repruenrdri de pe4ti& mare$ a fost celeftai imporEntecol€Eliide pi.nJrl
introdu+Eutililsrcs cerii de alhine din K-aLadu 3EallEh adipocrurilede
F€ftru fiodele simple{r ffgud umanc. pirtrf llbift O pi.hrd ruprrdi1E D.1
Inccp8ndde acum t 500de ani, se FtbFrt$nd p€ntet'hi, cIrlEF[ fi
'xn
stsbilercsfa numitcleluEr5nh cirme,cu meinilein b{rfrare,In
"iFlul
rar€X'. tlcf,rE f'nnrelcumEncsi thnpcr dn alt dn db, cu o p4'ein
aninatc sunt prezentatecu sanrcturitre gur[ d cu rnAinitcln {nld ,ne d}
lor intcme la ved+tc.lnainte de o{diff, no{d, st{rigcrdkE, tutumE .
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc
E bsus w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c 104071
Index
C4ln, !86, lEl, lli9
IEbrlul S+*i llll+. t$c 99 ChsEIim kln ftuE!! *
os Llu !i{i l9{e l9r. rpB
At{SbLL l*J.lilc, },t€,lia. ,tft.lir t'l.
Lrdul F. i50,JtoG,lln Ch*.B*,tF, +l{ 4ld. +Er
TrldulMi., !+k 1l{ l5ft,11L chr.ctELf,lk rEt lI*. rl9
,4au, J lo, Jroc. I, 1l lr lll,llJ* Aa;ubI.lt19, !k,J]q l1lh. !8, {t,19,51,J+. Ch4rLr! l!6
]|.l|Hqq\ lqr*,'lllF, 111,ltts llJ d']: | 19.ltl. t4t
ChEEls,.Ld![ i8], !84
ngE|ld, tl.80 ChrGdE l{uln{ ll5.l9+, lst
I{drtr Simt Er{ rLE ql fr. l+
T4tlrl Dr*uita lFq Sl
TGndulftflml.i8S.8ft
&!dul hi H.ek 8l tl. &edt dj,vdtrhi lt, ltr Cfir.hr..rt rt1, 4?q.+)0.{l&, +l l. {}Jc
Trrd'l lvi },ffirr l.+qd. tl, Bl( Frft Ssndd\ ll, lL
\&h+ |!nr|chr 00.81.{1. MlllrriE l|llmhnE, 41lc
Ah Cs$, +l l, arI +rL
oeEl.ro|1,Y,,!ir.$, d'4tr lqi tEt c*81+t,
Arm, ?91,!?0, l? l. {}0c. li L u lq {J:}
ilbfr,Mshl, rdriF6h l"L llo TcFdxl l*Bnq a.!tc ajlc, +11
444 A|I$+ F*+l+{h I!,ltl,lla r+ }{+ r+5.1+5c
44. Fd+h n*seft]n l,i llp &!dc alc o oL iL ale*, +l]q +}]
T.!d,l Rrrrrt!*rhr +iiL + q 4]l
Aqffry5, si rrft,dr, ft
utsfr Pl'a M{rnl+t fr+i. !]la
uql Ilm lldndEi, lllc ljl
ClarFH, 5t].31,| | i Ir5E llft
Uhl llUB Si $Ei ?l?, UL
w' rrErEliEi. ?l+, l1*. e!?, il74
tuikdn, d€rd & b, t6!r Tefrdd ld.{r(,{li| J l{. !1,k. lllc i lft,
bornlllE l1?.Ltq r5o.ltld, l5]c.it',ltlc Jl?GI 19.
r.r$ld + h &ntuC+( $L lrlq ltr, lttE tud DdaGi d ol$fti 116
&JiEnRa5h!tn$|L l)+ T.dl'd [i z.q 1i{ ]ts,c
MMh*rlIhi/|dld!,|fi D
Met$r. di tN Ud$, ItI Dr Nsa, I{6, l,lk
A|miru hs, li, jd., Itl, Itlr, l6a+,16l,xl.. Bo{ilLqrL flErls,Ennh, Ufl
Eo$* dul dwLi U. l+ D.!C'ur l9l, J!0,1ll.
hL}'' t.Edr! dr &,3|€,1+S.
AtrbdsFn , t8+ 16+,r8t.53ld.1AlUE
IrrMMffi D +( lEj.l0tc tuhltE, @Elul d! h. lrt, ll5c
guril]ledL J;s Lrd*ic, ld6 ltl h'416 fic 1?{,llti, tll, l??r,Il8r, Ut.
ScFEEt DEFrt&I{5
Tlu,p&'m Dir+q 185
AFdlldtorth! D|drtf 4t
Apgl{r Clildn PdcEa61 c
t6d' |d rllnh.p.n ryo.
T.ddul |l| rftr,Gi\rD, ).14
T.ddll h lutls lI1,]{'l
oipti rt {&,90 tl 9l{, !u
SfttudlAisElrw490r
clHr'L tl- t?d i]lt. Itc lt5-101-lotcltt-}t'.
a FI], IF+.lll.lllr llL ltL l?{
q{os,E lt6 r91 l0l. lqft . !d0, }61,l6te, }61. 16l
IcErtuLhr nIo&, {9, I L{.
Elq* tui Aitaidnu+l6iL, 16l, lttk, Idi.
Eslxr |I Drru * MsiF, 16l
TEml lu' llii"u, 16l,J6Ic &thi tlt
A r.E , ll.9X .9?.9r*,ll5.ttl. t ? ? , 1 l* MuEulEdlrC. .i6lL.Jd! D i L s ,1 ! "1 1 1 , l l l , l 1 t . l I 8
tuFFL l I F,l,95.97c,S!.. 99 5c@FlluiTootn, t6t Ciddir lu ErDllllYd, I I q
-iftFb Mrul,9t{ lxa c:GdEb 5&u tdi{ J{l €s ltur.d.rdli I la.
clsl'i llirlE Ilk, 116(
Od.sul lu AglR 9*
CsEt SnfAnx.&r t!. 10.
Earh Eh gte 97c.99 Cdh.rft.d hdkt, {08
ld@l NBriffil d. AdEdft Lok, ll|, tl7. l}rn'$nda.b,6.d.L, ]71
P!.dwi 9k, 9,, t <. 96,99,]tl,ll{. r lor TsEIt I'i AFJI$ t tJ. J I9c
Tslifu Ii r;(6!- t|5
E bsus w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc 104081
TlHplqlH.rd,ll5 l 16.
ClFphEto lltq Ji+1]{t, l]{ li{{
D.dq breu .!I h. lae Etdmlq l!?, ltt, 166,16?,I6ft, tIS{ 1td,!?r,
Dra Esdul dr h, l-13.1t0 H Ill.,l7{.rl+
T'lFili Ch:hlU:eI llt
Ir.qqtF Tq t8{, l$k tldrim, lJ, !i,{0,4J,t!.5F 50(.ilt }0t,J+{.116. TnrsH XsldriE M#s 16l
.lll. ]l*. 361.l6ir, 16+ Tdis}jll*hlM. l6L i6?a a{&, ftg.
Utle l4l TmrH l',b|'LY, 167.l67s
Di<hrir^ l l, 14,dt,8t.8t. rl9.l(E Tdlr,l P$h'q, r?!q
Oi'dNr :nqdu, 164,lj0, ]Ji, J64 Cl*ofl,lllr. J!{l}+i, J16,ft
DrsrrlE llewhr€u, 9€. H3Dd.ll?. Itd. ltl. l8?c, rei, lsEc
iaTurrrrr, *hFl'J & lr, t{4r
Diw iJl,l lt,lt1<
t# lt!hrL,,!86c,!+?,l8?{
Tsphl & h lkulAk$ l8E
Tq"eld & b Vth.h l8dc, tg{, lfl&
DdrEr, 16l,l6tL )dk 16&.16l,ltl.
Ard d. EiDlrfrl hi ALaEr,i.i S.hN l&I.l Hffiitdl TrFErictutr$ 101,L6 Kii,hft D{€tu|',Ildr It
ktuhft I R*h'6l"rd- ?33
H# 4 lr7 , l7 ! , ll{ k , I ? t q l? 1 ,l? t ll. : {
c€€ hi D;oir.i Uli*. X{. ft+( Tmftl{k k $EmFh 1ll, lTL, lI1c,l?1,llk
Gs Tritoi'Jui, ]dl, 165t Fxl ,lra h*!!x d. tq I4d, l,l&
Trd!&n ldsli Crdllur 16l, J6?.
DrohuE fi!, lok. !01 tlHifltyo 116117 L
fldxrdE, Itl, ltSq J5J
D 445
E(.1t{0
lfmlI@ 54,6'11 6l.6lc |-3sw, F@-L .h h, lJ, 16,rl, ltu
C:d.ksndal rrll'srli rft, 6lc
El I.h 1'18 i6!i tsE lui fkldh d AFrliffi. ,ft L.da, Hrl
Bi lduHul rrtrOudhd&r, !.d
El t!Glr., EE hl * Lr Jta ln l.158. lt9 160,ld{c
Hlnrl $rtu+ 8€.,tl !6< L.tar M.tsu. IgJ.nk, $!. l0+. l4{r, t)6, }Il6c.lolc,
H. o ' l. r ll9 . I lf t , lt 6 , llk ll& . J I L } ld 1 l0 ,
ELM,5r,r+t Arrl & mni.l his.pddtr S{a.ant , $J, fiL
t&h. r.d lh6B i.ft. 9r '4rd i* atofrf3l ldTEaru loL
El(llr.i?F.ii+ ABI * fti{l |lh Tlaiff', J0l*
qlcli. BmbGL
di l4 IriJ, ,I8k Uir*dii.ltos+lEh lial, l+1,1tlE Boilhi, lm, 1q*, llk
sdftMnd tu Nhdtr lah FndEUlrheni t1iA.Ennd S.w, n rd. tO!.
hl{si lll
glla
IiEid.ll6 J l,ehESddE l16
LB!E. 116.119,ll0
tlton+ ?lE
FFvsmrn Vll. l+/.lal., l,ll.
j.lli!& IJ tEE moLJ Jelr 1l8,llk.l{rl
h.i.E! E drMi tDdt R!i.) lt6 LnBElir. 156. Lt+. l?0
c(toit& ll|
l0.llc
Mdfu Frrhtr it], ,4CO,
{r}lc, {Cl c
CEI!., tu], l8& r90 r$li led,s flNiDa 1t9. ftd tulE hdhr. {dft, .'ll
Tdlclll (ihlFlv',,lojr
CEBifl din [hlnth ll laliscdsitt 11..lqrA.l5l, rt4 il$ ftA T.rtrrhl dEM, {al- ,loL
C.'f tnfli!, hdd d. L!,!,€ 150 lMiris, ?6, I tl, lS8, 10tu T.ddll ftLv rRj f.Bft. ,l'-il
ChidA rl,Gd Mshrdd, Uk, lEl
Ghr6 l$] x
MdiibdlFfr l1l,?q0 &2. rlt
rill}4 h.tqk, 16l $l r3'' ll5r urhqhad.eldai etr d.lr, l!tq:, l4.l
Krtrrdu.
r+l
BFldd! lu cl166, JJ4, ]!,k, 116 Hilr& Fdrd NI|IEI #l
Aiqiih l- qr<'a $,1 llle l,!6
ltEntdr t{i MwlFilB I }r, lj,4< l}6 Ud6 11,110. Uli.lll l1l.
TaEilt d. !5 BuFt+a Lto
tll*h4 Edlld! !& 3{€. ll€{ T€rsll{ d! b tb*r Qiq I m ll*
T.nsid,i! b tl|l tulFi. Uq lSlc
T.nduld. h MtlllE, 1t0, l!k
Cs,r, ll0, 111.,i!k fulld. k Id S{I' l!0
Tftplrld. h CkrtrdF, u0, llL
XldL JJ8.lJ9. ll9(. ll4
oE A!*dE lrt 371., tutuFF, Edrdul h'i ! !8, ltC t'ft i,tuftD C+*" 40{, +0J,{otc
tl&r ]I]lrftndift, 1?1 1llr
'!i
Aebi$d d.rluh! l7],l?1.
M{. A9FCE t+, -l*;, t+ }C6c }}I
K6vFii, r.opt'!, 1l6c 1?? MaE$ LrFtiu ImtE, tlc
[,kr!' V,F$ib ,fdrlrf., t{ }1., !S, 41., 5d
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
E bsus w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c l040el
E bsus w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 104101
.r,rde|lql:ui DslEtEr| 8] $L
z
Erlc $r, 8Et!6 eJ
EbFJ ui Oi*LEu, ill &i&drr Sr Mxir lcn T+i ]d l,b!t!. T[d-rEh UC, lltr
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc 10411l
PATRIMONIUL UNIVERSAL
CULTURAL UFIESCO
Colectiile Cotidianul.
CI 'ANTICE
HDrruRA
lf ur-rrurns
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l o412l
foto
Credite
Vor-urnrulI - Eunopl - Surore.. ITALLA
P{, l,t A'rLhft tJci/.tuti* q'hir.Srs P*. 16 rth|l CrBrie l4dE / tfii€ trl'hf sar
FT.+Sltiqhb +ftE lA'hirqqftie $nr ft& l5 tuupo P*itlt w*i lCo rt lq:ntr*o
Ils. 0 l*,n H*'4ffi/ C{ts I cnmeto t*. l&J? ,4nhnioAttrn!/ ArhiE\l4 E Sdr
P.&t0tl Anldoft l-rc lAt'M Whitr56 tr&l7A AniRi Anh" Whi{.SlI
'rflioA$ErI n'h$r r*hl
P.s.l8 .trnm,r I SrF
IIJ*OPA Prr.lLlt Gcl OqrraSlrgdI Art*ltlt xl / Coffiso
P+ tl Eti*Rr fimr! LAlii*i V'hiitSnr fit l9 rc Gi*iflE Lrp'ri I Adu'i 91nr Str
F.&19d!tr Afteio Adni I tuhin vtiE sff
$m& t|g. J9&rF ,4rr!.ldD Ank'i I Aifihs q/hiFSE
Plg lt AIS.{ Flg 40ic nflffiF A$in JA#$ I'|,k Sbr
lT, t+ltA|SA I{. {0 or'd ,Anoni{Aninil irhhr *]un Sur
64 Pr* 15*'4 Af;,{ }k 10id AjMio AninLJAduld9lR Srx
h& tt &E c AISA t & 4O+1Airth TondniI nrd Tm
Prs lS ifl|drlrAls{ Prs.lt AISA
Pr9 15fodrylr{}lftar'o l4rb L{fiiE W}riESle
Lkli Idlh
L*. 16N AS t+ 41GOHim t4n /ftiin WhilFsra
P+ t6ts AISq. P|p 42d|!f Oid,! VrEi I Aiih qftil. SF
lt. t6,ll AnrnioAftrii,Arh'n
\t4iir.Sis De 4?dr$Gul!' V.fsi i i6iE UtF kr
It3. l7 fl! S$fro! w /f?]rbb/C0rnI{0 t|s. +.tlM E Ib EcnEstiJAn'!9 C4in Ssr
P$ l?bGi|li F hFra j Ariin rfthr $ar Ire 1, iM nlo ftfliftai / Ar[iYrV]r. $s
TrB..tl js OiulidV.Ei I A#iE trftiD S|!
I+ 4t B{tt.[ fiF
&t4{l tht U li&ituI
&& 18e $dD'l lmmrl C4*r / Orulm he 15s ciog Gulnvecrll !NgSaSB
rrs. lEcElmMsiDrl,r{l:liiAiF. Crhile k!' I|& 45 drt{n Gi'ib VrFr / Arii{ Ctir S{t
Pi& 10Jr.Ssr&oVeihi I Cdlii I ftndo fte t5 '|ll
lodHEli r' ,{!i! S[.ds
rr9 t9 Jamtbulir I ftdu / C€nrso P+ 16ra ruhi$ ALirlrd
tts. 46b nl|F Gui'ol'€i i A6'r" WhjRsrff
b 19&gIEClsttsnor,.e.mJ tutira VJhm
5rll
Pr&45ir *q.. l'ltr.lh B.niNL / A+nElt4liE Star
L& I0 ks H.$ts I CG|E/ Cdnbl
Plt" I0 i.Crbrhia Lr4drhI AtttiB Wbit Std P!e.4?lt+rEelto Lnindli / AttliE q41iEIr
Flc ll trA|sA fie t? ro"G"ti.r t asri. i A+uEUliG Stlr
r+ hF 1Enr ctuf, GulioYqsi I tuhilr ghilt Sir
io.Al$A Pts,18||s &e{E lt{a,$ro,) E]rt}i I Ainr Eilur Sn
Fe ll Ai€$ lfrhlr / Cdts/ rlnffi
la, D-21A&bvdl*E f G{ti' I Chnffio hr. 4944l&ftlh Bdiidi / Ar[u Btrrr 5or
&* lJ !t&?,{15{ P+ ,19e GnlF V.{d / A'ftiB *tn! 5*
h& B &Erh A$A Frs.19.dtE M{ctlo &dnrd / A'lin miresd
he19i:{M ie) I'xd'i/n'fi'n Whictu
k 50c t {eitu &.thi JA+!* ru'it( $er
}l* 4 ru Oldhvrgil Ati*" vhi& ${.r Prt t0 ** CiuloVqsi I Arfiirt \llirc Snr
lt* ra i|\'Mi ArtuE/(hi! I c0Er0 F.&50 l I Msr€lh Bstiretri/ tulxu Mrr. Ss
Iis I+r5 flSA P|E5l CFIFVeEiI A,i'iE Wrik Sc
Fl*. $ nli C$ri;dioL4ab f ,{r}@ Wllil.S|q he 5l 'd!f
@ l,&mlL) ftrru'.'riituhrrWhnrsur
lig 15F| tdry Ciuh Vfli / AfiFq lt4rift SE F,9 11qlFFflS oiriF V.fsi / ,alllrar&tre k{t
It*. 15jor{t.|{s,{en VmnE /ft$ / ftr"ri*) Flg.5l fl' &!Tq Ninilltlrfi / ACKI'uc'*
P+.5! .str MrmUo&dnm / Arlm q4rrele
t& 5! 16.Alhno ru,ni / Anld / crnisd
lrs. 16sI@mClEin /Cqm lw/ OnEfu Ee 5!,t1 t{rr..lh &dr dri /,{'l'in $tr't{ Slr
rry 16kk'r.0r fllrrfii (}Ilvta hri'. I Centuro ll& 5r jor Alhft t\E ii / Ca'ti' i Ornos0
lq& ld-lt l..i.i. (J"ftr I fttrxm hs* / CmE5t,} t*. 5t AEltoDr l,l(a L4nll.| q+rR Sir
Pl+ l? lll Ah4ytnatg Prc,5+tt Almh AlriniJAA h Elft *rr
h& l7;nn rtrEmloltiriCnItM r+ JJ i{l .dd# C'ufEvcsi I ,{fi*r qtrrr SEI
Pr, IE $tiF Otdl}r l4{dr I i'[,rl q41ite $$r hs. 55s dES $ulo VsBsi / ArhiEBt,t 5B
Fqs.l d4N* WllctgjGllis /r:ntrm Its 5t.dftr turflrioAnit lA,||ilr M$r S*rt
PT. 1&:9 Anto{rio Atu,4ii Arillrr Sh[e Str tr" 5t ia dry Gdh' VrErI AhilE ffIIte 5E
Iie ll AI|InmAm|ul,th'r.r Ctur.gir Pa. 55i* dap Cri*hnolxF'fi I tuhin ltirE S$r
'I
PT, l9 ic.{lmio AEL!tr /AituU4ir€ Ss rr. 56n" tum Ccn*ry
/ tutugrWhtr!Star
P+ ]0 An}lrt! A'thj i Whi. $tit ft& 56is ClulioYrsEi/ A'[i€ Sf iG Sm
P*. J&.rl Wdl.l BE ^J|litr P4' 5e5?Errchtlrlill* I Cmuldllt
fq. I t !{I C'i*iurotrFli! I ArhrBVh[" Sur I+ 5?C",1. V*i / frtt* S'l'itt $u
fte 1l J{*}IlxLll3rkrl h, 58adl ioArnd / A'triLeg$i. SlI
Pr.l1 E Anhi. Arin' l,tdrir" Whi|.Sir P.s.5&59AFtL D. LEr / AniE CfriESg
P+ l2 iF Arlhio ,{hai I A'lM Ufiie S't I+ 5!l,tmdo tudn /,4rlin lttriE SB
hr. .11-13 kim tuniE | ,{lttiB WhiESrd P+ d0d'*r Livjo&ui@ / tuliw Wb|r Se
Pr, 1l res Bo?i,.[r*ri I rhtir / &{ur*r l+ 60J-'ro oiuli" vcsi / Arhq wtic Sm
P+ ll lft+ Orns* 14{. /.1 rin qrhtc$ru ft{. Sdt hnrrtHnE*airi (hi' I Ccolrso
PT, 61N ltb Buton J,titulr CSiF5r
P+ 6t i* Ciull' V.*i / A*dE S]Iiii.Sr
hn
P$ ]4 N6 Crtuim li46ib/ AiritaUl'in Slrr ry 6r s ,{trl{no Attni / tufiiu S'$ne5s
F+ i.l flr.$ AlSfr ft+ 6l+Eft.d4r,4rilt e Lxi I ArhirEStlrs SE
h+ 6l {rEtr dft# &Jdo & ll|cr / lfiitl Blin 5{r
Fr- l+]t ,{l5A ?+ 6l j.B AFUdD lr' I Al|liE VIfr. SH
P+.15,{tS.{ P+ 6'}AEI,. & i.,r$/.A'ii!i uth'rrkr
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 104131
foto
Credite
Volur,rul II ErJRopA- ITAUA-CTFRU
Itrlk h{, lwl01 Yffi AnlrrFdrEdl,&iiat]nBm
h+ 7?Guli,\ts!A,tu"?sl{c kc. Prl r$l 1d4r Afio Cld{t'qrAhivrWLirrSsr
Fi* ?tl3 BiliLonujtUrBAHS phol{ 1rT l$l &erp$ AlfioC{IlrEirtuhilqc11i{.Sn'
*e ?] s Lq to[rtmr.AdrFllhi{ Strf h ls! Itrh rEmpe'Erb]
ft+ 7l cor'" E'" o F-h l+8.*15rt'to Es l$l"l0l,4fb cdbk!.ArhM Btft tut
Pr!. 7] jc Oi|im LlFriahrhd, ftlhc Srd P.E101 t'lfioCdng .tuhq q4ir€$trr
hq, ?4oiovEurhli ftd Prel0] &EF ntEJftndiidhirr glit 9it
's|EB
E* ?+75|L'!si&di{}ti Plg I0{ surCriiEr})l4oriirAhiiE EtiE &
[l9 15CiLExruu Da]ift, ftF lfi l+!u FlflrdlHs,ftIe*ra
tr& ?65tu6&AlfioCotrdArhq shnc s'hr h& 105 i ,{XCh*r*
h& 16da.F AlfiJCEnEl,ldl& $+ft str fu. lot j{s ArhMsr'h
P4. l&?l An0&roso'Arfil! \tft"e S{Nr P'&llx lur (iiutii lEg ,,\ti|g Whtt Srs
FrF??nF BirF tHir G$qiituhlln slt iE 5|g PlE.105e@ rd!e. Ls &r#dtut'iE Uftir ftr
r18 h+ 7?d d.r+ll C$rErull+enr'tutm Sftik SrNr fte 106.milt|dIt?(itrLiur.I(1ultrdAnrin!frte 5or
R? 105jd cire Gdn \hrr,$hE Wftc 9Er
fu ??it nalu .qituG|lMAhin wlft€ sEr
tur 7?iE lriqg AlAaGredA'fiiq m,E $!". Eg 106ld i[q.r l-dh N.,rtdh'ArhiclUrhftSor
Pal tg A18o Gma!,{rtin lThieStr P.* nri AFr tirllmhdriH TtiE S@
ft$ ?&r9Ind, ti$Elsl]rcLo o At. uE riif Gn sni *{L tir
F? 19{a!rt nlio GnE}tu[iE Srlit I&r fia $t *trltr Gt+rl'ri Ih€li Olti
h+ ?t errr*i EndtE {irst{]lnri3{l) Grbi\hdnnr'\€ufr* $tel
Pr, 10&109
P* 80Guln lgcEil\+N*gtrc Stir Fr& lt9 dlrF AsEd L{e fti.iltini
hE E0A1 lioo.rannArtrrrUrhiic$$r fo. I{S dn4ocBmi D4li Oni
P4 tl s A8oCd'rrt4,tnr W}Ie Srs P{,1rcCns! !3L+Foarfins lltit. srs
Prs 8l .rnm Altot'?r!narfi1r'!rc$ te$lir fo. 1lsl1l Ydn turhu.&rrrl,&+Bf.hltM
hg. 8l F dig ASoCoftdArhn q1rnrStn h+ 1l I $r Mrnelh&nuERitlftin Vhkr tor
bs 8l F esda Crm l4onaiAnM Ulxr.sor na tll eolrs tuh,r Sad!
R& Ill dros Hajtdlc,knlllru,rAlltli q'ls S{ll
E+ I I t i! 4Errr Alfm|4redArlrir il{it Sta,
h& Er Eurl.JDsdrii
FAtlta'bi${fln$rc *+ lu C |EM Lufffiq#dhih $[ir $Er
F& H b' JoflRth'l8lflr,taftr{C{.tleh E+ lrLI 13Yl|YlArdrE-tsrE$,thbLq'[ma{t$
hE SldI Anmnn&nlrladL,rB Uftiri Srar h; ll] s!' FdoFAtli,G ,rd,#r'i'! stnEsFr
*& 8] BBAISA ft* lll !E dta|l Al$oiillmr,{JhiE'#[iE StE
ftE El F6 &rTtF Cfttidr] tlprwtulfti t'fiie Srr A+ lll ld G.€mi tradillr
Pr..l,]iI Mre[o li.&'tuiiq \r4lLm 9n E* lll cirF AnrFioArftri,rturns vlit. $q
'.br E . ll4 &@ Aflr, Cddxrtuld* SXilr5fl
Eulgij he. t1+llJ Aor,x!,)AninilAdlr:Uftir€sEr
P+ 84AlS4 hg. I l5 s .4rt@sAltlalttiE E hr. St'
Pr6'e5s,4n h* 115iF All;0ir@ituhm Wbft SEr
Hs, l16s rd4. Antdb AFni'Aftiu nrhiEStdr
P€ E5j{Eeudr*r tlF|rldtutLiril|ftiE So' fts 116eEdlt!'n Ali{i CaE# AiltM U+i.5e,
h+ l16i{* reF Anr$loA{i^i'tuhi,,!Urhieker
{,fra hp tr6 i* neeflr AfroGriqo,hnin whrle5l3r
Prg 86ru Cimi Srd tturCetia&rnos{o hs l16 LlL&llno Artinir'Arhirl U'fiil.S|lr
P|$ Ef {smr Clvshruud; oni hI. I t'] iddgrAlllim irtidAfirr U,luesGt
t+ 86ic ldEr CfttlaF L+diartuInr glit Stg R& ll? &sFraAnhnioAniilA]i q Stlre gT
Ers tdi* dnsE fln t;lr,Eo"Artilr ffhftr Srlr h+ llfl ruOntipL'L+rtftu in llitt So
&s. 86.87.4[€ Celto'A.$ rs UlutsSEr Prr tlt rdd8lAninrr.]Anjnilllltyr *hiri SHI
Frs l?sud;, Xnie+l$rdMl E | 1S&sdtr AlfioGBsrtrhs ulIE Stlr
F& 88sEa. CrnrimLrFrldtui!. $ hft€Str ft& t 1&I t9 im ArdE,ErtEdd't$b€,enr!!.t)
ftF er &t+E AElnl& rtrr liG t 19G I'inoraosJtutiE U4deStr
Frs t&t9YNMAldHrkrcsad,CsnEi:,m{F,rro Ile 119l$ Ant.]fli('A$htAdirs U[ir! Srrl
hs rlt BeF AtoGKso/tulu$
ulite 5F
h* r,9!u dnra Grli., tlai,Afttr,r 5rd b{rltr
Pa Sri e14t' GblDliedtuhM Vlrn 'ehk 50r E{, t:t$s &l4te t*h laoerlntl*o
Rr, 90A?rrHo D( rlJlr Pis tl$.driu hd Alriar!.1if!|tsEmruro
Re SO-SlTm AnleBdlml.'tHii{mrd0 [rs'' E[ rs kulAliDq]tdrtbfmtr&r!
P+ $1slis CiUj$\AssiAfLilqlhfie 5r.' EE u4,lz1,Uin Vtrlitr{}*hClrmo
ft* 91e!ryE Gd oV$il{lllH Vh'. S€r he Ul {li !dr8r Ubj'* B['T
ht *t lft:h k!.ia,{;rtiir$k trg lJl rars4!cpq HeIn* tuft Slxdtr
P{, Cr.9}Ci$aruikdi tki EF ul ts6Oltisflr l{Fr'd/ArltiE trtite 5B.r
?*" crdelslE,fth (Eir+qntu. P'g.ill e H:a Grs tudlcobrflnroo
I+ tl er4(r frid rx$ilscrffrur'j he lil F r6{Er F ffl \t{bttra'}4crtu
fts. t+ l'{aridh&rtir+ttu]{fin [ht.5$r Er. I.II r* dc+r I*h l.+-ii&Gdrri.tio
hs.9"+a5A160 tuum'Ailm {rh*c Sri' Fre lJt'tl1 Hrtlrifl Arff ft$lin
14' Ct3.tut1Cr$m LpsruJArlm$TIiF50r Pr&lrl ru Mrli
h, It dffi{{ ft{ SriislrMwFm e!- rB .m,{,}jn ru*rcrturrnmb
I!9. t5 dn ilto tudirAid IAin Sd PrE.t]:l ir llenrier,{m SrErlin
I+ 96.irdr Ciuliol4sglrArhiur Ufhlr strl
P+' S6jd trbd CLidaefthl ! ktlc IrkE! Cbd!
he 9+91Alfrocn0alid+i'i Wlitf Sar F|i ll+ ru' L'r'$moLlTcmr,{dr|n\tl,ltr Sr''
h,97 Altut]olrarAnrlr Crlm Srar Pb&l!+iEburdRRhi
h,9E flr,{lli{ ft,uE$rA r! lhtc i+! h{.llglti l"!* Rmhr
t{. 9EJ,! AIE{CetuEdtuhifltrftheSrit *& l?5 flu t1iry Uah!.| tJEhir,*\ic-."k{la.'r.Jo
h& t&sg Ciulhrdsa.h'hrEshLlc5{a! Plg. l!t N [l+E S..p]An C,bn\'OtlG,GilEo
hr. 99ffr,{li GruBlAftn! r&l.,nsni hE lt5 F6LUGE r,{tu
hi CS{tnml,!h &tu 4iA'INe qlu sEr k lln AISA
k& 99j6 !l*ar ,{[F (aedAdrna [rliF :ir.r k r!d.] Als4
hF 99iB *tryE l,&'GruiArhiw l+hik Sid PrG.lI? !6 Dalelkrmffirilriitdrtrl.
h€. Im llltGtrixLo tllpidlAd rr UhitrSnl ftE. l??F6 diry Rjchid Llr,{ift1,lfntutu
bs. l|J0rlilF Rwrh lSni,ft*irftrtrri Pie l:?idr equ M!!eiln0i.tr{rorilq'Sir
,Br!r Ldrh EFEdfir E ilouE pcrl+ dr ek !cs{. rh Lrrni .l,:{Isl]O Ai(ErI Cifi lrofi{nc"
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 104141
foto
Credite
VOLUMUL
III - AsrA- Tunqa-Sm LaNK{
ASl.{ fte I6ljqd.e$ MasimB'di'Aihiq slm SE
h, 116ElEtrrc temroArtr. q1ft 56 Eu. 165lnsim Emhtfulnr lt/hc is
HB,t6t lB Cnnin l-{Fr',/.ains {hr. Srsr
F0R, l't6 rtinF Gulialesl,rtuhMIthiR Sm
hr ll&119 M6im lonhnArhl. grlift Srd P|e 165&t@ G,rib \tstft$iB Wift Srd
k ll9 saCri{im Lno$!'lArhihUfriFS! ftsr lf+t5? ftuh \txri'A+m WhlteS$r
hF. ll9 rflEu H!$imo&dx'tuiirr !ftiE tor fiI, 16?!u6GuLb\ftggi'tuhiqr u'hir Shr
Fre | 39ire rdl8r Mu!h$ Bor{hi,ttulEE W}neSt{ fte 16?i{ l-ti'iin\[fri,,nlhi|r IXi'e Stcr
h+ llf i*&ee ltl {rtr|$B0(rhl',{rli"iul'n $hr Prr 166 Mxsirno &miitArlllrr t'he Smr
ft+ l.l$ $r M".!im0 Bar i,ittrllT wtureSrit Fia t66ix 'l5 Gu[avrgeiituhi"rlilues{rr
ht t'16lo. MlElirDr &'(hriAJhi.r $fiir. Sur fui l6&fte llaJirs Enhi'i\'ttu Slil. SEr
Fs t40l,l I AISA Et 169{iw oNlD\tsrArld* ullre St3r
fu l{1 lffrr$) Lrpi'ii,Arlrrr Urhitesnr hr, 169{c4lr Gubo\4Egittulivr'ftur 5or
Pie t{} '|lt
.{rb|r Mirillbn$rrctrqiArtirll
S},k SriI
l9l h* t41rs J'ileim Brhrtfrhs Mne $ur Inl
Prr.t?0s N'l Vhehdtlrtoclllr'n*
sd P+. t?0ld tLri FAft $lislh
h* 1{l tu5Hcuiti Am Sin'lil ft*,! l?el?l N.l Wheh|]a'tnlldrrlfro
ftd 14!F3j.lD Et lllflrrh Plmr IDrat' P{. 1?lsCinimLupeiai{rlile SlrF SE
PrEl4lK:P,ft{bt i tt Ul {toF l'fl SEnl.,rdh EMr hrF
th! 141'FCrlrlrF LuIElnAdrrE \rhik Srsr It& 171dl'|* lrm tu{cn{1I-flr.lffhr r lma€!
Pr! 1{ s!ry CiltiuB Lr{ilis$rfii|! WLjr|S[!r Pt, I?l tkftri ii AJ$*kiellir
k t4{Jm* Hmi I Aru $titrln h.r | ?rl l] Hmd{i AnncSdrdh
her l{+l+t 4SA P|r. 1?1str }ftnnri Anr|rftfflul
P.s l+t ni HrM li AJdES&din h; 1?1di{r H.Miti AnntS.idid
EE 1+l @Er }|tM liAllE S'.dir fo. 1?t&+* Nil wrE{lE,(rdr+CnnhF i
P|r'1,{tiF AS,{
F4 ],16m! Hedri!i 3nx Strbr
P4 lldi! ldrtr tlcm rLAw Sti.rln h{. 1t{ M C{!{iw tuFri.Ark€ q+ia Srar
P4. 146j$ d!.qts Hirn rrArG ltldrn H{, tl+ Edtm[brel Bs
Frpr 1q6.147 HrnflI Arv13
tonlit hs ll+i*l*urEn{mb
Frp l+7!!. liqrifl Airr SdslF R& 1?+I?tA|SA
It[. 147jG flsi t .l@ Shdn R+ I?l F!AISA
Hr. l+CJ,iidqF HEtri&Am SrElu ft+ llt dq'i vttt* &q3
S S l l 8 l !e q b Hr m pAmFshfin R& 1?6!@ u'bjEkhrq
ftE I l&149Hmi li Arw Sderlin R+l?6er+ AISA
Pa. r+rlG rttEr t{ttuj$ Am $irlin ** ftsr7?AJs{
Prg.| {9 ea &p,giaHen ri .{I]re$ eiin ftg l?l !$ HeM5iAruxScein
FE l49t{6Hrrtri!iAff*Sirrlrn h+ l??sc'lduAISA
Rc 150s! lohntlh ll.'rale{!lL,*r l.Esj S+ l??i! llffi t AnG$dslo
ft? 150iErfiFi:']qnllo LuFdrrAD'r lliiE 5{a! It+ 178Sqlftbs$
fte l5dkEdft4o Ans$ To||lmi'R|cld 1l c E*, l?&r?9tltnn $ ,{ndrSdtdn
Ri! r5<l K.L{.Utle'rrrl'(]lrfiiE@lEn1 E* 179s fLid iiArw ln'litr
ftf l5l r Al||l1),lnlsr E+ 179qt! ss Htr $ Am St.do
hs ljl iE h'rla F rhr P+ l?9llffi F t{.tujri AnP slt*n
h*' 179iq xbit* 3!F
E . 180s Ctikr Bs
P+ lll !1tufrEs Addrd{ P!S.180lnWb& hc
P+ IJI 16r.+rr(iliEd a, t{Fde'.{rhH V}ih Sra' Fr* l8l c{ stikl &$l
Es Ite &sro &rer *i{dl]stii[off6ti PrE.lEl il| rqler Vtir*+Baid
Pl,' t51ltrldnUltrlaiC&,h! Pt'!oLbaa tii,,CdhLyCnl]m s€' l$ i* etdF q*+* Ss
Fc. 15+tu omrn R6driJn&tld)nrdtd
hc lt4 k tulmdd. AEflix.!
P.'3 t5+ ttt il||m flldonlq,|ddi\Cdrmb P*. lEl diaicf.ldlhd LlF iu l'td\r I4utt irr
ta l5l Anrcr: Atonr, Arlt.a1!htc 5tr: fte 181&E€rq( r &,x**(h.(rntnie,
hi, tn Rc+rutoac**rnmsm tlg l8l.tfi I K{r Brlrdclc.)ibic'trnrrIr0
Prsr U5.tt? ftmrn [-qd$nio'!]odi€m||!ur Es. lE'l tut trlc ln*rcnfiitmftrtu
*q. 157!6iF kd: B\i$rtir&bFrj!' Pr*.l8]iE,{hf,ilftB+
fte lJ?$! dEq.r G$rFml-l4{!]ltuhi'rVrhiksHr
Frg lJ?iE dltTtrtrmrff nedadJftrhr'tiv'nrru S'iL{h
P.s.l8d s AH,4
tnel Prg l8l 6nu Jft m}Hrru('llrhacirBD
PrE l5dr$ Hiterlo 8flinflil{rldri EtiR S$r E* le'| F &[ $,da{,*t} HNr lmi6
Ee I tBi$ Cdslr3m Ll{er&Arhiq qftc $Er P.s.l8+l8t AjSA
Prs.rU<c IDWI6 l€r!'tuhMut'R 5'r ft!. 185s $snm LnFlrEArtdlrWliE SEr
Pre l5+dq..toCi Affiiftrdt;ldrs Ptr,h Sb, Bs 185ia(Jnntm! O,hm'acLr+&1lfrb4r
fu, lt9rs &EF AntlIh tutdrArhEMiieSn' Pre lE6Ca|nlrmarlil.{ufft
Rafl(li
P.s.I tlir st&rr.inrmi0 Anid!tuhF,e wllilr 5'd ?4.18&18?AISA
Prg l5$ld 3d.tnAnrsid{turrArhivr\lltrFSrd Pry l0?ir5 {ilF C*rEro t4.ria'$rn: uftrtr sflr
he lf,0 r$ Mrnel,i .Be{tindrdtuhh qftnr $nr he l8?Fl! dflr{n Al5A
P.* 160He+ sua. ,CnmioAurt|{'tuB ![iR SEt fu. l8?rtntruAl1{
P" lflIdhr drda A.hs Arrni.tuhieWhicSrr hx-l0?io.Al5{
hx. 160is qftlrio qftift A!ftiri vitir!:tir hs I'18sd.{r CrEriul+ h{ljiarAhjr.i shiR sur
Prg 16l,lt[{||a AlrinirAri!r rn$rcSrrf ht l8E&crru lfldny l'{iHi4|lrttlr fl *lar+c
P,s.18&16+Glltxm limlilh0nf irt}ftldo
B$ lig * AisA
trp 16l ru Cr$drnoLlFria'ArhinShtr Srit ht l8griititJdtthy H,rtr*r *tn0'n'ratu
Fe I{l io' lEc H.m i Aln Srjtrlh BE,189ir!6.nq lknm.:dtft"nturo
PrE 16lis +apE l.h EIIllt'Lh.h FlatrnIdEs Es lso d4r AISA
Prsr t6lndt Inn,{Idr|E.&Rnnlc{rtiqtnn$HJ H& lso dinptabdisy H*Lr4,Ii,lc,tidtub
hE Id] tu*ErtHo!@q{h,i:nrtrsdr PrFlgGlgl AllA
Pl& ll$ rs GuL lissr"tuhN*1!+iGsur Pi& I9l s AndtsBtm|villl*r'lr Flrm ldl{6
Ag I64iB slbg ltisnF Br|Er4 rrUttisrd hs lgt ti$ ItulEelFetua'I]rtqci1lm
A{e rlrlNnre|]tesrtaelrEiep€rrcdd rde:sBe {Lelwftil "UNESI]O,tnch|trclvllna{ooN'
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc 104151
foto
Credite
VoLUMUL
IV - Asbr - CHn*r,c-INDoNLZIA
hs, !SI0i: ftlNF i frtr Im{.' r TnELrq P|r.r'0 €I! AjSA
frilr Pr| !J{ d.|!E AN,{
fs rm 5drF Radry.Fetrstir|}{@F fu,l)&tJl ALs,{
ft? IiU dc+d Ou{irno tryla'?tbivr$tlr sur P.{,tjl s DaBol.rsr ftsDt,cn|6q$ir*h
R* r0l.J CJtld Febsrubstrs HM h&:JI iF AISA
ftC.In] &tuF frq OJ@hlfslF,Cqwr,o
Rc.r[4 tu ]im {h&hbdcotirCrrnxin ilql
Pie r$ lfi P'€!ftCdbdrhtcdhl&ftrsln he. 1}l *.Cli** W,l*pt"
I|c !04.10t
ArSA fts #l ifl Bs|nclt*flr; Ir€lrtiutsr'tfihrftdrlar
I!e. Zlt dFar. PftR Oinr|tl,Cdlacmtnft R+ 14$ ALimlgdENF,cdt*,cfr1'1M
h6. Alt itr AISA P'T ?]l rilFcEtim LuFriEtuliq Sliie Sq
hs l[6 Frtlr.Cdofth[Cflinc{nEil{o B? ?1ret4e Ali$f, q'ftrts?
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc 104161
foto
Credite
VoLuIlruI V " AsT* - INnLc AFRICA- LIBIA
to* I++.16JG,llit ,{*t! l,*F* trf l9l j$ Ai$tu? ,{&ir!A!illB s't iE ler
'ifiF ADrudrAliiriirArh a $titt Sc!
tE, !+l iq ldry.
hdic Ptg lSl s .qn6nioAFrnn4lhiEmik Slsr
Pr!.!C6ss CntEiu LLasdargnn x s'He Str frB. t9e nitlF i4r,,x[r &ml{ iAAiE WiE iF
Frs 156r.!tr'slrl.niin0BonlLAairr Ehrr shr Frr. :SI.:91 AnnntuArsirAfii!r rifiie Srs
E{" !6er67 M:lftr !fttttr',tfii!1 ffilE Stir hs :91 $! Ar"fltd Anriritrhri YtiR 5mr
Fr+ !6? Bqltir*rMsft BfthilAitib 'llTlir!Stt Frg.l9] @nu inmio,ilrinirtuiiw liftitE S|sr
h+ !6? ru &ero ldq m exthi.rr'll{r Wl"c Srir hi lgJre*t'n"E dmr'iltM! FrrFto'
Fr+ t6?jft !6r. l'{sim ld]titu]irr S'ha 5u
Pi+ 16?is dr{Is llllliElr &r.chlAilivr VLic Ssr r\If,-tca
R+ 2{8!d!s MsLtu kfthirtuhlH Srhft.nlt P+ 19+Skrb{{! F{dr!,}Ai$! ffiftr S$l
F& ldd &laB M#$miEiNhilAlht.,u'lritr star
fto rfe!6i ltbsm Erdin*lp \lhtt Sar
},+ 169s Mr!6m BF}[l'4dur|$furs5D' le ICd!6 AF dr D+Iruftniu [lliE Sbr
l?0 P.* I59 €tru Msir f"ndurdha \l hitl 5b!
E ua 15 hLram Bddh'Aihtrzmrft Sid h ?.96@h ,{ql,ltr ll. h(aArf,i€ \!hit Sbr
l+ IC6lc ArJdo tu t natuhira Uftin Std
nry.?mli$ }] nff(hi'Arniri|rJhiFSnr ft* I9+r9?Anlk,ft l-lrdAhiLnctnr $rr
te 171* HrdnrRt<<[ir.{llurrV tutetut
li*, 1?l flolrll i!4F MJrt0'c}+l(.hl'trftri qt rTSI3r h l9TCdEN lrF{iir&fi\t lfi+,teSHt
fts lS ,{rild$h t{(&hrht!" $tin sl3r
frg !.71qE!4soe MsdFi tiEliErl H W[ l. Slr hs ;S ir 'llr #np inrtr'loft Lmtufiin $titr Stu
l+. 11| F .dier }tul8m Elihirlrnrq rftft 5d e{ iCEi" e.*6 AnHoIh Ls'AlttE $tF 5or
trg .l?l i* &ee$ lt{$iflr{ En(h'Arhi'q1ihrtcStu' Ef. t9&199Ardd,l& L'.litAftu! iltut{ Srsr
hs l?:l nEdiF Gi{E.r tu!€tt/,{iltg Whik$ir
Fl&1?1 ! dft# l'ft!!im0E$RhlrArhil* whiFltar fu.:.19 d!*E Hrdtlr &ffi6'r{rkiE Wh&SEr
hs i99 dn{pb Anl(b Dr l-lxilAdrr?WhiHtor
fts J?r in .rhE' I&B h fic'tltu*tdA#rrSlitc Str P,s m s dncr,{nl,$ [h ]-Fitrlii,! *hrtr:iur
h*. .l?l Fi &e4{l MircdL0 S{rorxo,'AdrtE Y'ldG5r,r toF ff,e &.# ArtIh fL LlaArbs Whn.5d
he I?l-l7l lrLesimExchLr{lhin$ h'te5t{ RB.100crr A,-iltuft trxrrthirr wUE 5or
h* r?r * Msm Hrhr,ArfLw$tln Sto fts. l00ix Anl{o ft Lu{:{'tu+'nt Slsc Sb
Pr&I?l toe i1,:i!n hftlttAAir'nVtirr Smr Prf,.3[G]01.qr![dn[k ILrartuIL$rHriRSnt
Sr. lfl f,4 U|!4irE,EothrA+rBwtr st{ ft& l0l AriHdfE LuQt\'hrriwhrhskr
hs l?4.r'fl rdllrurdirm Ed{ rArtl|.aUftirr 5o' he l0! * CErEmlxrEUls'tri$ SIL'! $I
Pis l qtn &€{o l'lsm EEt!,{d"! Shit" Sr- FJr.l0tjd R€lL]&mern,'ifui's Wlnrpsbr
ft& l?{ F {:n6. MrdLDE dlrtd,Aifnn U}Lrr.Ss' shtt .qs
P*. 30'$.] Aftt{ntr4 L1!!",.4rh!*
Prc 4 fs dft& MN no &Khi,tu}iE whitestfl ft!, 101s AnH. ft LmdAlhr Wlic Sitr
PE t r IGFim &kddArhiEU hiESr* P+ l6t .rEEl Anilo ft tr(irArtj!! Ift're sl'l
P+ l?5 ff Crlllilr0Islnrttuhirr nlliE Srsr
E+ 1?5ix HFliEr Bf([4t\+i* vl,,k s's fu JoJjo Aol& l]. Luoi{nrnr Wh* Sur
E*, l0{ *x $r,ld,:ft lucrttuh$r Fl:m Scu
F.&lrelrl l'{a'rx, $$thiriAr$i'rT4ilt rjlu P.s"lol {ftEt A'alh ft tm/Al$ir" {hih Shr
b9l?? fl! uiis ]tlsm &TclurftlilN$'lrit{St{
fu. J0{ r<+ .rullo BdrHdiAAna Vfft 5d
fhE.J77lErtEtb ltuBnnldl,'xrl !NV[lt Sd Pr+J0+105AIIH.]& L$i, Adtq \trhitsStiir
A!.l?? *ntu MNlm BmtlirAti'! qJhR:s! R$ $5 tc+ltiry 'anLd,) h l-t:qelAiltru+rt. 9rr
Fre l?1ir !ftirnE B,rtcHn*ur\ftn{ ijtir ldi jc dE4|r Adl'ld ft l!.atui!'! Uft,ieSrir
&& r?8lelz!$jr!]kcldtuhrn Uftin JEr fu
Fr* 116rucAmiitnD€hsrArim Uftf€ tE'
EE l?&!;! Melffi Xnftlrl\im \rtd.,St& ni :nOir {1ryIlEU! q L-{rAt*, U'}'" S"
Rc l?9,B MEim X"rd!tuhi$ S1 . Srst fr& l{6 in &E!r. A.rH. I)elr4tutE Y"ftne Srtr
S!. l?9 io HNm hnlrrArfilrt 1Ih GS0' Mirccl. Urlft lil
ft& l)f]{fi Rvu'ct'lAils
Frt { ru| Mcdinlo &EhA+}a Wlat Srs ft+ l0? iol ldnF M:!.ee,P*nintti'ArlnvlWhiESrNt
P+. 0.ttEu f.lridBrh{rlirAr}'rs mrr Srir c'lnt€sttr
ftr, 10?J'x*Eqo AnlS lle Lrr{a,ArMr
lre. { im lr{asnFBxihii,{dn'rsh E S.r, ft& l!8 A$ldo0e l@ tuhiu tthl! Sts
Sa lx+Isl $s tu &rdt.tuhila Wlitestlr ft+ lrl9 Anlh DelEd&tiq Etl@*ar
+l!' Iil tl*m Bnhir^rhrrq$ft 5€! F+ :ll0 r{ECriiti*r,o LlFisr,rrh$ ['hrc $nr
h6 l$l s Crirti.mLqgi&lvhin Sl,i. SEr 110 Ci$d' s,l Tiri* Ie],liEEiAniE {rhiesfl
Ec l8l l,l6ib kfthir.{rlirB}tu. S€r ft+ i*
W[ftc5r F+ t lfill I Cenr|iil|:l TEEnihliiEcrxiftiin qh e Sn!
Pr* IAi drF L!ffiim Bc.chi/Arhin WILieSHi
fti lSJ *r JEr(r Mdsir BorrhiA*ir! Vhre Sur fu .lt I u ltirp Girnnud fixu ldlsldirbrr
Ps*.]l I d #F+b Gendbl TudnaEllliis.. tuhiE \ltir. 5!rl
Frs t$i ix d&{r hhinmol,rnl ,t6 $' 91*,shl P.E.:]11mtBci,noj nrdIEi.F SsldnslJA.lE {4itcslg
fts lll i| &srb l'lsim E'ithiA*iE Sliii Srir
F,s.181dItl Mamo lorch!\lhNr r liR StE lts ]11ir6 $,lmi dd n'm kldmiAri'itE {rbie sid
Pii. lll !rl| llbir GilndmdTutl'll Bg:li:r$4Arliqru hneSIlr
Prs IJ-l &t{t| M$rittrl&Eh/Arlivr W[it ftu h* lU 1|J5 dcr+FGunr sd tdfr &llEsadrhi$ g'Ii!,: Srir
hE l8+r8l M${tr Rfthurhnr WbreSrd h& ]MlJ AnA&ara
Frg ldt $r $rltqirh h[niur ]ll s Gfltu &d Trmmt4ldEndArftiq whit! 5t r
Pi,g.
Ea t€t .dtu !c All[ E6L,f,tdi{bi\C{ntr-*it0 fts ]ll i$ ftmru anrlT:tst blJ@jAdtn" Btnp 5r
Pri l8t ffin1lr,* Ui:diftrX{rchi,trhjrr qft h sHr Prr ]I4 s Anld{ h Lu(irkhi{r s'lF k{
E& I8tirMffiim tud ririn UhltrSt
E*. 186rdnfr [ tulm txFnai{rhr r s'hF 5E! P4,Jll iJl AlrIJoIhr|j. irhrrwIjE!E
&{. Jl1.Jl t Adl*, trElu.uri$lli T'tuESls
P{ lE6ihe lns Sat"trftArhiq \!hrc sff
Es. ]{6rE? tn' Lnt{l\ndft \ttrie tor hs Jl5 t r diry CtEnanr LlprnaituhmctMr 5{r'
&s. jl5 ru @b,{r,ld,r h Uqtufn! g4itr S'r
h9 t8?fl! L1vi0[,!ulon'Adrn! U hir€Star HE ll5 t! B'her Ahl'loDptdJtuhsa lihr l!.1
&e l8I F Lti" &,",bftliArhraetuF sGr Pis 115i{ de{rh A0rf,loI} LL'rll+hnnwtuft stil
Prs l88 ru l.lvtu$ouinArlris \lhte $ar P's-J16*,i{srdlo krtidcttirtu\i'!VtuttSHt
h$ I6Erc|m rtl4r L,tu luftt tuAdir?*lic S€r P'91l6nrc Mendtr&mffGiiArhr!!u'liic A'ir
P!8,116ir,4Fllo DeLE&Arhirr Slitc S|g
ke lE* (*tEl| terlB trF( Edurl]til.')\rhiva
$hlR srfl
hr. I | &Jl ? AFLlaft Lm,{d!$ UlDeSra
&{. BSi" rdos $10 X{lrktAti\a Uhitd5'r' RE i l? ru ABlloth LHi/tuIid \Iltk Sr{
hr. ldtiE lr4d LiHrB$rrtr{L,ituhFi vfri$ sHl
A{.117 JFau l'lftdl. &dmnlAr{uh S'hF Sor
P"{,}t'SL'PnErurladA,iirrS'IitcSta!
P+ Ut iB A|u]fu turrirdlnz llTnDS€r Prs ]tE i* leEr MlHdi$krrinrdArhi,x ultft !fi|
h& .i 18ii5 &r{{o Anldi fl, trlqllAl+|ri3 trtuk $tu
ft* 190js Anrcnio Atin{A'hi'*'I+,ie ,s'-
Ps+rln'rgt Alrhid Arid!'lAihn r Vlia:ird Pae] lpl t9 ,tuaLlo ft l[tirtutr'ra SIDEStir
Pa&il9rE MorcLlol{riRtri*rtur qt a SFr
Pic ltl r @r Anlorlli.{nini'Afirlr $ihil€Strr
Iis i le r|itrrr F. IeiAftE U htuSr
Pa+l9l l!* &sst C;'t',"* L"prre,'tuIivrB}itr Sur ^riu.
tue* wlum rcFeinra a citud Fdrk din ..h $pG its lurdrii , t NWCAArcknt LtsluIlrLnnf
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0ttares.c0.cc lo417l
Credite
foto
Volur'+urVI - AFRICA- Ecrrr-Zrrrannnwt
A.l!fi.RICI E - ARGENTINA-BMZrL|A
er. }]t,lrj ir;,[i ,.ktu.*14r1!r?
whk 5$r FG 158..er t rrr {.hd,ft&lft(ffi{a
h9 156i\r MITOl}iridr,Cotirf$rr'o
Efu Fi? ]5&1t*OElks!iJee La:u
F+. ]10 [{.r.]h &m{artuina \}1m Smr Pie J59!u fr*F o LurltrLr'Arllrl!
{'bnps'$
tr*, ]IL]]I v,G b &flinlni'/'rftirE{tn{ Sw PNr159i$AISA
Pa. 11I E6[iirrlo &dirueArhn' Sftir 9d
h9 ]l I c{r|{ , F{sli Eelh&'linestA!tur!\llliF :{!r
F+. ]11 ct6lriH,ili.yfrtu &ntuEirtulli Srhi+$r!t hC 160i$Cn'hrn L+€@rA iyr tlttlc srtr
EF ]t I ior Llu|t3lloLlJrrna,ltuhFrutue SBt h., 360jG lieek &nind{ir,tutiti EliE SFr
tr& 111!'! r'jry Anll'ft l4ltuLB S:ft nr h. 160-}61t li r (islri+1rtutl,.ruftiR SH,
PlF ]11u &etr Aelh h Lsrtu{m utuF Sor E?l6t* i!e|.{idcsFEjlrAdlrrwhreStir
t84 P+. ]11Jn Ablh h kaA'hi." Blir Sb{ P+ 161filtdr#Alir Grodrfttm W[Lt.tlar
P.r. lJ.l fr'llo k L@rArhiuwlrc SE! B* fil q'tu Vml]o &oMruArhls ShE 56
Rc. lH u Anldr& Lxa'A*in \lhirr Sdr Pt* 161!s l,tlrOcklcin+ttt'A'htu \ItjE Sr
fu ]l+iE MEmdh&rlh.nir,tuhi,.XtiR S€r P+ 361s ffo On@rtAiivr \ltLh Ssr
rlE. U+lls Gidb \t$! A,l:nr WL|t srtr h? 16l rEm lrtue Mir(rllr B$dxuirAftitrvhik SEr
PrF]lt io5{nrr ArrI& D+Lrhartuh\i9ti$ frar Bf, 161mE! dtEfo l'lGlo SsimtrJArStuShik Sd
F|& 115irf dlrltr AhHdft tralrhnE qllili nr t+ 16lJs iErg A16"G--q,AJ]]i* W[f. ${ar
PlF ]16 s lfl,lD ltssL'Anxqt[txt 5B P., 36: i{x edlt. Aln6Canrar{hiri Ulik SF
h& 116}s Hdtu edrturd,r'll|lir W[ir. Sir. qE 3trr {l1oGnrEd.dtilE\!hin sur
PlF lH l{riFltlohnrEttitufijs Vhh Sur P+ 15{n! n]I!} o$,+,i'/\'[.$ Etlx $hr
EE j3Ss .AlioGr6r.Ail'm Slif Sls F+ 16{jo64]frrC;r'riid&l'i|i F/hrcS{
ft& ] lEiqr Aimaio,AffiLrAftn-r \tftir{ Srrt Fr 16+l6t Ym turhu.Btnon'l,Oxhirrcrrm'{
Pr? J3&39 Hl'l:e8{eftrrfti,'rrr}i$ Vliik !{rr P+ l6J c |dB' MsJar{k' kmnhitilAft,i Uhr{ Srsr
P+ ]Ja dry l'{ffsh n+nir*ni.riCJhFi gtle SLii
I+ 365clt dft4tr Crlrrilmt -srlalAltir! UtiF Sr'l
Frr J14dqo Ciulii\ils',l.llfii $f itc$!r
Ps ll9 cg N Crrdrmhomr Afiu trlrft S{.r fo 165jo' dry MTREIo XeiixqirtuhlE ftilt 5(rr
h 165j6 &+ Mmdb toftiettutuhE *hF sre
P+ !0 * Alturl'*1u,* {,1",c$,- e+ li6 G.lmi tudi otu
FdFH+ii M4d o &trFt!tuIiri qtin SEr 9rr ]a4.]6?hlAoGmtArlun I'rrir Sm
Pr. lt$l4l MN$ &nffii,',{dih Wftir.shr ]n$e Snr
hs 16?s,r ,{tio G',rEr",tuhr"r
htr 341$$ oiul$ RTBiAftirlq$il| SIlf f.9 16?].rs#4E Al6DCiHdAdE, lnit Sts
Pii l4l .etrtr!MricelLskri'*r'i'!rhFr Wld. fts ft{' J5?F| &r4.r ASo6r']1s!Ad']!r W+dkS{at
ftc l4l iorAtri$Gr(E,rl4rluaclffi St3r
Pr&J+Jrdry AnLdDftL*nArhr: Stute5ur fo. ]fg e M.clh &nis't Aihiq wllil{ S'd
Pt!.I€ 1* Alii. l]uaEtA*i$ SGft Sfi'r
fu l1] *r{o &ftnl *reg'apk'1rth}s \tfiit. 5ol fte Jt& ,t li,ltl Anhq.<'r!iff$bric,tLt2!+'
P+ ]4l.l.{] Asl,L h ldA6ft \l,L,r SE!.
fto !41 $ ArsuoDRUq'ltuhiu q+iE Smr fr9 J6l F{ slry Cnt*uloLryrir AftrHVtBftSrar
PlGl+1 mlnr lnllo ft Lurai{ll'in VliE Sle l*. J6*S &EF.lh fEnsttulan B{iE Str
&€; l+J Fx f,riH,ltle Ln(r.r,{rni|!
mue Sor
P!6.! {4 ,L|!Ariid'}h tnra'A,iilr B+i|! Sll
kr.I0 rB krtl! Iin'iccC,rdn'l,fllth H ut lmirrr
PE 1+4in A'?ll',ft Lx&i$rilr uhF snr
Pt: 3++l,alA,ilt Nt !,.4,|t"* S'tit: Sr. Frgl?0 F rrtucEAIJA
Psel+5 5{ }gBb n(riBtfl'Arl$a ItF snr Its, Itt) !'. ,lEpt! FrftE LE+ Cihlid'l-e\' Hffi Ii$dF
T!e,l4t b AIJILrLk Lir{Ariir3 Sr',rrS'Er hF .l?l ru HlMi c' Am slxtlh
Fe ]{6 s ArsLl,[t tle'Alril* $tic Srd P|p 1?l jG {ridr lh,id ELi tltu+ phili ln'F!
nt' lld 6rm sdnr.Anttl tu Lrrtrur"" *n" t,o && lil rfl J|t{.| Gilfirm bFlril'Ad$n XtiE S€r
he J{6 c"cfirl{heftr He.(elkt{n!*rtir,thiH Xtire Srs
Prg 116I{ rdqg|.{rild0D*L!tt+$is q1ft. Silr Ztrtlatst
Pl? r{4 b d.reF Anll(l l-k t!|{a A,iiui u'himsflr Prp l;l zu Pdl ,{JWCrxtn Car'ns
P+ J+?nrdl' ft LucnAdis![]h*ESrr 4. l?1 ,06r{i|sr Cdriino hFerirArhlr Vtjt| v3t
Ps J{{ tu lti:EElh&mn!{Ir'A iq Tftft.snr 84 J?.Ii*e6F D+mJ.Iffi,LEh Pqr*,ltrtEn
fte ].{8is ,{flclln &Ed.rtul'$iW}ift S'ri Frs tfi'}?] H|T Odkru)nffltii0l( i*6
fts, ]+l.J{g ,Uue|o B€nindri,rAihu Wldr.$Er Fp lrl * 5t&s O{rn HslGi Cd&rr flm ll'd Lrd,ct $tonltM
h. }4+ ru drnrr CrnEM LqsarAAft {1urr Sk FrF J?l s &ql! Glin HFIiF; Cr& r Ptrot+ trhaq Ld,{-}rtisf}rm
hS l€ $f +HFr Anorio&rinillrhi!* $t in Sru tr& l?1F. &rLr tlL*d!]xlE,ur'lfu
h. 319FxAnfli'J ArttrrA ifi VH!. Stir
P'e ]5{ sn ri;'ralh &nirEcir,4rni*i Itirr 5or ,11$ cllJ
P+ JJtlix Gdr,:ltnill,firn UrhtrSrs EryI h Inlak{tl Rr'.ftr'Ar}rrrg+,i. St:r
ftE .I5O,l5lAnlmii,l$rul\*,it UrhleSd
Tl? JJI :{ry Cdl+ \tEi. Adrrr \I'ldnSr$
hF lll &.{t Amld$l} Lrqrfthiv. whni S€r PrE l;E D RcArtdFq|fi!
h. I tl tu"ldoD+LFr,{d{!* SllR shr hs i;E "ttc[lli$
ku HuhnS{rdki,dn'afrfilHitu
P*. !5-r,lil AEid' t-! Lucar,{+!" r$ff Snr FrgJI! l7t Huhn$e'Jlcr,$oG{ormo
Er. ]J} s AnlJoDELlB!\liiE qllliE S€r Rs l ?9CErFtu hpan4r,+tEaS1+k SrF
he ]$ir ,ValdrDct"r'tufii'r vllr $nr
&!i&
Er llS,G [*$l! AflErfrlE,lFas
Fc, JJ.+Anrm|}Armi,,{drrrYhR Srir hs J80Fdn$rd0 Arxa,hhr lEecfrd
h& tJ+JiJ AnknioAtu!.d+Fi'f,'hft Srtr hp lS.lS1 Exrr4rinrl.{:{nbufonmo
ftG ]Jt ro4r Almtr Amtltutdra[ttrE S€r P+,l8l sCruriFa LuFrii,.tulhrq'hiir toif
AC fil elalb CRjrird.l tnFlAAtia $ h'r{ k{ P+ 3Et{nt!r Riridanl]!rPdlx lnirF!
hG.156ru 4rroM AfrinAlM lflhk SE Fry 181b Ririr'jftA$Bn,Flbulna$sl
Fa. ]1,6.dtu,{tudi$ Aur A,lt'a Etirr $nr
f4. J56in Arr0r[r.+ni 'tunirr {ftjrd Sut chk
Et. l!&157 ,{'rMill tuiftutul'ilr V:hd.Sr* he J8?s ltioe Ytjek X{s
P|&]i? Ar'tonN ArttrlinlhrBfhilt sEr S+ $r 4 &tTFCtut'.nr LrF,r!,rAriiraffiitE 5r*
P+ lEl(nt|| X$n }hJq' xhlcrnrnl
Arrrir he l8.l rs G6rtrlrDl Finf ${xaoo
EE li* * *]Rd Uiufi]r\iq'omr.lrrl h$ l8.l [iJklnr tc]hri CdrtilCnnem
.l{Yrr r"rlu'n ,'*F.'jrnlr a sr-R !rrt+ dind.ll .erptrrlc lusarn {liEl(Ir (lritlrdl I Enttce-
E bsus I w w w .habi t a r e s . c o . c c
trosusI www.na0ttares.c0.cc 104181
foto
Credite
V0LLIMULVII - A}trRtCILE - BoLIVIA-SUA
AUSTRAilA
P.8.188-l$9M6im B{hiiqjhis {}|ilt Sd TcG,tt6,|t? Yon Aitrr &rrs0d,Grlmfi{t'ado
}lc +1?G {&i AnMiDAdnl/nlhi€glirr 56
Bdtr; hG +11flls&nlo tur':air)turlll];tuihr ShE :uI
h& lq! tu AdnnnAtiaA nx ltrIuielhr L[ 41i ]s ArmDAftibl\rfin" WTun srd
RE lgx el'a a'ulru ddni,tuhs $fiik lrq ti,! +18r+r.turo(li'AridrArhirElhre S{.1
kt l9r iE AnMh !tm,/A'lu"! I9lu SFr h[ 418{alE !6 tutoD Artun',tuiech R 5w
RE lq!-34] nnmi;oArur!'Afii!! \trl@ SF rlf +18.tu F ,{nnEoalnnli&hiviEttu SrRr
E& l4! Amdu Aldlq$Iier \tla $rir
k. +lt F. i'*mi turiBi.r.rdi'5 Sftll Sr'
h€ +13-+i9rnor!! Arrmt,Adurr Wtlll.Sur
P!&l9l !u! *fi!# Mr$inr$ S.nrhiArfrit!E tureSlrl P.E+1! stlE Aidlo Asinirtuhi+& Wlik S'&
Ptg l0{ surdnrFi LFqE r Laa{qrtutuf!r}hrESlrl hF +I9d*:ptr,{Ilroiiotudri#rtLiY3 WIftr Stir
Ptel9l ocou l'lse, Brc|ltrlnrr Vtc Srrr [.s, +l+ ru C'Nim Lrasnatuhn*V'hne5d
hi Jeli{ M!$mi Sadl],itur'i Ixir, *r' B|g+10!6tEr tuNmoAninirAr}ira Etiri 5rs
Fi& .]9+195Ueqii B,ffhrtuhr.i\Itrh Srar P+ +lil {L.rFr ,l'tnn!' Artini,rdLiuSttu sEr
Fi*, l9J !p' M$'i'oi $onfuA'hnrWLft Srr tsE +ro.+rld]fuh Artud/AtirittuE .ir.
Pd{.l9l ffi Yid'" &rth[A']'"" W]ft Srr Ple 4I I s$ Ai['"fti$tunlrtuhitc ll+it. Si*
P"{.le5jm U,FE+ Fo-}i,A'l'i4 W!i! $of P\i +l I jis Ertis AhMrdAdiblArhn VXIESid
ftB J96CstiN l-ln$i*rtulirr tl'trrc SF! Prr.*Zl j6 eE!(..A,1mir Adni,)tuhivr $Lik Ss
Pla 3lEtyl OEd6{}HEe hmE,fsbiaferBro hF +l! Ml|ahFBor$lAr trrfitn! 5llr
Ar 39l !E DrE G HE',Cr+gcrntuh Prs.+l?4tl ttrmD AhhitAAiqXlElr snr
Prr-l9l.{tfu sim grrhlnJhtra ULi!. Srg fu. +rl ldftX'AMni. .{ni.iiAdilF \tti$ sIEr
F+ :]9?i{x vili ns krtli,i4'hM trhir{ Srn P+.lrl ldl ntl$r .4,arln6ftrnirArbB VhiE S|lr
Fi Jt6 $I' [tffiri tu(htuh'r'a ftjr! Slr] Prs{11F i*i€ erL
Fis 198ioi M dffi) elrdjrtuINr qrh'r.tur h. *1,1ltbfl MrsiidnX.irchr.'tularrllhnSrn
F+ l9&l9l hEC, lhHrcslE{]rhEro Fls {t{ dsFb lftsMj DadCrtr
ft* {00s Criniqr L|Fms./rrhirlt+ir! $hr
ftr/ t$ rd4, AnMiJ,{,mirAfitrsri'hir SrM h. ,l;l+4l5 Maqiml!(hirtufiiq [tlde Stu!
P+,lll rdqgrMnr'mo hxqfu,i4rhFr shR Stir
P+ l$.l01 .AjmioAdjnilArhllrg,hinSre
ftc 'l0l ltbs AtuFiatu6i/A!]li!. qfhh Sld Ft* ll5 lap|! irr.liF tuF{iiltul rs\r4iE St!!
P+ {01&EIi tutonirAEldrAdls SI Ser Pa.{16 !B MGifto&trhifthtu q+qt Srr
P|t. {0e,{i$iio ArriililfthFElltutr scr 'E hs #d ld. M'asisu, h"ctrlshrt $rhiEStr
Fts {01-10;Anftni0.4ftiniAriilr lfiluft S'n P{. |!d*? t{G!tu &klt A iE U}ft sre
F+ +t Anroru,)
turhrlrtuYa
Whin5rrr P|, fl? ro41lftleir$ IrnlUrAhiE shEr S|x
Et, {dJ AdlqDrArdniAdm$4utrStlr h.,El &sptl M&iNErcl ilfiq UftftrSD'
hr. {S+{+t AnFniiArtiriArftiEl[+t Sm n* {?EMi$itnrfrrTnirtuliigq}irr Sr*
Pa {0t s {iDs. Cdmm LwrhlA!fiiB I]iiR 5e A* #9 sa MrBh( lin$iA'har lvh's $trt
ta. ,{il5ru dr@ Stmio tuini'tutuit€Utia SE hc, |]9 cedh t'toF lvlrFm [EhArhe Mrt S|ar
P.!.{[5 mtra Aimio Ardii,'A*it gftit Stu Pr. €9 .dm dnrdi Hdli$ &nhi,tAdLi,: Vhm im
E|'. ,l{l ic AMi. turrdttuldsitriir. SE hc. +9 i{dOlrEndt"plri!,tul}r {'hhcS{tr
h9 {06 ! L,i,rirnotw irfuhh* \l+,iftsni P{, {:i} B :dNm B,F}/A't!r. U'lDe tE!
h, {06is sdry inrqu'rAninilAdlr?WhjRs(rr hf {}) rdry i'lr$irootKhi/Arhivrffffr Sl|r
Frs {i}5iE drarl A]lr"iiotur$irtu}NrSlr]RS$r h. {j0 &ry6. M6im &rclullir u Wite snr
hs {t6ad? AntuMArdniAdnnUtitl SlEr &* {id,lll l"ls'iF. erhi/A+irr Vri* Srir
EF 10t n6rF rl|l1@ Ariu'ArhM St'lr 5rr Pr! {31 Mlgli , &|.hiArhtrr Vf it. 9rl
Pa.+I &rre Aooniodftfi,,+dDEVlliE tor trc $l h$jftr B:rd&AtumWhicsl6r
P.e {3141} t'lcim &nhirAlnireV}ncSa
tl.)idr$
Plc {E Dr Cnticm:Iwn{.d+m lVtuicio tr& 411iu rdry t'{i$i!roBi!{hi'tuhi| Vtic Srir
&; 1{8 &r.s. Hei; &Ehir.trtiE ttn! sE, P.{.$1 iu dE +&C6l1m luFJrarArhuP[uR$ff
P.s.{08 cne! Uaim &{hir,Vfij,r Slii'. tur &I $r {EFu Mi$illxlEr.slfA itrlltic:(rf
P|&43 is sersrlhdm &(hiituhi{ Wlie Sid h* $] iE Mr*i@ $oEE,U$r std. Sra
Fr&41]8iI dcr'tr,\{min }flr,ftlih Wlir Sk F4. +.+ lffin to{hnfthilr u'tiE $tr.
E 4{9 ri.F J,{sid, eft[iAildE l!tn. S|!r g|&{}+43t Ndibro B{,+i$}Nr qXiks'i'
h&" 4{9 's
En|&qh lfr$inF to{chi,i{rlu$wh r SFr Prg#5 s idrE Hdffi X.Rtatuhi"rUAjGSdr
h& 4{9i6* !d.El Ui| iEroffiirtuhilr qthi[rSH! P.&$t !u d!H+oMsim EordUAiLiB UftkeS@
P|9 {i}+is n*{$ ffiirifl,) BoHlrrr,A,+ira
U'lic 5[rr ft+ {.it (elar Mafikmh1|tuAfii+'rstiG S$r
h*! {.}t jiE r,bsifr, S{]EitrltM \Ifttu t;hr
F{ $6 li$itu EdrlA*it! Whircftlr
Prs-4| 0 es oenni niE[ Ortr Pr{.al64j? MLitur &fthi#'rhLrrVhircSrq
h& ,{l I ir Cturm tiFn&'{!h ri q'h R S€r Pr. {}i ru VAlm &fth!r!dl!$ VJhitr Srs
ht'1r04Il MdiN &Hhituhis W}ie Sd Pr&$? iE Uu*LialoRliltultin {tilt S{3r
F .4lt s MBsiB'&fthi4rhin$'fiit SFr
kf 4l I Erd 1.4EffiErrlUAftirr Sti$ Srir
h& 4l I b Mixin!][.r'i'!',{d!$ miitr 5n'
F& {l I !u Hrq[uohychiLbhilr$'hiESur fu ${ rr tur}ltlt4.C,.'ck*(olrrcmr*to
Pre {JE nllil AntRr AninnhrirxeVfijte 5c!
hE arl ctirlll !G!$moAfthi,llrlnvi Y+l'i!.tur F,& tl8 tr thrai Mutuh rtirl-dEE*R,
hF 1l f iF lr;re Vdmi BG+qtuhMBlnc $ti'
E& 4| I ii lqFa M8$tu BoRluAduuUld eltir he at8.$9 Rfi{ Li*,b,'lf Fbni{ I"dF
F&,{ll41l MNm &r.luAihiqVtfteSB Prs.dj4 CrlrrlrmLFridtulitr SlLju 5B
Ite 113Bq EEntrMshs turhlArftni {kr SE
EE l ll !s eE4a ILBsid,hT{hit4rhLw V hiu$tEr tusTRtll{
p!s.!{l diehrir tomq,Ahm l[tie 5|{
P .1l+$! MiEi@h{ch{a'[iriWhirjtii
ft& 4| +iE }tn{im0[.rnfttAftltt XX R Srr
h9 tr+ lrks lh$imuEnchLliftirr urhk tur
hE tl +dftatr [b*]nd Exiit {rlDEWftilrS|lr Fa. {'+I ru Cridm Lls iarir+M V}jF SB
hs 4| * irr Crn rm Ls:ruirhrr SI t $trr Pie 'l+t ,xNrflftiir fti{hduuni.(ftk pl$fl lmalr
Pr{,'l4l FTrm Br.}frrrl.dFtu PrrF bIEe!
F+ l4l'l{} A|SA
Pa.l ld didrdArruri,rArfiiaius ltr'hirr!s, fu #] ru Jol'nl{n }kw t{;uh' SrsM dnn&no
RF 416drff r Cii'Ein0Lxgiriiri{li!i iuhlR$ir F+#r j.Bln &+li.Ltulr PliHrldiBca
ac6r $lus r$r+dntt ulime dincee :3Et4!6rtl nk lr|.ranl" ,ri6E(oflfllbntl rflkr
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c
trosus I www.na0tlares.c0.cc l041el
Ebsus I ww w. habi t a r e s . c o. c c